FOUNDATION DESIGN

Andrés L. Granados M., 11/Abr/2018

VOLUME CALCULATION

Octagon Formulae
Side l and circumradius r

l = 2a tan(α/2) = 2r sin(α/2) r = a sec(α/2) (1)

Area A and perimeter P

A = 4al = 8a2 tan(α/2) P = 8 l = 16 a tan(α/2) (2)

where a = apothem, l = side, r= circumradius, and α = π

4.
Trigonometry relations
√
2 1 √ 1 − cos α √
cos α = sin α = sec α = = 2 tan(α/2) = = 2−1 (4)
2 cos α sin α
 
1 + cos α 1 √
cos(α/2) = = 2+ 2  
2 2 1 √ √ √
  sec(α/2) = = 2 2 − 2 = 2 1 − 2/2 (5)
1 − cos α 1 √ cos(α/2)
sin(α/2) = = 2− 2
2 2
Inertia of area

a4
Ix = [ (1 − t)2 (3t2 + 2t + 1) + 4 (1 − t) t3 + 4 t ]
3 t = tan(α/2) (6)
4 4 4
= a4 − a [ (1 − t)4 + 2 (1 − t)2 (t + 2)2 ]
3 36

Base Plate

V⊥ = 2 D2 B tan(α/2) (7)

Pedestal
- Octogonal. Volume type I.

πf 2
V = 2 d2 (H + h) tan(α/2) − hf (8)
4

- Circular. Volume type Ia and II.

πd2 πf 2
V = V = (H + h) − hf (9)
4 4

Walls
• Ribs
Volume type I

V = 8 [ (f /2 + d1 − r1 ) (H + h) c + d2 (H + h/2) c + (r2 − f /2 − d1 − d2 ) H c + A h ] (10)

1
 Volume type Ia

V = 8 [ (f /2 + d1 − r1 ) (H + h) c + d2 (H + h/2) c + (r2 − f /2 − d1 − d2 ) H c + A (h + H) − A H ] (11)

Volume type II

V = 8 [ (f /2 + d1 − r1 ) (H + h) c + d2 (H + h/2) c + A (h + H) ] (12)

d D − 2p
r1 = sec(α/2) r2 = sec(α/2) (13)
2 2
d f D
r1 = r2 = + d1 + d2 re = sec(α/2) (14)
2 2 2
(c/2)  c2 c
A = 2 = tan(α/2) = tan(α/2) (15)
2 4 2
 
 c2 d
A =r − (sin θ cos θ + θ) r = r1  = r (1 − cos θ) = (1 − cos θ)
r 2
     (16)
d2 2c c c2 c c c2
= − 1 − 2 + arcsen (c/d) sin θ = = cos θ = 1 − 2
4 d d d 2r d d

• Perimeter
Volume type I and Ia
V◦ = 8 (D − p) p H tan(α/2) (17)
Volume type II
⎧
⎪
⎪ la (c + la )
⎪
⎪ Aa =
⎪
⎨ 2
AT = 2(Aa + Ab ) = la (c + la ) + (c/2 + la )2 tan(α/2) lb = (c/2 + la ) tan(α/2) (18)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ Ab = lb (c/2 + la )
2

re − r2 − p sec(α/2) − (c/2) tan(α/2)

la + lb = re − r2 − p sec(α/2) la = =⇒
1 + tan(α/2)
d2 = re − f /2 − d1 − p sec(α/2) − (c/2) tan(α/2) − la (1 + tan(α/2)) (19)
 
dp 1 c
rp = re − l sec(α/2) = r2 + lp l= + min. coverage = + lp sec α =⇒
2 2 2
re − r2 − (c/4) sec α sec(α/2)
lp = Dp = 2 rp = f + 2 (d1 + d2 + lp ) (20)
1 + 12 sec α sec(α/2)

V◦ = 8 H [ (D − p) p tan(α/2) + AT ] (21)

Piles

Vp = 2 π d2p Lp (22)

Foundation Total Volume

The net foundation volume is

Vf = V⊥ + V + V + V◦ − Vh
= V⊥ + V + V + V◦ − Vh (23)

= V + V + V◦ + Vp − Vh

2
where Vh is the volume of the holes in the walls, equal to

πD12 πD22
Vh = n 1 c + n2 p (24)
4 4

with n1 and D1 are the number a diameter of holes in walls of the ribs, adn n2 and D2 are the number
and diameter of holes in walls of the perimeter.
The weight of volumen Vf is
Wf = ρc g Vf (25)

where ρc = 2400 kg/m3 is the concrete density and g = 9.80665 m/s2 is the gravity acceleration.

3
Soil Filling and Water Displacement
Soil filling in the trapezoidal cavities and holes
   
D−d D+d
Vs = 8 −p −p tan(α/2) − c sec(α/2) H + Vh (26)
2 2

π d2
Vs = 2 (D − 2p)2 tan(α/2) − − 8 H [ (r2 − r1 ) c + A − A ] + Vh (27)
4
Ws = ρs g Vs (28)

where ρs = 1600 kg/m3 is the density of the soil.

Water volume displaced by foundation

Vw = 2 D2 (B + H) tan(α/2) (29)

Ww = ρw g Vw (30)

The density of water is ρw = 1000 kg/m3 .

Typical Dimensions

d
d = 5.500 r1 = sec(α/2) = 2.97657855 (31)
2
c
c = 0.800  = tan(α/2) = 0.16568542 (32)
2
f +d
Dt = =⇒ f = 2 Dt − d p = 0.300 p = 0.400 (33)
2
d−c
f /2 + d1 +  = r1 + 1.500 =⇒ d1 = sec(α/2) − f /2 + 1.500 d2 = 0.400 (34)
2
d
f /2 + d1 +  = r1 + 1.500 =⇒ d1 = cos θ − f /2 + 1.500 d2 = 0.400 (35)
2
d
f /2 + d1 +  = r1 + 1.000 =⇒ d1 = cos θ − f /2 + 1.000 d2 = eq.(18) (36)
2
hf = 0.400 h = 0.400 H = 2.000 B = 0.600 (37)
√
H  = 1.500 B  = 0.100 la = 1.500 2/2 dp = 1.500 (38)

4
Fig 1. Sketch of the octagonal foundation type I.

5
Fig 2. Sketch of the octagonal foundation type Ia. With circular pedestal

6
Fig 3. Sketch of the octagonal foundation type II.

7
OVERTURNING VERIFICATION

Effective Foundation Area

The eccentricity

Md
e= Vd = (Fz + Wf + Ws ) γf − Ww Md = [ Mxy + Fxy L ] γ̃f (39)
Vd

with γf = 0.9, γ̃f = 1.1 ∼ 1.35 partial load factor, L = B + H + h and R = D/2.
  2
 2 Mz 2 Mz
Fxy = + 2 +
Fxy Md = [ Mxy + Fxy

L ] γ̃f (40)
leff leff

Effective foundation area Aeff is [DNV & RISØ,2002;pp.190-192]

Aeff = beff leff = 2 [ R2 arccos(e/R) − e R 2 − e2 ] (41)
  2
be
be = 2(R − e) le = 2 R 1− 1− Ae = be le (42)
2R
  2
le le leff
leff = Aeff beff = ff be Aeff = Ae (43)
be le le

8
 Fig 4. Effective foundation area.

Elastic Overturning Checking

Checking to be correct when

Stabilizing Moments Vd R
= > 1.2 (44)
Destabilizing Moments Md

Solve the homogeneous equation f (x) = 0, for inminent overturning with x = R (minimum radius) and
the inequality converted in equality

f (x) = x Vd (x) − 1.2 Md (x) = 0 (45)

where Vd (x) and Md (x) are functions of x = R.

We solve this equation by using the iterative Method of Secant [Granados,2016;pp.9-10]

xk − xk−1
xk+1 = xk − ω f (xk ) (46)
f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )

where ω is the relaxation factor.

9
Plastic Overturning Checking
Checking to be correct when [Fomento,2009;p.88]

L
1+ ≤ 1.5 (47)
3 beff

and
Stabilizing Moments Vd (R − dr )
= > 1.2 (48)
Destabilizing Moments Md

where distance of rotation is [FOMENTO,2009;pp.108-110]

1 Vd
dr = (49)
2 3 Pv∗adm leff

with L∗ in the figure being leff and P in the figure being P = 3 Pv∗adm .

Fig 5. Distance of rotation.

For this case the homogeneous equation is

f (x) = [ x − dr (x) ] Vd (x) − 1.2 Md (x) = 0 (50)

where dr (x) is a function of x = R, aditionally.

SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

Design Bearing Capacity

Design bearing capacity [N/m2 ] from [DNV & RISØ,2002;pp.192-193].
For fully drained condition

1 
qd = γ beff Nγ sγ iγ + Po Nq sq iq + Cd Nc sc ic (51)
2

For undrained condition (φ = 0)

qd = Po + Cud Nco soc ioc (52)
where
γ  Effective (submerged) unit weight of soil [N/m3 ].

10
 Po Effective overburden pressure at the level of the foundation-soil interface [N/m2 ].
Cd Design cohesion or design undrained shear strength assessed on the basis of the actual shear
strength profile, load configuration and estimated depth of potential failure surface [N/m2 ].
Nγ Nq Nc Bearing capacity factors, dimensionless.
sγ sq sc Shape factors, dimensionless.
iγ iq ic Inclination factors, dimensionless.
Shear strength parameters:
 
Cd tan φ
Cud = φd = arctan (53)
γc γφ

Drained conditions:
• Bearing capacity factors N
⎧1
⎪ 3
⎨ [ (Nq − 1) cos φd ] 2
4 tan φd 1 + sin φd
Nγ = N q = eπ Nc = (Nq − 1) cot φd (54)
⎪
⎩ 3 (N − 1) tan φ 1 − sin φd
q d
2

second Nγ is due to Hansen (1970).

• Shape factor s
beff beff
sγ = 1 − 0.4 sq = sc = 1 + 0.2 (55)
leff leff

• Inclination factors i
  2
Fxy
iγ = i2q iq = ic = 1 − (56)
Vd + Aeff Cd cot φd

Undrained condition φ = 0
  
Fxy
Nco = π + 2 soc = sc ioc = 0.5 1 + 1− (57)
Aeff Cud

Bearing Capacity Checking

Average and maximum stress

Vd Vd Md
σav = σmax = + (58)
Aeff Aeff Aeff beff /6

When the area is circular, the denominator Aeff and Weff = Aeff beff /6 of the last expression should be the
real area A = π R2 and the real elastic section modulus W = I/R = π R3 /4.

qadm 1.25 qadm

>1 >1 (59)
σav σmax

where qadm = Pv∗adm = qd calculated above from geotechnique data or given by geotechnician (Bearing
Load).
The homogeneous equations in both cases are

f (x) = qadm − σav (x) = 0 f (x) = 1.25 qadm − σmax (x) = 0 (60)

respectively. The initial values must be close to the solution (R = 10 and R = 15) and subrelaxation of
ω = 0.5 should be used in order to guarantee convergency.

11
Sliding Checking
Soil friction
μ = tan φd μc = 0.8 μ (61)
Horizontal resistence
Hr = μc Vd + Cd Aeff (62)

Horizontal action

Ha = Fxy γ̃f (63)

Checking and verification

Hr Ha
> 1.1 < 0.4 (64)
Ha Vd

The homogeneous equations in these cases are

f (x) = Hr (x) − 1.1 Ha (x) = 0 f (x) = 0.4 Vd (x) − Ha (x) = 0 (65)

In this computations the relaxation factor was reduced to 0.3 to obtain convergency.

ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS

With the loads charged as GAP-1 the rotational stiffness Kr are calculated in four different manners

al |Mxy
al
| na |Mxy
na
|
Krv = Krv = (66)
arctan |(uv+
z − z )/Lv |
uv− arctan |(uv+
z − uz )/Lv |
v−

al
|Mxy
al
| na
|Mxy
na
|
Krf = Krf = (67)
arctan |(ufz + − ufz − )/Lf | arctan |(ufz + − ufz − )/Lf |
where the load Mxy may be aligned= al or not aligned= na with the faces of the octagon. The displace-
f− f− f+ f+
ments are ordered in the form uv− v− v+ v+
z (al), uz (na), uz (al), uz (na) uz (al), uz (na), uz (al), uz (na),
all z−vertical, mesured in the opossite vertices= v or in the opposite faces = f , less = − or more = +
submerged in the soil.
With these eight values dropped vertically in a box the calculation may be made automatically.
Then the results are compared with the admisible of rotational stiffness Kradm in such a way that

al na al na
Krv , Krv , Krf , Krf > Kradm (68)

or the ratio with Kradm , seen as a security factor, should be less then one.

12
CONCENTRATED LOAD OVER SOLIDS

The ultimate resistances fck = 35 Mpa and fyk = 400 Mpa for concrete and steel, respectively, are
modified by a security factor (> 1), each one, to result in the design resistances fcd and fyd

fck fyk
fcd = fyd = (69)
γc γs

with factors γc = 1.5 and γs = 1.15 [Fomento,2011;art.38.3,p.162]

The plate concentrated load area Ac1 and the solid area Ac main distances a and b are modified
as follows (see figure 6)
a = d − Dt a1 = w + 2 t (70)
where w is the width of the flange and t is the thickness of the grout

π Dt
b= b1 = b (71)
nh

where b is the mean width of a circular sector of angle 2π/nh for a pair of flange holes (nh = number of
pairs of flange holes). Thus the areas are

Ac = a × b Ac1 = a1 × b1 (72)

The concentrated load is a vertical downward force Nd calculated for a portion of the flange around
a pair of bolts, as a circular sector, therefore [Fomento,2011;art.39.6,pp.171-172]

Δlp π Dt
Nd = Ec At At = ×w (73)
lp nh

Ec = 8500 3
fcm fcm = fck + 8 (74)

where At is the area of the circular sector of width w of the flange and angle 2π/nh rad, with nh being the
number of pairs of holes in the flange. The deformation Δlp is for the concrete post-tensioned between
the two templates separated a distance of lp .
The maximum force Nd of compression that acts in a ultimate limit state over a restringed surface
(figure 6) of flat area Ac1 , located concentric and homotetically over the area Ac , supposed plain too,
may be calculated by the formula [Fomento,2011;art.61,pp.302-304]

Ac
Nd ≤ Ac1 f3cd f3cd = fcd ≤ 3.3 fcd (75)
Ac1

which means that

Nd ≤ Ac1 fcd min( Ac /Ac1 , 3.3 ) (76)

as long as the solid is fault of internal vacuum holes and that the depth h be h ≥ 2Ac /u, being u the
perimeter of Ac .
If the two surfaces Ac and Ac1 have not the same gravity center, the contour of Ac will be
substituted by an inferior contour, homotetic with Ac1 and limiting an area Ac that has the same gravity
center in the point of application of load Nd , then the areas Ac1 and Ac apply to the aforementioned
formula instead.

13
 Fig 6. Concentrated load over solids.

The tension forces Tad and Tbd for the suspenders indicated in the direction parallel to a in the
figure 6 and parallel to b are calculated by
   
a − a1 b − b1
Tad = 0.25 Nd = As fyd Tbd = 0.25 Nd = As fyd (77)
a b

where As is the steel area generated by nb bars with diameters db and area Ab = π db /4

π d2b
As = nb × Ab Ab = (78)
4

The same for the direction parallel to b, that in this cylindrical geometry is zero Tbd = 0. The reinforce-
ment should be collocated in the distances between 0.1a and a, and between 0.1b and b as indicated in
figure 7.
For the lower template, Nd of formula (75) is substituted by Nd = Nd (a1 /a), and a is substituted
by a = w , the lower template width without grout (t = 0). The mean width of the circular sector is
the same b = b.

14
Fig 7. Distribution of stresses on solids.

15
PRE-STRESSED LOOSING

[Fomento,2011;art.31.3,pp.113-114]

fcm (t) = βcc (t) fcm fct,m (t) = [βcc (t)]α fct,m (79)

   1/2  
28
βcc (t) = exp s 1 − (80)
t

[Fomento,2011;art.39.6,pp.171-173]

Ec = 8500 3
fcm fcm = fck + 8 (81)

 0.3
fcm (t)
Ecm (t) = Ecm (82)
fcm

[Fomento,2011;art.20.2.2,pp.74-79]
np − 1 Ap Ep
ΔP3 = σcp (83)
2 np Ecj

np Fb
σcp = Ac = Ac − Ap Ap = np Ab Ecj = Ecm (to ) (84)
Ac

[Fomento,2011;art.39.7,pp.173-175]

εcs (t) = εcd (t) + εca (t) (85)

t − ts 2Ac
εcd (t) = βds (t − ts ) ke εcd,∞ βds (t − ts ) = √ e= (86)
t − ts + 0.04 e3 u
  3 
   HR
fcm βHR = −1.55 1 −
εcd,∞ = 0.85 (220+110 αds1) exp −αds2 10−6 βHR 100 (87)
fcm0
βHR = 0.25 (HR ≥ 99%)

ts = to , fcm0 = 10 N/mm2 and αds1 , αds2 depend on the velocity of hardening of the concrete.
√
εca (t) = βas (t) εca,∞ εca,∞ = −2.5 (fck − 10) 10−6 βas (t) = 1 − exp(−0.2 t) (88)

[Fomento,2011;art.39.8,pp.175-177]
 
1 ϕ(t, to )
εcσ = σ(to ) + ϕ(t, to ) = ϕo βc (t − to ) (89)
Ec,to Ec28

Yield coefficient ϕ(t, to ) and basic yield coefficient ϕo

Ec28 = Ecm ϕo = ϕHR β(fcm , to ) (90)

1 − HR/100
ϕHR = 1 + √ if fcm ≤ 35  
0.1 3 e 16.8 1
  β(fm , to ) = √ (91)
1 − HR/100 fcm 0.1 − t0.2
o
ϕHR = 1 + √ α1 α2 if fcm > 35
0.1 3 e
 0.3
(t − to ) βH = 1.5 [1 + (0.012 HR)18 ] e + 250 ≤ 1500 fcm ≤ 35
βc (t − to ) = (92)
βH + (t − to ) 18
βH = 1.5 [1 + (0.012 HR) ] e + 250 ≤ 1500 α3 fcm > 35

16
  0.7  0.2  0.5
35 35 35
α1 = α2 = α3 = (93)
fcm fcm fcm

[Fomento,2011;art.20.2.2.2,pp.78-79]
⎧
Fp ⎨ 2% if fm ≤ 0.6
fmax = ρ1000 = 3% if 0.6 < fm ≤ 0.7 ρf = 2.9 ρ1000 (94)
fyd Ab ⎩
7% if 0.7 < fm

ρf Pki
Δσpr = − Pki = np Fp − ΔP3 Ap = np Ab (95)
100 Ap

n ϕ(t, to ) σcp + Ep εcs (t) + 0.80 Δσpr  np Fp + max(γFz )
ΔPdif =   Ap σcp = (96)
A A y 2 Ac
1 + n Ap 1 + Icc p (1 + χ ϕ(t, to ))
c

Ep
n= χ = 0.80
Ec
χ age coefficient = 0.80 for infinite time evaluation. yp distance from the centroid of the concrete section
to the centroid of the active reinforcement.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

[1] DNV; RISØ. Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbines, Second Edition. A publication from
DNV/Risø, Det Norske Veritas / RisøNational Laboratory (Copenhagen), 2002.
[2] Min. FOMENTO. Guı́a de Cimentaciones en Obras de Carretera. Ministerio de Fomento,
Secretarı́a de Estado de Planificación e Infraestructuras, Dirección General de Carreteras, 2009.
[3] Min. FOMENTO. Serie Normativa EHE-08 Instrucción de Hormigón Estructural, Con
Comentarios de Los Miembros de La Comisión Permanente del Hormigón, 5ta Edición. Centro de
Publicaciones Secretarı́a Genral Técnica, Ministerio de Fomento, 2011.
[4] Granados M., A. L. Métodos Numéricos. Editorial Digiterı́a, 2016.

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