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JJK 373.167.1:802.0
BBK 81.2 A HrJ1-922
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GENERAL INFORM ATION

CHA PTER 1
GEOGRAPH ICAL SURV EY

Part 1.GeographicalPosition.
TheU nited Stateslterritory consists ofthree sep-
arate parts,different in size,naturalfeatures, lev-
elof developm ent and population:
1)the m ain part,the United States proper,with
an area of 7,800,000 square kilom etres.It borders
on Canadazin the north and on M exico3in the south.
It is w ashed by the Pacific Ocean4in the west, the
roanqslncxxe m .B. A tlantic Oceansin the east,and the Gulf ofM exicoG
r 60 Coepm HeuHhleIIITaTBIA wlepnxn:H oco6Herlo c'
rpauo- in the south-east;
Beaezm m.- CH6.:KAPO,2008.- 448c.,Iu .- tcepHs 2)Alaska7,which occupiesthenorth-western part
xxcTpauoseaeHHeyl. of the continent of N orth Am erica8, including a lot
ISBN 978-5-9925-0137-7 of islands;
lR0c06HeHocBsm eHo HJDIeHHIO CTITA.l'IpnBeleHlxlCBeJIeHHS 0 3)Hawalilin the Pacific Ocean.
r'
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crrpaHlxl.IROJIHOTa OXBaTa MRTOJIHaJIAH JIOCTFIIHaS JICECHERAellae'r
erO HP3aMeHHMBIM AAA FLIaWHXCS CTV IIIHX EJIaCCOB PHMHa3HR H 1TheUnitedStates(öoju'naltld'steltslCoeim HëHHsleIIITaTBI
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2Canada ('kœncdolllaHa;a
3Mexico ('mekslkou)Mexcnxa
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4
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ar.7:-922 6theAtlanticOcean(öIat'lœntlk'oufn)A'
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ISBN 978-5-9925-0137-7 Bce rmaBa aaum m eHv 8North America ('na:0 o'merlko)CqBepHas AMeppxa
 GREENLAND Pad 2-Nature.
The United States is m ostly situated in the tem -
perate and subtropicalzones.Alaska lies in the sub-
arctic and arctic zones.The southern part of Flori-
da1and H awaliare situated in the tropicalzone.
QUESTION S.
W hat naturalzones is the United States situated
in?
W hat pad of the United States is situated in the
PACIFIC
arctic zone? W hatpads are situated in the tropical
OCEAN zone?

N Pad 3.Coasts.
bé'kiï The coastline length of the United States proper
S ig 22,860 km .The Atlantic coast is m ostly lowland
and greatly indented. The Pacific coast is m oun-
tainous,in the northern partcutby num erousfiords.
The United States ofAmerica QUESTIONS.
1. W hatis the Iength ofthe United States'coastline?
QUESTION S. 2. How does the Atlantic coastofthe United States
How many separate pads does the United States di
fferfrom the Pacific coast?
ofAm erica consistof? W hatare these pads?
2. W hatcountries does the United States borderon? Pad 4.Relief.
3. W hatwaters is the United States washed by? About half the U nited States' territory is cov-
4. W here is Alaska situated? ered by plateaus and m ountd ns.
5. W here is Hawaii? The eastern part of the country is occupied by
the A ppalachian M ountainsz, w hich in the north

i
1Florida ('tlorldolquopzua
the Appalachian Mountains Eöl-œpo-leltfjon'mauntmz)
1Hawaii(ha'
.'wali:lI'asaiin Arrrlazzaxxcxne ropsz 5
4
 gentle erosionalrelief in the m iddle and southern
parts.
The Great Plains (west of west longitudes 97-
980)are a deeply cutplateau with the heightsof 500
m in the east to 1600 m at the Cordilleralfoothills.
The flat M exican Low land,with the heightof up
to 150 m ,isswam py along theGulfcoastand fringed
by a strip of m arsches.
The w estern part of
the country (including
alm ost th e w hole of
Alaska)is made up of
high m ountain ranges,
tablelands and plateaus
oftheCoréillerasystem.
The Cordilleras con-
sist of row s of m ountain
ranges w ith the heights
()f up to 3000-5000 m
:'nd a broad strip of in-
The United States ofAmerica.Relief term ountain tablelands
itnd plateaus. ln A laska
com e close to the A tlantic coast and in the south tlle m ountain ranges Mt McKinley
.

are separated from itby the Atlantic Low landl.
W est of the A ppalachians stretch the Central
Plainsz,theGreatPlains3,and theM exican Lowland4.
The CentralPlainsare 500-400 m high and have
a hilly m oraine relief in the north and a m ore
stretch in the &iest-east
(Iirection and include the Brooks Rangez,theYukon
'l':tbleland3, the A leutian Range4 w ith M ount M cK in-
Iftys,6193 m - the highestpeak ofthe USA and the
wlkole of N orth A m erica.

1 the Atlantic Lowland (öIat'lœntlkfloulond) l'

IpvlaTzlaH- .the Cordillera (öo-kordl-l
jcarolKopalu sepsl
Tvlqecxas HuaMeHHoc'rla
'!tlle Brooks Range (öo,bruks'relndzlXpe6erlaBpyxca
2theCentralPlains(öo'sentrol'plelrlzltlk
eHl'pazlbl.
tslePaBI.
IHHBI
'
$the Yukon Tableland (öofjukonftelbllandl IoxoHcxoe
3theGreatPlains(öo'grelt'plelnzlBe. ql- ple IMBHHHSI l1$14hf:lçoropbe
4 the Mexican Lowland (öo'mekslkon'loulond) Hpz<Mezc- 'tlleAleutianRange(ö1o'lu:flonfremdl)A-
qeylhclçlz
liixpe6e'
r
èlm aucxaa HHaMeHztoc'rs
''MountMcKinley ('mauntmo'klnll)ropa MaltKIII.
IJII,
I
7
6
 On the territory ofthe USA proper the m ountain
rangesstretch in the north-south direction.Thefirst
from the east are the Rocky M ountalnsl,reaching
up to nearly 4400 m .W est of the Rockies lie vast
plateaus and tablelands:the volcanic Colum bia P1a-
teauz, the Great Basin3 - a desert tableland with
deep depressions (the largest is the Death Valley4,
containing the lowest point in the western hem i-
Sphere - 86 m below sea level),the Colorado P1a-
teaus.Typicalfor this area is the alternation of ta-
blelands situated at the heightofabout 2000 m and
m ountain rangesreaching up to 3000-5000 m ,with
num erous deep river Canyons.
Further west is a narrow belt of the Cascade
M ountains6,and the Sierra Nevada; Range (over
4400 m).Stillfurther west lies an area of valleys
(W illam ette8,the californian Valleyg).
The Pacific coast is form ed by the deeply cut
CoastalRangeslowith the height of up to 2400 m .
QUESTION S.
1. W here are the Appalachian Mountains?
1theRocky Mountains(öo'rakl'mauntlnzlCHaancTBle ropBl
2theColumbiaPlateau (öako'lambla'plœtou)Kozlyl
e Hiicltoe
nzza'ro
3the GreatBasin köo'qrett'belsn)Boztbttloii6acceiiH
4the Death Valley (öordeo'vœltlJlozzHHa cMep'rn
5 the Colorado Plateau (öo,kolo'ratdou plœtou) H aa'ro
Kolopaao
6the Cascade Mountains(öakœs'ketd'mauntlnzlKacxaimsle
ropbl
ItheSierraNevada (öosl'erono'va:dolCseppa HeBala
8the W illamette (wlljarmet)yyzlz.
qaMe' r'
r m oderate clim ate of tem perate zones with a cool
9theCalifornian valley (öaskœll'fo:njon'vœh)Kazzle opHxG -
cxaa lozlnna
10theCoastalRanges(öa'koustlfremdzlzlBeperoBvexpe6q' bl
8 9
2. W hatis the relief ofthe United States Iike to the
'
westofthe Appalachian M ountains?
3. W hatis the reliefofthe G reatPlains Iike?
4. W hatis the M exican Low land Iike?
5. W hat kind of relief does the western partof the
country have?
6. W hatdoes the Cordillera mountain system consist
of?
7. ln whatdirection do the Cordillera m ountain rang-
es stretch?
8. W hatis the highestpeakofthe Cordilleras? W here
is it?
9. W here are the Rocky Mountains?
10.W hatis the Greal Basin? W hich is the largestde-
pression ofthe G reatBasin? W hatis itcalled?
11.W hatis typicalofthe reliefofthe G reatBasin?
12.W here are the Cascade M ountains and the Sierra
Nevada?
13.W hatis the Pacific coastofthe USA Iike?
Pad 5.Clim ate.
The.united States of Am erica occupying a large
territory,it is naturalthat a great diversity of cli-
m atic conditions can be observed in different parts
of the country.Besides,being crossed by m ountain
ranges from north to south,the country is unpro-
tected from blasts of cold a-ir from the north and
w arm air from the south.This is the cause of great
fluctuations of tem perature. '
The northern part of the Pacific coast enjoys a
sum mer and a rather warm (for these latitudes)
winterwithouta perm anentsnow coverand an abun-
dant rainfallon the western slopes of the Cascade
M ountains(3000-6000 mm a year).
The southern part of the Pacific coast (Califor-
nia)has a M editerraneanlclim ate:a hot,cloudless
and dry sum m er and a cool and rainy winter with
the m ean tem peratures of 20-25 OC in sum m er alid
5-10 OC in winter.Therainfallisrathersmall(400-
600 mm a year).
The clim ate on the A tlantic coast is continental-
m arine with coolsum m ers and rather warm winters
w ith a perm anent snow cover in m ountainous re-
gions.Further to the south the clim ate gets warm -
er,with warm erw inters and hbtter sum m ers,grad-
ually passing into the m onsoon subtropical clim ate
in the extrem e south and Florida.The tem peratures
here are com parable to those on the Pacific coast of
California, but the rainfall is heaviêr and occurs
m ostly in sum m er.
The plainsof the A ppalachian M ountains enjoy a
continental clim ate,with w arm sum m ers and cold
w inters w ith a perm anent snow cover.
Theplateausand tablelandsoftheCordillermshave
an extrem e continentalclim ate w ith very cold win-
ters and very hot sum m ers. The highest tem pera-
tureis observed in the Death Valley (sometimes up
to 56 *C).
QUESTIONS.
How does the reliefofthe United States tellon the
clim atic conditions? W hatcauses greatfluctuations
oftem perature?
2. Characterize the clim ate ofthe northern partofthe
Pacific coast.
1Mediterranean (,medltg'relnjon)cpeimaeMHoMopcRHii
j0
3. The southern,Californian,pad ofthe Pacific coast
enjoys a Mediterranean climate,doesn'tit? W hat
is characteristic ofthis clim ate?
4. Describe the clim ate ofthe Atlantic coast.
5. W hich partofthe country enjoys a monsoon sub-
.
tropicalclim ate?
6. Com pare the climates in Florida and on the Pacific
coastofCalifornia.W hat is in comm on? W hat is
different?
W hatparts ofthe Uni ted States have a continental
climate? W hy do they have a continentalclim ate?
W hatis characteristic ofthis clim ate?
Part6.Inland W aters.
The longest river in the United Stateà (and the
longest in the world) is the M ississippilwith its
westtributary M issouriz(7,300 km long).The oth-
er m ain tributary ofthe M ississippi,flowing into it
from the east,is the Ohio3 River.The M ississippi
flows to the south and em pties into the Gulf of
M exico at N ew Orleans4.
A nother im portant river of the United States is
the Hudsons River which flows across the north-
eastern part of the country and em pties into the
A tlantic Ocean at N ew York6.
The rivers in the west of the country are unsuit- ,
able for navigation because they flow through deep
1theMississippi(ög,mtsl'stm)MuccHcHrlH
2theMissouri(öamlfzuon)MMcçypu
3the Ohio'
(öIourhalou)Oraio '
4New Orleans (,
'nju:'a:1Icnz)HsloOpaeaH
5the'Hudson (öorhadsonqryaaoH
6New York I'nju:ejork)Hsm Ropx
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' W here arq the GreatLakes situated? Nam e allthe
five lakes.
The Niagara Falls
W here are the Niagara Falls- between which two
canyons and arecutby num erousrapids,which fact, Iakes?
how ever,m akes them a good source of electric pow - 6. The waters ofthe Five G reatLakes have theirout-
er.These rivers start in the Cordilleras and em pty letinto the Atlantic Ocean,don'tthey? How?
into the Pacific Ocean.The largest am ong them are
the Colum bia Riverl and the Colorado Riverz. Part 7.Vegetationx
W orld-fam ous is the region of the Great LakesB,
situated in the north-east of the United States bor- Before the com ing of the Europeans,alm ost half
dering Canada. It is a system of five great lakes tlle territory of the country w as taken up by for-
(LakeSuperior4,LakeM ichigans,LakeHuron6,Lake ftsts,covering the whole of the Appalachian region
Erie;and Lake Ontario8)joined togetherby natural i11 the east and the Cordillera slopes in the w est.
frtlnsiderable areas in the CentralPlains were cov-
ttl'tld with prairies. By the 1970's alm ost half the
1the Columbia River (öoko'lamblo,rlvo)p.KoayM6na l'tlrests had been cut down,and large territories in
2theColorado River Iöozkolo'ra:dou)p.Kozfopaao
3theGreatLakes (öofgrelt'lelks)Bezlnxue oaepa .
4Lake Superior I'lelksju'Iona)oa.BepxHee lTheNiagaraFalls(& nat'œgara,foilzlHnarapczçHz
'
isolorfal
5Lake Michigan ('lezk'mlIgon)oa.M z4uHral.
z C
ttlle St.Lawrence River (öosnt'lo:rons-rwolp.CssToro
BLake Huron ('lelk-hjuoran)oa.Fypozl lI;1l44)e11q?11JI
.
7Lake Erie ('lelk'lorl)oa.Dpl.
I
8LakeOntario ('lelk on'tzorlouloa.Olwapuo 13
12 l
 the prairies had been W hattrees grow in the m ixed forests ofthe nodh-
ploughed. eastern partofthe country?
In the north-east of How does the vegetation ofthe eastern partofthe
the country and in the country change from nodh to south?
region of the G reat 4. How does the vegetation ofthe CentralPlains
Lakes there are m ixed change from eastto west?
forests of pine, fir, sil- 5. In whatpartofthe country is the vegetation poor-
ver-fir, lim e and ash. est?
Further south they are 6. W hatisthe vegetation in the Cordilleras represent-
replaced by broad-leaf ed by?
forests of oak, maple, 7. W hy does sequoia attracttourists? W here does it
tulip-tree and plane- grow?
.tree;stillfurther south, 8. W hatis the prevailing vegetation in the dry South-
Sequoia,orred wood below north latitudes west?
35-39*# there appear
m agnolia, laurel, and other evergreen plants. Part8.A nim alLife.
In the CentralPlains the tall-grass prairie vege-
tation gradually passes (beyond the 100*west me- The m ixed forests zone is the hom e of the brown
ridian)intodry steppe,which isploughed only partly bear, lynx, glutton, m arten.In the forests of the
and m ostly used as pastures. A ppalachians there is V irginia deer,red lynx,chip-
In the Great Basin there are deserts and sem i- m unk,m ole,different kinds of bats.
deserts. The Southeast is represented by alligator,turtle,
The vegetation in the Cordilleras is represented peccary, opossum , coyote, rattle-snake and m any
by coniferous forests, and at the height of 3000 m kinds of pole-cats,badgers and gophers.Of birds
by alpine m eadow s. there is flam ingo,pelican,hum m ing-bird.
In California one can com e acro.p sequoia,or red- The sem i-desert and desert zones are inhabited
wood,a tree that attracts m any tourists because it by different rodents and reptiles.
reaches up to 100 m etres high and lives for m any On the Cordillera slopes there is Rocky M ountain
hundreds of years. goat,R ocky M ountain sheep,grizzly bear, and fur-
The prevailing vegetation in the dry Southwest thersouth - jaguarand armadillo.
is brushwood of sclerophyllous shrubs and trees. QUESTION S.
QUESTIONS. W hatanimals can be found in the m ixed forests of
W hatpads ofthe United States are covered with the Nodheast?
forests? W here are the prairies?
14 15
2. W hatanim als Iive in the forests ofthe Appalachian
Mbuntains?
3. W hatanim als inhabitthe warm Southeastof the
country?
4. W hatanimallife can be found in the desed and
sem i-desed areas ofthe GreatBasin?
5. W hatanimals can be m eton the Cordillera slopes?
Pad 9.NaturalResources.
The U nited StatesofAm erica is rich in coal,iron
and oil.Thereare coal-m inesin theCordillera M oun-
tains, in the K ansasl City region and in the east
near Birm inghnm z and PittsburghB. Iron is m ined
near the Great Lakes and in the Pittsburgh, Bir-
m ingham and Philadelphia4areas.ln California and
Texaés there are rich oil-fields.There are also de-
posits of silver and gold.
QUESTIONS.
W hat naturalresources is the United States rich
in?
2. W here are the deposits ofcoal?
3. In w hatparts ofthe country is iron m ined?
4. W hatparts ofthe country are rich in oil?
Pad 10.Econom y.
The United States is a country of highly devel-
oped econom y.
1Kansas ('kanzgs)KaHaac
2Birmingham ('bo:mlnom)BepMHuraM
3Pittsburgh I'pltsbo:g)rluw c6ypr
4Philadelphia (sflla'delfjo)tlm.
qaile.
/llaqma
5Texas ('teksos)Texac
16
Heavy industry indudes such branches as m in-
ing,m etallurgical engineering and chem icalindus-
tries.Detroitlis a large m otor-car industry centre.
Shipbuilding is developed along the A tlantic coast
and in San Franciscozon the Pacific coast.
Textile industry is also w ell-developed, especial-
ly in the South near large cotton plantations.
A griculture is very wide-spread,above allin the
prairie regions,w here w heat and other grain crops
are grow n.
Cotton is grown in the M ississippiValley,tobac-
co in M aryland3and Virginia4.
California is fam ousfor itsfruitplantations,and
the W est - for its cattle-farm ing.
Poultry-farm ing is w ide-spread in the country-
side near a1lbig cities.
QUESTIONS.
1. The United States'econom y is highly developed,
isn'tit?
2. W hatbranches does heavy industry include?
3. W hatis Detroitfam ous for?
4. W here is shipbuilding developed?
5. W hatindustry is well-developed in the South near
Iarge cotton plantatiohs?
6. W hatis grow n in the prairie regions?
7. W hatis California famous for?
8. W here is poultry-farm ing well-spread?
1DetroitIda'trolt)Jierpoiir
aSan Francisco ('sœnfron)slskou)CaH mpaxr
w cxo
3Maryland I'msonlœnd)Maplu alu
4Virginia (vo:'dzmlolBMPA-HHIU
17
 CH APTER REV IEW CH APTER 2
1. Fill in the blanks w ith the correct CO M PO SITIO N OF TH E CO U NTRY
w ords from the list: The territory of the U nited States is historically
depressions,swampy,enjoy,coniferous,reptiles,
M cK inley, m oraine, canyons, rodents, tablelands, divided into eight regions:1)New England;2)the
erosional,tributary,rapids,empties. M id-Atlantic region;3)the South;4)the M idwest;
1. The CentralPdains have a hilly reliefin the 5) the Southwest;6) the Rocky M ountain region;
north and a m ore gentle reliefin the m iddle 7)the Pacific Northwestand Alaska;8)California
and Hawaii.
and southern pads.
2. The M exican Lowland is alongtheG ulfcoast.
3. Mount is the highestpeak ofthe USA and Pad 1.New England.
the whole ofNodh Am erica. N ew England is highly industrial,but it also has
4. W estofthe Rockies lie vastplateaus and m any fields, w oods and sm all tow ns. N ew England
5. The Great Basin is a deserttableîand with deep is the part of the U nited States that is m ost like
6. The plains west of the Appalachian M ountains
a continentalclim ate.
7. The Ohio Riveris a ofthe M ississippi.
8. The Hudson River into the Atlantic Ocean.
9. The rivers in the westofthe country flow through
deep and are cutby numerous .
10.The vegetation in the Cordilleras is represented by
forests.
11.The sem i-desertand desed zones are inhabited
by different and .
Il. W rite detailed answ ers to the follow ing
questions:
1. How does the reliefchange as you cross the Cor-
dillera Mountaïn system from eastto west?
How does the climate change as you m ove along
the Atlantic coastofthe USA from north to south?
W rite aIlyou have learned aboutthe region ofthe I114)United States
Five G reatLakes. ofAm erica.
Regions
18

A New England wood
T'old''England.It includes six states:M ainel,New
H am pshirez, Verm ont3, M assachusetts4y Rhode 1s-
lands,and ConnecticutG.
Pad 2.The M id-Atlantic Region.
The M id-A tlantic region isnotuniform .Geograph-
ically, historically and econom ically, the M id-At-
lantic states are quite different from one another.
For exam ple:the state ofNew York borders on Can-
ada and has cold winters; M aryland has m uch in
com m on with the A m erican South.
The M id-A tlantic region plays an im portant role
in the U nited States.Its cities include W ashing--
1Maine(memlMaH
2New Hampshire('nju:'hœmp/o)HBm XaMrfttlzp
3Vermont(vo:'mantjBepMoH' r
4Massachusetts('mœso'tfuzsets)Maccauyce'
rc
5Rhode lsland ('roud'allond)Poq-An ulzazz;l
6Connecticut (ka'nektrkat)Ilozlzlexq'
lzxyl'
20
A view ofthe Appalachians
tonlD .C.,the nation's capital,and N ew York City,
the nation's financial centre.The M id-A tlantic re-
gion isdensely populated.Itincludessix states:New
York,New Jerseyz,Pennsylvania3,Delaware4yM ary-
Iand and W est Virginia.
Part3.The South.
Econom ically, historically and culturally, the
Sfluth is a distinct region.W ith its warm clim ate
:tr1d rich soil,it developed an econom y based on cot-
l.ï)ll export. Conflicts between the N orth and the
Sfluth, especially over slavery,1ed to the CivilW ar
ilk1861. The South preserves its traditions,for ex-
Jllklple good cooking and a slower,m ore hospitable
w:ty of life.The South includes eleven states:K en-
'Washington ('wa/ptonlBaltlxHrl'
oH
:
'New Jersey ('nju:-dzo:zl)HBm JlpxepcH
êtIàennsylvania (pensll'velnjo)l'
IeHclu laBazllz
ls
.Ilelaware ('delowEoliezlasap
21
 tuckyl,Virginia,N orth
Carolinaz, South Caro-
lina, Tennessee3, A r-
kansas4, Louisianas,
M ississippi,A labam a6,
Georgia;and Florida.
Pad 4.The
A charming oId house M idw est.
in the South
The M idw est is a
large, econom ically im -
portant region. It con-
tains m ajor industrial
cities and m uch farm -
land. Geographically,
the M idwestcan be sub-
divided into threesm all-
er regions: the G reat
Lakes area with m any
lakes,hills and forests;
theprairie area south of
it,which is flat and has good soilfor farm ing;the
Great Plains area to the west,m uch drier than the
pralrle.
1Kentucky (kenftaklllfeH' ryulçl.
l 5Iowa ('azouo)AioBa
2North Carolina ('na:oskœroflalno)CesepHas KapoaplHa
3Tennessee (steno'si:)TeHHeccl,l
4Arkansas('a:konsa)ApxaHaac
5Louisiana (lufi:zt'œno)JlynaxaHa
6Alabama (œlo'bœmolA- qa6aMa
7Georgia l'
dzn:dzjaliaopaaHa
22
The M idwest includes twelve states:M innesotal,
W isconsinz,M ichigan,O hio,Indiana3,Illinois4,M is-
souri,Iowas,K ansas6,N ebraska7,South Dakota8and
N orth D akota.
Part 5.The Southw est.
The Southwest is characterised by geographical
variety:from hum id lands in eastern Texasgto dri-
er prairies in Oklahom aloand w estern Texas to m oun-
tains and deserts in A rizonalland N ew M exico.The
Southwest area is rich in m inerals.Cattle-breeding
is also an im portant paz't of the Southw est's econom y.
1Minnesota (-mlno'souto)MHHHeco' ra
2W isconsin (wls'konsln)BncxoHclzll.
l
3Indiana ('Indlrœna)PIHAIZ IaHa
4lllinois (sIlI'noIJHallMz-
loiic
6Kansas('kœnzos)Kauaac
7Nebraska (nl-brœskolHe6pacua
8south Dakota ('sauodo'kouto)Iomz-
las Maxo'
ra
9Texas ('teksos)Texac
10Oklahoma (ouklo'houmglOxaaxowla
11Arizona (yœrl'zouno)ApHaoHa
23
 picturesquevalleys.The
region is very sparcely
populated- M ost of the
population isengaged in
m ining, cattle-breeding
and farm ing.
The '
R ocky M ountain
region includes five
states: M ontanal, lda-
ho2 W yom ingS, U tah4
and Colorado.

Part7.The Pacific
A city surrounded by desert Northw est and
A laska.
The Solzthw est includes five states: Oklahom a,
This region is noted
Texas,N ew M exico,Arizona and Nevadal. for its natural beauty: The portofSeattle
Pal4 6,The Rocky M ountain Region.
The R ockies are am ong the earth's youngestm oun-
tains.They have steep slopes and m any peaks antl

Alaska

1Montana (monftëena)MoHrraHa
In the Rocky Mountains 2Idaho ('aldohou)Afuaxo
3W yoming (wal'oumlp)BaiiolvlnHr
1NevadaIne'vardo)HeBaaa 4Utah ('ju:ta:lloTa
24 25
high steep m ountains,forests and greatly indented
coastlines.Portlandland Seattlezare im portantports
for trade with Asia. I is one of the largest and m ost populated states;
This region includes three states: W ashingtoli,
Oregon3 and Alaska.
Pad 8.California and Haw aii.
These two states are grouped together m ainly
because they are relatively near each other:Califor-
The coastline ofnorthern Cali
fornia
nia is the state which is situated nearer to Hawaii
than any other state.They are not alike:California
H awaii is one of the sm allest and least populated
ones.Y et there is one thing these tw o states have in
com m on: lots of sun and sand.
CH APTER REV IEW
1.Fill in the blanks with the correct w ords from
the list:
variety,sparcely,financial,picturesque,distinct,
econom ically,breeding,densely,com m on,indented.
1. Geographically,historically and the Mid-At-
lantic states are quite differentfrom one another.
2. Maryland has m uch in w ith the Am erican
South.
3. New York City is the nation's centre.
4. The Mid-Atlantic region is populated.
5. Econom ically,historically and culturally, the South
is a region.
6. The Southw estis characterized by geographical
:from hum id lands in eastern Texas to .

m ountains and deseds in A rizona and New M ex-

ico.
Cattle isan im podantpartofthe Southw est's
econom y.
8. The Rockies have m any peaks and valleys.
9. The Rocky Mountain region is very populat-
ed.
10.The coastline ofthe Pacific Northwestis greatly
Hawaii II.A nswer the following questions:
1Portland ('po:tlond)l'lopr-
qau;ç 1. W hat eight regions is the territory ofthe United
2Seattle (sl'êetllCHaT'
I'
JI States historically divided into?
3Oregon ('orlgonlOperoH
'
26 27
2. How many states are there in the USA?
3. W hat partofthe United States is m ost Iike l'old''
England?
4. W hy does the Mid-Atlantic region play an im por-
tantrole in the United States?
5. W hatis the economy ofthe South based on? W hy?
6. W hatdid the conflicts between the North and the
South Iead to in 1861*
7. W hatold traditions has the South preserved?
8. W hy is the M idwestan econom ically im portantre-
gion?
9. W hat three smaller regions can the M idwest be
subdi vided into?
10.W hatgeographicalfeatures is the Southwestchar-
acteri
zed by?
11.W hatis the Southwestrich in?
12.W hatis an im podantpartofthe Southwest's econ-
omy besides m ining?
13.W hy do the Rocky Mountains have steep slopes,
high peaks and deep valleys?
14.W hatis the population ofthe Rocky M ountain re-
gion engaged in?
15.W hatis the Pacific Nodhwestnoted for?
16.W hich are the two im portant ports for trade with
Asia? W here are they situated?
17.W hich is one ofthe Iargest and m ost populated
states ofthe country?
CH APTER 3
PO LITICA L SYSTEM
The United States is an indirect dem ocracy -
that is,the people rule through the representatives
they elect.In the beginning, only white m en with
28
property could vote.Over tim e,the vote has been
given to m ore and m ore people. Today any citizen
who is at least 18 years old can vote.The capitalof
the country is the City of W ashington, situated in
the Colum bia Districtl - a territory not included
in any of the states.
QUESTION.
W hatdoes 'indirectdem ocracy''m ean?
Pad 1.The Constitution.
The United States Constitution,written in 1787,
established the country's politicalsystem and is the
basis for its laws.In the 200 years of its history,
the United States has greatly grown and changed.
Yetthe Constitution works as welltoday as when it
w as w ritten. One reason is that the Constitution
can beamended (forexample,theFifteenth Amend-
m ent gave black Am eric= s the right to vote and
the Nineteenth Am endm ent gave wom en the right
to vote).Another reason is thatthe Constitution is
flexible:its basic principles can be applied and in-
terpreted differently at different tim es.
QUE STION S. -
1. W hen was the Constitution ofthe country written?
2. W hatdid the Constitution establish?
3. The US Constitution can be am ended, can't it?
W hatdoes itmean?
4. Explain the tern lflexible'
'1as applied to the US
Constitution.
1Columbia District(kg'lamblo'dlstrlk't)oxpyr Ko.
qyl
e ka
29
 Part2.Federalism .
The United States has a federalist system . It
m eans that there are individual states, each with
its own governm ent,and there is a federal,or na-
tional, governm ent.The U S Constitution gives cer-
tain powers to the federal governm ent,other pow-
ers to the state governm ents,and yet other powers
to both.For exam ple,only the nationalgovernm ent
can printm oney;the statesestablish their own school
system s; and both the national and the state gov- The Capitol The W hi
te House
ernm ents can collect taxes.
QUESTION S.
1. W hatis a federalistsystem ? to the President and the Vice-president,the execu-
2. How is powerdistributed among the federalgov- tive branch consists of departm ents and agencies.
ernm entand the state governm ents? The President appoints the departm ent heads, or
advisers, who together m ake up the President's
Part3.Three Branches of Governm ent. Cabinet.
W ithin the nationalgovernm ent,power is divid-
The judicialbranch
interprets the law s and
ed am ong three branches: the legislative branch, m akes sure that new
the executive branch,and the judicialbranch. law s are in keeping
Thelegislativebranch is represented by Congress, w ith the Constitution.
w hich consists of tw o parts - the H ouse of R epre- The judicial branch is
sentatives and the Senate. Congress's m ain func- represented by several
tion is to make laws.There are 100 senators (two levelsof federalcourts.
from each state)and 435 representatives (the num- The Suprem e Court is
ber from each statedependson the sizeofthe state's th e m ost im portant
population). body.It has nine m em -
The executive branch isheaded by thePresident, bers,who are appoint-
who is also head ofthecountry.The executivebranch ed for lifel. The Supreme Courtbuilding
administers the laws (sees to it that the laws are
carried out,actually rulesthecountry).In addition
1for life rzom uazxeHHo
30 31
 There is a system of checksl established by the Organization of the U nited States G overnm ent
Constitution,which is m eant to prevent any of the
(continued)
three branches from having too m uch power.Each
branch has certain controls over the oth'er branch- Execu- President national 4'years Enforcesfederal
es.For exam ple,Congress m akes the laws,but the tive election law s Appointsand
President can veto a law, and the Suprem e Court rem oveshigh federal
can decide that the 1aw is unconstitutional. ofticialsCom mands
the armedforces
Organization of the United States Government Conductsforeign
affairs Recom m ends
'

Branch M em bers H ow Term Powers lawstoCongress

chosen Approvesorvetoes
new law s
Legisla- Senate state 6 years W ritesnew laws
tive Two ' election Setsfederaltaxes
(Cong- Senators ApprovesPresidential Executive Presi- no Conductstheadm inis-
ress from each appointm ents D epart- dential set tration ofthenational
state OverrulesW esidential ments appoint- term govenzm ent
vetoesApproves m ent
treatiesDeclaresw ar
lndepen- Presi- no Oversees governm ent
Im peachesaPresident
dent dential set regulations
Agencies appoint- term
m ent

House of 'state 2 years Judi- Supreme Presi- life Interpretslaws

Represen- election cial Court dential according to
.
tatjves Nine appoint- the Constitution
Numberof justices ment Maydeclareactionsof
Represen- the Executive and
tative: 'Legislative branches
varies unconstitutional
according
to state Lower Presi- life Decidescasesthat
population Federal dential involvethe
Courts appoint- Constitution and
m ent federallaw's
1There is a system of checks HMeeTcs cHcr
reMa IlpoBepox
32 33

'
QUESTION S.
W hatare the three branches ofthe US naiional
governm ent?
W hatbody is the Iegislative branch ofthe govqrn-
m eqtrepresented by?
3. W hich two pads does Congress consistof?
4. W hatis the main function ofCongress?
5. W ho is the head ofthe executive branch?
6. W hatdoes the executive branch do?
7. W hatdoes the executive branch consistof?
8. W hatis the President's Cabinet?
9. W hatisthejudicialbranchofthe governmentcon-
cerned with?
10.W hich.is the mostimportantbody ofthe judicial
branch? How many m em bers does ithave?
11.W hatsystem is provided to preventanyofthe three
branches ofthe governm entfrom having too m uch
power?
Part4.State and LocalG overnm ents.
Each state has its own constitution.Like the na-
tional governm ent, state governm ents are divided
into legislative,executive and judicialbranches.In
each state there are state senators and representa-
tives, state court system s, and, like the President
of the country,a governor of the state.
Below the state level of governm ent, there are
county and city governm ents.
QUESTION S.
1. How m any constitutions are there in the United
States? Explain.
2. How are state and Iocalgovernments com posed?
34
3. W ho isthe head ofthe executive branch ofa state
governm ent?
Pad 5.Tw o-pady System .
The United States hastwo m ain politicalparties -
the Dem ocratic Party and the Republican Party.
There are other,m uch sm aller,parties,which play
little, if any, role. There are no clear differences
between the R epublican and Dem ocratic parties.In
general,the Republicans tend to be m ore conserva-
tive and to have m ore support am ong the upper class-
es,while the Dem ocrats tend to be m ore liberaland
to have m ore support am ong the working class and
the poor.
QUESTIONS.
1. How many politicalpariies are there in the United
States ofAmerica? W hatare they called?
2. W hat is the difference between the Republicans
and the Dem ocrats?
CH APTER REV IEW
1.Fill in the blanks with the correct w ords from
the list:
differences,judicial,Supreme,amended,Cabinet,
executive,veto,vote,legislative,federalist.
1. The US Consti tution can be .
2. The Fifteenth Am endm entgave black Am ericans
the rightto .
3. The United States has a system .
4. The branch is represented by Congress.
5. The Presidehtisthe head ofthe branch.
6. The President's is com posed ofthe deparb
m ent heads.
35
7. The branch interprets the Iaws. SECTION TW 0
8. The Courtis the mostim podantbody ofthe
judicialbranch. H IST O RY
The President can a law passed by Con-
gress.
10.There are no clear betweenthe Republicans
and the Democrats.
II.W rite detailed answers to these questions: UNIT O NE
1. The United States ofAm erica has a federalistsys- A PERIO D O F EXPLOM TIO N
tem .W hatdoes itmean?
How is powerdivided am ong the three branches of Im agin,e t:tim e zlzcn.g 'ltousands OJyeqrs ago.
the US government? W group OJ ltunters ccpzc to tzltuge,unexplored
3. W hich are the two m ain politicalparties ofthe Unit- IlnW.Tlteu were êSe Frstpeople in,Am erica.
ed States of Am erica and what is the difference For pzln.g tltousands o/ yeqrs fSc descendanis
betw een them ? o/tltose hyaters m oved Jlrfher into t/ze new fer-
ritory.Fiacllg f/zeg settled in allplrfsOJth'ellnW.
Di//erenz groups developed di//erep't languqges
lne# cua om s. Tltese people w ere X - criccneIndi-
ln's, or R ed J'zztfitzn's.
Tlten,on'edau,a new group offrcrellerscam efo
fScland.Tseg ltqd zteztzeustom s,n'cullanguageslnW
a rerg diflerentu?cg OJIiJe.Tlteu were fyropeln's.
CHA PTER 1
TH E FIRST INH A BITA NTS

Pad 1.Through the G atew ay.

N o one know s exactly how people first cam e to
N orth Am erica. H owever, m any scientists believe
thatA m erica'sfirstsettlers were hunterswho cam e
from Siberial. These hunters followed big anim als
over a land bridge into what is now A laska.

1Siberia (sal'blorlo)Cll6ups
37

A bout two m illion years ago the weather in the
northern half of the earth changed greatly.lt grew
colder.The snow that felldid not m elt in sum m er.
M uch of the land was covered with huge glaciers.
This period of tim e is called the Ice Age because so
m uch of the North was covered with ice.Sea water
froze,and the water levelin the sea dropped.There
is a narrow strait between the Beringland Chukchi
Seasz. During the 1ce A ge this strait probably be-
cam e very shallow .In som e places it dried up com -
pletely and form ed a land bridgefrom A sia to N orth
A m erica.
The scientists think thatthepeopleofA sia found
this land bridge between 15,000 and 40,000 years
ago.Group after group m oved across the bridge to
1theBeringSea(öo'berlp'si:)BepnHrosoMope
2theChukchiSea(öo'tluktfi:'si:ltlyltoTcxoeMope
38
the unexplored continent of N orth A m erica. They
passed through w hat is now Alaska and w estern
Canada.
QUE STIONS.
W hatwas the Ice Age and when did itoccur?
How did the firstAm erican Indians reachAm erica?
Pad 2-W ays ofIndian Life.
N orth A m erica is a land of m any geographic fea-
tures.There are m ountains and deserts.There are
fbrests, plains, lakes and oceans. A m erican Indi-
llns, descendants of the first settlers, lived in or
Ilear all these regions.
The Indians'w ay of life depended on the geog-
l'rtphy of the area they lived in. The lndians w ho
titlttled near the ocean fished.On the G reatPlains,
wlzere there w ere m any anim als,the Indians were
lïltnters. In places w ith rich soil the Indians
l':trrned.
There w ere hundreds of different A m erican
Ifdtlian tribes.Each tribehad itsown territory.Tribes
lt:t(ldifferent languages and custom s,too.
'Phe A m erican Indians can be divided into five
?tl'tlups,according to w here they lived.
'Phe N orthwest Indians lived near the forests of
fI,f!Pacific coast.They sailed along the Pacific coast
I11very long boats (up to 18 metres)called canoes,
).11fl fished.
'I'lze California Indianssettled between the Rocky
I
kl4pllntains and the California coast. They fished
t1, (,ile Pacific Ocean and hunted in the forests.
'I'I,#'y also gathered acorns and other nuts in the
l4.1.4usts.
39
 The Southwest lndians lived in what is now N e-
./ada,A rizona and N ew M exico.They w ere farm ers
.'nLt
'1 grew corn and beans. In dry areas they devel-
'?1
!
3ed 1rrigation .
.

'Phe Eastern svoodlands lndians lived 1n the east-

:
'.
. '
.I
' .
ë'eart.of t>.
j . whe. contl 'nen't-They :
'.
f1shed 1
-.
n tuhe
t A'''F
w-1
-an-

''.
>l
'
fwlcea'
.
t'l an/- ,l
.'
n, tlle river-sj)hunt.ed i.
n tl-
te forests.
. !s. jJ
.l-
. v-ol'':,
1he-.
tAa.l
iaul-.
lt v.
-llages. and.becanle farnler'
i s-

The
E Northkvest.
'ndi?
i arjs

.)
art .
(.
)f
-
'IAhi
a P laixts
.1.o.t.
1
'
.)
..
7ans l
nruntec
'1.irkt,
1'
-
3.e ce.ntral'
.#
f-
bh62 continent-
.

7-
1tq
ko
ir *
L.-
.ci
ar-jt
.e.pn b
lja
lq;
)of
?
.
,
j.
1ands I2
3d1
ai'lS

QUESTION S.
;)'ê$tdid the Indians'way ofjife depend on?
7qkntfive groups can Nodh Am erica's early indi-
:>)1)é.
)divided into? W here did each ofthe groups
:h'
.'()'L1W hatdid they do fortheirIiving?
The Southwestindians
40 41
 CH APTER 2
SEA RCH IN G FO R RICH ES

Pad 1.Europe's First Explorers.

From the Very first, Europeans who explored
N orth Am erica were looking forriches.lt took a 1ot
of courage to be an explorer a thousand years ago.
Every trip wasa journey into the unknown.Slowly,
how ever,explorers began to learn m ore about the
world.W ith each voyage they could draw m aps m ore
accurately.The early explorersm ade travelling eas-
ier for those who cam e later.
Viking voyages.ln the late 900'stheVikings,who LeifEricsson approaching America
lived in Scr dinavial,were the best sailors and ship-
builders in Europe.Each year they left their hom es ln 1001 a Viking called LeifEricssonlsailed west
and sailed to foreign lands in search offood and rich- f'I'Greenland and cam e to the shore of N ewfound-
es.They discovered Icelandzand Greenland3. ICtltdz.M ost of w hat w e know about Ericsson's voy-
'
ctffe com es from stories' thatthe Vikings told.These
Kkl% Exe r/tl- gx
'x x :it,tlries,called sagas,were histories of Viking lead-
' ' '' 'ggyq.jjkA.
jjp '... S .g+'w.. 4',' s and their adventures.The sagas of Ericsson's
,. w.1..>.. :
:7wx1. :
.' :
: E & .,. . . E. ... . .
. .
'
+4
<g.
wq
.
w
j..x
.
-.
.
1 vv .
1,l'i1)describe a land in which Ericsson found grapes,
. . .
. . y syx
.t
;/ ps ,'
'.
. . .. . /Wj pkp .''.. ''
a.. w Itltat and trees.H e called this place Vinland3.The
,
' 4 .., . . (
@ . *-
o
- .., . : :
.
.
..'
.,
.. . '.
... '
*
.
....-........-..w%
. g. x.. ,. rkitfrltsalso describe a house thatEricsson builtthere.
,

f
.L'.i'.:.' .'.
.E ' ..' ..'
.. :'. ...'.'. ' /jrk A & T 4f:l
W'
#'....%.s k
cï .w-
Pa - .
...
v..v. ..'':. I(IIt,Ericsson'ssettlem entdid not lastlong.Because
è
.
:J'':':
.
e .k.tN.,A#A
.
,
. ,..A
.
< . .,. ... .
. '
.

vw
.
jj v ,
my
..
x
.-.-.uuo y .y
....
: ?yt; .
.,,,,.
,: ,
.
, #'1 'Ilroblem s with the A m erican Indians the Vikings
.:
.
. '.L
.à'' '
, *.
QUNW AND 9 1XQkjlometQfs * V-
..... #.
X''f W RWP; ' '
, ,,
'
., .'(..
: E ..... '.:. .. ,jvjjjkAjjol ..........: .
';1iltld aw ay from Vinland.
$)1; f(7tlt1) '-'' p' h$ '' ''
''
'' ' '
.:. ..' . .. .
' '
.. .. +...-.- LeàfEritlson.sroote î
*
--
*jj --
a.,u
.''.f.u*= n
.s
.''
...
: . . '.'
'.'
.
ltiches from the East.W hile the Vikings were
.....'' ';. ..:... .....c.:
.

JJ:'.:
:
.. :
'
. .
:
.r
<.s'J*-.-.o.p'* .',.%t <jj
z
!.:t1IiI1g w est, other Europeans w ere travelling east.
.
::4,ll1ftwent to the areas around the M editerranean
Viking voyages
1Scandinavia (,skœndl-nelvjolCxalu tzz
xaszz
ls .Ia!ifEricsson ('li:f'erlksnlJleii: 3pnlçccol.
l
2Iceland ('alslondlIz
lcaalu
tpma 'Nflwfoundland ('njurfandlondlHlalotpaylullelu
3Greenland ('gri:nlondlf'peunqlu lu 'ViIlland ('vlnlondlBHHJIaIU
4: 43
Seal.Others went as far east as India and Chinaz.
They found these lands rich in gold,gem s and silk.
They tasted new spices thatcould be used to better
the taste of food.
One traveller to the East was an Italian: nam ed
M arco Polo4.H e went to China in 1275 and stayed
for seventeen years.W hen he returned to Italy,he
wrote a book about his journey.In his book M arco
Polo described the places he had visited and the
custom s of the peoplehehad m et.M any people first
learned about China from M arco Polo's book.
A t that tim e routes from Europe to the East
crossed both land and water.Land travelwas slow
and often dangerous. Som etim es bandits attacked
the traders.Som etim es thetraderswere notallowed
to passthrough certin lands.The tradersw anted a
fast and safe route to the East. European traders
thought that an all-water route w ould be better.
ln 1498 one Portugueses captain, V asco da
Gam a6, sailed around the southern tip of M rica.
The Portuguese called the tip the Cape of Good
H ope7. Da Gam a sailed to India and then back to
Portugal8.A tlastan all-water route to the East had
been found.
1theMediterranean Sea(öosmedlto'relnjon'si:)CpeimaeMHoe
Mope
2China('tfamo)IIIITH
3Italian (I'tœljan)IITM BJIHeIJ
4Marco Polo ('ma:kou'pouloulM apxo l' Ioao
5Portuguese Espo:tju'gi:z)rzop'ryra-qscsle
6Vasco da Gama('vœskoudorqa:mo)Bacxo aa raMa
7theCapeofGood Hope(öafkelpov'gud'houp)Mslc Jro6pol
'
i Ifo.
Ilaaeutasz
8Portugal('po:tjuqol)l'
Iopr
ryraans
44
QUESTIONS.
W hy did the Vikings travelto foreign lands?
W hatdid LeifEricsson find on the Iand he discov-
ered? W hatdid he callthis Iand?
W hy did Europeanstraveleastto India and China?
W hatlands did M arco Polo travelto? W hatdid he
write in his book?
W hy did Europeans seek an all-waterroute to the
East?
W ho was the firstEuropean to travelto India by
sea? By w hatroute did he travel?
'
Pad 2.Qpain and the kew W orld.
*
ln the late 1400ys Spa-inlbegan searching for an-
other water route tè.the East.Instead of it,Span-
ish2explorers found a new continent.A m apm aker
called it the New W orld - the land across the A t-
lantic thatwas notpart ofAsia.
The great explorer.Christopher Colum bus3was
born in Italy4and grew up near the sea.A s a boy,he
loved to go to the port and listen to the sailors'
stories.
In 1476, when he was 24 years old, Columbus
sailed on a ship bound for England.His ship sank
near the coast of Portugal, but he m anaged to get
to the shore.
Colum bus rem ained in Portugaland learned Lat-
in,geography and shipbuilding there.H e becam e a
1Spaln (spem)Hcrlauns
2Spanish ('spœmflI'
IcrzaHclçMii
3 Christopher Columbus ('krzstofakg'lambosl XpHcTo*op
qywz6
4Italy I'itoh)HTM IZ
IJI
45

Christopher Colum bus
m apm aker and then a sea captain.Like m any other
Europeans,Colum bus began to think that the earth
w as round.H e decided to try to find a quick route
to the East by sailing west.
The King of Portugalthought that the plan w as
too dangerous and refused to pay for the voyage.
So,in 1485,ColumbuswenttoSpain forhelp.Queen
Isabellal and K ing Ferdinandz of Spain liked Co-
lum bus's plan and agreed to give him m oney for
sallors,ships and supplies.
1Queen Isabella ('kwi:nIzo'belalxopoaeBa H3a6e.
q.
qa
2King Ferdinand ('ktp'fc:dlnyllll)Ilopolzs tpepgyHazu
46 '' C 5Hernando (hot'nœndou)OpHaluo
On August 3, 1492, three ships left Spain and
sailed to the west.The three sm allships sailed for
weeks with no sight of land. The sailors becam e
nervous.They asked Colum bus to turn back.<dsail
ony''was the reply.
A s tim e passed, the sailors grew angry. They
threatened to rebel,butfinally agreed to sailon for
three m ore days.Colum bus prom ised that if they
did notseeland,they would turn back.On them orn-
ing of the third day they saw birds flying in the
sky.Then a sailor saw land.
On October 12, 1492,Colum bus stepped ashore,
holding the Spanish flag.
Colum bus thought that he had reached a group
of islands near the coasts of China and lndia which
were called the lndiesi. That's why he called the
people he saw Indians.
Columbus m ade three m ore voyages to the New
W orld.But he never knew that.he had discovered a
new world. He was sure that he had approached
Chinaapd India from theeast.
C ortesz in M exico. In the early 1500's a num -
ber of Spanish soldiers and adventurers went to
H ispaniola3 and Cuba4, islands in the W est In-
dies. From these islands they were planning to
explore other parts of the N ew W orld.These ad-
venturers called'them selves conquistadors,which
meantconquerorj.One of the conquistadors was
HernandosCortes.
1the IydiesIöo'lndlz)I'
IHAHE
2Cortes('ko:tezlKopl' ec
31Hispaniola (shlspan'
joulolOcrlaHbola
4Cuba ('kju:ba)Ky6a
47
 '
..
7>Nl- ..)
s. r'. . . . e#
.y
't .
.,..*k% ..c
M any of the conquis- .,.;w..'
.,..
..'
&D
ï? hJ
.. s'
.xN.
v. ,k':y
.
.: ;..Gth ',
;t. mr.'
's
, N
k. ,.v...-.',
--... -:...,,. ... - 1 l.k
t4s .
,
18.I,Tl
h
t
ll'
/ t l1
E
Cl
r
pt
.
l
pt
(:
)
:
.4
1i
k ,
-
tadors cam e to the N ew $
.
.
.
..
,
..s
,
. *6
*
. ,
:J'
.
*y'm.'
a.k
Z'
. ;)a's .
,p
.x, N...,x..,,
. . . . l
t
:i f
..
... 4%z ; .o
s r,.'v*, .;'
W orld after hearing ru- .
..x ..
u ''
s s.
7. #*7.
,
Vzy..%*Nj.
. ,,
.. Jlz4 '''
%'
fVt.>#''* +' @'
:eY g
,
gp
4 . g +F.gjpm:# y
.
. +.
1 .,.. xx.b s, t' . s
'vu %., a
m ours that there was .
. 't
. -.-,;.
81.:..'.,. -c...
' ls vl A-
.
't'
t .
m uch gold to be found Z '.li
,q
z...
hq
q'
wa'....
.t. .wr'ky
k 'V':)J.' . '%+'...%'' g
y,
t.. GULF OF MEXICO '
,.c'
'
.. .'
p 1.... (
there. In 1519 Cortes
led an expedition to find ..
..
()f. ' l) '.
p.pu
..
+.
.. z<
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''M N'.
t
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.fo.,.
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#4.p ..
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. '''jJ ' .z
f)
'.'''
X.
&.'
w*e%
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..fœ3.
.'
.:.5%.eV'w
h*0 '
't&..
t
N.X. a .. %?
&Z
.$. L az...
'.
...;... #
' .. m'.
' 'e
' .'>' ..J'ti
out if the rum ours w ere ''T*'
>Yœnan '... I J
:r J'/s6. ..'u'''
' '.
.. :'
,
'a
*'
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,
'M...vv
f
s ..
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L
k
v.r
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Y.
..
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acfuz . J
. ..' ' $;1y)
.... j
/
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Jà f..
s,
.
y.
..
+.
'..,,<:
true.He wentto a land xz
A.%q
..s .
7
a.
xd r Géjyjggggp ygg
1I;. yj
s
u.
,k.
al
à
.
u
iq
suyy ys sj
,'
w est of Cuba, called %+e....''' %+
r ''ilk)%' b ?;x:
;.'e'
#<*s.w.
... '>'e' ' )
..<.h.
x% j.'
Q.ssw.o
...'..
,.s'.'
)'
y?
M exico. XA.
' p.s
D 0kilDfneters .'yh-%%.,',%s
'-
O-. P. .,.
ln M exico Cortes m et ..
qv - ..ç
it-.r, ?.'''L'
-
0 4 m ile.s PACIPIC OCEAN ''-..
? --v.>.-'.
q-% -.',<
. ,
'
an Indian w om an w ho #' 11
2 '
1
<xx
!. .7%. ...
$)sq
ï#' ''.- '
:
... -
v'. .... ..'.. ..c. ....
SJ
'a' '.<? ''.'
'' *'
told him about the rich r ss ut t xl 'z''
--
'
z'
.
'
.'
J,.-
.,
. .
g. ' t:,.
d
Hernando Codes and pow erfulA zteclIn-
dians. These lndians Codes s route to Mexico
lived in Central M exico, in a huge city, she told
Cortes
Z . They had m uch gold and silver. He offered Cortes a palace to stay in.ATontezunp
treated Cortes so w ellbecause he thought that Cortes
Cortes 1ed an arm y to conquer the A ztecs. The
m arch wms long and difficult.A long the way,other
was the great Aztec god Quetzalcoatll.Aztec leg-
lndianswho wanted to fighttheAztecsjoined Cortes.
W ends described Quetzalyoatlas white-skinned and
bearded,just like Cortes.
Finally, Cortes and his arm y cam e to a land with Soon M ontezum a understood that he had been
beautifulblue lakes.On an island in one of thelakes #'
w rong.Cortes w as not a god.The A ztec leader gave
.

was Tenochtitlanz,the Aztec capitalcity.
The Spaniards3 were nm azed by the A ztec city
and its people.The city had fine architecture and
sculpture.A ztec doctors could cure m any diseases.
The A ztecs also had w ell-trained soldiers and an
efficient governm ent. #'
M ontezum a4,the A ztec leader,treated Cortes as
#'
an honoured guest.H e gave Cortes gold and silver.
1Aztec('œzteks)aur iaeun
2Tenochtitlan (tet'noktlftlœnlTeHoq'
rk'
raal,
l
3SpaniardsE'spœnjodz)Ilcnazm lal
484Montezuma (,montt'zu:mo)MoHTeayMa
the Spaniards gifts to m ake them leave.The Span-
iards, how ever, did not w ant to leave. They cap-
tured Tenochtitlan and took M ontezum a prisoner.
The Aztecs tried to get their leader back. M ean-
while,fighting between conquistadors and A ztecs be-
gan in other parts of M exico. The fighting w ent on
for months.M ontezum a was killed in Tenochtitlan.
In the end, the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs.
They declared them selves m asters of M exico and
1Quetzalcoatl(,ketsolkou'œtllIleTtlaalçoa'
r.
q
49
 !

sent shiploads of goltl W hy did the sailors become nen/ous and ask Co-
and silver to Spain. lum bus to turn back? W hatdid Colum bus prom ise
K ing Carlos 11 of Spaill them?
was pleased. It seem ed W hatdid Colum bus callthe people he found in the
that the rum ours about New W orld? W hy?
the N ew W orld's riches W howas Hernando Codes? W hydid he go to Mex-
w ere true. ico?
Around the w orld. W hatam azed the Spaniards in Tenochtitlan?
Ferdinand M agellanz How did the Iegend ofthe god Q uetzalcoatlhelp
was the first European Codes?
w ho got to the Spice Is- W hatdid Magellan's voyage prove?
lands3(Indonesia4),sail-
ing to the w est. H e Part3.Other European Explorers.
found a passage around
Ferdinand M agellan South A m erica to the There w ere other European explorers w ho tried
Pacific Ocean. t4)find a water route through or around A m erica.
Four ships were lost on the dangerous journey. A l' terM agellan'svoyage Spain controlled the south-
M agellan him self was killed by natives in the Phil- k'p'ktparts ofA m erica.So the new explorers decided
ippine Islandss. tï)look for a w ater route in the N orth.
ln 1522 a single ship returned to Spain.Of the English exploration.John Cabotlw as an ltalian
265 m en who had left in 1519, only 18 returned. tiïta captain who explored for England.The English
They had been gone three years.Butthey had sailed tl1so hoped that Cabot could reach the Spice Islands
around the world.They proved that Colum bus had r,y sailing w est.
been right.Ships could,indeed, reaeh the East by ln 1447 Cabot set sail with one sm all ship and
sailing w est. (tighteen m en.After five weeks at sea he reached
Iâlnd and claim ed it for Englandz.Cabot thought he
QUESTION S. was in China.
1. W ho helped Colum bus to organize an expedi tion
to the W est'? ln fact, Cabot had landed in what is now New-
I'llundland. Instead of spices, he found one of the
1King Carlos I ('ltlpfkarlasöa'fo:st)I4opolis Kaplloc 1
2 Ferdinand M agellan ('fo:dlnond m o'gelon) tlàepgnl- lal-
l;l l'ichest fishing areas in the world.
M arellllaH
3the Spice Islands (öofspalsfallondz)l'
IpaHBleocrcpoBa 1John Cabot('d:on'kalbat)JlutoH Ka6o'
r
4Indonesia (,lndoufni:zjo)ifluoHealzls 2 claim ed it for England aassH.
q Ha Hee npasa A HM HH
5thePhilippinelslands (öofflllpi:n'allondz)(Dl
u plurlvlHcztlz
le (()6'
ssBIIJIee BaaaeHHel
vlAHIaJIIJHI
ocTposa 51
50
 The next year Cabot m ade another trip.H e ex-
plored m uch of the north-eastern coast of North
A m erica.It was Cabot's last trip.H e and his crew
w ere lost at sea.
French exploration.The Frenchlexplorer,Jacques
Cartierz,m ade three voyages to the New W orld be-
tween 1534 and 1542.Cartierwaslooking fortheN orth-
westPmssag' e3- a water route through N orth Ameri-
ca to A sia. H e found the St. Law rence R iver: and
explored it ms far as present-day M ontreals,Canada.
French explorers kept trying to find the North-
west Passage.ln 1603,Sam uel de Cham plain6 ex-
'
/4#o> .
çH*e kA$N .
> r LA N T'/C
N
w-
t-E
S 1ludson to explore northern Canada.He found what
:French (frentf)(ppauuyacxufl
2Jacques Cartier (3œkka:'tjel)Xfax Kapl'
Be
3 the Northwest Passage (öo'na:owest'pœsldz) CeBepo-
aarlagHBi; rzpoxo;
4the St.LawrenceRiver (öosnirlorransrrlvo)pexa Cssr
roro
Jlaspeur
rHa
5Montreall,montrlfo:llMoHpeaab
6SamueldeChamplain ('sœmjuoldoJœm-plelnlCaMzoalflaAe
IllaMrtaeiil.
l 8TheNetherlands(öo'neöolondzlHluepzlaloral
52
Iplored m uch of w hat is now eastern Canada and
Iptlrthern New York State.H e claim ed this land for
Iokum cel.Hesetup asettlementatQuebeczand sailed
itcross Lake H uron and Lake Ontario. But he did
!'()t find the N orthw est Passage.
Som e French explorers thought that the M issis-
:;ippi R iver m ight be a passage w est to the Pacific
(lfrean. In 1673 Louis Joliet3 and Jacques M arque-
l,te4travelled down the M ississippi by raft and ca-
k1()e. R obert La Salles, another French explorer,
t,k'avelled to the m outh of the M ississippi in 1682.
Ii(acalled the surrounding area Louisiana and claim ed
1,I1e entire M ississippi V alley for France.
Dutch6 exploration.H enry H udson; was an En-
prlish navigator w ho m ade im portant explorations
j'()r the Dutch and English.In 1609 he setsailfrom
'lïlke N etherlands8.R eaching N orth A m erica, he ex-
Ipiored the A tlantic shore and salled up the river
t,lèat w as later nam ed for him - the H udson. H e
ftlaim ed the territory around the H udson River for
'l'l)e N etherlands.It becam e N ew N etherlands - the
1'irst Dutch colony in the N ew W orld.
The next year a group of English m erchants hired
is now known as Hudson Bay9 and claim ed all the
tsllrrounding land for England.
tFrance (fra:nsltppaHlrzzla
2Quebec (kwl'beklKBe6ex
3LouisJoliet (lu:'i:zou'ljel)JlyM llfoalae
4JacquesMarquette ('3œkma:fkel)XlaltMapue' r
5RobertLaSalle (ro'bsola'sal)Po6ep Jla Calzas
6Dutch (dAtJ1roazlazuclclz
l;
IHenry Hudson ('henrl-hAdsonlreHpu ryaaou
9Hudson Bay (-hadson'bellryaaoHos aall
zs
 QUESTION S. In 1497 Cabot sailw ith one smallship and
W hatparts of Nodh America did John Cabotex- eighteen m en.
plore? W hatdid he find there? 10.Vasco da Gam a found an route to the East.
2. W hy did thé Frenchwantto find the NorthwestPas- I1. W rite detailed answ ers to the follow ing
sage? (jllestions:
3. W hen did Jacques Cadiertravelto Am erica? W hat 1. How did the Am erican Indians arrive in Am erica?
riverdid he discoverand explore? W hatare the five geographic groups thatAmeri-
4. W hatpartsofNodhA merica did Sam uelde Cham- can lndian tribes are usually divided into?
plain explore? W hen was it? W hatdid Colum bus hope to find when he sailed
5. W hy did French explorers traveldown the M issis- westfrom Spairin 1492:2
sippiRiver? W hatdid they hope to find? W hatwas Cortes Iooking forin M exico?
6. W hatis Louisiana? W ho gave this name to the ter- In spite ofthe factthat early explorers could not
ritory? W hen? find the NodhwestPassage,much was achieved
7. W hy were Hudson's voyages im portant to the by theirvoyages.Nam e some achievem ents.
Dutch? IIl.W ho w ere these people? W hat did they do?
W rite in short about each of them .
UNIT REVIEW Leif Erinsson e
/o/zrzCabot
1.Fill in the blanks with the correct w ords from lloherf'L a Salle Csrssfop/zer Colum bus
the list: Jacque Cartier N earg H udsog
m outk,claim ed, tribes, according, set,conquista- llcrzzlndo Cortei Samuelde Champlain
dor,P assage,sagas,all-waten glaciers.
1. La Salle found the ofthe MississippiRiver.
2. During the Ice Age m uch of North Am erica was
covered w ith .
3. Codes,a ,led the Spanish into Mexico.
4. Plains lndians travelled in groups called .
5. Viking tellaboutLeifEricsson's voyage.
6. The Am erican lndians can be divided into five
groups to where they Iived.
French explorerstried to findthe Northwest

Hudson the territoryaround the Hudson Riv-

erforThe Netherlands.
 UNIT TW O
A PERIO D O F CO LO NIZATIO N
Tlte scfflers w%o leflEurope tzn'd came fo f&e
N ew W orld hrougà.tm ln.g European custom s ulitl
tkem..Somefim es tlteu even hroltgà.fth'e ztlzzzesOJ
their Som e towns or coyzzêrfes.W s a result,êlere
are zlzczzg p laees in A m erica zp/zfr/zha ve fà'e na m es
OJ Europeqn.fou/n's.There cre places called N ew
Zond on,.N ew Orleansl,N ew Pqrisz,St.Petersburg
and M oscow.
CH A PTER 3
EA RLY SET TLEM ENTS
Pad 1.Spanish Settlem ents
The firstEuropeansin North A m erica werebrave
people.They left their hom es in Spain,France,En-
gland and The Netherlands.They left their fam ilies
and friendsand crossed thewide oceau in sm allships.
They cam e to the New W orld looking for a new life.
W hen Christopher Colum bus visited the New
W orld,he claim ed the land for Spain.Soon Spanish
soldiers and settlers cam e to the New W orld.The
Spaniards called their colony N ew Spain. M exico
City was its centre,but Spanish settlers travelled
far from there.They m oved into areas that are now
part of the U nited States.
Florida.A Spanish explorernamed PoncedeLedn3
reached Florida in 1513.H e explored this land in
1New Orleans('nju:'orllgnzjHBl()Opaeau
2New ParisI'yju:'pmrls)Hosbl; l'lapHm
3Ponce de Leon ('pansdo'li:on)l'
IoHcAeJleoH
56
A m ission in California
4.It()hope of finding a TdFountain of Youth''.Am eri-
t':,11Indians had told the explorer thatsuch a foun-
t. :$i11existed.According to thetale,anyone who drank
l'l'flm the fountain rem ained young forever. Ponce
'1 ('Leon never found the fountain,but he claim ed
I''lrlrida for Spain.
(
t'
ialifornia.Father Junipero Serra-l cam e to the
r'xli't v W orld in 1749 to fulfila childhood dream .His
61 l'p'tpm was to becom e a Catholic priest and help the
lIp(dians in N orth A m erica.A sa boy in Spain he had
Itt':trd m any stories about these Indians.
IpirstFather Serra spent 20 years in M exico.Then
11..Ied the first Spanish settlers to California. At
:1:111 Diegoz Father Serra and other priests built a
.1 )11rch and a settlem ent w hich they called a m is-
t,t't1.There priests taught the Indians about Chris-
' ,
1plnipero Serra (hu:'ni:
porou'sera.
.)yHnrzepo Ceppa
'San Diego ('smndleelgoulCaH Jlnero
57
tiapity and Spanish custom s.A tFather Serra's m is-
sipn the Indians learned about new ways to farm ,
breed cattle and build houses.
Father Serra died in 1784.During the nextfifty
yearsSpanish priestscontinued hiswork.They start-
ed twenty-one m issions along the California coas-t.
At these m issions the Indians and Spanish learned
to live together as good neighbours.
QUESTIONS.
W hatpads ofAm erica did the Spaniards settle in?
W hatdid they calltheircolony? W hatwas the cen-
tre ofthe Spanish colony?
2. W ho explored Florida? W hatwas he looking for?
3. W ho w as FatherSerra and w hatdid he do?
Pad 2.French and Dutch Colonies.
In the 1600's other European nations also start-
ed colonies in the New W orld.
New France.ln 1608 Sam uelde Cham plain started
the first French settlem ent in the N ew W orld.lt
was located along the banks of the St. Lawrence
River.Champlain called this place Quebec.Theen-
tire colony w as known as N ew France.Today this
area is part of Canada.
N ew France did not attract m any settlers.Som e
peoplecam e to farm ,butthew eatherin New France
was very cold.
Fur trade was the m ain business of New France.
In Europe beaver hats and other clothing m ade of
anim al furs were vqry popular. So French settlers
in N ew France trapped these anim als and sent their
skins to Europe.
@ 59
N ew Netherlands.A few years after H enry Hud-
stlll's voyage, D utch settlers from The N etherland:
fritlne to the N ew W prld.Like the French,they were
Illanning to m ake m oney buying furs from the lndi-
J,lls and selling them to Europe. At the m outh of
tzlle H udson River,on the Island ofM anhalttanl,they
jptlilt a settleinent and called it New A m sterdap z.
'l'llere was an excellentharbour at the m outh ofthe
IItldson River,and soon New Am sterdam becam e a
Ilig port and centre of trade with other colonies and
with European countrtes.
ln 1664,during the warbetween The Netherlands
Ctlld England,an English fleet sailed into the har-
lltlur of New Am sterdam . The English forces were
llluch stronger than the garrison of N ew A m ster-
(I11m , and the D utch surrendered. The K ing of En-
lfland gave N ew N etherlands and N ew Am sterdam
Jts a present to his brother,the Duke of York.The
Iluke renam ed the colony and the town New York.
QUE STION S.
W ho started the French colony in Am erica? W hen?
W hatsettlem entwas the centre ofthe French col-
ony?
W hatwas the m ain business ofNew France?
W hydid Dutch settlersfirstcom e to the New W orld?
W here did they build their settlem ent? W hatdid
they callit?
How and w hen did New Amsterdam turn into New
York?
W hy was itim podantforthe firstEuropean settle-
m ents to be Iocated nearrivers?
1M anhattan (mœn'hœtn)M anxaw aH
2New Amsterdam ('nju:'œmsto'dœm)Hslo AMcrepaaM
 wanted to find a place
Pad 3.English Settlem ents. where they could w or-
Peoplefrom England also started colonies.A lthough slliplas they wanted.
thesefirstsettlementswereverysm all,they soon grew . The Pilgrim s settled
By the 1750's there were thirteen English colonies i1) present-day M assa-
along the eastern coast of North Am erica. fyllusetts. T hey called
V irginia and zam estownl. In 1606 som e m er- t'lleir settlem ent P ly-
chants in London form ed a private business called kklouthz. The Pilgrim s'
the Virginia Com pany. The Com pany asked En- t'irst w inter w as very
gland's King Jam es 12 to give them som e land in Itard. M any people died
A m erica to establish a colony.The King agreed.The ('rom cold.But the colo-
Virginia Com pany invited people to go and settle in l)y survived.
the new colony, offering to pay their travel costs. ln early 1621 an Am e-
ln return the settlers agreed to send the Com pany a l'ican Indian called Sa-
share of the crops they grew. lk1oset3 cam e to P ly -
M ore than 120 people accepted the offer and set ktïouth and greeted the The Mayflower
out for Virginia,as the colony w as called.They ar-
rived in the spring of 1607.They built a settlem ent
and called it Jam estown,in honour of the King.
In the follow ing years m ore settlers cam e to V ir-
ginia.By 1619 there were eleven settlem entsin Vir-
ginia.The Virginia Com pany wanted the colony to
grow ,and the settlers were given the right to vote
and elect their own governor.lt was the beginning
of self-governm ent in the future United States.
The Pilgrim s3.There were people in England who
disagreed with the teachings of the Church of En-
gland.In 1620 a large group of such people left En-
gland and sailed to N orth Am erica on a ship called tlte
M ayflowep.These people were called Pilgrims.They The Pilgrim s landing in America
1Jamestown ('dlelmztaunjJlpxeMcq'ayH 1they could worship (-wo:JIpjcMorzll,
l6s1o'
rnpaBaa'
rs
2JamesIg'dzelmzöo'fa:stlJlpRel
vlcl(SlcoB 1) i'tlrocayuteuxe
3 The Pilgrims (öa'pllgnmz)nlu nrpnMhl 2Plymouth ('pllmoolIIJIHMyT
4theM ayflowerIöo'meltlaualM eiluamp 3Samoset('sœmgfset)CaMoce' r
60
 '
!
I
(
i
,
The firstThanksgiving
P ilgrim s in English.The P ilgrim s w ere surprised
w hen they heard the lndian's w ords.Sam oset ex-
plained thathehad learned thelanguage atsea,sail-
ing with English captains.Soon Sam oset returned
with a friend,Squantol.Squanto stayed with thePil-
grim s.He taughtthem how to survive in thew ilder-
ness.Squanto showed the colonistshow to grow corn,
how to catch fish with a spear and where to hunt
deer.He also taughtthem thatthey eould m ake the
soilrich by burying fish in the earth.
Thanks to Squanto,the Pilgrim s had a good har-
vest that autum n. To give thanks, they invited
Squanto and other lndians to a greatfeast.The cel-
ebration, which lasted three days, was the first
Thanksgivingz.
The Puritans3. In England there was another
group of people w ho disagreed with the teachings
1Squanto ('skwantoulCI<BOI- ITO
2Thanksgiving (-oamksgwlz)l6aarogapeHue
3The Puritans(öo'pjuorltonz)IzypHTaHe
62
The Puritans going to church
$/ù'the Church of England.They said that the ser-
vitres of the Church of England had becom e too com -
I,1icated and too rich and took too m uch m oney.They
w/tnted to m ake the Church of England m ore m od-
d'st,to tupurify''it. For this reason they w ere called
I'llritans.
The Puritans also decided to sailto N orth Am er-
it'l',to establish a Puritan Church there and to w or-
tillip as they thought proper.
The Puritans set sailin 1630.M any Puritans w ere
l'itrher than the Pilgrim s. Their journey w as very
4!ifferentfrom the Pilgrim s'trip on theM ayflower.
(Jlle thousand people took part in it.They sailed in
i'i('teen ships fullof supplies and tools.
The Puritans also cam e to M assachusetts. They
f'xplored the coastline and found an excellent har-
63
 !
bourwheretheCharlesRiverlem ptiesintothe ocean.
I ï''#,()(len fram e with holes for a person's head and
They settled there and called the place Bostonz.
The Puritan Church was very powerful in the
M assachusetts colony. The colony's political lead-
ers were also church leaders.They established very
strict rules.They told people how to dress and how
to act.Everybody was obliged to attend church on
Sundays.Anyone who disobeyed the church teach-
ings w as punished. One Puritan punishm ent w as
putting a person into the pillory3.The pillory was a
The pillory
1theCharlesRiver(öo'tfarlz'rlvo)pexaT-lapaa
2Boston ('baston) Bocrol. l
3pillory ('pllorllrloaopHlall
'ic%'
o.q6
64
!t'lqàs.Those who disobeyed church teachings w ere
!.96'ked into the pillory. Then they were left for a
(lràhe on display as a lesson to the other people.
QUESTION S.
W hatwas the firstEnglish settlem entin the New
W orid? W hen was itstaded?
W hy did the Pilgrim s com e to the New W orld? ln
what place did they stad theircolony? W hat did
they calltheirsettlem ent?
W ho was Squanto? How did he help the Pilgrims?
W ho were the Puritans? W hy did they callthem -
selves puritans? W hy did they sailto Am erica?
In whatway did the voyage ofthe Puritans differ
from thatofthe Pilgrim s?
W here did the Puritans settle? W hatdid they call
theirsettlement?
W hatrules did the Puritans establish in theircolo-
ql)/?
Nam e som e reasonswhy newcom ers com e to set-
t1e in the United States today.
CH A PTE R 4
TH E ENG LISH CO LO N IES
Part1.New England.
TheEnglish settlem entson theAtlanticcoastgrew
!tlto thirteen colonies.The colonies can be divided
ik,to three regions: the New England colonies, the
rs/tiddle colonies and the Southern colonies.
The N ew England colonies were M assachusetts,
lthode Island,Connecticut and N ew H am pshire,N ew
65

The thideen col
onies
England haslong and cold winters.The land isrocky
and hard to farm . Life w as not easy for the colo-
nists,butN ew Englandersworked hard.By the m id-
1700's sm all villages had grown into towns. One
town, Boston, had becom e a city of m ajor im por-
tance in the colonies.
66
A vi
ew ofBoston in 1801
R hode Island.The M assachusettscolony had been
settled by the Puritans w ho had com e to A m erica
for religious freedom .But they them selves did not
allow any religious freedom to anybody: they con-
sidered their own ideas, the ideas of the Puritan
Church,the only rightones.There was no religious
toleration in M assachusetts. Y et som e people dis-
agreed with the Puritan leaders.
R oger W illiam sl, a popular young priest in the
colony,disagreed with som e of the Puritan teach-
ings.H e was told to stop talking about his ideas.
W hen he refused,he w as ordered to leave the colony.
W illiam s w alked for four days through a terrible
snow storm and freezing cold.Finally he reached a
cam p of friendly A m erican lndians. The Indians
1Roger W illiams ('rodzofwlljgmzlPoaaep ylu sswlc
67
invited W illiam s to spend the winter with them .1l1
! kbêith the growth of trade,the w ays of life in the
spring they helped him to start his ow n settlem ent. . ,,I
4ltkàes were changing.ln the early colonialyears
He called it Providencel.The new settlem ent grew
into a separatecolony,RhodeIsland.Rhodelsland's li.k,1)Iehad tom akeorgrow everytlking they needed
tllf.rltselves. But as the colonies grew , som e people
first law w as about religious toleration.It allowed
If.I't, their farm s to w ork in the grow ing colonial
people to w orship as they w ished. (.,'
kv8lsand cities.They becam e priests,lawyers,bank-
Life in N ew England.Religiousworship wasvery Sttld m erchants.There were blacksm iths,shoe-
im portant to m ostNew Englanders.The church was ,,lt'Ikers,candlem akers and barrelm akers.
often the centre of social life. Fam ilies spent long
dlIflucation was highly valued in New England-
hours listening to serm ons. It('Iigious leadersw anted children to be able to read
Each village usually had a large open land area,
lldf'Ilible,so they started schools.U ntil 1750 only
called the village green, in the m iddle of the vil- l,4,ys w ent to school.
lage.The village green belonged to the w hole com -
'l'lltlse early schools w ere
m unity.It served as an outdoor place for people to
gather. The m eeting-house,usually a church,was I1:ililtlly just one room
I14':yted by a wood-burn-
built next to the village green. Each village also
lI!f)'stove.ln w inter the
had a shop.The village shop sold everything from
l,(lys sat close together
food to clothes and hardware. M oney was seldom
((, keep w arm . They
used to buy goods. Instead, people used a trading
14'$krned reading,w riting
system called barter. They exchanged al1 kinds of
,d1,
(1 arithm etic. Larger
goods.Farm ers often traded m aple syrup and eggs
t'#/vvns built secondary
for flour or eandles. ,kpqliools, w here the pu-
A long the A tlantic coast people m ade their living
jùi!ë .
3 studied Latin and
by fishing.Tim ber from nearby forests was used to i:ç-eelc.
build ships.Som e townsalong the coastbecam eship-
Jln 1636 H arvardl
building centres. $rllllege w as founded Harvard Uni
versi
ty
As the colonies grew, they began to trade with
kkftar B oston.It w as the
each other and with Great Britaln.New Englanders 1'irst college in the thirteen colonies. Later it grew
sent pickled m eat, vegetables, fish and tim ber to
the W est lndies in exchange for sugar and rum . ijkto the fam ous Harvard University.
Iron and tobacco were shipped to Great Britaln and Al1 children were expected to w ork at hom e.
Voung children m ilked the cows and took care of
traded for m anufactured goods,such as tools.
t,l1e anim als. Girls helped to m ake food and cloth-
1Providence ('provldons)HPOBPIJIeHHe 1Harvard g'ha:vod)FapBap,
q
68
69
ing.Boys chopped wood and helped to plough the
fields.
In thetownschildren learned theirparents'trade.
Depending on what their fathers did,boys learned
how to m ake barrels,candles, shoes or iron tools.
Som etim es girls worked in a shop.But usually they
cleaned,took care of younger children in the fam i-
ly,sewed and cooked with their m others at hom e.
QUESTIONS.
W hich three groups are the first thideen English
colonies divided into?
2. Name the New England colonies.
3. W hatare the naturaland climaticconditionsofNew
England Iike?
4. W hatcity became mostimpodantinNew England?
5. W hy did RogerW illiams have to Ieave M assachu-
setts? W here did he go?
6. W hat'did RogerW illiam s callthe settlem ent he
founded?
7. W hatwasthe firstIaw ofthe Rhode lsland colony?
8. How did a typicalvillage ofNew Englanders Iook?
Describe.
9. W hitis bartering? G ive an exam ple.
10.W hatproducts did the New Englanders trade with
the W estIndies?
11.How was Iife in the colonies changing w ith the
growth oftrade?
12.Life in the colonies was hard,and children were
supposed to help aboutthe house,weren'tthey?
W hatwas theirwork?
70
Pad 2.The M iddle Colonies.
N ew York, New Jersey,Pennsylvania and Dela-
ware were called the M iddle colonies. The M iddle
(rolonies were between N ew England and the South-
ftrn coloniès.These colonies were settled m ainly by
I'lnglish, French, Dutch and Germ anl people. They
(teveloped the region into a rich farm ing area.
Penn's woods. Like Roger W illiam s, W illiam
Pennz believed in religious toleration. H e founded
the éblony of Pennsylvania for that purpose.
Penn cam e from a worthy fam ily in England.H is
father was an adm iral in the English N avy and a
I'riend of the K ing.A s a young m an,Penn joined a
religious group called the Society of Friends.The
Friends, or Quakers3, as they called them selves,
believed in the goodness of all people. They also
refused to fight in any w ars.
LikethePilgrimsand Puritans,theQuakerswere
not allowed to practice their religion in England.
In 1681 W illiam Penn m ade an agreem ent with
the English King.Penn's father had died in 1670,
and the King had owed him a 1ot of m oney.N ow he
ow ed that m oney to W illiam Penn. A s a paym ent
for the debt,he gave Penn som e land in A m erica.
.
In 1681 Penn sent settlers to this land.H e called
this land Pennsylvania, which m eans xKpenn's
w oods''. It w as a beautiful land of thick forests,
rich soiland clean rivers.
W illiam Penn worked hard to build up Pennsyl-
vania. He wrote advertisem ents telling people in
1German ('dïo:m an)HeMeu,HelvleqxH/
2W illiam Penn ('wlljom'penlylussl
vzI'
IeHH
3The Quakers(öafkwelkgzlItsaxeplal
 !
i
è
-
l1.'paid them a good price for their land.During
I'#'t1Il's lifetim e the relations between the settlers
:11,(1the lndians in Pennsylvania were very good.
lxife in Philadelphial.Philadelphia was the first
Jkf't,tlem entin Pennsylvania.The nam e Kfphiladelphia''
I'ltlltns ttbrotherly love'' in Greek. For 300 years
I'I1iladelphia has been known as the City of Broth-
d.1.1y Love.
By the 1700's m ore than 4,500 people lived in
I'Ililadelphia. Philadelphia, Boston and N ew York
wtlre the three largest and m ost m odern cities in
t'Ile colonies.
In spite of being m ore than 160 kilom etres from
t,lle A tlantic Ocean, Philadelphia was a busy sea-

E.
h
kl
W illiam Penn and the Indians

Europe about his colony. Soon people from G erm a-

ny,The N etherlands,Switzerlandl and other coun-
tries cam e to Pennsylvania. U nlike N ew England,
w here m ost of the colonists were English,Pennsyl-
vania was settled by people of m any different na-
tions.
W illiam Penn said that Pennsylvania w ould be
a place open to settlers of allfaiths.H e also said
that the Am erican Indians should be treated w ell.
Soon after arriving,Penn m ade up an agreem ent
with the Delaw are Indians who lived in the area.
A view ofPhiladelphia's seapod in the early 1700's

'Switzerland g'swltsolgnd!tllseiiqapua 1Philadelphia ('fllofdeltjo)tlAlz

laaiwllBtllus
72
 !
port.Ships sailed from the ocean up the broad Del-
aware R iver.The city's streets were fullof traffic.
QUESTIONS.
Nam e the M iddle colonies.
W hy did W illiam Penn wantto organize a colony in
Am erica? W hatreligious group did he belong to?
3. How did W illiam Penn getthe Iand forhis colony?
4. W hy did Pennsylvania attractsettlers?
5. How did W illiam Penn treatthe nati
ve lndian popu-
iation?
6. How do you think Philadelphia's Iocation on the
Delaware Riverhelped the city to grow?

Pad 3.The Southern Colonies.

The five Southern colonies w ere M aryland,Vir- A plantation in the South
ginia,North Carolina,South Carolina and Georgia.
These five colonies had a warm er clim ate than the were loaded on ships and sent to Great B ritain , the
other colonies.Farm ershad greatplantationswhere W est lndies and to other colonies.M erchants grew
they grew tobacco and rice.H owever,planting and l'ich from the busy trade.They builtbeautifulhous-
harvesting these crops required m any w orkers.D ur- 4's in the city. M any of these colonial houses are
ing the 17th and 18th centuries m any N egro slaves litillstanding today.
from A frica were brought to the South to work on
the plantations. The slaves had no rights of their QUESTIONS.
Nam e the five Southern colonies.
own.Som e colonies passed laws saying that the Af- W hatwere the climatic conditions Iike in the South-
ricans could be bought and sold as slaves.This was ern colonies?
the beginning of a sad part of Am erican history. W hatdid the people in the Southern colonies do
Charlestonlin South Carolina w as the m ajor city fortheirIiving?
of the Southern colonies.ln the 1700's m ore than W hatwas the beginning ofa sad partofAm erican
10,000 w hites and 12,000 black slaves lived there. history?
Charleston had an excellent harbour. Planters
brpught their crops to the port. There the crops W hatwasthe majorci
tyofthe Southern colonies?

1Charleston ('tfa:lstanlYlapacrrol.
l
74
 !
U N IT R EV IEW lI1.WW mho lere these people? W hatdid they do?
te m short abouf each of them .
1.Fill in the blanks with the correct words from
I.4'Itce de Ledn Roger W illiam s
the list: .I11l'ipero Serra W illiam P enn
Jur,toleration,loaded,goodness,forever.m ission, ;.
:(1tlanto
survive,claim ed,plantations,bartered.
1. W henChristopherColum busvisi ted the New W orld,
he the land forSpain.
2. Anyone who drank from the fountain rem ained
young .
3. M any farm ers in New England instead of
using m oney w hen they needed goods.
4. FatherSerra builthis first in San Diego.
5. The trade was the m ain business of New
France.
6. The crops were on ships and sentto Great
Britain and the W estIndies.
7. In the South farmers had great w here they
grew tobacco and rice.
8. W illiam Penn believed in religious .
9. Quakers believed in the ofaIIpeople.
10.Squanto taughtthe Pilgrim s how to in the
wilderness.
II. W rite detailed answ ers to the following
questions:
1. How did the Dutch Iose controloftheircolony in
North Am erica?
2. W hat was the Virginia Com pany? How was it
form ed?
3. W hatwere the first three perm anentEnglish set-
tlements in the New W orld?
4. How was farm ing in the Southern colonies di
ffer-
entfrom farm ing in othercolonips?

76
 UNIT THREE
A NATIO N IS ESTA BLISHED
T%e Jirat 13 Faglfs?zcologies sfcrted in Amer-
icc,were developin. g fhefr eeonom u.Sg 1750 fleg
were rich esoygl and did aoé have f'o struggle fo
survive. Afcrcslnzs were selling goods to oêser
cologies tzzttf trading upiê/Lotlter nations.TSe col-
onists Ielt stronger. 7We# wanted to Scre more
cozzêrolover their Iuture.
Oa.July 4,1776 fà'e 13 eolonies declqred llezp,-
selres independent.
CHA PTER 5
TRO U BLE IN TH E CO LO N IES
Pad 1.Trouble w ith France
The years from the 1750's until the m id-1770's
were uneasy tim es in the colonies. First the colo-
nists fought the French and Am erican Indians to
gain land.Then they argued with the British K lhg
about their rights and freedom .
In the 1700's GreatBritain and France were the
two m ost powerfulnations in Europe.They fought
with each other to controlworld trade and to con-
trol the N ew W orld.Between 1689 and 1763 the
tw o nations fought four w ars in Europe and in
North A m erica.The last and m ost im portant war
in A m erica is known as the French and Indian W ar
(1754-1763).The war resulted in a complete vic-
tory of Great Britain.The Treaty of Paris,signed
in 1763, m ade Great Britain the m ost powerful
nation in N orth A m erica. The British gained con-
78
trolof Canada and allofthe landsemstofthe M issis-
sippi R iver.
QUESTIONS
W hatwere the causes ofthe French and lndian
W ar?
W hatdid GreatBritain gain as a resultofthe war?
Pad 2.Trouble w ith Britain
'I'he SugarAct.In 1764 Britain'sParlinm entpmssed
:'1aw taxing the colonies.It w as called the Sugar A ct.
The Sugar A ct put a tax on sugar,wine and oth-
(.1.products that were shipped to the colonies from
Stfytm triesother than GreatBritain.W hen shipsland-
d.(Iin the colonies with these products,a tax had to
ilf)paid by the people who ordered the goods.
The colonistsrefused to pay the tax:they did not
wltntto pay taxes passed by the British Parliam ent.
'I'lley wanted to decide them selves whether a tax
wlts necessary.
H ow ever, the British leaders w ere serious about
t,I1()Sugar A ct. They sent tax collectors from Great
Ill'itain to collect the m oney. These m en searched
ltIlthe ships that cam e into colonial harbours. If
i.I!f!y found hidden goods that were supposed to be
1.:,xed, they could take the ship aw ay from its ow ner.
'I'o avoid paying the tax, m any ship-owners be-
t':tltte sm ugglers - people who loaded and unloaded
l.llftir ships in secret.
'rhe Stam p A ct.ln 1765 Parliam entpassed a new
1Jtx law - the Stam p A ct.The Stam p A ct put a tax
'.l' all printed paper goods that colonists bought.
tltdlonistshad to pay a tax when buying books,news-
lpltllers and playing cards. A person who finished
79
 !
,
college had to pay a tax on the diplom a. Lawyers
had to pay a tax on the wills,agreem ents and other
docum ents.To show that the tax had been paid,a
stam p seller put a stam p on the paper.
The colonists hated the Stam p Act. In Boston
crowds broke the offices of the stam p sellers.They
poured hot tar on the sellers and then covered them
with feathers. This painfulpunishm ent was called
tarring and feathering.
W hy did the colonists fight so strongly against
the tax? The m ain reason was that the tax had been
passed withouttheir agreem ent.The colonistsknew
about taxes and paid them at hom e. They elected
representatives who decided how m uch tax m oney
to collect. The colonists w ere ready to pay these
taxes, because their representatives used the tax
m oney to im prove the life of the colony. The tax
m oney w as used to pay for things w hich the colo-
nists needed,such as roads.But the Stam p A ct and
other British taxes had been passed by the British
Parliam ent.The colonists had no representatives in
the British Parliam ent.The British tax law s were
passed by people that the colonists did not elect,
and the tax m oney wasused for thb British soldiers
whom the colonists did not want.
The Boston Tea Party. Three ships loaded with
tea cam e into the port of Boston. Before unloading
the ships it w as necessary to pay the tax. Colonists
refused to unload the ships.The British governor of
Boston said that the ships would stay in the harbour
untilthe colonists agreed to pay the tax on the tea.
On the night of Decem ber 16, 1773, som e colo-
nists,dressed as A m erican lndians,clim bed aboard
the ships. They opened hundreds of boxes of tea
80
The Boston Tea Party
lkLLd threw them into the water.Ifthere was no tea,
l,ldey said angrily, there vzould be nothing to tax.
I
'?'his event becam e know n as the Boston Tea Party.
B ritain's K ing G eorge and Parliam ent w ere furi-
.
(ptls.British warships were sent to Boston H arbour
1,()block any ships sailing into or out of Boston.The
isritish said thatthey would block the harbour until
r
ê,kle tea was paid for.This British blockade ruined
lroston's trade. But still the colonists refused to
qlay for the tea which they had thrown overboard.
M eeting for action.In Septem ber 1774 the colo-
dlies sent representatives to the First Continental
(longress,w hich m et in Philadelphia. The Congress
clecided to take action on the blockade of Boston.
The m em bers of the Congress w rote to K ing
Q eorge asking him to reopen Boston H arbour.They
also told him that the colonists would decide them -
selves what their taxes should be and what the tax
Frzloney should be used for. Finally they said that
they w ould boycottBritish goodsuntilthey gotwhat
they w anted.
81
 !
King George never answered the letter.Instead
of it,he sent m ore warships to the colonies.
QUESTION S.
1. W hatwas the SugarAct?
2. W hat m easures did the British Ieaders take to
collectthe taxes? W hatdid the tax collectors do?
W hatdid the ship owners do to avoid paying the
taxes?
3. W hatgoods did the Stam p Actputtaxes on?
4. How did the colonists struggle againstthe Stam p
Act?
Explain why the colonists feltthatGreatBritain had
no rightto tax them .
6. W hatis the Boston Tea Party? Lexington.The firstbattle ofthe W arforIndependence
7. W hy do you think the British were so angry when
they heard aboutthe Boston Tea Pady? rti'flup of arm ed colonists at Lexingtonl.A shot w as
8. W hatIetterdid the FirstContinentalCongresssend I
'it'ed. That shot w as the start of the W ar for Inde-
to King G eorge of England? W hat w as King I'k'rldencez,in w hich a brave group of colonists fought
G eorge's reaction? ,,,ighty G reat Britain.
ln the spring of 1775 the Second Continental
CHA PTER 6 (',tlngress m et in Philadelphia.They m et to organize
TH E W A R FO R IN D EPEN D ENCE ;,î1 arm y and navy to defend and support colonial
''ights.
ln June 1775 the Congress appointed G eorge
Part 1.Preparing forW ar. W ashington3 com m ander-in-chief of the colonial
:1rm y. W ashington left Philadelphia to take com -
ln M assachusetts people were especially upsetby lkland of the arm y near Boston.
theblockade ofBoston H arbour.Farm ersin thearea By the following year m ore and m ore people had
began organizing to practice shooting and m arch- trom e to believe that the colonies should be indepen-
ing.These m en w ere called m inutem en,because they
could get ready to fight at a m inute's notice.
On thecold W ednesday m orning ofA pril19,1775, 1Lexington g'lekslpton)JleKcplHrl'oH
2 the W ar for Independence ('lndg'pendansl BoliHa aa
the tension which existed between the colonists and ljeaasnclzllvlocl's
the British led to shooting. British soldiers m et a 3GeorgeW ashington('dlordq'wo/ntonlJlmopaplçBaIUHHI,TOH
83
82
 !
The ContinentalCongress
dent. Colonial soldiers had died fighting for colo-
nial rights. British leaders had shown no respect
for the colonists' rights.
In the spring of 1776 the Continental Congress
decided to take action.Thom as Jeffersonl,a young
Virginian,was asked to write a declaration explain-
ing why the colonies should be free.
In the declaration Jefferson described his ideas
about hum an rights.Jefferson said that all people
had the right to life and liberty. N o governm ent
could take these rights aw ay. If the rulers tried to
do so,the people had the right to choose a new gov-
ernm ent. Jefferson blam ed the K ing for ignoring
iThomasJefferson ('tomos'd:efosnlToMac iyltetptpepcoH
84
. t' l4lrliallaw s,ruining trade and m aking people pay
I1I??'.!à taxes-
fJ1a July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted Jeffer-
#)kk's Declaration of Independencelo The colonies
.
i:4tttd that they w ere no longer a part of G reat Brit-
.
:1I2k.A new nation w as born.
Q UESTION S.
I W ho were the m inutem en?
)' How did the W arforIndependence stad?
( W hatim podantactions did the Second Continen-
taICongress take? W ho was appointed com m and-
er-in-chiefofthe colonialarm y?
W ho is the authorofthe Declaration of Indepen-
dence? W hatprinciples were stated in the Decla-
ration?
W hatim portanteventtook place on July 4,1776?
Part2.Defending the Nation.
The w ar lasted six years. It w as a difficult w ar
1't'r both sides.The British were fighting far from
4iheir hom eland.Supplies had to be sent from across
t,!)e ocean.A lthough the A m ericans lacked supplies
ïl)d(1 m ilitary training, they were fighting on the
llhktd which they knew well.And they were fighting
1,()protect their newly declared independence. The
Ilevolutionary W ar w as fought in the farm yards,
l'iolds and forests of A m erica. Thousands of m en
Ctlld w om en helped in the fight for independence.
W om en help.Thousandsofwom en followed their
1)tlsbands and sons to arm y cam ps to help them .
lthe Declaration of Independence (öo,deklorrellp
'vsl
. ndo'pendonsl Jlezcaapaupla o Heaasucuwioc'
rvl
85
 !
M ary Hays
They m arched,cooked and even fought side by side
with m en. One of such w om en w as M ary H aysl.
M aryH ays'shusband,John,wmsa gunnerin charge
of firing a cannon. W hile he fought, she helped to
take care of the wounded and cooked.Som etim es,in
the heatofabattle,she broughtcoolpitchers ofwater
to the soldiers.The soldiers called her M ary Pitcher.
During the battle of M onm outhz in New Jersey
John H ays was wounded.M ary H ays took her hus-
band's place at the cannon and fought bravely.
Unlike M ary H ays,m any wom en stayed athom e.
They ran fam ily farm s and businesses.W hile their
husbands and sons were away, these wom en took
over m en's jobs and did their own work, too. ln
addition,som e wom en collected m oney for theneeds
of the w ar.
1Mary Hays('mcarl'helzlMapplXe/a
2Monmouth ('monmoo)MOHMyT
86
The battle ofBunkerHill
Illacks help.M ajor John Pitcairnlwas a popular
1(l'itish officer. H e had led B ritish troops in m any
l':lt.tles. H e w as planning to lead his soldiers into
l$;tt'tle at Bunker H ill2.But a bullet stopped him .
'lAhe bullet w as P eter Salem 's. Peter Salem 3, a
l'Iclek m an, had already fought at Lexington. Then
It,tbecam e one of 21 blacks who joined with whites
4(' f'ight at B unker H ill.Peter Salem and tw o other
Ihlticks, Cuff W hitem ore4 and Salem Poors, were
114llloured for bravery in that battle.
During the R evolution som e blacks form ed their
4,w n m ilitary units.O ne R hode Island unit w as m ade
lI1)of 125 blacks.These soldiers fought in the battle
4,!'Rhode lsland, where their unit did not give up
;trly ground to the British. Later, one leader called
1John Pitcairn ('d3an pltfksonlJlucoH l'
Ivl'
rxepH
:
?BunkerHill('banka'hlllBaHxep XHJIJI
J1PeterSalem ('pi:tgfsœlomlFlur rep Caaewl
iCuff W hitem ore ('kAfwaltmo:lItatptp yaiirMop
:
'Salem Poor('Jœlom'pualCalielvfFlyp 8
7
the battle of Rhode Island <fthe best fought action
of the w ar.''
H elp from overseas.M any people in Europe ad-
m ired the colonies'fight for freedom .Som e Euro-
pe= s even cam e to Am erica to help in the fighting.
The M arquis de Lafayettel was a zo-year-old
French noblem an and m ilitary officer. Lafayette
'rhe W ar ends.On October 19,1781,thewarwas
.'vtlr w ith the victory of the A m ericans.
In 1783 the British and A m ericans m et in Paris
''I1t1 signed a treaty. In the Treaty of P aris G reat
Itl'itain agreed to recognize the independence of the
11Ilited States. The A m ericans had w on their revo-
1(lt,iorl.
.

hired soldiersand a ship a-

nd sailed toA m erica.W hen QUESTIONS.
he arrived,heoffered his servicesto Congress.Con- How Ionq did the W arforIndependence last?
gress made Lafayette a major general,and George How can fighting a waron one's ow n territory be
W ashington asked him to serve on his stalfz.The both helpfuland harmful?
young officer and W ashington soon becam e close How did wom en help in the Revolution?
friends. Nam e the battle in w hich black soldiers played an
Lafayette served bravely in the w ar.At one bat- im portantpart.
tle he was wounded. In the final battle at York- W ho was the M arquis de Lafayette? W hatdid he
town3 he helped to de- do to help the Am ericans?
feat the British. How did Baron von Steuben help the Am ericans?
Baron Friedrich von
Steuben4w as a Gernaan CHAPTER 7
officer w ho cam e to help
the A m ericans. V on
A NATION IS BORS
Steuben w as good at
training soldiers. In Pad 1.Form ing a G overnm ent.
winter at Valley Forges
he helped to train Amer- On the bright m orning of N ovem ber 25, 1783,
ican soldiers to be bet- 1,ltf,lastBritish soldierswere leaving the harbour of
The M arquis de Lafayette ter fighters. Nltw York.An Am erican flag was being raised.The
witr was over,but there was m uch to do.Thirteen
;kt,
tdtes had m ade up a new nation. They needed a
1TheM arquisdeLafayette (öa'ma:kwzsda,la:faz'etjMapxz'
la Ill'w governm ent.
ae Jlaèaiie'
r Confederation. ln the sum m er of 1776 Thom as
2to serve on his staff c.
qy- H'
rlaB ero zzzrase
wldlfferson was writing the Declaration of Indepen-
3Yorktown ('o:ktaun)floplçTayH
4Friedrich von Steuben ('fri:drzkfon'ftalban)mplupxx ()OH (Ittllce.At the sam e tim e,other m em bers of the Sec-
IHTeii6eu (,11(1 Continental Congress w ere planning the new
5Valley Forge('vœll'fordzlBa-
u lz moplyx
88 89
 !
nation's governm ent.The 13 states joined together
into a confederation.
lt was decided to set up an organization which
would work outthe laws of the country.This orga-
nization w ascalled Congress.Each state would send
representatives to Congress. These representatives
would choose a leader.Congress and itsleader would
m ake up the nation's governm ent.
Congressworked outa system ofadding new states
to the original thirteen states.It was decided that
when the population of any area grew to 60,000,
the area could becom e a state.For exam ple:in later
years five new states were form ed from the N orth-
westTerritory:Ohio,lndiana,lllinois,M ichigan and
W isconsin. (The Northwest Territory was the re-
gion west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio
River.) A meeting ofthe Conventi
on
Convention.M any m em bers of Congress realized
thata clearand exactsystem ofgoverning the coun- l,ion, each branch of governm ent could lim it the
try had to be worked out. They decided to call a Ilow er of the other tw o.W ith the pow er of govern-
nation-wide m eeting,or convention.Each state was l'lent so divided,no single branch would becom e too
asked to send representatives to this convention. Iyow erful.
The delegates of the Convention decided that Congress w ould be the law m aking,or legislative,
Congress would have two parts, or houses, as the l'ranch.Its m em bers, in both the H ouse of Repre-
parts w ere called. O ne house w as called the H ouse sentatives and the Senate, would m ake the laws.
of Representatives.The other house was called the (rongress could also declare war and form arm ies.
Senate.Each state would have two m em bers in the The Presidentwould bethe executive branch.The
Senate.The m em bership in the H ouse of R epresen- z'resident w ould sign, or refuse to sign, the laws
tatives would be based on the size of population. that Congress m ade. W hen a law w as signed, the
Three branches of governm ent. The delegates llresident w ould m ake sure that it w as carried out.
wanted to setup a governm entthat would be effec- 'rhe President w ould also appoint other people to
tive,but at the sam e tim e not too pow erful.To do llelp him in carrying out the law s.A nother im por-
this,they created a governm ent of three branches. tant pow er of the President was to be com m ander-
Each branch would have its own powers. ln addi- in-chief of the arm ed forces of the United States.
90 91
 The third branch of governm ent would be the
law-examining,or judicial,branch.Judges would
m ake sure that the laws passed by Congress and
signed by the Presidentwere in agreem entwith the
Constitution.The m ostim portantbody of the judi-
cialbranch was the Suprem e Courtl.
The Constitution.In 1790 the Constitution (the
basic1aF of the country)was adopted by Congress.
In 1791 ten am endm entszwere added to the Consti-
tution. These ten am endm ents are known as 'I'he
Billof Rights'.The Billof Rights declares that the
national governm ent will protect the basic rights
and freedom s of every A m erican citizen.
QUESTIONS.
The thirteen coloniès had won theirindependence.
W hatdid they need in the firstplace now?
2. W hatorganization was setup in orderto work out
the Iaws ofthe newly-form ed country?
3. W hatsystem did CongressworkoutforMdding new
states to the originalthideen states?
4. Nam e the five new states thatwere form ed from
the NodhwestTerritory.
5. W hatare the two houses ofCongress called?
6. W hatkind ofgovernm entdid the delegates wantto
setup?
7. Name the three branches ofthe US government.
W hatdoesCongress do? W hatdoes the President
do? W hatdoes the Suprem e Courtdo?
8. W hat im podant docum entwas adopted by Con-
gress in 1790?
9. W hatis The BillofRights?
1the SupremeCourt(öosjup'ri:m'ko:t)Bepxoszibl/ cyn
2amendments(o'mendmonts)IlorlpaBxM,ao6aBlleHMs
3TheBillofRights (öo'bllov'ralts)BI.
IJIJIB o zzpasax
92
Pad 2.The New Nation.
'I'he first President.On April 30, 1789, George
W Ctshington prom ised to dspreserve, protect and
414'l'
flnd the Constitution ofthe United States.''W ith
#I1is prom ise,W ashington was placed in office, or
''iIlrttlgurated''as the first President of the U nited
2.
-
)l.;tt,
(r
)i!
i.
I'resident W ashington worked long and hard to
1,8:,Ite the right decisions for the new nation. To
114.11) him m ake these decisions, he w anted advice
l'I'f#Iïlexperienced people.The helpers,or advisers,
I't'l'lïled a group that becam e known as the Cabinet.
I''
.Jlf;h m em ber of the President's Cabinet w as head,
,,1'secretary,of certain areas of the governm ent.
The first political parties. W ashington appoint-
,'4ltlN ew York lawyer,A lexanderH am iltonl,to head
t'ttttD epartm ent of Treqsuryz.Thom as Jefferson w as
l'l:lced in charge of the nation's affairs with other
''kplllltries. Jefferson becam è the first secretary of
,;l-;'
tte3.
From the beginning,H am ilton and Jefferson ar-
l.!Iled about what was best for the U nited States.
lIltm ilton wanted to see the country as a nation of
/' ,l'tlat cities and large industries.Jefferson wanted
1,11()nation to rem ain a country of sm all com m unities
ltttd farm s.H nm ilton supported laws thatwould m ake
i.I,(,nationalgovernm ent stronger.Jefferson insisted
tIlat m ore power should be leftto individualstates.
lAlexander Hamilton (wœltg'za:ndo'hœmlltanlAaexcaHAp
1';tMPIJIBTOI.I
2 the Department of Treasury (öo dl'pa:tmontav-treEonl
I
%1lIIIE
HCTOPCTBO PHHaHCOB
:
' the secretary of state rocylapcr
rBeHHlal; cexpeTapb
(I
u14HHc'
rp I<HocTpaHHblx AeJI)
93

Jefferson and Hamilton consulting with W ashington
Each m an had supporters am ong the people. ln
tim e,thosewho followed H am ilton called them selves
Federalists.Those who followed Jefferson werecalled
Dem ocratic-Republicans.The split between the two
groups grew .Finally the Federalists and the Dem o-
cratic-Republicans becam e the first two political
parties in the United States.
The capital city.D uring the 1790's w ork started
on the construction of a new capital city for the
94
1I11ited States.The place waschosen along the banks
,'1'(,l)e P otom ac R iverl.This land w as called the D is-
4)'k,
(t(,of Colum biaz.The new city was nam ed W ash-
IfLtrtfln,in honour of the first President.
QUESTION S.
k' Vhatprom ise did George kvashington give when
lhe vv'as being inaugurated as the firstPresidentof
pz'!le United States? Vvhen did thiseventtake place?
Tth/hatisthe President's Cabinet? Name two famous
zl ïum ericans w ho sen/ed in W ashington's Cabinet.
t/vho w ere the Federalists and the Dem ocratic-R e-
'
pt ublicans? W hatwasthe difference betweenthem ?
W hatis the DistrictofColum bia?
Pad 3.The W arof 1812.
?'
tfter winning independence, the U nited States
i,f'tlam e an im portant shipping nation. A m erican
(E.kqding ships sailed to China, A frica and Europe.
$1'1ï
'reign trade ereated jobs for m any Am erican ship-
l)@dilders, sailors, business people and shopkeepers.
W hile GreatBritain and France fought,the Unit-
ç,?? iStates rem ained neutral.A m erican ships contin-
1i.i) trading w ith both countries.But G reat Britain
(! ?tr!notw ant France to get supplies from the U nited
.'(lrrltes. So G reat Britain attacked A m erican ships
)'.:ling to France. Tlle French also tried to prevent
i;. ;iLer nations from trading with GreatBritain.The
2'.'
,ench navy attacked Am erican ships that were on
1;I ht
iai.r w ay to British ports.
lthe Potom ac River (ö0pa'toummk'rlva) pexa l- loroMaic
2 the District of Columbia (öo'dlstrlktav koflAmblol oxpyr
1k
'll
hq
?
1ywf6I,
Is
95
 !!

Between 1804 and 1807 the U nited States lost l)'itish soldiersm arched on W ashington,D .C.Their
m ore than 700 m erchant ships because of British ;',,,Jt1w as to burn the capital.
attacks.A bout 200 A m erican ships were lost to the 'rhe British m ade a surprise attack on W ashing-
French.In addition,thousands of saâlors were kid- (#,q).A lone in the President's hom e, First Lady D ol-
napped from A m erican ships by the British.Great l./htladisonl,heard the cannons.The Capitol Build-
Britain said thatthesesailorshad deserted the Brit- 'kh?twasburning.TheM adisons'housewould benext.
ish navy.These sailors were forced to serve in the p/k. ,qly M adison only had
British navy. M any of the sailors were Am erican tLlyëe to rescue her hus-
citizens.Thispractice angered A m ericans.M any peo- h,?lld's papersand a por-
p1e began saying that war should be declared on (.ù. làèt of George W ash-
Great Britain. El slgton before m aking
The Am erican settlersin N orthwestTerritory also escape. W hen the
wanted war with Great Britain. They feared the ),1 4il,tsh arrived, they
British who possessed lands in Canada. ii'lnoved all the furni-
A m eriean leaderstried to find peacefulsoiutions. l,klj''efrom theM adisons'
But none of them worked.In 1812 PresiclentJam es l.f tlllse and set fire to it.
M adisonlasked Congressto declare waragainstGreat 'l'hePresident'shouse
Britain. Congress supported him , and the U nited Fpvltsnotbadly dam aged.
States w ent to w ar. $h'Lèen the w ar w as over,
In the N orthwest Territory the war wentbadly was repaired and re-
for the United States. The British captured De- ièll kinted w hite to cover
troit. They w ere ready to cross into the U nited 1,jkeburned places.lthas
States from Canada and the N orthw est.The only h'.k)tzlained the W hite
hope for the U nited States w as its sm all navy. ëk
louse ever since. Francis ScottKey
Captain Oliver Perryzwas sent to the GreatLakes. After burning W ash-
H is orders were to keep the British forces out of iyù lgton, the British arm y m arched to B altim orez.
the U nited States. . Meanwhile,British ships shelled Baltim ore harbour.
Perry's sailors defeated the British fleeton Lake l''lrancis Scott K ey3w as a young Am erican lawyer.
Erie.The N orthwest Territory rem ained A m erican. 1ïe was on board one of the British ships.A llnight
After their defeat in the N orthwest,the British lfley watched the British ships attacking the har-
attaeked from thesouth.Landing in M al-yland,4,500
1Dolly Madison ('doll-madlsnlJloll.ql,
lMaancoH
1James Madison ('dselmz'mœdlsn)Jl-eflwlcMaal
z
lcosl 2Baltimore ('borltlmo:)Ba-
qrlz
lMop
2OliverPerry g'allvofperl)OanBep HeppH 3FrancisScottKey ('fransls'skotfki:)mpaHcncCXO'
I'
T KH
96 97
bour. Later he wrote a poem d<rhe Star Spangled Someone who broughtsugar into the country se-
Bannerl'' in which he described the battle.K ey's cretly to avoid paying a tax was a .
poem w as later set to m usic and becam e the nation- Afterw inning ,the United States becam e
alanthem of the U nited States. an im portantshipping nation.
By 1814 both GreatBritain and the United States The French tried to othernations from trad-
were ready for peace.The war had no clear w inner. ing w ith GreatBritain.
But the United States had shown that it could de- ln 1812 Congress w ar against Great Brit-
fend itself on land and sea.Foreign nationsrealized ain.
that the young U nited Statesw as a strong country. The capitalofthe United States was nam ed W ash-
ington,in ofthe firstPresident.
QUESTIONS. 10.The Federalists and the Dem ocratic-Republicans
W hatwere the causes ofthe W arof1812?
How did Captain O liverPerry stop the British ad- becam e the first padies in the United States.
vance in the nodh-westofthe country? II. W rite detailed answ ers to the follow ing
3. How did the British burn W ashington? flllestions:
4. How was the nationalanthem ofthe United States 1. W hatw ere the causes of the French and Indian
W ar?
born?
5. W hatdid the W arof 1812 dem onstrate aboutthe How did theAmericancolonies respondwhen G reat
Britain tried to tax them?
United States?
How did wom en help in the Revolution?
UNIT REVIEW W hattwo iouses doesCongressconsistof?W hat
1.Fill in the blanks with the correct'words from principle is mem bership in each house based on?
the Iist: How is powerdivided between Congress,the Pres-
representatives, passed,political, independence, identand the Supreme Court?
sm uggler,prevent,Cabinet,declared,honour,treaty. III.W ho w ere these people? W hat did they do?
1. British Parliament a Iaw taxing the colonies. W rite in short about each of them .
2. The colonists elected w ho decided how (leorge W ashington Peter Salem
m uch tax money to collect. 'Phom as Jefferson The M arquis de Lafayette
3. PresidentW ashingtonform ed a ,ora group M ary H ays Francis Scott K ey
ofadvisers,to help him govern the new nation.
4. France and G reat Britain signed a to end
the French and Indian W ar.

1The Star Spangled Banner (öo'star'spapgld'bœno)aHaMs,

ycealw oe aBe3;IaMM
98
 UNIT FO UR A.frontier is the very edge of a settled area that
SETTLING TH E W EST Iltarders on an unsettled area.
A s a young m an, Boone heard stories about the
M anu o/ f?zc esrlg A mericans were ctfresfyr- Itentucky wilderness beyond the A ppalachians. In
ous p eop le. Tleg crossed znozlzztain.s and m ade !769 Boone and a few friends decided to explore
à'om es in fSe w ilderness.In 1790 tSe U nited Sfc,
fes Kentucky.
was tzsm allcoynzrg OJ13 sfafeson f&e Atlqntic They spent m any m onths on their way.They fol-
coast. Sg 1850 ê/ze nation à.cJ grown until it Idlwed m ountain paths and finally cam e to an open-
strefcse# allfSe wau fo tlte Paeific Ocean. i'1g between the m ountains called Cum berland G apl.
A s th'e scfiozt expanded, A m erican.s àepf try- W 'hen Boone finally saw
iag to m qke fheir li/c better.A c'n,g new izzren,
- Itcntucky for the first
tionsc/tlzzgcd tlteA merican ulcg OJwork and Ii/e. (,ilne, he thou ght it
I4loked like a paradise.
CH APTER 8 h1tlch of the land was
TH E PIO NEERS d'4lvered with trees.Buf-
l'Jtlo,bears and deer ran
1,jtrough the fields.
Pad 1.Settling the Frontier D aniel Boone spent
In the m iddle of the 18th century m uch of the lphtlre than tw o years in
land west of the A ppalachian M ountains was a rich lktàntucky,exploring the
wilderness.lt was a hunting ground for the Am er- jlttltutifulland and hunt-
ican Indians. Bear,buffalo, deer and wild turkey Illg. H e returned to the
w ere plentiful.M any colonists w anted to claim som e llltst w ith tales of the DanielBoone on the W ilder-
of this land for them selves. kjsxauty of the land he ness Road
D aniel Boone'. The first settlers in new areas, I$lt(1 seen.
people who opened the way west for others, were ln 1775 R ichard H endersonz,a businessm an,hired
called pioneers. One of the pioneers w as Daniel !tflone to build a road through the Cumberland Gap
B oone. 1.4) K entucky. W ith a group of strong m en arm ed
DanielBoone grew up in Pennsylvania.Later his w ith axes and guns, Boone w ent w est again.
fam ily m oved to N orth Carolina on the frontierz. Theroad which Boone and hism en builtwascalled
l,I1e W ilderness R oad.
1DanielBoone ('dœnjol'bu:n)JlaHple.
q Byu
2frontier ('frantlojTeppuTopu.
g BAOJIB rllaHlltlsl3eMJIHy ECumbetland Gap ('kAmbalond'gœpl Kawl6epxauncltoe
O6< HTOR KOJOHHCTaM Hâ AaAGU e KOTOPOH 3PM SS 6bIJa q,I1jO.JIBe
HOSHOCTBD B PyHax HHAeHMOB :
?Richard Henderson ('rltfod'hendosnlPnuap,
qPeHaepcou
100 101
 #!

The way west. The W ilderness Road was steep

and narrow . The trip to K entucky was difficult.
People loaded their goods on farm anim als antl
walked alongside the anim als as they m ade their
way up and down the steep m ountain road.
Butwalking was notthe only way of getting over
the m ountains. Thousands of pioneers travellefl
by land to Pittsburghl.There they bought orbuilt
boats,loaded their belongings and sailed dow n tlltt
Ohio River to the Ohio Territory.Travelling by boat
was easier and quicker than travelling by land.A n(l
settlers could bring m ore belongings with them ot1 A flatboaton the O hio River
a boat than they could carry over the W ilderness
Ileelboats w ere sm aller than flatboats, but they
Road. .'klI1tI travel both dow nstream and upstream .
But river travelalso had its problem s.In spring
the rivers flooded.Dangerous rapids and waterfalls Iiy the 1790's m any boats sailed along the Ohio
could break a boat. Besides,bandits, pirates alltl .'lk(1 Ml ississippi R ivers carrying pioneers and their
A m erican lndiansoften attacked and sank the boats 1,4'Ifpllgings.From Pittsburgh the boats follow ed the
and stole the pioneers'goods. tàI,.4)River west to where it joined the M ississippi
Flatboatsand keelboats.Thepioneersused m ally IêIy'4.r.On the M ississippi boats could sailsouth as
different kinds of boats.The m ost popular w as tlït' l,'l :Ls N ew O rleans.
flatboat. It was built of wood and it had a largf' New states. ln 1791 V erm ont becam e the four-
deck with a sm all cabin at one end. The piont,ftr' l.'f'I11,11state in the United States.K entucky becam e
fam ily stayed in the sm allcabin.The farm aniznltls dl.4' i'ifteenth state in 1792. A few years later, in
and m ost of the fam ily belongings were kept on tlll' li!)t;, Tennessee becam e a state. The frontier w as
deck.The flatbottom oftheboat m adeitpossible t, 4k iI'I14.kIy becom ing settled.
travel in shallow parts of the river. QUESTION S.
Flatboats had one disadvantage.They could tntv W hatwas the Iand Iike to the w estofthe Appa-
el in only one direction - downstream .W hen I)i() Iclchian M ountains in the m iddle ofthe 18th cen-
neer fam ilies reached their destination,they usll:tf lllry? W ho Iived there? W hat anim als did they
ly took their boats apartz and used the tim ber 4,t) Ilunt?
build houses. W hatis a frontier?
W ho was DanielBoone? W hy did he wantto go
1Pittsburgh ('pltsbo:g)l-llz
lTc6ypr lleyond the Appalachians?
2took their boats apartpaa6Mpa-qpïcsolz
rJfoaxl'
lHa u1,(:
'l'(1
102 103
 !
4. W hatim pression did Kentucky produce on Daniel
Boone?
Describe the W ilderness Road.Explain why wag-
ons could nottravelon it.
6. How did m any pioneers travelto the Ohio Territory?
7. W hatwere som e dangers ofrivertravel?
8. W hat are flatboats? How did pioneers travelon
them ?
9. W hatwas the m ain disadvantage offlatboats? In
whatway were keelboats better?
10.Nam e three new states which were form ed atthe
end ofthe 18th century.
Pad 2,PioneerLife,
Pioneer life w as hard for everyone:m en,w om en
and children.Fam ilieslefttheirfriends,neighbours
and often m any oftheirbelongingswhen they m oved
Pioneers clearing the place forplanting
104
A Iog cabin
yy'('st. But they all brought tw o things with them :
lI'f'ir courage and their dream s of a better life.
W hen pioneers found a place to settle dow n,they
lttftttd a great problem . The land w as covered w ith
f,.h(lsts and thick brush. The pioneers had to clear
11'.. ;'place for building a house and planting crops.
'q ;'1)e pioneers alw ays helped each other. W hen a
ïk'( ?, / fam ily cam e to a place, the neighbours cam e
.kEi r.ihelped them build a house,w hich w as usually a
;'.à
. t))l log cabin.Everyone took part in btlilding.The
''
,':pl ,:,len prepared lots of food.The m en chopped dow n
15'es and rolled them to the place w here the cabin
y'
.'dy 'lzld stand.Then they cleared the treesof branches.
liaour logs w ere put together to form a base, or
Iirklndation.The rest of the logs w ere placed on top
4'i each other to form the walls.W om en and chil-
tl)'()n putm ud between thecracksin thè logsto keep
(hdlt w ind, rain and snow .
105
 !
W hen the work was
finished, everyone sat
down to the big feast
which the woraen had
cooked. Usually som e-
one took outa fiddle to
play. Even after work-
ing al1 day, the pio-
neers still had enough
energy for singing and
dancing.
Planting corn Though pioneers hel-
ped each other asoften
as possible,m ost of the tim e pioneer life was hard
and lonely.Fam ilies often lived fa. r apart from one
another.ln the wildernessthere were no shops.Pi-
oneershad to m aketheirown clothesand grow their
ow n food.W hen they needed furniture,tools,soap
or candles,they had to m ake them ,too.
Getting enough food was not usually a problem
for the pioneers.The woods were full of anim als,
and the riversw ere full
of fish.
Each m em berofapi-
oneer faraily, except
very littlechildren,had
towork hard.Thework
w as divided 11p. The
m en and older boys cut
down treesand chopped
wood.They did alm ost
allthe hunting,fishing
and trapping of ani-
Spinning wool m als.
106
The w om en and older girls did the housework,
11Ilrsed the sick,spun woolfor c10th,m ade clothes
C'lld took careof the children.There werefew schools
ç)Itthe frontier,and m any children studied athom e.
Even little children did work:they ground corn,
Illllled weeds or gathered pine needles. The pine
lltledles w ere used for m attresses.
Everyone helped to plantcropsin spring and har-
vllst them in autum n. The m en w orked in the large
I'itllds,while the wom en and children took care of
1,!te vegetable garden near the house. The wom en
:dlso took care of chickens and m ilked the cows.
QUESTIONS.
W hatwere the difficulties ofpioneerIife?
W hatwas the firstand m ostimpodanttaskw hich a
frontierfam ily faced?
How did pioneers help each other?
Nam e the duties ofeach m em berofa frontierfam-
iiy.
Part3.Expanding the Nation.
For the pioneers the M ississippiR iver w as a great
wltter highw ay.The river w as given its nam e by the
Ilhdians, and the nam e m eans f<tlreat W ater''. The
M ississippi flows south for m ore than 5,200 kilo-
I'lkltres from its source in M innesota to its m outh
Iltlar N ew Orleans,on the Gulf of M exico.
Flatboats and keelboats travelled along the river.
ltiver ports, such as N ew Orleans, Baton Rougel
;t1,(1St.Louisz,grew as river travelincreased.From
'Baton Rouge ('bœtn'rurzlBal'
oH Py-
2St.Louis(snt'lu:I)CeHTJlyHc
107
these ports pioneers m oved westward to settle the
new land of Louisiana.
Louisiana.In 1805 France ow ned the im portant
portof New Orleansand a vastterritory called Lou-
isiana along the M ississippiRiver and west of it.lt
II#!needed m oney to pay for the war.So Napoleon
! I'sï7ided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory.
N apoleon w anted to m ake the sale quickly.W hen
h.1(yzlroe arrived ip,France,he found that the French
,'yitI
i,ted to sellallofLouisiana!M onroequickly agreed
.

w orried PresidentThom asJefferson that a Europe- 4',t,rte offer.

an country had itslandsso closeto the United States. )P()r about 15 m illion dollars the United States
The French controlled N ew Orleans and they could 1t'.'û' ,ived nearly 2,150,000 square kilom etres of land.
close the M ississippi River to A m erican ships at Itd'd!rlded by theM ississippion theeastand theRocky
any tim e.Goods from the western territories would ih.'
pdk'!lltains on thew est,the area w asalm ostthe size
not be able to reach the East. Travelling and set- ,ki'#,2)e original 13 colonies.
tling the place would be difficult,too,if theM issis- '
/fhen Jefferson heard that the Louisiana Terri-
sippi River were closed to A m erican water traffic. t',''y was bought,he was delighted.N ow there was
Jefferson believed that itwas very im portant for ,'114ltlgh place for the U nited States to grow . But
the United States to gain control of New Orleans. Ill.t,1t)wasknown aboutthisland.W hatwasoutthere
So in 1803 he sent Jam es M onroelto France to buy I,('yt)Ttd the M ississippi?
the port city of N ew O rleans. Iaew is'and Clarkz.President Jefferson sent two
The leader of France at that tim e was N apoleola :,,lk'y captains, Lewis and Clark, to Louisiana.On
Bonapartez.N apoleon w as w aging a w ar in Europe. '
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The Louisiana Purchase

The Lewis and Ciark expedi
ti
on
1James Monroe('dzelmzmon'roulJlpltewic MoHpo
2 Napoleon Bonaparte (no'pouljan'bounopa:tl Harloaeoll laewis ('lu:1s)Jlslonc
BoHauap'
r '('
,lark (kla:k)KaapH
108 109
M ay 14,1804,Lewis and Clark began their expedi- ttzred Spanish forts and brought a11of eastern Flor-
tion.Starting from St.Louis,the m en travelled up ida under the control of the U nited States. Spain
the M issouriRiver.They crossed the Great Plains, realized thatit could notdefend its territory.So in
passing areas where herds of buffalo grazed.After l819 Spain sold a1lof Florida to the U nited States
that they crossed the R ocky M ountains and contin- I'or 5 m illion dollars.
ued m oving west.On Novem ber 7,1805,Lewis and The TrailofTears.Soon m any Am ericans m oved
Clark cam e to the Pacific Ocean. to Florida.They settled on the land where the Indi-
Lewis and Clark returned to St.Louison Septém - Jtns had lived for generations.In Tennessee,Geor-
ber 23.1806.They had been gone so long,thatpeo- gia and North Carolina people settled on Indian land,
ple thought they were dead.In their reportto Pres- t,oo.A s a result,there w as trouble betw een the set-
identJefferson in W ashington they described a rich, tlers and the Indians,because the Indians foughtto
beautifulland of broad plaink,high m ountains and (lefend their hom es.
m ighty rivers. The Cherokee Indianslof Georgia were a settled
Lewis and Clark showed that it w as possible to Ileople.Cherokee land owners had built large plan-
travelwest asfar asthe Pacific Ocean by land.As a tations. A Cherokee called Sequoyaz had invented
result,pioneers began m oving westw ard to the Pa-
cific coast.
Florida. Am ericans also wanted to settle Florida,
which was a colony of Spain.
In the 1800's Florida w as the hom e of m any rtm -
away slaves from Georgia plantations. As Florida
was under Spanish control,the slaves thought they
were safe there.Florida w as also the hom e of the
Sem inole Indiansl,who had been driven outofGeor-
gia by settlers.In anger,these Indians m ade raids
into Georgia, killing people and burning farm s.
Farm ers and plantation owners in Tennessee and
Georgia wanted to stop slavesfrom escaping to Flor-
ida,and they wanted to put an end to raidsby Sem -
inole lndians.
ln 1818 GeneralA ndrew Jacksonz took an arm y Sequoya
into Florida to fight the Sem inoles. Jackson cap-
the Seminole Indians (öo'semmoul-lndlonz) I'
Iuaefiqu 1theCherokeeIndians(öa-tfero'ki:'lndlonzlHlueëulaluepozcn
ceMMHolbl . 2Sequoya (slk'volo)CexBoi.
q
1102Andrew Jackson ('œndrtz:'dzœksn)L
'
llu plo JlveltcoH 111
 #
The TrailofTears
an alphabet for the Cherokee language.The Chero-
kees had their own schools and a newspaper. They
had their ow n governm ent and a constitution.
In 1830 Congresspassed a law,by which theU nit-
ed States took away the Cherokee land and the land
of all other A m erican Indians living east of the
M ississippi River. The law required that the east-
ern Indiansshould m ove westofthe M ississippiand
live on the lands of the western Indians.
The Cherokee Indians resisted. Finally, A m eri-
can soldiers forced them off their land.ln the cold
winter of 1858-1839 the lndianshad to m arch m ore
than 1,600 kilom etres to their new hom e in the
Oklahom a Territory.M ore than one quarter of the
Cherokee froze or starved to death on the w ay. For
the Cherokee,this tragic trip becam e known as the
Trail of Tears.
QUESTION S.
W hatwas the im podance ofthe MississippiRiverfor
the pioneers? How fardid theytraveldown it? Nam e
three im podantports on the Mississippi.
2. W hy did PresidentJefferson wantto buy New O r-
leans?
112
W hy did Napoleon sellthe Am ericans the whole of
the Louisiana territory?
W hatdid the Uni ted States gain as a resultofbuy-
ing the Louisiana Territory?
W hy did PresidentJefferson send Lewis and Clarkto
Loui siana? W hen did theirexpedition begin?
W hatwas the route ofthe Lewisand Clarkexpedi-
tion? W hen did they reach the Pacific coast? How
Iong did ittake them to getfrom St.Louis to the
Pacific Ocean?
How did Lew is and Clark describe to President
Jefferson the Iand they had seen?
W hatdid the Lewis and Clark expedition show?
W hatwas the resultofit?
W hy did the Americans wantto settle Florida?
I().W hy did Spain sellFlorida to the United States?
l1.W hatwas the Iife style ofthe Cherokee Indians of
Georgia? W hatfacts prove the high Ieveloftheir
culture?
l2.W hat Iaw did Congress pass in 1830:2 W hat did
the law require ofthe Indians?
1.
3.W hy was the Cherokee m arch to O klahom a calied
the TrailofTears?
CH A PTE R 9
TO TH E PA CIFIC
Pad 1. M exico.
The m ountains,plains and deserts of the Am er-
ittan Southw est w ere controlled by Spain for al-
l/tost 300 years. But very few Spaniards lived in
this vast land. A m erican Indians had been living
113

there for 10,000 years,but their settlem ents were
far apart.
ln 1820 Americans started going to the South- )
w est.Som e of the A m ericans w ent to trade. Others )
w ent to settle.
Santa Fel.Santa Fe was an im portant town in the
Spanish territory.In 1821 M exico won its indepen-
dencefrom Spain,and SantaFebecnm ea M exican city.
TheM exicans allowed Am ericans to tradein Santa Fe.
W illiam Becknellz w as the first A m erican trader
in Santa Fe.H e cam e there w ith a w agon train full
of goods. In return for the goods that Becknell
brought,people in Santa Fe gave him furs and sil-
ver from the nearby m ines.
Soon other w agon trains went to Santa Fe. M any
of the A m ericans w ho went there w eré frontier peo-
ple who had never seen a realcity.They w ere am azed
at the beauty of Santa Fe.There they found elegant
Spanish houses and m any friendly people w ho weré
cultured and educated.
Texas. ln the early 1800's Texas w as a vast area
w ith very little population. W hen M exico w on its
independence from Spain, the new M exican govern-
m ent invited Am ericans to com e and settle in Tex-
as, on condition that they would becom e M exican
citizens and obey M exican law s.
A m ericans settled in different areas of Texas.By
the 1830's there w ere m ore than 20,000 A m ericans
in Teyas.The newcom ers far outnum bered the M ex-
icans who lived there. The ever-growing Am erican
population broughta new culture,new religionsand
a new language w ith them .
1Santa Fe('sœnto'fel)CaH'ra oe
2W illiam Becknell('wlljom'beknol)YMJIBSM BexHe.
q 4Lone Star Republicwpecuy6ansa oiw o; asealbl
114
#
t M any of the new com ers did not want to obey
! M exican laws. M exican laws w ere strict, detailed
Jttld hard to change. In addition,m any A m ericans
were slave-owners. M exico did not allow slavery.
Soon there was trouble between the Texans and the
H exican governm ent.
In 1835 the trouble turned into w ar. Texans in
the city of San A ntoniol forced M exican soldiers
tlutofthe town.GeneralSanta Annaz,the leader of
Mexico,decided to teach the Texans a lesson.W ith
;,n arm y of m ore than 4000 m en,he m arched north
I'
rom M exico City.
Texan leaders understood that they had to fight
the M exicans for their freedom . They w rote a con-
stitution and form ed a governm ent. They quickly
(lrganized an arm y and chose Sam H ouston3to lead
it. O n M arch 2, 1836, Texas declared its indepen-
(lence from M exico.
Texas was now an independent country. Sam
Houston w as elected the firstpresident of the new
republic of Texas. Texans called their land the
Lone Star R epublic4 because their flag had only
one star.
Sincèm ostTexansw ereoriginally from the United
States, m any wanted Texas to becom e part of the
United States. Finally, in 1845, Texas joined the
U nited States.
W ar with M exico.There w as a disagreem ent be-
tween the U nited States and M exico over the terri-
tory in the Southwestand in California.These lands
1San Antonio ('smnœn'toumoulCaH AH' rozlno
2SantaAnna ('sa:nto'a:no)CaHr
l'aAHHa
3Sam Houston ('sœm'hjustonlCaM XBIOCTOH
115
were owned by M exico.The U nited States tried to
buy the lands,but M exico refused to sell them .
In 1846 President Polkl asked Congress to de-
clare war on M exico. The war lasted until 1848.
The M exicans fought bravely,but in the end the
United States w on. ln 1848 the United States and
M exico signed a treaty ending the war.M exico sold
the Southw est to the United States for 15 m illion
dollars.
QUESTION S.
1. W hen did Americans stad going to the Southwest?
W hy did they go there?
2. W hat kind of tow n was Santa Fe? W hatdid the
M exicans allow Americans to do in Santa Fe?
W ho wasthefistAm ericantraderinSanta Fe?W hat
did he get in exchange for the goods he had
brought?
4. How did Santa Fe im pressthe firstAmericanswho
cam e there?
5. W hydid the Mexican governm entinvite Am ericans
to com e and settle in Texas? On what condition
were Am ericans invited?
6. W hat did the ever-growing Am erican population
bring to Texas?
7. W hatwere the contradictions ofthe new Am ericari
population ofTexasand the Mexican governm ent?
8. How did Texas becom e an independentcountry?
W hen was its independence proclaim ed?
9. W ho was elected the presidentofthe Republic of
Texas? W hydidthe Texans calltheirIand the Lone
StarRepublic?
10.How did Texas becom e pad ofthe United States?
1Polk (pouk)l'
Ioalt
116
11.W hy did the United States stad à w 4rw ith M exico
in 1846?
l2.W hatwasthe resultofthe 1846-1848 W arbetween
Mexico and the United States?
Part2.O regon and Utah.
The Oregon Trail.In the late 1830's m any busi-
lyitsses were not doing well in the United States.
Mldny people lost their jobs. Som e of these people
,Idttrided to go to Oregon to m ake a new start.
W hen Lewis and Clark travelled to the Pacific
f'flitst, they went far beyon- d the boundary of the
Ialllisiana Territory.A tthattim e the PacificN orth-
wttst was known to A m ericans as the Oregon Terri-
l'dlry.Today the states of W ashington,Oregon and
ltl:lho occupy this area. Farther to the south lies
Ipt, lth. In the early 1800's few people had explored
1.I1is land.
I3eginning in 1842,w agon trainsof settlers trav-
d'IIlld from the town of Independencel on the bank
,,l' the M issouri R iver to O regon. The route w hich
l'Itfty followed was called the Oregon Trail.The trail
w:ts m ore than 3,200 kilom etres long. It went
i11rough prairies,deserts and m ountains.
'Phe trip west took six m onths.It was a difficult
l,''iI), and the pioneers needed courage, determ ina-
d.14,l1and the ability to cooperate with each other.
Familiestravelling toOregùn gathered atthetown
''l'(ndependence in spring. There they w aited for
#'t,llers w ho wanted to go west.Independence was a
I,1lsy town where m erchants sold supplies to the pi-
()l1()erS.
'Independence ('Indo'pendonslHlu enezu eHc
117

LINIARt3ANIZIC(:i
TERFJTOQY
tlhkN;y
On theprairieoutside the town the pioneerswaited
in theirwagonsand tents.W hen enough fam iliesgath-
ered,they form ed a wagon train.Thepioneers hired a
scoutwho knew the way.They also elected one person
to be the leaderof thew agon train.Then they setoff.
Eyery day wagons started m oving early in the
m orning. They stopped only at noon and in the
evening.They travelled seven days a week.Travel-
ling this w ay, a w agon
train could cover over
24 to 32 kilom etres a
day. A t night the pio-
neers put their w agons
in a circle for protec-
tion:A m erican lndians.
who did not w ant set-
tlers to cross their lands,
often attacked the wag-
On trains.
Butin spiteofalldif-
A wagon train ficulties and dangers,
118
I'lflre and m ore w agon trains w ent along the O regon
'l'l'1ti1.Each year m ore and m ore pioneers cam e and
:ittttled in the Far W est.
U tah. U tah w as settled in 1847 by M orm onsl.
'l'I,e M orm ons w ere a religious group that w as orga-
,)ized in N ew Y ork. Later they m oved to Ohio and
l.It(!n to Illinois.In each place w here they lived,the
Mtlrm ons were treated with hostility by people,who
,1isliked som e of the
M flrm on beliefs.
The M orm on leader,
It''igham Youngz,decid-
('tlthat it would be bet-
t.t'r'for the M orm ons to
?!'t)tothewpst,faraway
f'l'()m other A m ericans.
I11 1847 Y oung and
ffroup of M orm ons trav- Brihgam Young
(.lled on the O regon
'I'rail. A fter going through South P ass3, they left
l,I'e Trail and turned to the south-west. Near the
vêdlley of the G reat Salt Lake4 B righam Y oung
titopped,looked around and said:d'Thisistheplace.''
In the years that follow ed the M orm ons turned
t'Ileir settlem ent into Salt Lake City. In the first
year m ore than 12,000 people w ent to the M orm on
tiftttlem ent.
The land outside the city was desert. But the
M orm onsbuiltirrigation ditches and brought fresh
water to the land.They grew crops and m ade every-
1Mormons ('marmonzlMopwioplal
2Brigham Young ('brlgam' jiplBpllraM HHr
3South Pass ('sauo'pa:0)IO-I-IBI/ rlepeBaa
4the Great Salt Lake (öa'grelt'sorlt'lelkl Bozlbttloe ColleHoe
4):1eI)O 119
 #

thing they needed with their own hands.They were t,I1e population of San
glad that they had found a place where they could I'rancisco left their
support themselves arld practice their religion freely. llflm es and w ent to look
f'flr gold.
QUESTIONS. flz the rush for gold,
1. W hy did m any people move to the FarW estin the
:ithklors deserted their
Iate 1830's? ':Itips w hen they arrived
2. W hatwasthe O regonTrail?W here did itstad? How
Iong did the trip to Oregon take? lp1 San Francisco. Soon
i,ldere were em pty ships
3. How was a wagon train formed? Iying at anchor in San
4. W hatwere som e ofthe dangers faced by pioneers
Il't'ancisco B ayl. There
on the O regon Trail? :11.() stories about ships
5. W hen was Utah settled? By whom ? W ho were the
w ltere the only thing
Mormons? It't't on board was the ThegoldfeverinCali
fornia
6. W ho was Brigham Young? Inwhatyeardid he lead
('rksltain's cat!
the Morm ons on the Oregon Trail?
W here did the M ormons Ieave the O regon Trail? Gold fever soon spread to the East. People left
W here did they turn? W here did they stop? f'Itttir jobsand hom es and started for California.The
W hy was itim portantforthe Morm ons to be able Iï,krrney to Californiatook fivem onthsby ship.Ships
to produce allthey needed to Iive in Utah? l1:t(tto go allthe way around the tip ofSouth A m er-
1,':tand then up the Pacific coast to California.
(lthers tried a short cutz. They got off ships in
Part3-California. tIli'CentralAm erican land of Panam a3and walked
Group after group of A m ericans travelled over f11h'tlugh the jungle to the Pacific Ocean.M any fell
the m ountains to California.By 1846 a few tholl. Il1ilnd died.
sand Am ericans lived there. Mlost people cam e by wagon train.Thousands of
The gold rush.A workm an,Jam es M arsh>llll)y hï':tffons m oved west across Am erican Indian lands
nam e. was working in the foothills of the Sierrl) l,lte spring of 1849.The gold rush brought m ore
N evada M ountains.Suddenly he saw som ething shill tI):tk180,000 people to California.These people w ere
ing on the bottom of a shallow river.It was gold. .;'l1()d forty-niners,and they a1ldream ed of m aking
Suddenly people in California got f<gold fever''. (lkttir fortune. They cam e from all over.Som e cam e
ln 1848 San Francisco was a town of 800 people.
W hen people heard aboutthe discovery of gold,half' 'San Francisco Bay (,sœnfron'slskou'bel) 6yx'
ra CaH
i1hl#;tilqlzlcHo
'tried a short cutrilal'
ra.
qvlcs Ao6paa cs Içopo'
rxnl
vlnyl'
ewi
1JamesMarshallg'dzelmz'ma:
fal)Jl-ewlcMapma-
q.
q 'I3anama (,pœno'ma.lIlaHaMa
120 121
from South Am erica and M exico.M ore than 25,000
cam e from China.
Life in California.M iners had a hard life with
few com forts.They lived in huts and tents. There
was not m uch law and order in the m ining towns.
To protect them selves from thieves, m ost m iners
slept with their guns beside them .
Som e people becam e rich by selling goods to the
m iners. One person who m ade his fortune was a
Germ an businessm an nam ed Levi Straussl.Strauss
bought strong denim canvasz and used it to m ake
sturdy overalls3.H ecalled them Levis4.Today,m ore
than a century later, these blue denim pants are
worn all over the world.
The gold rush helped to change California from a
frontier area into a state. In 1850 California be-
cam e the thirty-first state.
QUESTIONS.
W hy did a Iotofpeople begin com ing to California?
How did people getto California from the East?
How Iong didthejourneytake?
W ho were the fody-niners? W here did they com e
from ?
4. W hatwas Iife like in the early m ining towns?
5. W ho was LeyiStrauss? How did he m ake his name
fam ous?
1LeviStrauss('li:valfstrauslJIHBa.
; (J1eBH)tllTpayc
2 strong denim canvas ('stropfdenlm'kœnvos) rpy6lxl;
xzlorlqar
ro6yMa- zlslii xolc'
r 1.11()first President who cam e from the W est.U ntil
3overalls ('ouvoro:lz)pa6oune 6ploxvl,ItoM6ltHeaoHBl
4Levis ('li:valz!Jlusaiicsl
122
CHA PTER 10
NEW W AY S IN TH E NEW NA TIO N
Pad 1.Dem ocracy G row s
'l'ite U nited States w as a grow ing nation in the
l'll'rithalfofthe lùth century.Itseemed thata1lthe
j,('4#I)le were m oving. M any m oved to the W est.
Nt'wcom ers cam e from Europe ànd A sia to settle
l.lI(- Iand.
'I'l1e spirit of dem ocracy grew with the growing
,)t'i,l)e country. In a dem ocracy al1 adult citizens
lI:lvf)the right to vote in elections.
I11 colonial tim es and during the first years of
tltï.llation,only whitem en who owned property were
lIIlflwed to vote.A llwom en,blacks,A m erican lndi-
1,Its and poor w hite m en could not vote.
'I'l1eopening ofthefrontierforsettlem entbrought
ltl.()w spirit to the United States. On the frontier
1kf'llple's abilities m attered m ore than how m uch
I,lflltey they had or how m uch property they ow ned.
Il1J1(rh new state that cam e into the U nion after 1800
gltve the right to vote to all white m en, rich and
I,(pf)r.Gradually the olde:states in the Eastchanged
tIlttir law s and also gave al1 w hite m en the right to
vdlte.By the 1850's al1 the eastern states had done
1.11is.H owever,w om en, blacks and A m erican Indi-
.1I1s still could not vote.
rrhe A ge of the Com m on M an. ln 1828 A m eri-
4'J1I1schose Andrew JacksonlofTennessee to be the
llf.venth PresidentoftheU nited States.Jackson was
tAndrew Jackson E'œndnzr'd3aksn)3m ploquteltcon
123
 #

then a1l U nited States Presidents had com e frolll wi,lïlen's rights. For
h,'4';àrsthey m adespeech-
either Virginia or M assachusetts.
Jackson w as born in a log cabin and grew up oI1 4'';:1nd w rote articles to
the N orth Carolina frontier. H e becam e a fam m ls d1(('l.?)ct supporters. Fi-
.

soldier. ,.kq!!j; they organized a

After his election,Jackson invited everyone who ..'itû'erence to discuss
had voted for him to com e to W ashington D .C.for y..,qtlk an's rights.O n July
his inauguration. These people were com m on m ell, l'#, 1.848, m ore than
people from the frontier,w ho were good,cleveram l . )tkï)people m etin Sene-
just,butdid nothave nicem anners.Attheinaugtl- lpf4llsl, N ew Y ork.
rï' 1k'st of the people who Elizabeth Stanton
ration these rough frontiersm en stood on the furni-
ture of the W hite H ouse to get a better view 01 ' i:.I.k(!were wom en,but
their hero.People in W ashington were shocked by l(1k1ken were also present.
the frontiersm en's m anners, as well as by their 'i'lley adopted a listof
clothes. î.d,ihpen's rights. These
To these people from the frontier Jackson's elec ,1?t!)ts included the right
tipn wasvery im portant.Likethem ,he had lived oI1 td'vflte, to ow n proper-
the western frontier.Like them ,he judged peopld! dh':1k1d to go to school-
by their abilities,notby their m oney.By becom illg ,,Il k'ights that m en en-
President,Jackson proved thata com m on m an coultl ydi'
k
,
.-ï-
.
(.
t.
)
play an im portant part in governing the country. ;lpç'lwly w om en gained
For these reasons the period of Jackson's presidell I1,(,2(#and m ore rights.
cy was called the Age of the Com m on M an. states m arried
Rights for wom en.A m erican wom en had alm ost' l..)ih!c, n w on the right to
no rights at the tim e of Jackson's presidency.N f) p rop erty . M o re Lucretia Mott
w om an could vote. In m ost states m arried w om t,ly ...'àkrlt!a began working
could not sell the property which they ow ned (),. t'
tkilchers.A teacher from M assachusetts nam ed
keep the wages which they earned.A nd it was nflt. AlkùrlrLyonzopened M ountHolyokeCollege3in 1837.
considered good fora married woman to haveajol). 1l vvpës the first college for wom en.Lyon believed
Elizabeth Stantonland Lucretia M ottzwere twlp ll,.d1,wom en should have the sam e opportunities to
wom en who dedicated their lives to w orking for
IStllleca Falls('senlko'fo:lz)CeHexa (Dollc
Mary Lyon ('msorl'lalon)Mapn JlaûoH
1ElizabetllStanton (1'hzoboo'stantn)r
'
l.
rfpzaa6eq'C'
rasr
l'
ou 'Mount Holyoke College f'maunt'houhok'kohdz) MayH'
r-
2LucretiaMottIlur'krirljofmot)Jlyxpeulu MOTT . ,,'rI,flltcxzz
lfi Itoa.
qeijps
124 125
 learn that m en had. Pad 2.New Transpodation.
G radually other colleg-
es for w om en w ere The U nited States w as a large country,and trav-
opened.Som e m en's col- (tlling about it w as difficult and took a lot of tim e.
leges began accepting It took days for eastern farm ers to get to city m ar-
w om en students. Som e kets.It took w eeks to cross the A ppalachians.A trip
women began to dojobs j;o the R ocky M ountains could take six m onths or
that only m en had done qnore.The country needed better transportation and
before. ln 1849 Eliza- com m unication.
beth Blackwelll becam e R obert Fultonl. A n A m erican artist and inven-
the first w om an w ho tor,RobertFulton,visited GreatBritain and learned
graduated from m edical abouta new invention called the steam engine.Fu1-
M ary Lyon
school. ton thought of putting a steam engine on a boat.
ln 1807 Fulton built a steam boat.H e called it the
QUESTION S. Clerm ontz.On August 17,1807,theClerm ontstarted
W ho had the rightto vote in colonialtimes and dur- from N ew York up the H udson River toward the
ing the firstyears ofthe nation? W ho wasdeprived town of A lbany3, 240 kilom etres away. About
ofthis right? 30 hours later the Clerm ontarrived in A lbany.Ful-
2. W hatwas the new spiritbroughtto the United States ton'ssteamboatwasa success.Soon steam boats trav-
by the opening ofthe frontierforsettlement? elled on m any rivers and lakes in the United States.
3. W ho was elected Presidentin 1828? W hatm ade
this Presidentdifferentfrom aIIthe Presidents w ho
had occupied this postbefore him ?
4. W hywasthe period ofJackson's presidency called
the Age ofthe Com m on Man?
5. W hat rights were denied to w omen in the early
1800's?
6. W hy were Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mottim-
podant? W hatdid they dp?
W hatare the nam es of Mary Lyon and Elizabeth
Blackwellnoted for? The Clermont
8. W hatjobsare women doing todaythatused to be
done only by men? 'RobertFulton ('robgtffulton)Po6ep'
rmyrll'oH
2fIteClprmon, f(öo'klsomont)K.
qepMoH'r
1ElizabethBlackwell(I'llzoboo'blœkwoll3.qI4aa6e'
rBlfexyaa.
q 3Albany ('o:lbanl)0JI6aHH
126 127
 #

lt,tlles walking on a path alongside the canal.Even

VWSCONSIN Mr HjGAt4 tltough the boats w ent only 3-4 kilom etres an hour,
ktitnaltransportation wasstillfaster and cheaperthan
k'rztrrying goods over the m ountains.
The Erie Canal w as a great success. The canal
.yjj$7
Q tlpened up trade between N ew York and the W est.
!Lwas now possible to go from the A tlantic coastto
the Great Lakes area by water. Buffalo becam e a
(rentre of western trade.New Y ork City becam e the
Lransportation centre of the country.
KçïNI'UCK''f
Railroads.Therewere som e ra-ilroadsin thecoun-
try,but they w ere not yet the m ost popular w ay of
transporting people and goods. The first train en-
gines w ere frightening.Noisy and sm oky,they ter-
The N ational Road. The N ational Road was an
rified horses and scared
im portant im provem ent in transportation.It m ade
travelling betw een the E ast and the W est easier. ftow s so m uch that they
The road w ent from Cum berlandl in the state of stopped giving m ilk.
M aryland to W heelingz,in what later becam e W est These iron horses, as
(,hey w ere called, trav-
Virginia.Later the road wan lengthened to St.Lou-
is on the M ississippi R iver. Before the road w as elled at the unheard-of
built,it took severalw eeks to get from B altim ore to speed of 25 to 32 kilo-
W heeling. By using the National Road, travellers t'netres an hour! They
could m ake the sam e trip in a few days. lnoved people and goods
M ost of the roads built at that tim e w ere un- (uuch faster than steam -
paved.W hen it rained, they becam e rivers of m ud. boats or canalboats.B ut
the first trains of the
ln sum m er the horses raised clouds of dust.
Canals.The construction of canals also im proved 1830's w ere not Very
conAfortable. Passengers
transportation.ln 1817 people began constructing
a canal connecting A lbany on the H udson R iver to Lravelled in open carriag-
Buffalo3 on Lake Erie. The s8o-kilom etre Erie Ca- es,and the engine sparks
nal was com pleted in 1825. Boats were pulled by and soot fellon them .
Com m unication w as
1Cumberland ('lcambalond)Kalvl6ep-
qaH,
q also im proved during the
2W heeling ('wi:lIp1ylu zlur firsthalf ofthe 19th cen- SamuelMorse
3Buffalo ('bafoloulBytptpano 129
128
tury.A m an nam ed Sam uelM orse'introduced tele- ficult for Congress to make laws that pleased a1l
graph.H e invented a code,in which each letter of Am ericans at the sam e tim e. The interests of the
the alphabet is a series of dots and dashes. three sections were not always the sam e.
QUESTIONS. QUESTIONS.
W hatwere the transpodation problem s in the Unit- How did each section ofthe country develop in the
ed States atthe beginning ofthe 19th century? early 19th century?
2. W ho used steam to improve Am erican transpoda- W hy was itbecom ing m ore difficultforCongressto
tion? How did h: use it? m ake Iaws?
3. W hywasthe NationalRoad important? W hatpoints
did itconnect? U NIT REV IEW
4. W hy did people preferto travelIong distances by 1.Fill in the blanks with the èorrect words from
boatratherthan by road? the list:
5. W hen wasthe Erie Canalconstructed? W hatpoints frontier, section, trade, expedition, unpaved, in-
did itconnect? W hy was the Erie Canalso im por- tlention,dem ocracy,dedicated, steep, wilderness.
tant? 1. For DanielBoone,the land overthe Appalachian
6. W hatwere the firstrailways like? W hy were they M ountains was the new .
notvery popular? Lewis and Clark's proved thatAm ericans
W ho invented telegraph? W hatwas the purpose of could travelto the W estby Iand.
the telegraph? In the m iddle ofthe 18th century m uch ofthe land
westofthe Appalachian Mountains was a rich
Pad 3.The Nation's Sections.
A is a country in which aIladultcitizens m ay
ln the early 19th century different sections of vote in elections to choose theirIeaders.
the country were growing and changing in differ- The W ilderness Road was and narrow.
ent ways.Each section had a different style of life. Each ofthe country had a differentstyle of
In the N orth people began m oving to the cities and
life.
working in new industries.ln the South people grew The Erie Canalopened up between New York
cotton on vast plantations, using slave labour. In and the W est.
the W est m ost people were busy farm ing and set- M ostofthe roads builtatthattim e were .
tling the frontier. Fulton Iearned abouta new called the steam
The North, the South and the W est w ere devel-
engine.
oping in differentw ays.It was becom ing m ore dif- 10.ElizabethStanton and Lucretia Mott theirIives
to working forwomen's rights.
1SamuelM orze ('sœmjuol'mo:s)CalvlloaalaMopae
130 131
II. W rite detailed answ ers to the following UNIT FIVE
q u estio n s : THE NATION IS bIVIDED
1. W ho were Lewis and Clark? W hatdid they do?
2, W hy did California become settled so quickly? In.fSe m iddle OJ i'h'e 7:1:,cen.turu f?ze eouw
3, W hatchanges in transpodation made iteasierfor lrg's N ture seem ed hright,exeept Jor one large
people to travelin the United States? problem .
111.W ho were these people? W hat did they do? Southerners u/cnzed slaveru fo be allow ed in
W rite in short about each of them . l&e new western Iln,#s.N ortkerners were c'
glizza;
D aniel Boone Brigham Young allowin.
g slcrerg there.A cn,g people Soped tltat
Robert Fulton Lewis and Clark a pecce/ylsolution could be Jozzzzd to fle diNer-
Levi Strauss Sam uel M orse esces betw eeg fSe N oktlt tzzztf tlte Solztà.. But in. '
Sequoya M ary Lyon lhe end,tSe difkeregces led fo war.
Sam H ouston Theae were sad gecrs wh'en fSe people OJ tlte
Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia M ott lnezed Statesfaced elch ofseron.t&e battlefield.
CH APTER 11
SLAV ERY D IV ID ES TH E NA TIO N

Part1,The Slave System

The dem ocracy that was spreading in the first
half of the 1800's w as not shared by black A m eri-
cans.M ostblacks w ere slaves.Under the system of
slavery,people were boughtand sold asif they were
objects,not hum an beings.
By the early 1800's slavery had been outlaw edl
in m ost N orthern states. ln the South, how ever,
w here vast cotton plantations w ere very im portant
to the econom y,the slave system was stillstrong.
Africa and the slave trade.M ost of the blacks
broughtto the U nited States cam e from W estAfri-
ca. Europeans first travelled to A frica at the tim e

1had been outlawed ('autla:dl6BIJIo o6qaaBaeHo BHe aaxoua

133
 Slave auction
of Colum bus.By the early 1600's som e Europeans
m ade business by bringing A fricans to the N ew
W orld and selling them as slaves.
The voyage from M rica to the New W orld was
terrible for the captured A fricans.They werechained
together and put into ships.M any died during the
ocean crossing. A bout 10 m illion A fricans w ere
brought to the New W orld as slaves.
W hen the slaves arrived in the United States,
they were sold at public auctions.Very often fam i-
lies were divided up to be sold to different owners.
Little children w ere som etim es taken from their
m others.
Slaves belonged to their ow ners. They had no
rights under the law.A ccording to the laws,slaves
could not m eet together in public. They could not
travelwithoutperm ission.Itwasalso illegalto teach
a slave how to read or w rite.Slaves w ho disobeyed
their ow ners could be beaten.
In 1808 Congress outlawed the slave trade with
M rica.Butthe system ofslavery continued for near-
ly sixty years after this.
134
Slave Iabouton the plantati
ons
Slave life.On sm allfarm s slaves and slave own-
ersoften worked togetherin thefields.Buton large
plantations m ost slaves seldom saw their ow ners.
M ost of the slaves w ere field slaves. They w orked
from early m orning till late at night, and som e-
tim es at night, too.They w ere watched by a boss
who was called an overseer.A sm allgroup of slaves,
called house slaves,looked after the owner's house
and fam ily.They prepared m eals,cleaned the house
and took care of the owner's children.
QUESTION S.
W hatw as the position of black Am ericans in the
firsthalfofthe 19th century? W hy didn'tthe south-
ern states wantto abolish slavery?
2. How did black slaves appearin America?
3. Describe whatitwas Iike to be a slave on a Iarge
plantation in the South.
4. W hy do you think itwas illegalto teach slaves to
read and w rite?
135
 'J

Pad 2.Fighting Slavery. llam ed Sim on Legreel.A 1l over the country people
fliscussed t4u ncle Tom 'sCabin''.The book convinced
By 1830 a11 the Northern states had outlawed kklany people that slavery was an evil that had to
slavery. In the South, however, the rich planters ttnd.Years later,when war broke out between the
needed m uch slavelabouron their huge plantations, lqrorth and the South,President Abraham Lincolnz
so the Southern states rem ained slave states. (ralled H arriet Beecher Stow e S<the little w om an w ho
The Abolitionists.M ore and m orepeople in Am er-
started this great w ar''.
ica were beginning to understand that slavery was
The Underground Railroad.There was a secret
sham eful,that there should be no place for slavery route to help slaves to escape from the South to
in a dem ocratic society.There appeared people w ho freedom in the N orth and Canada.This secret route
'
d
* dem = ded toabolish sla- was called the <dunderground Railroad''.Despite its
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o an n a e
HarrietBeecherStowe arr.
let eec er to e
w rote Ru n cle Tom 's
CabinzM, a story about slavery.ln the story, an o1d
slave nam ed U ncle Tom is killed by @ crueloverseer .
The U nderground Railroad
C'
1HarrietBeecherStowe('hœrlotfbi:tfofstcl
roy
ulrappHe'
rBHqep
2 Kfuncle Tom's Cabin''('Apklrtamzfkxbln)<dXIJ-IIHa Jisal.
l 1Simon Legree('salmanla'gri:lCafll
vloH JlerpH
TOM a'' 2Abraham Lincoln ('elbrohœmrllpkonlAupaaM JIHHROJIBH
136 137
of the U nited States into Canada.People who knew
the way guided slaves along a footpath. They trav-
elled at night to avoid being seen.ln the daytim e
the slaves were hidden in the hom es of supporters.
These hom es were called ttstations'',and the people
who led the slaves outofthe South were called ddcon-
ductors''.
The m ost fam ous conductor on the U nderground
Railroad w asan escaped slave,a wom an w hose nam e
was H arriet Tubm anl.She was born on a M aryland
plantation in about 1821.
H arriet Tubm an escaped in 1849. For 15 years
she worked as a conductor and 1ed over 300 slaves
to freedom .She risked her life m any tim es travel-
ling back into theSouth
to rescue other slaves.
Slave ow ners offered a
reward of40,000 dollafs
for her capture,dead or
alive.But no one could
catch her.
Slave revolts. Som e-
tim es blacks fought
back violently against
slavery. The maost fa-
m ous revolt w as led by
a slave preacher nam ed
N at Turnerz.On A ugust
22, 1831, Turner and
his followerk began at-
tacking w hites. Turner
HarrietTubman and the other slaves
1HarrietTubman ('hœrlot'tabmon)T'appner Ta6MaH
2NatTurner I'nœt'to:
nolHaT TepHep
138
were soon captured and put to death. M any inno-
(rentslaveswere also killed or sent aw ay to work on
distantfarm sbecause slave ow nerswere afraid that
lnore revolts would take place. By the end of the
rebellion a few days later, m ore than 150 people,
black and white,had died.
Q UESTION S.
W ho were the abolitionists?
How did ''Uncle Tom 's Cabin''help the abolitionist
m ovem entto gain more suppoders? W hatdid Pres-
identLincoln callHarrietBeecherStowe?
3. W hatwas the Underground Railroad?
4. W ho w as HarrietTubm an? W hy is hername re-
mem bered?
5. W ho w as the mostfam ous slave revolt led by?
W hen did ittake place?
CHA PTER 12
TH E CIV IL W A R
Pad 1.The Road to W ar.
The election of 1860.The election of1860 show ed
clearly thatthe United Stateswas a divided country.
Abraham Lincoln was the cmzdidate of the Re-
publican Party.H e was a very popular m an.H e was
a lawyer by education and had attracted the atten-
tion of A m ericans by his bright speeches against
slavery.H e believed that slavery was wrong. The
N orthern states were on the side of Lincoln.They
w anted him to be elected President. The Southern
states were against him .Lincoln won the national
election and becam e President.
139
 Free and slave states
The result of Lincoln's becom ing President was
the splitting of the nation into tw o parts.
South Carolina was the first to act.On Decem ber
20, 1860, South Carolina voted to w ithdraw , or se-
cede,from the U nited States.By February 1, 1861,
M ississippi, Florida, Alabam a, Georgia, Louisiana
and Texas had also voted to secede.
Confederate States of Am erical. The seceding
states decided to form their own nation.On Febru-
ary 4, 1861, the Southern states form ed the Con-
federate States of A m erica.Jefferson D aviszbecam e
President.
A t his inauguration in M arch 1861, how ever,
Lincoln did not agree to the division of the U nited
States. H e said that it w as his constitutional duty
as President to keep the nation united.
1TheConfederateStates ofAmerica (öokanffedorlt'steltsov
z'menko)KoHt yeaepatm s IIITaTOB Awleplz
lxu
2Jefferson Davis('dzefosn'delvls)Jr-etplpepcoH JraBl
'
lc
140
Fod Sumter.The begining ofthe CivilW ar
Lincoln did notwant a w ar.But soon he saw that
there was no choice.The Confederacyloccupied sev-
eral federal forts in the Southern states. Fort
Sum terzin the hatbour of Charleston,South Caroli-
na,wasstillheld by Union (Northern)troops.But
on A pril 12, 1861, Confederate troops opened fire
on FortSum ter.The Union troops had to surrender
the fort. It w as the beginning of a civil w ar - a
war between people of the sam e nation.
Betw een A pril and June, A rkansas, Tennessee,
North Carolina and Virginia joined the Confedera-
cy.Now it consisted of eleven Confederate states.
QUESTION S.
W ho was Abraham Lincoln?
W hatdid the presidentialelection of1860 show?
1The Confederacy (ögkonffedorosl)Kole eaepaupls
2Fort Sumter ('fa:t'samtoloop'
rCalu ep
 3. W hataction did South Carolina take afterLincoln t't)com m and the U nion troops.Lee loved the United
wonthe election?W hatstatesfollow ed South Caro- states and he did not believe in slavery.But he felt
Iina's exam ple? t,llat he could not fightagainsthis neighbours from
4. W hatdid the seceding states calltheirnew nation? Virginia. So he resigned from the United States
W ho was Jefferson Davis? t
f Arm y and led the Confederate troops.
1
5. W hy didn'tLincoln agree to the division ofthe Unit- Other advantages also helped to give the South
ed States? (
$
tlarly victories.W hite southerners were fighting to
How did the CivilW arbegin? Ilreserve their way of life.For them the CivilW ar
W ho would have been m ore Iikely to approve of was a second war for independence.They believed
the South's seceding from the Union:a Nodhern thatthey had a rightto secede from the U nion,just
cotton m illowneror a Nodhern abolitionist? Ex- 1ts the colonists had a right to break away from
plain youranswer. Great Britain.
Anotheradvantage,atleastatthebeginning,was
Part2.The W arYears. that the w ar w as fought in the South. Since they
were fighting on hom e ground, the Southern sol-
North against South.Both sides had certain ad- diers knew the land better that the northern troops.
vantages that they thought would help them to win Also,southerners did not have to ship supplies for
the war.The N orth had m ore soldiers, m ore sup- long distances,as did the N orth.
'
d
*
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5,(21,
L
:
I:'
k'
1 1I
;
tk1I
!
E
i
,
! . besides soldiers.Thousands of people who were not
...
2,/....'. .. .. 77...t ; .: '..( 'i
: . '
. j 1 r1
.:
((.
F;
.'
#
.. .
' . Ji
z
' s? , . .. 'ï
.'
. ' .'
.t
l
tkè.
kk.Jy.
s
:,.
y. .
' . ' . ,' ,, ,,
. ,. ut z,
' j
#g .

/,
' .vz ssqni..
t '''
s' .lf l:ê'/ '1': k
..' ià.
jtt'tp- Ll'.L
'Y
.''.'
ar . t t e e lnnln in the arm y worked to supply uniform s,guns,bul-
.-v of t e 1 .v1
.1 ar resl .- lets,bandages and food.ln both the N orth and the
Robed E.Lee dent Lincoln asked Lee South,groups of wom en form ed wom en's ald soci-
1RobertE.Lee('robot'i:'li:)Po6ep'
rJIIJ eties.These groups m ade uniform s,flags and ban-
142 143
 dages.They sentfood to
the soldiers. They col-
lected m oney to buy oth-
er supplies.
M any w om en carried
outthe difficultwork of
nursing. The m ost fa-
m ous of these w om en
w as Clara Bartonl.She
collected supplies and
organized nursing ser-
vices for the sick and
wounded. She used her
ow n hom e to store the
supplies.Then she deliv- The battle atGettysburg
ered them by m ule di-
reetly to the soldiers on Lee sent a large unit under General G eorge Pickettl
Clara Barton to attack the m ain Union position.It w as on a hill
the battlefield. A fter
.
the War Clara Barton called Cem etery R idgez.
founded the A m erican Red Crossz. The Confederatesbravely foughttheirway to the
Getiysburg3. The battle of Gettysburg was the top of the ridge. But the U nion forces held their
decisive battle of the CivilW ar. ground.A fter a few m inutes the Confederates w ere
In 1863 Confederate leaders thought that U nion forced to retreat.
forces would surrender if the South won a battle in Pickett's attack w as the turning point of the w ar.
the N orth.They knew that Lincoln could not find a Jt w as the beginning of the end for the southerners.
generalwho could defeat Robert E.Lee.The South O n N ovem ber 19, 1863, President Lincoln w ent
believed that it was its chance for victory. to Gettysburg to dedicate a cem etery3for the fallen
In June 1863 Lee m arched into Pennsylvania.The soldiers.He m ade a short speech.The sim ple words
U nion arm y m et Lee's forces atG ettysburg on July 1. ofhisGettysburg A ddress4,asthespeech wascalled,
For two days the arm ies battled.Then, on July 3,
1George Pickett('dro:dzfplkltlJlpicopallçI'IHI<e' I,
T
2Cemetery Ridge ('semltrlsrld3lIo apllslltT-
lelxcl.
rn; xo-
qwl
3 to dedicate a cemetery rlpl
zlHs'
rs y'qacl'
lz
le B uepeMoHlz
lpl
1Clara Barton ('klEorarba:tnlKzapa Bapr
i'oH ocBsm eHlzls xrlaa6pllt!a
2the A m erican Red Cross A l
vfepHxal
-
lcxy;flKpacHsiiizcpec'
r 4 Gettysburg Address r'getlzba:g o'dresj FerTHc6eprcKoe
3Gettysburg ('qetlzbo:g)Few Mc6epr o6paw eHvle
144 145

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
Ulysses S.Grant
1Ulysses S.GrantUur'llsi:z'esfgra:ntly-qlzlcc rpatt'
2Vicksburg ('vlksba:glBlz
lltc6epr
3N either side H H oaHa Ha c'
ropoi.
146
#!
are still rem em bered.
Lincoln said that K<this
nation,underGod,shall
have a new birth of free-
dom ''and that é<govern-
m ent of the people, by
the people,for the peo-
ple, shall not perish
from the earth''.
The South is defeat-
ed.In 1864 Lincoln final-
ly found a general w ho
could lead the U nion
arm ies to victory.It w ms
U lysses S.Grantl.Grant
had w on an im portant
battle atVicksburgz,M is-
sissippi, in 1863. W ith
Lee'
s surrenderto GrantatAppomattox
that victory, the entire
M ississippi V alley cnm e W illiam T.Sherm anl,captured Atlantaz,Georgia.
under U nion control. ln N ovem ber 1864 Sherm an began a m arch through
D uring one yearGrant
G eorgia, from A tlanta to Savannah3 on the eastern
and Lee foughtseriesof coast.As Sherm an'stroopsm arched,they destroyed
battles. N either side3
plantations, tow ns and farm s. Sherm an w anted to
w on a great victory,but
destroy anything thatcould help the South.For years
G rant had an advan-
afterwards,southerners spoke bitterly about Sher-
tage, because Lee did
m pn's m arch to the sea. In January 1865 Sherm an
not have enough troops
began a naarch through South and North Carolina.
and supplies.
H e destroyed farras and towns in those states as
In the sum m er of
w ell.
1864 a U nion general,
r 1W illiam T.Sherman ('Avll
jom'ti:'lo:mon)'
VHJIBSM lllepMaH
2Atlanta (otflœnto)A'
rllaH'
ra
l 3Savannah (sofvrno)CaBaHlla
147
 M eanw hile, in V irginia,on A pril 5, 1865,G rant
captured Richm ondl. By April 7 the Confederate
forces that had tried to retreat farther south w ere
surrounded.At last,on A pril9,Lee surrendered in
a farm house near A ppom attoxz. W ith Lee's sur-
render,the war was over.
The final shot.On the evening of A pril14,1865,
President Lincoln and his wife went to see a play at
Ford's Theatre in W ashington,D .C.D uring the play,
John W ilkesBooth3,an actor and a southerner,shot
the President. Lincoln died the next m orning.
Q UESTION S.
W hatadvantages did the South have in the war?
W hatwere the North's advantages?
W ho was Robed E.Lee?W hydid he rejectPresi-
dent Lincoln's request to com m and the Union
troops?
How did women help in the war?
W howasClara Barton? How did she helpthe army?
W hatorganization did Clara Barton found afterthe
war?
W hy was the battle ofGettysburg im podant? W ho
won it?
W hatdid PresidentLincoln say in his Gettysburg
Address?
W ho com manded the Union troops in the Iastperi-
od ofthe CivilW ar?
W hy did southerners speak bitterly about Sher-
m an's march? W hy did he do i
t?
W hen and how was PresidentLincolnassassinated?

CHA PTER IS
RECO N STRU CTIO N

Part1.The South afterW ar.

President Lincoln had planned for a period of
t'econstruction after the war. H e had thought it
necessary to choose new leaders for the South and
to restore good relations betw een the N orth and the
South.Lincoln had hoped that the Reconstruction
would go quickly.But after Lincoln's death A m eri-
cans quarrelled over how to carry out the R econ-
struction.
The assassination ofPresi
dentLincoln M uch of the South vas in ruins. The fields that
had been planted in cotton were overgrown with
1Richmond ('ritfmgndlPHIIMOH,
R weeds. The econom y w as destroyed.
2 Appom attox ('apg'maltaks!Arlol
vlalaosc
3John W ilkes800th ('dqon'wllksfbu:ö)Jlutou yll.
qKc By'
rc
148 149
 M ore than 250,000 southerners had died in the
fighting.M any people were hom eless.Freed slaves
had no place to live and no way to m ake a living.
Confederate soldiers w ere allowed to go hom e.But
often their hom es had been destroyed. Returning
soldiers found few jobs in the ruined econom y.
QUESTION S.
W hatdid PresidentLincoln think itnecessal to do
afterthe war?
2. W hy didn'tthe Reconstruction go quickly?
3. W hatwere conditions in the South Iike after the
CivilW arended?

Part2.A New W ay of Life.

Sharecropping. Southern landow nçrs, who had
lost their slaves,found a new w ay of m aking m oney
from their land.The landowners allow ed farm ers to
live and w ork on their plantations.The landow ners
Sharecropping
150
The Freedm en's Bureau school
êllso gave the farm ers seeds,work anim als and farm
tools. In exchange, the farm ers gave the landow n-
ers a large share of the crops grow n on the land.
This system was called sharecropping:a system of
farm ing in w hich farm ers rented land from land-
ow ners and paid their rent w ith a share of the crops
which they grew .
During the grow ing season sharecroppers bought
food and supplies on credit.Then after harvesting,
they paid their bills using their share of the crops.
V ery often their share of the crops w as not enough
to pay al1their debts.So from one year to the next,
sharecroppers w ere alm ost alw ays in debt. Som e-
tim es they could not buy enough food and clothing
for their fam ilies.
 M any of the new ly freed blacks becam e share-
croppers.For them the Civil W ar had brought free-
dom from slavery,buttheir life wasstillfilled with
days of hard work and hunger.
The Freedm en's Bureau. ln 1865 Congress set
up an organization called the Freedm en's Bureau to
help the freed slaves. The Bureau provided food,
schooling and hospital care to blacks in the South.
By 1870 there were severalhundred thousand blacks
in school. The Freedm en's Bureau also supported
colleges for blacks.
T he K u K lux K lanl. The Fifteenth A m endm ent
to the Constitution gave black m en the right to vote.
The Ku Klux Klan
1The Ku Klux Klan (öa'kju:klaksrklœnllly Kayuc Io al-
t 1Jim Crow ('dzlm 'kroulJ-IPICHM Kpoy
152
IItlwever,there were m any people w ho did not like
lt,.Som e w hite southerners w ere totally against the
Iteconstruction. They form ed a secret organization
(Lc/lled the Ku K lux K lan. The K lan believed that
I'iack people should not be given the sam e rights as
vv'llite people. Klan m embers rode around in white
fjllostlike costum es w ith hoods w hich hid their fac-
tts.They frightened blacks and som etim es harm ed
l.llem .Theiraim wasnotto letblacksuse theirrights
:ts citizens.
QUESTIONS.
W hatwas sharecropping? How did itwork?
W hatdid the Freedm en's Bureaudo to help blacks?
W hatwas the Ku Klux Klan?
Pad 3.The New South.
The R econstruction lasted from 1865 till 1877.
pJuring the R econstruction years the South began
l
to change and soon people talked about a ddnew''
South. But the problem of bad relations betw een
tllacks and w hites rem ained for years.
Jim Crow l Law s. ln the years after the R econ-
struction ended the governm ents in m any southern
states passed law s against blacks. These laws w ere
passed to keep blacks from taking part in southern
society life. Som e white people in the South had
tzsed the nam e uElim Crow ''as a nicknam e for black
people.These new law s w ere called Jim Crow Law s.
The purpose of the Jim Crow Law s w as to separate
blacks from whites. This separation of people on
the basis of race is called segregation.
153
 F
U nder the Jim Crow Laws blacks had to rlde il1 W hatwere the ideas ofBookerT.W ashington and
separate railw ay carriages, go to different schools W .Du Bois on how to end segregation?
and even drink at separate water fountains.
N ew black leaders.LifeundertheJim Crow Laws UNIT REV IEW
was very hard forsouthern blacks.During this tim e 1.Fill in the blanks with the correct w ords from
two black leaders,each with different ideas,spoke l,lke list:
out on the problem of segregation. sccclc, surrendered, sharecropping, segregation,
Booker T.W ashingtonlwas a teacher and a writ- tlbolitionist,destroyed,am endm ent,restore,overseer,
er who had been born a slave.ln 1881 he started a Ilrovided.
schoolfor blacks in Alabam a.A this schoolstudents 1. A person who wanted to putan end to slaverywas
studied farm ing, shoem aking or carpentry. W ash- called an .
ington thoughtthatthestudentscould usefheseskills Field slaves were watched by a boss called an
to earn a living.W ashington believed thatifblacks
educated them selvesand learned skills,whiteswould Afterthe election ofAbraham Lincoln in 1860,South-
finally regard them as equals.H e believed that in ern states voted to from the United States.
this way segregation would gradually end. The separation of people on the basis of race is
W .Du Bolsz,ablack authorand editor,had very called .
differentviews on how to end segregation.Du Bois was a system offarm ing thatdeveloped in
thought that segregation laws m ustbe changed im - the South afterthe CivilW ar.
m ediately. In 1909 Du Bois took part in starting The Freedm en's Bureau schooling and hos-
the N ational A ssociation for the Advancem ent of pitalcare to blacks.
Coloured People3, called NA ACP for short. The
The Fifteenth to the Constitution gave the
NA ACP still exists.W ith the help of the N A ACP
blacks the rightto vote.
som e Jim Crow laws were declared illegal.
Afterthe waritwas necessary to good rela-
QUESTION S. tions between the Nodh and the South.
How was the new South di fferentfrom the South Sherman's troops towns,farms and planta-
before the CivilW ar? W hatproblem s rem ained? tions in the South.
2. W hat is segregation? W hat were the Jim Crow 10.O n April9,1865,GeneralLee ,and the war
Laws? W hy were they called so? W aS OVer.

1BookerT.Washington('bttko'ti:'wo/ptonlByKepBaIAIHHIaTOH lI. W rite detailed answ ers to the follow ing

2W .Du Bois('dablju:djufbolzjy.J(1()Bofic questions.
3NationalA ssociation for the Advancem ent of Coloured 1. W hatwas the Underground Railroad? How did it
People H aqHOH&JBHaS aCCOqHaqHH COAPRCTBHS HPOrpeCCy work?
MBOTHOPO HaCOSOHHS
154 155
 W hy did Southern states secede from the United UNIT SIX
States? G RON H A ND C HA NG E
3. W hat advantages did the South have during the
CivilW ar? W hatwere the advantagesofthe North? t/z& July 4, 1876, t/ze United A cfes was 100
111.W ho w ere these people? W hat did they do? l/t' zzrs old.A ll over tà'e U nited AW cfes p eople cele-
W rite in short about each of them . /',I'-4!;feJ.
H arriet Beecher Stow e A braham Lincoln From f/zc eaa ern bills fo t%e zzzcsfera m ines
U lysses G rant H arriet Tubm an /&c workers were a partOJfà'e celebration..Their
Robert Lee W illiam Sherm an ff/z?rk in.indu,sfries was helpin,
g to build t&e grow -
N at Turner Clara Bartùn #f nm ion..
àc.
.

IFeslera farm erslzzd cowboysJclfproud OJtlteir

d'ottn.
trp,'too.Their Itard work ula,Itelpin,
g'loJeed
llte grow ing zzczion,.
M illion.s o/ newcom ers - im migranis - also
tttarked thegrea da#.Th'eu %ad com e to '
lhialan.
d
t)/ opportunay cnd ltoped for a good and à,c,
##g
life.
CHA PTER 14
CH A N GES O N TH E FRON TIER

Part 1.Settling the W est

For m any years the Plains Indians had called the
grasslands of the W est their hom e. They lived in
this vast region pow erful and free.
A fter the Civil W ar m any people from the East
f
tnoved to the frontier to settle on the lands of the
PlainsIndians.They changed the W est and the way
Lhe Indians lived.
The Louisiana Territory becam e part of the Unit-
ed States in 1805. But for a very long tim e few
peoplefrom theEastsettled there.To them the plains
seem ed a difficult and dangerous place to live in
15i
 F
A m erican Indiansand buffalo herdsw andered acrt-
the land.There were few trees for building hollstls,
barns and fences.The sum m ers were very hot alltl
the w inters very cold.
The H om estead A ct.ln 1862 Congress decidtlfl
to give awayl som e land in the plaips. Congres,
passed a law called the Homestead Act.
Under the H om estead Act, any citizen 21 years
or older could becom e the ow ner of 64 hectares ()1.
governm ent land by living on it and farm ing it for
five years.
M any people liked the idea and wentwest to set-
tle on this free land.These people w ere called hom p
steaders. Thousands of them cam e to K ansas, Ne-
braska, Colorado and D akota. They w ere form er
soldiers,form er slaves and im m igrants to the Unit-
ed States.They al1wanted to getland of their own.
The transcontinentalrailroad
1 to give aw ay om a'
rb
158
1';tst travel and good Iand.In the 1860's m any
,t,IIl'llads were built in the U nited States.The rail-
lt,k,(Is reached farther and farther w est. In 1862
t'4,ltjfress com m issionedl tw o railw ay com panies to
I,11II(la transcontinentalrailroad,w hich would con-
',.'f't,the A tlantic and the Pacific coasts.The trans-
(ïhI1tinentalrailroad w as com pleted in 1869.
'I'l1e governm ent had given the railw ay com pa-
I.If's m illions of hectares of land along the railw ay
t1ikcks.Now the com panies decided to sellthis land
tf,settlers.
Itailroad land was near m arkets and transporta-
t.i()11,so itwasbetter than hom estead land.Railroad
:1(Ivertisem ents convinced m any A m ericans to m ove
t,f) the w est.
A gents from the railw ay com panies w ent to Eu-
l'tlpe to find people who would like to buy the land.
M ltny people from Scandinavia,Germ any and Great
Newcomers going to theirnew homes in the W est
1commissioned (ko'mlfnd)Hopyqiu
159
Britain bought the cheap railroad land. They set- with stetson hatsl on
tled in M innesota,W isconsin and Dakota.By 1880. (Illlirheadsand long las-
70 percent of the people living in these areas w en! !14's in their hands rode
im m igrants to the United States or the children ()1' :,l'tlund on horseback,
im m igrants. lfltlking after the cattle.
QUESTIONS. Life w as hard for
W hy did few people from the Eastsettle in Louisi- tIlese cow boys. They
ana Territory in the firsthal
fofthe 19th century? Iived out in the open for
2. W hen did Congress pass the Homestead Act? lldonths at a tim e.They
3. W hatwere the term s ofthe Homestead Act? ,ilepton the ground and
4. W howere the hom esteaders? W here did theycome :dte poor food, working
from? iltrain and in sunshine.
W hy do you think people were ready to Ieave the One of the cowboys'
placesw here they used to Iive and becom e hom e- ltlost difficult jobs was A cowboy
steaders? tlle cattle drive - get-
6. W hen was the transcontinentalrailroad com plet- ting the cattle to m arket.To get the cattle to m ar-
ed? ket in Chicagoz, they had to drive from Texas to
7. Inwhatwaydidthe railroads helpto settle theW est?
8. W hat m ade railroad Iand better than hom estead
land?
9. Did only Am ericans buy railroad Iand?

Part2.Ranching and M ining.

The land ofthe W estwasused notonly for farm s.
The wide open plains provided plenty of grass for
large herds of cattle,A nd with every new discovery
ofgold and silver,m ore people rushed west,hoping
to m ake their fortunes from this new rich land.
Cattle breeding.M any people went to Texas and
bred cattle there.Their sm allone-floor houses with
flatroofswere called ranches,and they them selves - Crossing a stream during a cattle drive
ranchers. There w as a 1ot of land grow n w ith good 1 stetson hats Itos6o/clcne tunpoxonoalale ttl.
qsrlbl
long grass, where cattle grazed. Cowboys - m en 2Chicago(Jl'ka:gou)VHxaro 161
160
 Pt
Abilenelin Kansas.From there the cattle wastakell
by train to Chicago.In order to reach the railroad
in Abilene, cowboys drove the cattle north. They
could usually expect som e kind of trouble durillg
these long cattle drives.Often cattle thieves trietl
to stealthe cattle.Som etim es the cattle got fright-
ened and ran wildly for kilom etres.Also,cattlecould
easily drown while crossing rivers.
Silver dollars.Other people w ent to the W est to
look for gold,silver and copper.In 1849 the goltl
rush began in California.ln 1859 a silver rush start-
ed in Nevada. Further discoveries of gold, silver
and copper continued to attract people to the W est
untilthe end of the 19th century.
N evada,Colorado and M ontana were rich in sil-
ver.W ith a littleluck,a m iner could find 25 dollar-
worth of silver in a river each day.W ith a lot of
luck,a m iner could becom e a m illionaire.
lt was easy to find silver in the stream s.M iners
scooped up gravel from the bottom of the stream
and picked out the pieces of silver.M ore silver lay
far below the ground.Deep m ines had to be dug in
order to get it. Large m ills were built to processz
the silver.The silver m ines and m ills provided jobs
for western w orkers.Later,w hen the silver becam e
m ore difficult to find, copper w as discovered. This
m ineralbecam e as im portant as silver.Copper was
used to m ake electric w ire.
W estern m iners built m any cities and towns.So-
m e of them ,such as Denver3,Colorado and Boise4,
1Abilene('œblli:nlC
'
I6I.
I.
7IHI.
I A t first m iners and traders sim ply passed across
2to process('
prouseslo6pa6aTBlBaTb
3Denver('denvolJleHBep
4Boise(bolzlBoiic
162
'
I'f't7;!lue im portant industrial and population cen-
tl(.:..;.
QUESTION S.
WastheIandoftheW estusedonlyforfarmse/What
else was itused for?
W ho were the cowboys? W hatkind ofIife dïd they
have?
W hatwere the cattle dri ves? W hatwere the di#i-
culties the cow boys faced during the cattle drives?
W hatareas in the W estwere rich in silver? How
did people getsilver?
W hatwas copperused for?
W hatcities builtby western m iners becam e im por-
tantindustrialcentres?
Part3.Changes in the Life ofIndians.
In the first half of the 19th century the United
Statesgovernm entdecided thatthe M ississippiRiver
would be a dividing line.The land westof the river
would be Indian Territory.
N o settlers could live there. This land w as the
hom eland of hundreds of thousands of A m erican
lndians.The PlainsIndians lived there.So did tribes
from the southern and eastern United States.These
tribes had been forced to m ove west when jettlers
took their land.
The A m erican Indians thought that the western
lands would be theirs forever. The U nited States
governm ent m ade this prom ise to them in 1830.
But by and by,white settlers started to arrive.
the Indian lands on their way to Calitornia.But by
1860, hom esteaders and ranchers were settling on
163
 #
Shooting buffalo forsport
the plains.R d lroad builders arrived,too,and they
began killing the lndians'm ost im portant resource
the buffalo. ' The Am erican Indians fought bravely. They won
In 1860 there were about 300,000 A m erican In-
dianson the GreatPlains.Som e 175,000 white Am er-
icans were living there,too.Butm ore white people
w ere com ing from the East and from California.
Caught in the m iddle, the Indians tried to defend
their land.
The com panies that built railroads across the
plains opened the w ay west. The railroads carried
people and supplies to farm s and ranches. They
broughtm ining equipm entand weaponsto theW est.
They carried w estern grain and cattle to the East.
The end of the Plains Indians'way of life started
with the killing of the buffalo. Railroad builders
shotbuffalo for food.M terthe railroadswerebuilt,
thehunting continued.Railroad workersfeared that
164
;trunning herd of bpffalo m ight overturn a train.
'ghey hired hunters to killthe buffalo.
Atthesam etim e,buffaloshooting becnm ea sport.
Iaarge groups of rich easterners cam e to the Great
I'lains to hunt the buffalo.
In the 1860's there had been about 12 m illion
lluffalo on the plains.By 1877,about one thousand
were left.The Plains Indians depended on the buf-
falo för food, clothing and shelter. W ithout the
buffalo,the Indian's way of life would end.
.
M ost A m erican Indians decided to fight in order
to defend their lands and their w ay of life. M any
Indian tribes had m odern guns,well-trained horses
and m any fighters.
The United States governm ent sent thousands of
soldiersto the W est.These soldiers,trained to fight
on horseback,were called cavalry.They built forts
and patrolled Am erican Indian territory.
m any battles.Butthey could do littleto stop theover-
spreading flow ofsoldiersand settlers.In the end,the
Indians were forced to live on lands, called reserva-
tions,which were given them by the governm ent.
By 1880,alm ost allthe A m erican Indians in the
U nited States were living in reservations.The lndi-
ans'traditionalw ay of life cam e to an end.
QUESTION S.
1 W hy did the Indiansthink thatthe Iands westofthe
M ississippiwould be theirs forever?
2. W hatchanged the life ofthe lndians?
3. W hy did the buffalo disappear from the G reat
Plains?
4. W hy did the lndians decide to fight? W hatwas the
United States'response to it? 165
5. W hatare reservations?
6. Explain how the railroads both helped and harmed
people Ii
ving on the G reatPlains.

CHA PTER 15
IND U STRIA L GRO W TH

Pad 1.The Railroad Boom .Steeland O il.

During the second half of the 19th century the
U nited States entered the industrial age. M ines,
m ills, factories and railroads w ere expanding and
im proving.B y 1893 there w ere alm ost 320,000 ki-
lom etresofrailroad track in theU nited States.That
is enough to circle the world eight tim es!
The age of steel.A s a building m aterial, steel is
better than iron. B ut for m any centuries the pro-
cess of getting steel out of iron ore w as slow , and
only sm allam ounts of steelcould be produced.
In the 1850's tw o m en, w orking separately,
worked outa way to speed up the steel-m aking pro-
cess. They w ere an A m erican, W illiam K ellyl, and
an Englishm an,H enry Bessem erz.
The new process becam e know n as the K elly-Besse-
m er m ethod.N ow it was necessary to find a person Carnegie's lron and SteelW orks
who understood the im portance of the new process dollars a week.By the tim e he retired,his fortune
and,using the Kelly-Bessem er m ethod,could devel- was worth 250 m illion dollars.Carnegie organized
op a huge steel-producing industry. the steelindustry in the United States.
A ndrew Carnegie3. In his youth A ndrew Carn- A t the age of 18 Carnegie w ent to w ork for the
egie,a telegraph m essenger,earned tw o and a half Pennsylvania R ailroad Com pany. Carnegie learned
that iron w as a poor construction m aterial for the
1W illiam Kelly ('wlljomfkelljYHJIBSM Ke.rlnpl railroad.Iron rails often cracked and had to be re-
2Henry Bessem er ('henrl'beslmolr' eHpH BecceMep placed.lron bridgesweakened undera train'sweight.
3Andrew Carnegie('œndru:ka:'nelgl)Dzuplo KapuerM
166 167
Carnegie knew that steelwould be a strongerbuild-
ing m aterial. He began thinking how to increase
steel production.
Carnegie saved som e m oney and bought partof a
sm alliron com pany.Gradually he becam e the own-
er of severalcom panies.A fter he learned about the
K elly-Bessem er m ethod of m aking steel,he built a
huge steel m ill which began producing steel using
theK elly-Bessem er m ethod.By 1900 Carnegie's steel
m illwas producing 3 m illion tons of steel a year.
In 1901 Carnegie retired and spent m uch of his
time and m oney on projects to help others.Carn-
egie especially loved libraries.H e opened m ore than
2,800 of them in the United States and around the
w orld. H e also started the now fam ous Carnegie
.
H all in N ew York.
The oil business.In 1859 oi1 deposits were dis-
covered in P ennsylvania.O i1is an im portant source
of energy.Butin order to get fuel,crude oillshould
be refined.The m an who m ade big business of re-
fining crude oilwas John D .Rockrfellerz.
R ockefellerbegan by opening a refinery3in Cleve-
land4, Ohio. H is business went well, and soon he
bought m any sm allrefineries in the Cleveland area
and organized a com pany called Standard Oil.
Rockefeller's Standard Oil used railroads to carry
oil products to a11parts of the country.Rockefeller
carried som uch oilby rail,thathecould dem and cheap-
er shipping ratessfrom the railway com panies.Sm all-
1crudeoill'lu'u:d'olllHeoqumeHHas Hetp' l'
s Pad 2.The Age of Invention.
2John D.Rockefeller ('dzon'raklfelo)ipltoH Poxtpeliaep
3refinery (n'famarl)Hetllr
l'eclmlllcl'llTellbl.
lbl; aaBoa
4Cleveland ('kli:
vlond)Ka qvlsaaHa
5cheaper shipping rates 6oleeAem eBaa orfaa'
z'
a rlepeBoaox
168
4.1'refineries had to pay the fullrates.Because their
transportation costs were higher, sm all refineries
ttfluld not selloilms cheaply asRockefeller could.A sa
l'tlsult,manysm alloilcom pnniesfailed,and Rockefeller
Ixlughtthem .N ow m any differentcom pnnies werelm it-
(t(lin Stahdard Oil.A group of compnnies united to-
Ifetheriscalled atrust.In 1882 thisStandard OilTrust
Ilroduced about 90 percentofthe country's oil.
Following Rockefeller's exam ple,other business
Ileople also tried to gain controlin their lndustries.
'Prustsbegan to appearone after another.Soon there
were trusts controlling the production of sugar,
tobacco,cattle,salt,leather,and even bicycles.
Q UESTION S.
W hat age did the United States enter during the
second halfofthe 19th century'?'Explain.
W hydid the railroads preferto use steelratherthan
iron forrails?
W ho worked outa way to speed up the steel-m ak-
ing process? W hatis this method called?
4. How did Andrew Carnegie m ake his fodune? How
did ie use his fortune to help others?
5. W ho was the man thatm ade big business ofrefin-
ing crude oil? How did he do it?
6. How did Standard O iIuse the railroadsto establish
a m onopoly?
W ho followed Rockefeller's exam ple? W hatother
trusts appeared in the country?
The period following the CivilW ar was a period
of im portant inventions, which m ade the life of
A m ericans better.
169
 Inventions on the farm .The farm ers on the plaills
had big problem s. One of the problem s w as theil'
w ooden ploughs, w hich often got broken.A black
sm ith nam ed John D eerelsolved the farm ers'proll-
lem : he m ade a steel plough, w hich w orked fastel'
and better.
In 1847 Cyrus M ccorm icz solved another prob.
lem : he opened a factory in Chicago, which m adt!
reapers. W ithin a few years M ccorm ic sold thou-
sands of his m achines.
Other people invented other new m achines for
agriculture.Soon there w ere m achines for all kinds
of agricultural w ork. A m ericans becam e the m ost
prtlductive farm ers in the world.
.1'
7ell's telephone. In 1876 A lexander G raham
Bell' ? invented the telephone. It w as a very inlpor-
tant invention. By 1900 there w ere about one m il-
lion.telephones in the U nited States.The lzse of the AlexanderG.Beilwith his telephone
teltq
lphone im proved com m unications in business and
farpily life. B usiness people could talk to buyers
and sellers w ho w orked far from them .People could
speak w ith relatives and friends w ho lived in far
aw ay places. Thanks to the telephone, new s cpuld
travel faster.People could tell others about im por-
tant events as soon as they happened. Bell's inven-
tion changed the life of people in the w hole w orld.
H enry Ford's autom obiles.Cars appeared before
the 20th century. In 1904 there w ere 178 com pa-
nies in A m erica w hich m ade cars. But cars w ere
expensive.They w ere m ade for the rich.H enry Fordl
1John Deere ('dqonfdlo)Spltol
.
lJW P
2CyrusMccormic('salorosmo'ko:mlklCa/pyc Maxlfopl vlnH
3AlexanderGraham Bell('Eellq'za:ndo'qrsom'bellAaeucaHap
rpard Bea.
rl Ford's ModelT car
170 171
 F
w anted to m ake a cheap car.To keep prices low,ly4, ît. 'IIIlllr and Orville W rightl were building an air-
looked for ways to build cars quickly.Ford decidtl tl I'1;lIt(,in Dayton3,Ohio.They tried itout on a windy
to build carsusing an assem bly linez.W orkerssttlfltl I,'..d(tIlin N orth Carolina on Decem ber 17,1903.The
in a line along a m oving belt.Cars were assem blllfl l,,ç't,llers m ade four successfulflights that day.The
on the belt.The beltm oved the cars from onew ork 1.kllpri,st flight lasted alm ost a m inute and covered
er to the next.Each worker put a different piece ol' f'Iï.yllt 260 m etres.
the car into place.A t the end of the assem bly line Jt 'E'ite W rights kept
finished car rolled off the belt.By 1915 Ford's ff1(!- yT,4,''king to im prove
tory in Detroit could m ake a car from start to fill, tllftir airplanes. Their
isllin just 93 m inutes. I,1:,lles took them high-
A s tim ewentby,the assembly line reduced costs. and farther.In 1909
The early Ford car, called the M odel T, cost 95() tItïty began selling them .
dollars in 1909.In 1917 it costonly 345 dollars.ln A t first airplane
that year Ford sold 730,000 cars. I'Iights did not change
The W rights in flight.A t about the sam e tim e I'ttople's daily lives.Lat-
that Ford was building his first cars in Detroit, ('1.,in 1914, a plane w as
lIsed tocarry passengers
l'rom one part of Flori-
flI A to another. Four

changed office and fac- The early washing machine

tory life. A t one tim e,
allbusiness letters and reports had to be w ritten by
hand. People spent hours copying words and num -
The W rightbrothersflying theirplane
1W ilburand OrvilleW right(-wllboond'o:vll'ralt)ylu 6ep14
1Henry Ford ('henrl'ford)reHpl.lmopa Opsna Pa/'
r
2an assembly line (on o'sembllslaln)xoHseiep 2Dayton ('deltonlJleûq'
ol.
l 173
172
bers.Then,in 1867,C.L.Sholesl,aW isconsin print- CH APTER 16
er,invented a typew riting m achine.W ithin 15 years CITIES,PEO PLE A N D IND U STRY
alm ost every office had at least one typew riter. ln
the early 1900's another new invention w as tried
out in som e factories.A irconditionerswere used to Pad 1.A m erican C ities G row .
m ake the air cooler and cleaner.
As industry grew in the United States,so did the
A nother invention w as an electric lift in 1889,
(tities.M any factories were built in or near cities.
which led to the construction oftallbuildings,called ('zities provided factory ow ners w ith local m arkets
skyscrapers.
q'
or their goods and w ith transportation to distant
lnventions w ere beginning to m ake changes in ytlarkets.Cities attracted im m igrants to the U nited
people's hom e life, too. The electric vacuum clean-
er,invented in 1907,helped people to do theirhouse
w ork faster and m ore effectively.
QUESTION S.
Inwhatway did John Deere's invention m ake farms
m ore productive?
2. W hatproblem did Cyrus Mccorm ic solve?
3. W hy did Americans becom e the mostproductive
farm ers in the world?
4. W hatdid AlexanderG raham Bellinvent? How did
Bell's invention change the life of people in the
whole w orld?
5. W hat did Henry Ford want to do? How did he
change production methods in his factory? W hat
effects did ithave?
6. W hatdid the W rightbrothers invent?
7. Choose three inventions described in this pad and
explain how they saved time forthe people who
used them .

1C.L.Sholes('si:felffoulzlC.A.Hloy-
qc Im migrants sailing to America
174 175
 '
5'!
i

States, providing factory ow ners w ith the w orkers

they needed.Young Am ericans who had been born
on farm s or in sm all tow ns also cam e to cities t()
find new kinds of w ork to do and new , exciting
places to live.
By 1900 there w ere 38 cities in the U nited States
that had m ore than 100,000 people. The U nitell
States w as becom ing an urban country - a country
where the m ajority of population lives in cities.
M any cities grew quickly. There w as no tim e t()
prepare for their growth.Im m igrants needed places
to live.B uilders put up tenem ents - crow ded apart-
m ent houses.
These early tenem ents w ere poorly built. M any
room s had no window s.M any buildingshad no pipes

PoorIiving conditions
to supply fresh w ater.There w as no sew erage in the
houses.And when wintercam e,peoplesuffered from
cold,because the tenem ents had no heating system .
M ost of the people who lived in the tenem ents
were newcom ers.They were poor and had nowhere
elseto live.A crowded area in a city with poor hous-
ing iscalled a slum .Ascitiesgrew ,so did theslum s.
Diseases spread quickly in the slum s,partly be-
Living in a tenement cause they were overcrowded, and partly because
176 177
drinking w ater w as often unclean. Epidem ics w ere
com m on.The officials in som e cities understood that
slum s were dangerous.Som e cities passed laws tf)
build water lines to carry water to allparts of the
city.
A nother problem of crow ded cities w as fires.Fires
spread quickly in the crowded slum s.In 1871 a huge
fire destroyed m ost of Chicago.The next year Bos-
ton had a big fire.To prevent fires,som e cities and
states forbade the construction of w ooden buildings.
A s the cities grew ,m ore and m ore people crowd-
ed the streets. M any im m igrants sold goods from
w agons or carts right in the streets. Others sold
goods from stands and tables w hich they put on the
pavem ents.As distances grew,it took people m ore
and m ore tim e to get from place to place. Sorne cit-
ieshad streetcars(tram s)which werepulledby hors-
es,but they w ere very slow .
A t the end of the 19th century electric tram s
A n electric tram
appeared in som e cities. N ow people could travel
m ore quickly. Do cities stillhave problem sw ith poorhousing and
QUESTION S. frequentfires? Nam e some otherproblems w hich
1. W hatgroups ofpeople w ere m oving to the cities in people are trying to solve in today's ci
ties.
the early 1900's?
W hatis an urban country? W hatfactsshow thatby Part 2.W orkers and Factories.
1900 the United States was becom ing an urban
country? Poorw orking conditions.Theworking conditions
3. W hatbuildings were called tenem ents?W hatwere in factories w ere poor.The w orkers earned very lit-
the Iiving conditions in the tenements? tle. Som e did not earn enough to feed their fam i-
4. W hatare slum s? W hatwere the two problems of lies. M any factories w ere unhealthy and unsafe.
the sium s thatworried people? W orkers did not w ear m asks to protect their lungs
5. W hattypes oftranspodation did people in cities from dangerous gases.W orkers handled chem icals
use? w ithout w earing gloves to protect their hands.Som e
workers were injured or even killed by m achinery.
178 179
 W
children working ata factory
Those w ho w ere injured received no help or m oney
from their em ployers.ln m any of these dangerous
workplaces a large num ber ofthe workers were chil-
dren.ln 1890 m ore than one m illion girls and boys
under the age of 16 were working.They spent 12-
hour days in m ines and factories.
Labour unions.Gradually w orkers in the United
States realized that they would have to group to-
gether to im prove their working conditions. The
groups which they form ed to fight for their rights
w ere called labour unions.
In 1886 severaldifferentunions decided to work
together.These unions form ed the A m erican Fed-
eration of Labourl,ortheAFF.By 1900 theAFL
had about half a m illion m em bers.
The unions in the A FL fought for better pay,
shorter hours of work and safer workplaces.Union
leaders spoke to factory ow ners,dem anding better
w ages and shorter w orking hours for w orkers. By
1theAmericanFederationofLabourEthomerlkan ,fedorelfn
av'lelbo)AMeplzllcaHcitas (peaepalw s Tpyaa
180
ltp18 the unions had becom e a strong politicalforce
l!tt'lte U nited States.
QUESTION S.
W hatwere the working conditions in factories?
W hatare Iabourunions? W hatworking conditions
did they wantto change in the Iate 1800's?
Pad 3.Nation of lm m igrants.
Between 1865 and 1915 about 26 m illion im mi-
ftl'ants cam e to the U nited States. They cnm e from
fIifferentlands and for different reasons.But allthe
1ltjm igrants had one thing in com m on. They a11 saw
llle United States ms a land of hope and opportunity.
Im m igration before 1890.U ntilthe 1890's m ost
iIïlm igrants cam e from northern and western Eu-
l'(lpe.They cam e from Irelandl,G erm any,Scotlandz,
Ilngland, N orw ayS and Sw eden4. In Europe m ost of
t,hem had been farm ers who w orked on som ebody
(tlse's land.The hope of owning large farm s drew
itlost of these im m igrants to the U nited States.A f-
ter 1862 the H om estead A ct offered free land in the
western U nited Statesto those who prom ised to set-
tle there.Thousands of im m igrants used the oppor-
tunity w hich the H om estead A ct gave them .
Im m igration after 1890. A s the years passed,
im m igrants started com ing from southern and east-
ern Europe.The new im m igrants cam e from Italy,
G reeces, Poland6 and R ussia.
1Ireland ('alolond)Hpaauaus
2Scotland ('skotlond)I-
l-lolwaHaMs
3Norway ('no:wel)HopBerna
4Sweden ('swi:don)lllBeuHa
5Greece (gri:s)rpeupls
6Poland ('poulondll'Ioalatua 181
 M any of these im m igrants cam e to escape pover-
ty.Other im m igrants cam e to escape unfair laws.
Alm ost 40 percent of the people w ho cam e from
Russia and Poland were Jew sl.Jews had long been
the victim s of unfair laws in eastern Europe.They
were forced to live in separate areas and were not
allowed to hold certain jobs.To escape these condi-
tions, they settled in the U nited States.
By the tim e these new er im m igrants arrived in
the United States, m uch of the good farm land had
been claim ed.So these im m igrants settled in or near
cities.They worked in factories,m ines and m ills.
Im m igrants from A sia. M any im m igrants cam e
to look for gold. News of California gold rush of
1849 spread around the world.Som e Chinesezcame
to the U nited States when they heard that gold had
been discovered.By 1852 about 25,000 Chinese had
reached California. By 1880 the num ber of Chinese
im m igrants had risen to 100,000.
M ost of the first Chinese im m igrants w ere young
m en.They thought of the United States as a place
to m ake m oney quickly. Som e returned to China
with their gold.Butm any others stayed and opened
their own businesses. Thousands worked on the
transcontinental railroad. By 1884 half of Califor-
nia's agricultural w orkers w er: Chinese.
H aw aii w as a stepping stone to the U nited States
for m any Japanese3.Japanese w orkers began arriv-
ing in H awaii in 1885.They were invited there by
A m erican sugar and pineapple planters.
1Jews(dïu:z)espen
2Chinese(tfalfni'
.z)IIHTaKIJBI
3Japanese (,dsœpo'ni:zjsuozmsl
182
Beginning in the 1890'sm any Japanesebegan m ov-
ilkg to the United States.By 1910 m ore than 70,000
el :tpanese had m oved on to California.Like the Chi-
llflse,theJapaneseoften worked in agriculture.M any
()1*the Japanese im m igrantsboughtor rented land in
(ralifornia.Thanks to hard work and scientific m eth-
()(ls,Japanese farm ersturned theland into rich farm s.
Problem s of im m igrants.W hen they got to the
United States, im m igrants faced m any problem s.
One oftheir m ostim m ediateproblem swas language.
M ost im m igrants cam e from countries w here En-
glish w as not spoken. W hen they arrived in the
United States, they did not understand the street
signs or newspapers,they did not understand what
people said to them .It w as difficult to find a job.
'ro solve this problem , m any im m igrants took spe-
cial classes to learn English.
The im m igrants who settled in the cities had yet
another problem .M ost of them had lived on farm s
in their pative lands. Suddenly they found them -
selves in crowded cities.Their w ay of life changed
com pletely.Itwmsdifficultforthem to getused to it.
The im m igrants worked hard.They hoped that fi-
nally they would improve their lives.Som e gave up
and returned to theirnativecountries.Butm any stayed
to start new lives for them selves and their children.
Im m igration slow s dow n.By 1900 m any A m eri-
cansbegan talking aboutlim iting im m igration.They
said that there was not enough place or work for so
m any newcom ers. In 1921 Congress passed a law
which said that only 350,000 im m igrants could en-
ter the U nited States each year.
Im m igrant contribution. A s im m igrants set-
tled in the U nited States, they began to learn to
183
live as A m ericans. M ost of them learned English
and adopted m any <dA m erican'' custom s. At the
sam e tim e they did not give up som e of their na-
tive traditions.Little by little som e of these tra-
ditions and custom s becam e part of A m erican cul-
ture, too.
QUESTIONS.
How m any im m igrants cam e to the United States
between 1865 and 1915? W here did they come
from ? W hat thing did alIthe im m igrants have in
com m on?
2. W hatcountries did most im m igrants com e from
before 1890? W hatdid they hope for?
3. W hat countries did im m igrants come from after
1890? W hy did they Ieave theirnative countries?
4. How did m ostofthe eastern European /and Asian/
im m igrants earn theirIiving?
5. W hy did the firstChinese im m igrants com e to the
United States?
6. Nam e one im portant problem w hich m ost im m i-
grants faced.
W hy was imm igration Iim ited in the 20th century?
W hat is the im m igrantcontribution in American
culture?
9. Do im m igrants stillcom e to the United States? Can
you give exam ples?
Pad 4.Progressive M ovem ent
In 1900 som e A m ericans w ere very rich. M any
w ere vez'y poor.A lot of A m ericans w ere som ew here
in the m iddle,in a m iddle class.
A t that tim e m em bers of this m iddle class began
to talk about the problem s of governm ent and busi-
184
Ildlss in the United States. M any people w anted to
(rllange,or reform ,society for the better.Their ef-
I'tlrts to im prove life ih the country were called the
I'rogressive M ovem ent.
ln 1900 businessleadersdid nottake care oftheir
workers' health and safety.They refused to spend
lk/oney to m ake their factories safe.Factory ow ners
:tlso refused to check the quality of the goods which
tlley produced.
Governm ent leaders did not think that the gov-
ttrnm ent m ust be responsible for people's well-be-
illg. Besides, there was corruption in the govern-
Inent.M any governm ent workers took bribes from
business leaders.
In a way, the U nited States in 1900 was like a
Iake.On the 4urface things looked brightand clear.
The nation's problem s were below the surface, like
the m ud on the bottom of a lake.
A group of writers in the U nited States began
writing about the problem s of A m erican society.
They wantedsAm ericans to know the truth. U sing
facts and figures, they pointed out the problem s.
Their stories appeared in popular m agazines. M il-
lions of people read them .One writer wrote a series
of m agazine articles exposing the unfair business
practices of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Com pany.
A nother writer wrote aboutgovernm ent corruption
in som e cities.These articles shocked m iddle-class
A m ericans and m ade them very angry.
The m ovem entfor reform began to m akeprogress
in 1901.President Theodore Rooseveltlbecam e the
leading speaker and worker for reform .
1TheodoreRoosevelt('olodo:-rouzovelt)Teogop PyaBe-
qs'
r
185
 Rooseveltbrokeup som eofthebig businesstrusts. 4. Describe the reform s that President Theodore
H e also established governm ent control over rail- Rooseveltworked for.
road com panies.For the firsttim e,governm entwas
taking an interest in people's problem s. U NIT REVIEW
In 1906 President Roosevelt supported a reform 1.Fill in the blanks with the correct w ords from
which was called the Pure Food and Drug A ctl.This tlte list:
reform established governm ent inspection of facto- drive, established, tenem ents,H om estead, stan-
ries processing food and m edicinesz.Thanks to this t/tzrds,unfain reservations,èrfècd,exposing,trans-
act,fewer uselessm edicines and unclean foodstuffs ('ontinental.
reached the public. M any im m igrants Iived in poorly built .
Other reform ers tried to help poor people,espe- Underthe Act,any citizen 21years orolder
cially those who lived in city slum s.Thanks to the could becom e the ow nerof64 hectares ofIand.
efforts of the reform ers, m any states passed laws One ofthe cowboys'mostdifficultjobs was the
that lim ited child labour.Other laws set standards cattle .
to m ake factories safer places to w ork. Laws also The lndians were forced to Iive in which
set m inim um pay and m axim um hours for wom en were given them by the governm ent.
w orkers. On the railroad one could travelfrom New
ln 1912 Am ericans elected another reform er to York to California.
the W hite H ouse.President W oodrow W ilson3 con- 6. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt governm ent
tinued the fight against the trusts begun by The- controloverrailroad com panies.
odore Roosevelt.W ilson also helped to establish the Laws set to m ake factories saferplaces to
eight-hour working day in som e industries. w ork.
Popularm agazines published adicles the
QUESTION S. unfairbusiness practicesofRockefeller's Standard
1. W hatwere the socialproblem sofAmerica in 1900?
2. W hatwas called the Progressive M ovem ent? O ilCom pany.
3. W hatwas the contribution ofsom e writers in the M any governmentworkerstook from busi-
Progressive Movem ent? W hatim pression did their ness Ieaders.
articles produce on m any Am ericans? 10.Many im m igrants cam e to the United States trying
to escape laws in theirnati
ve countries.
1 the Pure (pjua) Food and Drug Act AxT o qHcrlalx II. W rite detailed answ ers to the follùwing
rlpoayxTax vl JlexapcTBax questions:
2processing food and medicinesIlpoHaBoim m Me IlpogyHl'
bl 1. How didthe Hom esteadActhelpto settle the W est?
rznqrazllls 14 JlexapcTBa 2. W hatinventions changed Xmerican home Iife?
3 W oodrow W ilson ('wudrou'wllsn) Byapoy VHlcoH
(BIu BcoH)
186 187
 W

3. W hatproblems did im m igrants face when they ar UNIT SEVEN

rived in the United States? GA INING POW E R IN THE W O RLD
4. W hatwas the Progressive M ovem ent?
111.W ho were these people? W hat did they do? ln ê/zeperiod hefu/eezz1800 ln,
# 1900 fAe U gited
W rite in short about each of them . Slzzfcs cltaaged Jrom a.smcllfarmin.
g n'cfioztto a
W illiam Kelly and H enry Bessem er nf/a
f indua rial coynzrg. D uring fsese years f?ze
Henry Ford A ndrew Carnegie 1/'tited Sflleswasn'o;rerp iarolred inpfheaflqirs
W ilbur and Orville W right 4,J otker coynzrfee. Towards f'
à'e end o/ tlte .
/#;?z
John Rockefeller Theodore Roosevelt, ï'fxfyrg,ltowever,f/zfs situa ion was càaagin'g'.
Alexander Graham Bell Ba ween 1900 and 1945 t&cUnited StltesJlced
'zt/n'g problem s at /zozzte and overseas. T&e coun,-
lz'l
g wen.t f'
hrou'
gl a period OJ econom ic growth..
'
l'&e4 itsuffered fsroyg?zItard times.7We nation
look part in two w orld w ars.Sg 1945 tle United
Sltz es lïad beeom e f/ze strongestc'
n'd ricltest coux-
lrg in fSc w orld.

CHA PTER 17
TH E U N ITED STA TE S IN W O RLD
A FFA IRS

Part 1.The Changing Role

ofthe United States
As the United States grew , its interests in the
rtffairsof othernationsincreased.By the end of the
l9th century the country needed m arkets in other
countries to sellallthe goods which it produced.It
needed raw m aterialsfrom other countries to use in
its factories.Because of its new interests in foreign
countries,the United States was drawnlinto world
affairs.

1wasdrawn (dro:nl681.
7
1H BTJIHyTBI
189
 Business leaders thought that the U nited Stltt. ftr,
should play a m ore active part in the affairs oI'1,111
ropean countries.M any A m ericans also thought 1,111,1
their country should help to spread dem ocracy 1.(.
other nations.They wanted other peoples to bectllplf,
free and to be able to choose their ow n governm ellt,)1.
A century of grow th. In 1800 the U nited Stlttf'r l
I'zïb,-'IF'I(7
was a sm all country of 16 states and less thal) 1k .#fx.E'A N
m illion people. M ost people lived on farm s or i11
sm allvillages.By 1900 the U nites States stretcllt'tl
m ore than 4,500 kilom etres from the A tlantic O celtll
to the Pacific Ocean.A bout 76 m illion people livt'tl
in its 45 states.A lm ost half of these people lived i11
cities. M any worked in factories and offices. r1Allt. The explosion on the M aine
United States had becom e an industrial nation.
In 1800 it took m onths to travel by ship across Spanish rulers of Cuba welcom ed the A m eri-
the A tlantic Ocean to Europe. By 1900 steam shilltl f'rrns. But on the night of February 15, 1898, the
m ade the crossing in a w eek. Telegraph m essagtlhl /l,ti
'tzf?zc suddenly exploded.Som e 260 A m erican sail-
sent by underw ater cable could reach Europe on tllt' klr cs were killed.
sam e day w hen they w ere sent. A m ericans w ere furious.The Spanish denied that
The Spanish-A m erican W ar. Cuba w as a Spall û,lley were responsible for blowing up the M aine.
ish colony that w as fighting for its independenctt. it
l 'ven today no one know s w hat caused the explo-
M any A m ericans sym pathized w ith the Cuban pa, sion. But new spapers in the U nited States blam ed
triots. Besides, som e A m ericans had invested 10() t,he Spanish. M ost A m ericans believed w hat they
m illion dollars in the Cuban sugar industry. They h'ead in the newspapers. In April 1898 Spain and
w anted to support Cuba in order to protect their Lhe U nited States w ent to w ar.
investm ents. The Spanish-A m erican W ar w as fought in other
PresidentW illinm M cKinleylwanted to avoid war. Spanish colonies, too. ln the Philippine lslandsl
He sent the battleshl
;p M ainezto the Cuban capital Com m odore G eorge D ew eyzof the U nited States w on
H avana3 to protect A m ericans and their property. a great naval victory at M anila Bay3.

1W illiam McKinley ('wlljom mo'klnhl'VHJIBSM MaitKHHJIIJ 1thePhilippine Islands(öa'flllpi:nfarlondzjtlm zll,

luuuuclçl:e
2f#cbattlesltip M aine (mem)JIIZIHeQHBI; Itopa6ls MeiiH ocTpoBa
3Havana (hofvœnolraBaHa 2George Dewey ('dbo:dz'djuzé JlylfoplylfJIBIOI,
I
3ManilaBay (mo'nllo'bel)MaHIIJIBCKIG aaJII' IB
190 191
 Am erican soldiers also defeated the Spanisll011 W hat were the causes of the Spanish-Am erican
the Caribbean island of Puerto Ricol.ln ten wtlfpk. W arof1898:2 How did the warstad?
W hatterritories did the United States gain as a re-
thewarwasover.
The United States expands. The United State.
j sultofthe Spanish-Am erican W ar?
; t W hy was the Panam a Canalim podant?
and Spain signed a peace treaty.Spaln agreed t()Iot t
Cubabecom e an independentnation. '
@:t
AndSpaingllvo tj Pad 2.W orld W ar1.
theUnitedStatescontrolofPuertoRico,thePl1ll- t'
ippine Islands and the island ofGuam Bin the Pacif- ' In the sum m erof 1914 the FirstW orld W arbroke
ic Ocean. ;
t!'
t#Ilt in E urope. The w ar expanded to Europe's colo-
The form er Spnnish colonies were notthe firstnew
11il,s in M rica and Asia.
lands wltich cnm e under Am erican control. In 1867 The first shots. Europe had been at peace for
thnd
A eUnin itedStt
1898 ate
he shtaed
Uni dboat
Stug ht
es Al
tookm
sont
ckarfol
rom
ofHRussia
awaii.
.)
!.j
'
Ijlllny years,but it was not an easy peace.Nations
fIllarrelled with each other over colonies and trade.
Now the U nited States held territory in both the II
'()r severalyears the countries of Europe had been
A tlantic and Pacific Oceans.N ow it was m ore im -
ïlivided into two alliances.A n alliance is a group of
portant than ever for warships to be able to get
from one ocean to the other quickly.PresidentThe- llations thatagree to help each other,especially in
tim es of trouble. The first of the E uropean allianc-
odore R oosevelt decided that the U nited Stateg
4!s united 'G reat B ritain, France, R ussia and som e
should build a canal across Panam a,the narrowest
flther sm all countries.This alliance was called the
area ofland between theA tlanticand PacificOceans. M lies.The second alliance was called the Central
Panam a agreed to let the U nited States build a ca-
Pow ers, and the m ain and m ost pow erful countries
nal.In 1903 Roosevelt gave the order to startwork.
in it w ere Germ any and A ustria-H ungaryl. These
In 1914 the first ship passed through the Panam a
two alliances opposed each other.
Canal.
By 1914 both sides were heavily arm ed.A war
QUE STION S. could begin any day.One of the m ain trouble spots
1. W hy was the United States'interestin the affairs of was Serbiaz, a sm all country in south-eastern Eu-
othercountries increasingly grow ing as the coun- rope.ln June 1914 A rchduke FrancisFerdinand3of
try grew? A ustria-Hungary was shot and killed while visiting
2. W hatchanges took place in the United States be- Serbia.The Serbs asked Russia for help and gotit.
tween 1800 and 1900*
1Austria-Hungary ('ostrlo'ltxngorl)AscTpo-BeHrpHs
1the Caribbean island (öo,kœrl'blon'si:l of Puerto Rico 2Serbia ('sa:bjglCep6Ha
('pwortou'ri:kou)ocvpos Hyap'
ro Pnxo B Kapn6cxoM Mope 3ArchdukeFrancisFerdinand ('a:tlfdju:k-frœnsls'fa:dlnand)
3Guam (gwa:m)ryaM apureptw r m paHq m epim ualu
192 193
 +!
Because of the alliance system ,alm ostal1of El1l'tllhp
w as at w ar w ithin a w eek.
The United States goes to war.PresidentW lpf,
drow W ilson said that the U nited States should lpflt
getinvolved in the war.W ilson hoped thattheUllit,
ed States w ould be able to stay neutral.
H owever, it was difficult for the United Stat, f's
to rem ain neutral, because the w ar was fought f)l1
the seas as wellas on land.In M ay 1915 a Gernpll11
subm arine sank the British liner Lusitaniaî nelll'
the coast of Ireland.The liner was carrying passell.
gers and arm sfrom the U nited Statesto Great Brit,
ain.M ore than 1,000 people were killed,includillg
128 A m ericans.
M any A m ericans w ere angry w ith Germ any antl
talked of w ar. President W ilson w arned the Ger-
m ans that the U nited States would go to war if tl1l!
Germ ans continued to sink passenger ships. Tl1t!
Germ ans prom ised to stop.
The sinking ofthe Lusitania
1theLusitania (öa,lu:sfrtelnja)J'
lyallraulzl.
fl
194
I(tlt in 1917 the Germ ans broke their prom ise to
I'1l'sident W ilson. The G erm ans w anted to stop
,ïl tpttrican ships from bringing goods to Britain. So
(.'d'l'ttlan subm arines sank som e Am erican ships.
ïVilson considered it an open act of war againstthe
,ïl
.
llttrican people. ln A pril 1917 Congress declared
yv,ct''on the Central Pow ers.
'IAhe U nited States m oved into actionl. First an
.'l'lkly had to be organized and trained. Congress
Iyrttised a law that required allm en betw een the ages
#'f'18 and 45 to register for the arm yz. By N ovem -
l'ttr' 1917 alm ost 3 m illion A m ericans w ere in the
kll'lned forces.
Over 2 m illion A m erican soldiers w ere sent to
Illttrope,m ainly to France.The A m ericans w ere w el-
f'llm ed by the A llies w ho had lost m any soldiers in
t,ltree years of w ar.
In July 1918 the Allies stopped a m ajor Germ an
:tdvance into France. The A llies w ere helped by
Am erican troops led by GeneralJohn J.Pershing3.
It w as the turning point of the w ar. The G erm an
Clrm y began retreating.
The peace that failed. A ustria-H ungary finally
surrendered on N ovem ber 3, 1918. On N ovem ber
11 G erm any surrendered. The w ar w as over.
A fter the w ar President W ilson went to France
to take part in w riting the peace treaty. W ilson
hoped to m ake a peace that w ould prevent w ar for-
ever. H is idea w as d<a peace w ithout victory''. This
m eant that no country w ould be a w inner and no
1m oved into action BcTyrllu H B BoiiHy
2 to register for the arm y BCTaTB Ha soeuHslë yqe'
r
3John J.Pershing('Qon'dsel'po:vlJJHIOH l'lepllllz
lHr
195
r count
rywoul
dbeal
oser .
C
W ilson believed thatd<only
a peace between equals''could last.
W ilson's peace plan w as called the Fourteen
Points.The fourteenth point was the m ain part ot
his plan.It called for the establishm ent of an orga-
nization called the League ofN ationsl.W ilson want-
ed a1l countries to be m em bers of the League. He
hoped thatm em bercountrieswould bring theircom-
plaintsto the League and settle them without going
to w ar.
The otherA llies did notagree with W ilson'sidea
of peace without victory.They wanted to see Ger- j
m any's arm y destroyed. They wanted Germ any to
pay for the dam ages of the war. In the end there 1
was a com prom ise. W ilson agreed that Germ any
should pay for the dam ages of the war.The A llies
agreed to accept his plan for the League ofN ations.
M any Am ericans did not like W ilson's plan for
the League of N ations. They said that the U nited
States should not interfere in the affairs of other
countries.They w anted the U nited States to be neu-
tral.The Senate rejected President W ilson's plan.
The League of N ations was established without the
U nited States.W hen w arbroke outagain in Europe
in 1939,the League ofN ationswas unable to stop it.
QUESTION S.
W hatwere the two opposing alliances in Europe at
the beginning ofthe 20th century?
Explain how the system ofalliances caused W orld
W ar1.
3. W hy was itdifficultforthe United States to stay
neutral?
1theLeagueofNations(öo'li:qov-netlnz)SHraHatmii
196
W hen did the United States enterW orld W ar1?
Describe W ilson's plan for peace.W hy wasn't it
accepted?
W hy did PresidentW ilson suggestorganizing the
League ofNations?
W hy didn'tthe United States join the League of
Nations?
CHA PTER 18
TH E 1920'S A N D TH E G REAT
D EPRESSIO N
,
Part1.A fterW orld W ar 1.
t
Changes for w om en.Throughout the 1800's there
Ilad been slow progress in wom en's rights.By 1860
:t N ew Y ork law perm itted m arried w om en to buy
Clnd sellproperty and spend the wages they earned.
A fter the CivilW ar w om en hoped that they w ould
k)e given equalrights with m en.But they were dis-
llppointed. The Fifteenth A m endm ent to the Con-
stitution gave the vote to black m en but not to w om -
en.In 1868 Elizabeth Stanton and Susan A nthonyl
started a movementto getasuffrage (righttovote)
for wom en.Th: wom en who joined this m ovem ent
were called suffragists.
The suffragists worked hard for m any years to
bring attention to their cause.They held m eetings
and m arches.They protested in front of the W hite
House.Their protestsbrought nationalattention to
the cause of w om en's suffrage.
1Susan Anthony ('su:zn'amtamlCbloaeH DHTOHH
197
 Svbrld 'svar I chttl,/
-:,.,l
people's thinking 111,4.1I,
wom en's suffrage.M cplpv
m en saw the contriI,1I
tions m ade by w ()l11t'11
'l'!#t,situation was m ade worse by the K u K lux
l.,lkdï).The form er K u K lux K lan had died out after
Iêdxpxplttstruction.A new Klan was organized in 1915.
It ;,(,tracted people who did not like black A m eri-
. . I,:1, Catholicsl, Jew s and foreigners. ln the m id-
.

during the w ar. OtItf'I,k 1t)'.tï)'s the Klan had between 4 and 5 m illion m em -
realized that in a I'4.(
1
':;.
,
fought for dem ocrltt's' :% return to norm alcy.In 1920 W arren G .H ard-
dem ocracy should bttg'i1, 1l1?t was the Republican candidate for President.
at hom e.P resident W iI I)ïhI iotling said that he w ould help the nation t<to re-
son finally supportf'fl 4ï4)ï)to norm alcyz''.By norm alcy H arding m eant that
'' ùdyericans w ould livq as they had lived before the
the N ineteenth A m elyfl
m ent to the Constitll h'.'kkr. M any A m ericans did not w ant to take part in
tion w hich gave w onlt'll 1.Iq()affairs of other nations.They w anted to forget
A group ofsuffragists celebrat- the right to vote. I11 ;kpltlut problem s and responsibilities. M any people
ing the ratificati
on ofthe Iiked H arding's prom ise of a return to norm alcy.
Nineteenth Am endmentwhi ch 1920 w om en allover tllt'
gavewomenthe righttovote Country voted for tlll' W arren G . H arding w as elected president of the
first tim e in a presidell pfllited States in 1920.
tial election. QUESTION S.
Changes for blacks.Black soldiers returned froll' W hy were the leadersofthe wom en's rights m ove-
Europe w ith high hopes.They had fought bravely iIt m entdisappointed afterthe CivilW ar?
the war and won m any honours.They hoped thatthey W hen did the suffragistm ovem entstart?W ho stad-
would have equalrightswith the white population. ed it?
lnstead, w hen they returned hom e, they fountl How didW orld W ar1change people'sthinking about
tllatconditions had not im proved.M any blacks wht) women'ssuffrage? W hendid Americanwom enfirst
had m oved to northerrtcities found that they w ertt vote in the presidentialelection?
treated no better than they had been in the south. How didW orld W arIraisethe hopesofblacks?W hat
A lm osteverywhere they went,blacksfaced discrim - did they hope for? W hy were they disappointed?
ination. Explain whatPresidentW arren Harding m eantby
In the sum m er of 1919 riots broke out in m any his prom ise ofa ''return to normalcy''.
A m erican cities.W hite crow ds attacked blacks,and
blacks fought back.A fter a riot in Chicago m ore
than 30 people were dead and hundreds wounded. 1Catholics ('kœoollks)Itarollultl,
l
2to return to normalcy ('na:molsllBepHyTBcs Ito6laluHoii
There w ere riots in W ashington,too. M H3HH
198 199
 !
Pad 2.The Roaring Tw enties.
The decade of 1920-1930, called the Roariltg
Twentiesl,gotits nam e because of the great excitt'
m ent caused by good changes in the life of m ally
A m ericans, and <<roaring''good tim es. Som e peoplt'
called it the tim e of the wonderfulnonsense.Yeal's
later, the 1920's w ere rem em bered m ost of al1 1ts
the tim e w hen m any Am ericans had fun.
A nation on w heels.The autom obile first becanlf'
popular in the United States during the 1920's.Tl1(,
car had been invented nearly 30 years earlier.But
the first carsw ere expensive.Then,in 1908,H enry
Ford produced a practical car called the M odel T.
Other people called Ford's car the Tin Lizzie. lt
shook,rattled and sputtered,but it w orked.
The Roaring Twenties
1 the R oaring Twenties (ög'ra:rlp'twentlzl peBym He
aBaauaTlale
200
Stlm e people said thatthe Tin Lizzie looked like a
l,l;t4rk box on wheels. Yet people bought the cars.
It,sd,ween 1908 and 1927 m ore than 15 m illion M od-
,.l' !A's w ere sold.
llenry Ford's great achievem ent was m aking a
(;,1'that m any people could alford.ln 1908 the M odel
'I'cost m ore than 800 dollars. In those days that
wits not cheap.But Ford used the assem bly line to
d'Ilt costsl.H e put an assem bly line in hisfactory in
I913.By 1916 theprice of a M odelT wasbelow 400
tlollars.Itwasthe cheapestcaron theroad.By 1925
6)!1e M odel T cam e off the assembly line ever' y 10
titlconds.The price w as only 260 dollars.
H enry Ford had a lot of new ideas.ln 1914 he
Ctnnounced thathew ould pay a11hisworkersatleast
i'ive dollars a day.U ntil then som e of his workers
(tarned one dollar and som e earned 2.50 dollars a
day. lf w orkers had m ore m oney, said Ford, they
would spend that m oney on cars and other goods,
and then business would grow and itwould be good
for everybody.
The autom obile changed the way of life of m any
A m ericans.N ow people did not have to live close to
Ford's MotorCompany assem bly Iine
1 to cut costs q'
ro6sl CI-
IHaIJ'
I'B aarrpal'
lal
201
the places w here they worked. Those people wltf,
lived in the country could drive into tow n to visii
friends or to do shopping. A nd people who livetliIl
cities could go aw ay for an afternoon in the coulltl'y' .

Good tim es.The 1920's were considered a g'l't'l,t

tim e to be alive.People went out, had fun antl(litl
not w orry aboutthe future.They invented new w:lyii
to clress,new w ords to use and new w ays to have ( 'll,1.
M any w om en cut their hair and wore their skil't,),
short. Y oung m en began to w ear racoon coatsl1,1161
straw hats.People lovt'fI
:.;.)
..).
:è
. '

yè::j
..
,....
,k
q.L...:
, L;
,.. r.:r
. a new dance know n :,t1
. . ..

,t j j).e sjyarjestoy)., whej-t.

.i
': .t(ylyy)y
' . .
(..
y
. .
'6:! y'' ,'
. .,.. '',., ...

'.;Eè:t:();1.r
,.
'
@
'
.
:
i
u)
:
'
.
ë
f
l
.yty they kicked their legs
)
L
;
. .
, .
tki/è
r , .
'' and w aved their arllls
. cyt ((
.,
'
;y( yjtjjy .
.
)?('),(
'
)' '
W
:'' A new invention that,
'
J(y .
appeared in the 1920's
l w ag rjjUIOS Jt W&6 VCVF
à
j
ç
)
( , popular.Radiostations
j
. .
f
y
:
gjy)jg)y
.k.,
... .
g( were gej ug ujjostjs jjw
.d,:.
: .
,

jjLj: country.They broadcast

,
y, concerts by jazz bands
CW,-r îi: axd Sym phony OrCheS-
'
Dancing the Charl
eston tras. They also broad-
cast com edies and m ys-
tery show s.Listening to the radiobecam e a favourite Charlie Chaplin
fam ily entertainm ent.
stars as Charlie Chaplin', Rudolph Valentinoz and
A nother entertainm ent was the cinem a. Film s in Gloria Swanson3.By the end of the 1920's the first
the 1920'shad no sound.Usually a piano w asplayed
along with the film .The actors'words were printed
on the screen. People enjoyed watching such film 1CharlieChaplin('tJa:lI'tJœplIn1Vapril,
lI'
Iarllvil.
l
2 Rudolph Valentino ('ru:dolf,vœlan'ti:noul PyaoaBc
p
BazleHr
rplHo
1racoon coats(rofku:nrkouts)eHoToBbleIuy6la
l 3Gloria Swanson ('glo:rlg'swonsnlraoplz
la CBoHcol.
l
202 203
F!

.;
'
r)
)
.
.
soundfilms,orxxtalkies'
yastheywerecalled,were 31
)
q
tlltllm ed to go in only one direction:up.There were
m ade.They were a great hit. è
:
.. ni, flries of shoeshine boys and office workers w ho
An age of heroes.The 1920's was a tim e for he- : Illltde fortunes in the stock m arket in one day.
roes, especially in s/orts.The whol ),)
e country knew ) t! People w ere m aking m ore m oney than ever be-
the nam esofcham pions in baseball,football, tenni: f' f'
tyre.Com panies used advertising to encourage peo-
and other sport gam es. Gertrude Ederlelbecam e the )j ' I)le to buy their products.Advertising becam e im -
firstwomp.
nwhoswam from GreatBritaintoFrance j,j: . lportant to business during the 1920's.
across the English Channel. : Another way ofencouraging people to buy m ore
One of the greatest heroe .)) goods was called installm ent buyingl.W hen peo-
aeropla softhetimewasan .,)
ne pilot nam ed Charles A . Lindberghz. In .$t l)le bought a thing on the installm ent plan,they
1927Lindbergh flew hissmallplanefrom New York )
y had to pay only a sm all part of the total price for
toParis.Hewasthefirstperson in history tofly jj the thing.Each m onth they paid M othersm allsum ,
across the A tlantic O cean alone.
G )!
,
called an installm ent.People paid installm ents un-
ettingrich.Dutingthe1920'sm any peoplemade 1j ti1 they had pald the whole price of the thing they
m oney by buying shares, or stocks3, in different 5! llad bought.
com panies. The place People were earning a 1otof m oney,and the sys-
where shares,orstocks, tem of installm ent buying seem ed a good idea.But
are bought and sold,is i some expertsw arned thattoo m any A m ericansowed
called the stock m ar- too m uch m oney.lf people suddenly lost their jobs,
ket4.Thepriceofa com - they would notbeableto pay their debts.Then busi-
j pany'sstock depends on ness would suffer.But few people listened to these
business conditions. If warnings.Businesswasexpanding.People keptbuy-
m any buyers want to ing on the installm ent plan.
buy stock in a com pa- Shops were offering a wide range of new prod-
ny, the price of the ucts for A m ericans to spend their m oney on.N ew
stock w ill rise.If m any appliances,such as w ashing m achines,refrigerators
stock ow ners w ant to and vacuum cleaners,m ade housework m uch emsier.
sell their stock, the QUESTION S.
price will go down. ln W hywasthe decade of1920-1930 called the Roar-
Charles Lindbergh the 1920's stock prices ing Twenties?
1Ge rtrude Ede rle ('
gazt
ru:
d
2 Charles A. Lindbergh el'dcal)repr rpyaa Lû eplrra 2. W hy were Henry Ford's cars so popular?
Jlvlua6epr
('tfailz'el'llndbazql Hapaa A.
3shares(Ji;oz1,orstocksalttmvl 1 installment buying (Infsta:lmant'bazlnl rfosyzlzça B
4the stock market(polu oBaa 6I4pu<a paccpoMxy
204 205
3. W hatinvention did Henry Ford use to cutthe cost t'itllse the prices were so high,there were no buyers
ofhis cars? l'f,l'them . So the prices fell. Then people began to
W hy did Henry Ford increase the w ages of his wllrry.Low prices m eant trouble for those who had
w orkers? Ip:tid high prices for their stocks.They w ere afraid
5. How did the autom obile change the way ofIi fe of tI,;,t they w ould lose their m oney. N ow everybody
m any Am ericans? vv:tnted to sell before prices went even lower. But
6. W hatwere som e ofthe new ways to dress and to lrlhere were no buyers.
have fun thatpeople invented in the 1920's? Tuesday,October 29,1929,was called Black Tues-
7. W hatis Charles A . Lindbergh fam ous for? 4IJly.Stock prices dropped m ore and m ore,and bil-
8. W hatis a stock m arket? Explain how people made lions of dollars were lost on that one day. M any
m oney ata stock market. Ilflople had put alltheirm oney in stocks,w hich now
9. How did businessesencourage people to buy m ore lttlbody wanted to buy. Som e people lost a11 their
goods? lltoney in one day.The stock m arket had crashed.
10.W hatdid som e expeds warn people about? The stock m arketcrash was terrible for business.
l'eoplehad lessm oney to spend on goods.Thism eant
Part3.Depression Years. that businesses were selling less. So there was no
(lem and tom akenew goods.Therefore,factorieswere
The fun-filled, trouble-free days of the 1920's
cam e to a sudden end. In the 1930's the U nited
States and the world faced one of the worsttim es in
history.
The depression. Not everyone was getting rich
during the Roaring Twenties.Those yearswere dif-
ficult ones for farm ers.N ew farm ing m ethods had
im proved harvest.Butthe hugeharvests meantlower
prices because people did not need, and could not
use, all the food that was for sale. M any farm ers
lostm oney on their crops.ln addition, m any A m er-
icans spent m ore m oney than they really had. They
had bought m any things, including stocks, on the
installm ent plan.
In October 1929 the big trouble began. Stock
m arketprices had been at a record high level. Thou-
sands of stocks w ere for sale at a high price. Be-
Unemployed Iining up forfood rations
206 207

closed down.This m eant that people losttheir j()1)n
A s unem ploym ent spread, there were even l'ttwt'l
people who could buy goods.So even m ore factoriflp
were closed down,and m ore workers lost their j()l)l
1,
The United States was in a depression - a tilhtp
when the econom y does not grow and m any peopllp
are out of work. By 1932 one-quarter of all tlpt!
workers in the country could not find jobs. M ally
people had to work part-tim e. Others lined up 1*
()r
free plates of soup or tram pedlabout the country.
looking for a job.
The N ew D eal. lll
1932 Franklin Delant,
Rooseveltz was electefl
President.Roosevelthat!
prom ised the A m ericall
peop le a t<new deal''êl.
R oosevelt said that ul1
der the N ew Deal gov. .
ernm ent w ould be re-
sponsible for helping
people during the hard
tim es.Rightafterhewas
elected,Roosevelt began
working on the problem s
of the depression.
R oosevelt brought
new people into the gov-
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
ernm ent:collegeprofes-
1lined up forfreeplatesofsoup ortramped Itrœmpt)c'
rosaH
B OTK PPJW X 3a X CIIJIaTHOZ TaPOJIIO ; CylRa HJIM CHHTaJIMCB
2 Franklin Delano Roosevelt ('frœnklln'delonou'rouzaveltl
mpazlltlfpzz.
lJle.
qazlo Pyaseas'
r '
3the New DealHoBsziixypc
208
F
.
:.ik':;. business people,econom ists and labour ex-
l,f'l't,s;- the best m inds which he could find.Soon
I'çswspapers w ere calling R oosevelt's people the
lr,.:ki11 'rrustl.
Itoosevelt told his Brain Trust that quick action
ts'ittlneeded.If one plan did not w ork,the govern-
,1l('lLtshould try som ething else.Theim portantthing
wils to try som ething.
As soon as R ooseveltw as inaugurated,the Brain
'I'l'ltstw as ready.In the first 100 days of R oosevelt's
t'dtf'm of office, m any new laws were passed. The
Nklw Deallaws had two goals.The first was to give
:ilplne relief for the suffering which the depression
ltlld brought to the people.The second was to help
l'êkrm ers and businesses.
TheN ew Dealhelped peopleby giving them work.
'l'he governm ent organized building new roads,
êrehools,hospitals,bridges, tunnels and dam s.Un-
(ler the New Deal, som e young m en were sent to
cam psin ruralareas.There they worked at preserv-
ing the nation's land,forests and w ater.The gov-
ernm entpaid actors and m usicians to puton shows.
lt paid artists and w riters to paint and write.The
governm ent also set up a system of paym ents to
help people who were too o1d to work and people
w ho w ere out of w ork.
The N ew Deal helped business people and farm -
ers. The governm ent asked businesses to set low
prices for goods and notto producem ore goodsthan
could be sold.The governm entpaid farm ers to plant
less: as a result of it,food prices could rise. The
governm ent also helped farm ers to keep their lands
1the B rain Trust hloaroso; TpecT
209
by lending them m oney. In the Tennessee River
Valley thegovernm entconstructed dam s, which gav: 'i
the farm ers protection from floods, richer soilfor &
farm ing and cheap electricity.
The New Deal helped m illions of Am ericans. It
gavepeoplehopewhen they needed it.A nd itchanged
the way A m ericans thought of their governmellt.
For the first tim e, the governm ent took responsi-
bility for helping people in need.
QUESTIONS.
1. W hy were the 1920's difficultyears forfarm ers?
2. How did trouble begin in October 1929:2
3. W hathappened on ''Black Tuesday'', O ctober29,
1929?
4. W hateffectdidthe stockm arketcrash of1929 have
on business?
5. Describe the situation in the country during the
depression years.
6. W ho was elected Presidentin 1932? W hatdid the
new Presidentprom ise the Am ericans?
7. W hatpeople w ere called Roosevelt's Brain Trust?
W hatinstructions did the Presidentgive his Brain
Trust?
8. W hatwere the two goals ofthe New Deal?
9. How did the program m es of the New Dealhelp
people?
y,
)
CH APTER 19
W O RLD W A R 11
1
?
),
Pad 1.The W ar in Europe.
'Phere wasbad new s from Europe and A sia in the
I:tte 1930's.The governm ents ofGerm any,Italy and
'l llpa.nlwere trying to gain control of other lands.
'I'lleir actions brought the threat of another war.
After W orld W ar I A dolph H itlerz founded the
Nazi3 Party in Germ any.Together with his follow -
f'rs,hebegan to spread his beliefs.Hitler called the
(lerm an people a superior race,which m ust rule the
world.
Soon H itler m ade him self dictator of Germ any
Jtnd began preparing for war.The N azis oppressed
ltnyone whose race,religion or politics they did not
Iike. They built huge concentration cam ps. Jews,
Catholics, Poles4 and others whom Hitler consid-
tlred enem ies were sent to these cam ps.ln the con-
centration cam ps people who were strong enough
were forced to work as slaves.Those who w ere too
weak to work,children and old people were killed
soon after they arrived at the cam ps.
G erm any w as not the only country in Europe ruled
by a dictator. Benito M ussolinis, w ho had com e to
power in ltaly,was m aking plans to revive the glo-
ry of the R om an Em pire6.
1Japan (Qo'pœn)SIIOHMJI
2Adolph Hitler('xdolfhltlolA,rqo.
qs(l)Pnr
lwep
3Nazi('na:tsllHaqncrcxk;
4Poles(poulz)rlozlsltl,
l
5BenitoMussolini(be'ni:tousmuso-li:m)BeHn'ro MyccoauHu
6theRoman Empire(öa'roumon'empala)PuMcuas I' Iwlrlep21
Hs1

In A sia, a m ilitary group cam e to power in .1.. ?
''
: l.11xftm bourgl.The French arm y w as thought to be
pan.They alsobelievedintheuglory''ofrulingove' j).
other nations. They wanted to take controlof otller ?
py.
countries in A sia and islands in the Pacific Ocean, ë ,
In the 1930'sGermany,ltaly and Japan formed t,
an alliancecalled the Axisl.GreatBritain and Frm lcê y:t
1ed the alliance of European countries called th4 . I
A llies.
TheAlliesopposed theAxis.
Japu w asthe first nation to use m ilitary m ight. )
In 1931 the Japanese arm y invaded a part of Chin: F
' irilk and destroy Great Britain's ability to defend
ciled M anchuriaz.In 1935 ltaly invaded pax'ts of
M rica. Germany seized Austria and partofCzech- ),
oslovakiaz. ji
On Septem ber 1,1939,the Germ an arm y invaded ):j
Poland.The Polish governm ent asked GreatBritain
and France for help.On Septem ber 3,1939,Great
Britain and France declared war on Germ any.That
was the beginning of W orld W ar II.
The Poles fought bravely,but the Germ an arm y
conquered the country in lessthan three weeks.The
Germ ansused anew tacticscalledablitzkrieg4(light-
ning war). The attack was so swift that Poland's
allies, Great Britain and France, had no tim e to
com e and help Poland.
In the spring of 1940 Germ any turned its atten-
tion to western Europe.The Germ ans invaded Den-
m arks, N orway, The N etherlands, Belgium 6 and
1theAxis(öl'œkslslOcB
2Manchuria(mœn'tfuorlolMaHqayplla
8Czechoslovakiak'tjekouslou'vœklo)'
tlexoczloBaxus
4blitzkrieg ('blttskrizg) xt6.
qI<IJI<pI.
Ir'
: (HeM.:MolfHHeHocHas
Boisa) .
5Denmark ('denmark)iaHzs
6Belgium ('beldsamjBeasrxa
212
. ..;
L
'
x'i'l'y strong. But, with the help of Italy, Germ any
.
dlt'l'tt;1ted the French in a few weeks.
I5y June 1940 Great Britain stood alone agd nst
#I1d,N azis. G erm an planes m ade bom bing raids
ftgllinst British cities, railways and factories. A 1l
lligllt long, the bom bs dropped. The pilots of the
j)
) 1(k'itish airforce tried to fightoffthe Germ an planes.
Iè
litler's plan was to break the spirit of the Brit-
itself.Then the Germ ans would croés the English
t'Ilannel from France. They would invade and take
,
(ltllttrol of Great Britain.But the British Royal Air
I'()rce2shotdown m any Germ an planes,and Germ any
I wtts notable to fulfilitsplan ofinvading the country.
'I'I1e battle of Britain was the Allies'first victory.
Severalm onthslater Germ an arm ies m arched east
Lflward the Soviet Union.In June 1941 Germ any
iltvaded the Soviet Union. But the Germ ans were
llot able to conquer the huge Soviet nation. The
Soviet Union joined forces with the A llies. In N o-
vember 1942 the Soviet troops stopped the Germ an
Jtdvance and began pushing the Germ an arm y back
towards G erm any.
QUESTIONS.
1. W hatpoliticalchangestook place in Germ any,lta-
ly and Japan in the period between the two world
wars?
2. W hatcountries joined the Axis? W hatcountries
joined the Allies?
1Luxembourg ('laksombo:g)JlmxceM6ypr
2the British RoyalAir Force (ög'brltlf'rolol'Ea,fors)
SPHTaHCKHP KOPOIOBCEHP BOPHHO-BOJAYY HBIO CMSLI
213
 !

3. How did Hitlerplan to conquerGreatBritain? W lly

did his plan fail?
How does the geographicalposition ofG reatBr$$+
ain m ake it easier to defend it than Poland ()f
France?

Part2.A m ericans atW ar.

A m ericans get ready for w ar. A m ericans reltfl
about what was happening in Europe and A sia ill
their new spapers.A tfirst m any A m ericans thouglkt
that the United States should not get involved i11
the strugglesofothercountries.PresidentRoosevelt.
w as also against the U nited States getting involvetl.
But as H itler grew bolder,R oosevelt realized thltt
sooner orlatertheUnited Stateswould have to fight. The Japanese attack on PearlHarbour
ln 1940 President Roosevelt and Congress decid
ed to get the country ready.The arm y began draft. flreds Of bom bs fell on the ships. In a few hours
ing soldiersl. The navy w as strengthened . M orl! l'kany A m erican ships w ere dam aged or sunk. M ore
planes w ere built. R oosevelt m et W in stoll
t'ltan 2,000 people were killed.
Churchillz, the Prim e M inister of Great Britain. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour shocked
The U nited States agreed to help B ritain by sending' Am ericans.President Roosevelt and Congress acted
arm s,ships and supplies.The U nited Statesdid not fluickly. On Decem ber 8, 1941, the United States
fight,but it w as giving m ore and m ore support to (Ieclared war on Japan.A few days later the United
the A llies. States entered the war against Germ any and Italy.
PearlH arbour3.The w arships of the U nited States The U nited States fights back. The Japanese
P acific Fleet w ere the pride of the U nited States thought that their attack would weaken the U nited
N avy.They stood at Pearl H arbour in H awaii.On States for a long tim e. But they did not count on
Sunday m orning,Decem ber 7,1941,Japaneseplanes how quickly the U nited States would be able to re-
suddenly appeared in the sky over H aw aii. H un-
build its fleet.
In June 1942 the Japanese and the A m erican
1began drafting soldiers ('dra:ftlp'souldlazl Hauala navies fought a huge battle near M idway Islandlin
upplaBlsa'
rB corfaa'
r
2Winston Churchill('wmstnftfo:
tfil)VITHCTOH Vepmilulilo
3PearlHarbour ('po:l'ha:bg)l'
lep.qXap6op 1Midway Island g'mldwel'allondlOcTpoB MHayal
'
i
214 215
 V
the Pacific. For the first tim e, naval battles wf'lft Il.?illiteofthisunjust
fought in the air as Well as on the sea. A intl'/3ft t,...'i
'lkl()nt, the leaders
carriersl acted like floating airports for figll(,f,I I:tllanese A m ericans
planesz and bombers3.At M idway Am erican I)111llfo ,'j,1,f,:lied to the govern-
sank four Japanese aircraft carriers. !.'(111, for a chance to
The battle of M idw ay put an end to the threat, (,f th eir loyalty 1.
a Japanese attack on the m ainland of the U lli/' t!#l ïI11,y units of Japanese
States.ButJapan was farfrom being beaten. Jt1I1lî11 ïi.If't'icanswereform ed.
had invaded and held m any Pacific islands. t41l(' ()f these units, the
A t the beginning of the war Japan had invalltl4l lI',tltd R egim entalCom -
the Philippine lslands and defeated a large Am eri l,:,4.'l4enm z>becnm eone of
can force of m ore than 75,000 soldiers.The A n1(!l' tll4'lnost fnm ous units in Mem bers ofthe 442nd Regi-
ican com m ander,GeneralDouglas M acA rthur4, w lk: lI,1.United States Army. mentalCom batTeam in
ordered by President Roosevelt to flee to Austrll '1'1llty foughtin Italy nnd Fr
ance during W orld W ar11
lia5. There he organized the A llied land forces. 7'110 wf)rtm any honours and
task of these land forces was to push the Japanest', ,,14ttlals.
island by island,back toJapan.Therewerem any fientd! After the war Am ericans understood that Japa-
battles.The Japanese were very strong. It took tlpf, I't'se A m ericans had been treated unfairly. It w as
United Statesthreeyearsto push them back to Japalt. lIltleed the U nited States'sad m istake.
The sad m istake.M ter the attack at PearlHal' rrhe invasion of France. By 1942 G erm any and
bour, som e people were afraid that the Japanest' lt,:1ly controlled m ost of the European continent.ln
would invade the United States.Thousands of Jal) l6)43 the A llies invaded Italy. The ltalian govern-
anese A m ericans lived on the w est coast,m ostly i1t lt,ent surrendered within two m onths,but the Ger-
California.There wasno reason to suspectthatJap . Ikhan arm y in Italy continued to fight. The A llies
anese Am ericans w ould not be loyalto the Unitetl were slow ly driving the Germ ans back.
States during the w ar. B ut m any people suspected M eanw hile the A llies w ere planning a huge inva-
them .So the governm ent m ade the Japanese A m er- rikon of France. The A m erican general D w ight D .
icans leave their hom es and businesses and go t() I'
lisenhower3was m ade com m ander of allthe A llied
cam ps which were far from the coast. 1appealed to the governm ent for a chance to show their
Iflyalty ('laloltl)o6pa'
rHaplcsItupaspl,
rezlBcl'By cupocs6o; aa'
rs
1Aircraftcarriersr'cokra:ftfkœrloz)aBnaHoculal HM Y aHC H0H&3aTB CBOD HPOAaHHOCTB
2fighter planes ('falto,plelnzl Iz
lcTpe6n'real.
t '
2the442ndRegimentalCombatTeam (öo'fo:'handndond'fo:tl
3bombers ('bomozl6ol vl6apaplposmlz lxlz
l sekond redllfmentlfkombœt'ti:ml '
raxr
ruvlecuas rpyurla 442-r0
4DouglasMacArthur('daglgsmgk'a:oolgyrliacMaK ApTyp Ilolizta
5Australia (os'trell
ja)ABcrpaaus 3DwightD.Eisenhower('dwalt'alzon,
hauo)Jlyaii'
in3iiaeHxayap
216 217
 X
arm ies. A large arm y and thousands of shills 11,,41 ,f'1)f,1(1.Roosevelthad notbeen in very good health.
boats w ere gathered in southern Great Britai11. . t'1I. i!1N ovem ber 1944, he had been elected to a
D Day. The day of the invasion, June 5, 16),1.1, 1,,'I11.11term as President.R oosevelt served as Presi-
w ent dow n into history as D Day. On the niglli.f,f ,I i1.1lllllger than anyone else in United Stateshistory.
June 5, 1944, the A llied A rm y boarded shilltl il$ I)ii k'ry Trum an's difficult problem . W hen
G reat B ritain. A giant fleet of 600 w arships lllkft l(.'i.idrvelt died, V ice-p resident H arry S. Trum anl
4,000 sm aller boats carried 176,000 A llied soltlit.l'u l,i. ,k,pe President. He was soon faced with a very
tow ards France. The soldiers w ere from the U llit.('4l .I 1l1'd.
(:tllt problem .A m erican scientists had worked
States, G reat Britain, Canada, France, Poland ê'1lçI .,1l4':) new weapon, the atom ic bom b, or A-bom b.
m any other nations.ln the sky, 11,000 A llied plltlpl'n ,) ,1,'k,tists w ere am azed by the pow er of a single A -
bom bed the G erm an positions in France. Early iIl l'd,',L$). O ne A -bom b had the force of thousands of
the m orning of June 6, the Allies landed on t,I1g t..Ik)rof explosives.
French beaches. By nightfall, the A llied arm y wltll ,lrtpan did not w ant to surrender.There w as a plan
in France. tdi ,ylvade Japan. But invading Japan m eant sending
:tl least a m illion Am erican soldiers to death. Some
QUESTION S.
1. How did the United States prepare forwar?
2. W hen did the Japanese m ake an attack on Peafl
Harbour?
3. W hy was the battle ofM idw ay Island im portant?
4. W hathappened to Japanese Am ericans during thk)
w ar? W hy do historians callthe action ofthe Unit
ed States governm enta sad m istake?
5. How was the invasion ofFrance by the Aljied forc-
es carried outon D Day?

Part3.The LastAct.
The invasion of France by A llied forces w as the
beginning of the end for G erm any. Four m onths
later,France and Belgium w ere freed.Then the bat-
tle for G erm any began.In M ay 1945 Germ any sur-
rendered. But Japan continued to fight. An atomic bomb explosion
D eath of a president.A m ericans received a shock 1Harry S.Truman ('hœrlfes'trurman)rappplTpyMaH
in A pril 1945.President R oosevelt died.H e w as 63 2had w orked out paapa6oTalfH
218 219
 ' y.
advisers urgedlPresidentTrtlm an to drop an A-l)olxk ' '
à h.
on a Japanese city.They were sure that when al1& )
bomb was dropped,the Japanese would surrender. ' :
Som e scientists were against using the A -bom ' ;
4lIp11,'s secretary of statel, worked out a plan for
,,,1,11iItling Europe.Congress approved the M arshall
j'lfl11. The U nited States gave 5 billion dollars to
f'.tlI'(,llean countries.The m oney wag used to rebuild
'
.

They said that the bom b's power w as not yet full flli'tl/ries and farm s. ln 10 years m ost of Europe
known.It was not only the bom b's explosion th wfllklt'row ing strong again.
'I'I1e United N ationsz.In 1945 the A llies decided
killed.Thebombalsogaveoffadeadlyradiattof
The radiation lasted in the air for a very long tl
:ij ,
'
t.1?lt't,up an organization called the U nited Nations,
and causedseriopsillnessanddeath. t
)) wIliftllwould work for world peace.The idea for the
Trum an decided to use the A -bom b.On Aug ll,1itatd N ations,or the UN ,w as like W oodrow W il-
6, 1945, an Am erican bom ber dropped an ato .f,,I's League of N ations. The A llies thought that
tltt.lTN would be stronger than the League of N a-
b
woamsbde
os
ntrt
instantly
oh
yedc.
it
Aytol
f
ea
Hst
iro
7s
5h,0
im
00
azp
.e
Mop
ol
se
tw
of
ert
ehe
ki
c
ll
ttè
rj #Ifllls.First,a11the countriesagreed to join it.Sec-
-i lltltl,the UN had the right and power to enforce its
.
. .

. M any thousands of others died sooll ,

ter.In a few days the U nited States dropped anot :
. t
ttl.,wisions with troops3.It was decided that m em ber
erbomb on Nagasaki3.Finally,on August14,194t ' $!4,1llltries would supply soldiers to be part of the
the Japanese surrendered.W orld W ar 11was ov4 rt l1N 's peace-keeping forces.
Rebuilding Europe. Thewarhad ended,buttN C' 'l'l)e United N ations has not accom plished a1lits
suffering continued.During the years of the w# )li) :,,1,Is.Butithasprevented warin som etrouble spots.
Hitler had built many concentration camps.TW .k I4ltlso has helped sick and poor people al1over the
.

Nazishad plannedtokilla1lthepeopleofthew()r1lt; t $v(,l-l(1.

whom they considered enemies.By the end of tN ',' .
( QUESTION S.
war,they had killed about6 million Jewsand lt1lltk
., W hatwas Harry Truman's difficultproblem ?
lionsof others.Tens ofthousandsof concentratloq( W hy didn't President Trum an Iike the plan of in-
camp prisoners were freed when Germany was (1ë vading Japan?
feated.Therewerealsohundredsofthousandsofot$ W hich two Japanese citieswere A-bom bs dropped
er people who were lefthom eless and in need of lu,lpl,
b on? W hen did ithappen?
M ter the war,much ofEurope's farmland l,d How did the MarshallPlan help to rebuild Europe?
industry was in ruins.It was necessary to reblltll
Europe. General George M arshall4, President Trtl. isecretary ofstaterocylapcq'BeHHBliicexpe'
raps(MHHHCTP
îll,f'ft
'l'
paHuslx ae-
q)
1urged (o:d:d)rlo6yxtaazll
.
l - ''rrhe United Nations (öaju'naltld-nellnzlO6%e,ql4HeHI.IBIe
.
I4I1lII!.PI
2Hiroshima (,hIro'JIma)Xllpoclz
lMa 'to enforce its decisions with troops Hassaslsa'
rb csoH
3Nagasaki(,nœga'sa:kl)Haracaxll '

4GeorgeMarshall('d33:d:'ma:Jol1JlpllopaylfMapmallll l'
f.III(.E1pIJIclu oë (npn rlowlomM Boicx)
220 221
).

'
.f
k...
ï
 ;

W henwasthqUnitedNationsOrganizatiohéetup1 I1. W rite detailed answ ers to the follow ing

W hy did the founders ofthe UN think thattheiror.: h llllestions:
ganization wèuld be strongerthan the League ef'j ,
l. W hatwere the causes ofthe Spanish-American
Nations? 'I W ar?
6 i W hatwere the two causes ofthe depression?
.
Attheend ofW orld W ar11the UnitedStatesjoinet ',
the UN.In whatway did this show thatthe United Explain two goals ofthe New Deal.
Stages had changed since the end ofW orld W ar17 ! How did the Uni ted States get involved in W orld
W hy was this change im podant? W arII?
t W hatis the role ofthe United Nations in world af-
UNIT REVIEW l fairs? W hatdoes itdo.? .

1.Fill in the blanks w ith the correct words from lI1.W ho were these people? W hat did they do?
,

the list: ( W rite in short about each of them .

alliances, blitzkrieg, responsibility, depression, , @ W oodrow W ilson
.
Dwight Eisenhower
assembly, invaded,suffrage,advertising,dt?ptzlfp,.( I'
Ilizabe th Stanton and Susan A nthony
stocks. IIarry Trum an Charles Lindbergh
1. In 1869 women began a m ovem entto gain
.
j
. ,j1 (leorge M arshall Franklin D .Roosevelt
2. In W orld W ar11the G erm ans used a new type of
battle attackcalleda . jy
3.Duringthe ' manypeopl ewereoutofworki.
4. ln the 1920s many Americans bought n)
t
1)
differentcom panies. $.
,i
5. Before W orld W ar11the countries ofEurope were 9
divided into two . #
6 t
.
Jo
tat
ph
aene
Un
sei
te
Ad
me
St
ra
i
cta
es
nswantedtoshowtheir
.
l#
7 )
y
.
ln June 1941 Germany the SovietUnion. I
8. The governmenttook forhelping people in !!
need. j
'
9. Companiesused toencouragepeopletobuy tj
theirproducts. !î'
10.To m ake his cars cheaper,Ford putan line
in his factory.

222
 UNIT EIG HT q
THE UNITED STATES TO DAY @yF iwt/countriesfound themselveson oppositesidesin
.
C fItltlw conflict.Am ericans believed that the Soviet
. '
(. wlly of life and Soviet efforts to controlother coun-
AlterWorld<lr11fScUnaedStates?zcsbeqnq,j
chaggin.g rapidly.SzzperàïghYlgs Itave c/zclgd
)
,-
.
.
l,Iitls robbed people of their freedom .They saw the
tlte Ycg t%e coynzrg looks. Television and co- . j sllviet U nion as a threat to peace.
,
Sovietleaders tried to spread com m unism to oth-
putersSlre changed hom e IW and business.Sel. f'l'(rountries.TheU nited States governm entopposed
eniis'
ts à'
lre conquered zzœ n.g diseases cn# m ad. f
7 )
8 f,I1f!spread of com m unism outside the SovietU nion.
spa
Bu
cet'i
rn
aveleaIr
th'
e
ellzg
cst . OJ tlte 2* :,centuq )
decadqs #!
t)
,
'1.11Izs the two wartim e allies becam e rivals.
The cold war.The struggle between the U nited
Am ericans àare faeed ot#erproblems.For ,:14:7' Sl, atesand com m unist countries after W orld W ar11
years peace w as fsrecfezzed bu êhe Soviet Tfnion #: 'j
wlts called the Cold W ar. The war was <dcold''be-
desiretoeogtrolmoreandmorelandandpeople.#)j ,
ftlttlse it w as fought m ainly without guns or bom bs.
, Xfhom e,blacks,wozlzen.and ollcrgroupso/poy-r'i 'I'ite f<weapons''in the Cold W ar were words,ideas,
ulation Scre bee. dem anding heffer treatm ent.
People Sare grown concernedz chouz dirtu i z 1 . lllld econom ic and m ilitary aid. ;
.
JR Y NJJ%er. fl The Cold W ar began when W orld W ar 11 ended.
Soviet soldiers who had fought in Eastern Europe
CHA PTER 20 tttlntinued to occupy countries in that area.W ithin
1,few years, there w ere com m unist governm ents in
TH E UN ITED STA TES A G ER W O RLD I'oland,Hungary and Czechoslovakia.These new gov-
W A R 11 ernm ents took their orders from the Soviet Union.
M ter the war the Soviets also occupied part of
Part 1.The Search forPeace ' (lerm any.The United States,GreatBritain,France
ldnd the SovietU nion,each governed a part of Ger-
W hen the war w asover,people shoutéd with joy. snany.The first three countries wanted to create a
Am ericans w elcom ed their soldiers w ho w ere com - ltew ,dem ocratic Germ any.The Soviet U nion want-
ing from allover the globe.People hoped that the j ed the new Germ any to be com m unist.So.G erm any
world would beatpeace.lnstead,theUnited States t' rem ained divided. W est Germ any becam e a dem o-
w as s cratic nation.East Germ any becam e com m unist.
oty
tus so nafa
scu
in
yo
guanewrival- itswartimeally- j
@ : Like Germ any,the city ofBerlinlwas also divid-
During W orld W ar 11 the Soviet U nion and the ed.The form er Germ an capitalcity 1ay 176 kilom e-
United States foughtside by side.M ter the war the tres inside East Germ any.East Berlin was com m u-
1concerned (kan-so:nd)oaa6oueHsl 1Berlin (bo:'1In)BeplHl.
l
224 225
ni
st .
inside com m unist territory.
Y,
W est Berlin was like an island of dem ocraq#
,
The situation in Berlin was very tensel.Mltlly l
East Germ ans escaped from their com m unist glw.
ernm ent into W est Berlin. This angered the lllt#t
Germ ans and the Soviets.In 1961 the East Germlln.
built the Berlin W all.This concrete and wire wl
lll
stretched allalong theW estBerlin-EastBerlin borde
and was guarded by soldiers.The wall m ade it very
difficult for Emst Germ ans to leave their country.
The w ar in K oreaz. W orld W ar 11 produced .
divided Germ any in Euröpe.In A sia,K orea wasalx
divided at the end of the war.Soviet troops occu.
pied the northern part of K orea.A m erican troopg
were in the South.A com m unist governm ent wa:
set up in N orth Korea.South Korea had an antt.
com m unist governm ent. ln 1950 the Cold W ar in
Korea becam e K<hot''.Soviet-trained N orth Koreang
invaded the South. In a few w eeks they occupied
m ost of South K orea.
The United N ations sent troops to help South
Korea to fightback.The war lasted m ore than three
years.'Soldiers from thq United States and from 15
other nations joined the South K oreans. The Chi-
nese joined the N orth K oreans.In the end,the UN
forces succeeded. They forced the North Koreans
and Chinese back across the border that had been
established before the K orean W ar began.
Trouble in Cuba and Vietnam 3.Am ericans were
worried abouttheworld-wide growth ofcom m unism .
ln 1959 FidelCastro:cam e to power in Cuba.Cuba
1 tense Haupsuceuszsz/
2Korea (ka'rlolKopea
3Vietnam ('vjet'nœm)BBeTHa. M
2264FidelCastro (fl'del'kœstrou)(Dzuezzs Kacq'
po
I,l'f';1It1e a com m unlst couùtry.Castro's governm ent
wlyh;receiving help from the Soviet U nion.The sm all
1?jId,11(1of Cuba lies only 145 kilom etres from Florida.
Mllldy Am ericans thoughtthatthe Soviets could easi-
15, .Jtttack the U nited Statesfrom Cuba in cmse of war.
I,11962 the United States learned that the Soviets
wd'l'eplanning to installmissileslin Cuba.Sovietships
wdwp' e delivering m issile-building equipm ent to Cuba.
Allltlrican leaders decided that the Soviet,s had to be
'il.tlpped.Am erican ships surrounded Cuba.
'Phis blockade worked. The Soviet ships, which
wftre m oving to Cub#,turned back.The m issiles in
#' .llba were rem oved.Thecrisiswasovpr.Butitm ade
Alltericansfeelthatthey m ustbe on constantguard
Cljrainst the Soviet U nion.
In the 1950's and 1960's the Cold W ar also be-
(tctm e ddhot'' in Southeast Asia.Soldiers from com -
lllunist N orth Vietnam attacked cities in non-com -
IllunistSouth Vietnam .The South Vietnam esezasked
t'lteU nited Statesforhelp.In 1964 theUnited States
(Tongress decided to send A m erican soldiers to Viet-
llam . By 1968 about 500,000 A m erican soldiers
were in V ietnam .The Soviet U nion and China gave
supplies to the North Vietnam ese. The fighting
went on and thousands of A m ericans and Viet-
tlam ese died.
Death and destruction continued.Itbecam e clear
that it w as necessary to end the w ar. In 1973 all
sides agreed to stop fighting. The United States
withdrew its troops from Vietnam . But the fight-
ing did not stop for a long tim e. By 1975 South
Vietnam had surrendered to North Vietnam .
1to installmissiles ('mlsallzlycrauoBn'
rs pasel'
Bl
2Vietnamese (svjetna'mi:z)BBeTHaMIJBI
227
 V

i(lilrned thatthe SovietUnion w as going to install

litkknissiles in Cuba? W hatm easures did the Am er-
;,rêtn governmenttake? Did the measures work?
1.l
itlst
l
v did the warin Vietnam stad? How Iong did it
L;'lt
st? W hatwas the resultofthe war?

Part2-Life afterW orld W arIl.

'i
!'k
1
4e grow th of people's w ell-being. D uring the
l'!'r't)'s alm ost al1A m ericans w ere w orried about the
t'/h1.(hW ar.B ut in everyday life it seem ed that A m er-
','rLq)s w ere better off than ever.B usiness w as quick-
ly'fteveloping. There were plenty of goods to buy,
.'lh#J.m ost A m ericans could afford to buy them .N ew
l1,.1:tzstries, new products,new tow ns appeared dur-
The Vietnam Memorialin W ashington D.C. l1tyt'these years.
ln the 1950'stheU nited Statesenjoyed the great-
QuEsvtoNs f':
.it econom ic grow th of its history. In a little over
W hatwere the contradictions between the Unitetl 4'lte decade the num ber of em ployed people jum ped
States and the SovietUnion afterW orld W arII? I'rom 54 m illion to 70 m illion.B y 1960 94 percent
2. W hatwas the Cold W ar? W hy did itbegin? f)1
3A m ericans who wanted a job had one.
3. W hatcountries did the SovietUnion spread its in- The reason for the grow th of econom y w as clear.
fluence overafterW orld W ar11? After the war Am ericans needed new houses,cars,
W hy was G ermany divided? f'tzrniture,appliances and clothing.Factory ow ners
W hy was the situation in Beriin very tense? W hen lleeded m ore w orkers to m eet the dem andl. That
w as the Berlin W ailbuilt? tyreated m ore jobs.The new workers used their sal-
6. W hatwas the situation in Korea' ? W hen did the ikries to buy the goods which they needed.
Korean W arbegin? N ew industries appeared.N ew w ords,such as fuhi-
7. W ho cam e to help South Korea to fightoffNodh Ci2'',E<TV'',d<Com puter''and Kdtransistor''becam e part
Koreantroops? How long did the Korean W arlast? of the A m erican vocabulary.
How did itfinish?
8. W hathappened in Cuba in 1959? W ho came to 1to m eet the dem and yAOBJIeTBOPIITB cllpt)c
pow erthere? 2 hi-fi ('halffal) aByHoBocuponaBoasmee ycTpoicl'Bo
9. W hy were m any Am ericans frightened w hen they (uponrplalBarellB,MaTHHTOYOH H T.A.)C BBICOMOZ TOIIHOCTBIO
BocrfpoHaBeaeHlz
la
228 229
 The birth rate'in the U nited States also grllw $lI 'tl,1IIàls. A s tim e passed, new shops and businesses
the 1950's. M any parents believed that the wtll'lfl .,l..llttlved to the suburbs.M any people who lived in
would be atpeace.A nd they feltthey could stllljlfplt .!,I,4ip'l)s started to shop and work closer to hom e.
their children in a grow ing econom y. 'I'fklevision- D uring the 1950's m ore and m ore
The rise of the suburbs.To take care of t,I1t.It I,d.4,1,14)began to w atch television.In 1948 there w ere
growing fam ilies,A m ericans needed houses.BlliI(t ,,,lIy. 'l7,000 television sets in the United States.By
ers quickly supplied them :large groups of silkliltll' I')f;() the num ber w as up to 46 m illion. N inety per-
little houses w ere built in little tow ns near big 4.il ...1,1.of Am erican fam ilies had TV sets.And people
ies. These towns,which were called suburbs,g'l' d'w !s't'l't!spending m ore and m ore tim e w atching TV .
rapidly.
Am ericanswereglad to m oveto thesuburbs.M ll/ly
w anted to live in one-fam ily houses w ith yards.1a('(,
ple also liked the fact that suburbs were usultlly
cleaner and quieter than m ost cities.Cars and 11(.w
highways m ade travelling between cities and subltrlln
emsy.M any people worked in the city and lived in tlït!

View ofa suburban housing area

1birth rate popsaaelvloc'

rs A familyenjoying aTV programme
230 231
 Television brought m any interesting and t!l,t'.'
tain)'ng- show s 1nto A m erican living room s.A 1't4'Il
cans co-uld w atch som e of the world's best aï' .i,,.li
wltthou.t leaving tl3.eir 140,m es-Th e evening news w J',.
ll
xke a l'
i-ving ne-
. tvspaper-Q
k-zports fans enjoyed brd):'#l
c8-s'o/s - j-
': t-tnrn aN j.x
1 ovf. -lr ' l'he
. . cou-ntry.,. %-
@uch k1nds o1'sI)4,Il
1lS - f
'
-00D (;1.
,31l.1.1
-. f-l-f!.f1' l ,:
)a. s. '
ketk1:) .1) e tza
.q
xvehbï 1 ,n poz 'oularitvy hpd'
csul'
J.se o- l television- X 1x 'rany people also ' vvatchell (,I'
(-).
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m ents ( 0. '2 the 1P. ,sf oh's w as tlq. e construction of aI) II, .

terstat'e highw ay system :hig-hwaysthatgo from ()l,'.

stat'e to another.Thenew'high.ways nlade travellil11:
PresidentJohn F.Kennedy and his wife
betw een states easier.
QUESI'
ION S. ï' .'''t) 1e satellite orbited the earth and sent back in-
'
Describe thle life in Am erica in the 1950's. t J'. I
rtlation about outer space,M any A m ericans w ere
W hatwas the main cause ofthe econom ic growlll '
..f -ried when they he .ard aboutit.Sputnik 1seem ed
thatstarted in the 1950's? ' prove that, the Soviet U nion w as ahead of the
Vvhatwere the two à -easons why people moved Iç) Ed5 .. tk'eclStates 1. :1 the fie1- ,Jls of science and technology. o
the suburbs? '
r?
. .ahrough
. .eut, th. e( ,-
)arly lC
. ,y!60's the Soviet U nion
4. ln the post-waryears televpsion began to play al, ..s :
. first 1 -n space explorati .on ., P resi'd.ent John
irnportanti -ole ùn the Eife of
.Arnericans.L
'
N hatdo yoll ?'' lp.
ùvecly1 xt van tecl t, laee ï-J.n1 'tec J-States to catch up -- fn
''
think:l novv does teqevdslorlafr '
fectyourlife? Do yolI .'.r
'
sl.
J,.
? '
1
'e
2 jTz%
.enn eclxy set,a '
. tj
f a,t)
.)q2 for t1-
.. 3.
e courttry: t -t
.)land' a
t#'
)k
:.o1
.:the o
-ffectùs good orlpad.? Vî/hy? ' - ''
ac .es'n.
.
:-1p. ola. t-1a.
4: qnrtc..lc
-?n la .y - 1f-a
h70o Rm.qJ
'
LJ
l'J
--
.s prograzrtnqe
..
.. )s cal1 -c -d .
-P
-l-.e1-ect /w zll
cpol i.
'1-03o
CH A PT ER 21 t3n July 2t' 3-$- '
tto
36
..9)',î .
tt-t(?.4:p..ol lo 77 achieved.the his-
'
A CCO M PLLS1
'-IM ENTS A N D PRO BLEM S ..tl' :r-'ic goa-
..- l- The A rner1 -can spacesh'ip 1f?-p.c- l
'ed ort the
.:'!
#oon.NeilA rm strong4,com m ander of the ship,be-
x
'
r.awnqe the first person to w alk on the m oon's surface.
Part 1.Science and Progress.
The race to space. In October 1957 a strangt' 1John Kennedy ('d:onfkenldljr
Eiplçou IleHHealz
l
objectflew through the nightsky.Itwas Sputnik l- 2set a task rfoc'
rasll.
q aaaaqy
the first satellite launched from the earth.This m an 3Project Apollo ('proudzekto'palou)upoex'r <<ArIo.q.
qoH'
>
4NeilArmstrong ('ni:lfa:mstran)HI. IziApMcTpoHr
232
 ;
, '?space shuttle Colum bia'was launclled by the
.
1I'' :.)'?t,1
.States in 1931.The Ct?/u/Az/?zc w as A m erica's
i1 ', I relzsable spaceshipz. It could take off3 like a
'
.. ?i)
,and land like an airplane.Each space slluttle
',
Sbe used for m ore than 100 fligllts.Th 'e sptace
, ,,!'e was used to transport people and equiprnent
'?pace and back.
':!t I.F# second space shuttle, Challenger' t, roade J 'ts
'
,, f light in 1983.Sally K .R ides,a m em b'er o$'th.e
s lîlnnger's second crew ,becam e tl ae first A nlert-
.. w om an to travel in space. Lieutena.nt Colonel
h/BlufordG becam e the first black Am eriean to
.,'e1in space on j/zt?Challenger's third flight.
.fur Li
è
l'peedy m achines- In 1946 the f'irst electronic
,.;'l' puter w as put to w ork in the U nited
.
't
' States.
' ?'irty-five years later,over one m illion coluputers
''îf r'e in use in the U nited States, Today com puters
if l) i'; an im portant role in science, business, inclus-
' 'b
/',agriculture,education and evo.ryday life.
,
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')
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v.
$'Ck./ .tF
çïlJ4 '
h.
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x w
pwl
u.
k1.ogtay
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;uy ,:.0.6 .j-je-.m g(gp y (-
.
.
'tj
u.e 'V p-y*.(gU-V UI,t;aj;()
X .
g gejjj. ' Czom puters can perform thousands of calcuiations
' . .r4
tl.wz .j - . )
. ..a f&,ç j s
sk
NylJ'
,u....-ssy .
,o f
) w.j )oa'>1ok'()l.1.t cre' t
k'
h
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. c-.ac.'
t
lqe(1 . 1)àart14(,%l'
-
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'ery second. They also store a lot of inforrna'
' tion
1.'j.
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r!ra tiny space.A s a result, business can w or'k bet-
..
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y.-xn,-t.): ...'r.
v
ï).at1c)n a tL'-o.
. fl'l tn.e p1ane1 .
-
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(
j ' , ')r.Scientistscan solve problem s m ore quickly.Cit-
Jr
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,''ttllions of fingerprints.Com puters can even be used
t
-7r.. ''j',)t.
- '2ig' spacve sl v'atJ.
, tln- Sk v- 1ab vvras tlsed 1or - fnany !,îtcom pose m usic,w rite poem s and rnake drawings.
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#used zo.r studylng ob/7pects cteep ln. space. & 1
2
tltc?Cotumbia (('
jakclfl/kmbjayIfolyM6plsé'
reusab1e spaceship (Fri:'juzobl'spe)sj Ipj 1
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234 235

In the late 1970's m any A m ericans begal't,(,III.I.
com puters at hom e.Com puter gam es becanlt):tI)t'l'
ular entertainm ent.
QUESTION S.
W hatw as Sputnik i? W hy did itvvorw A m eritiClpl'k,'
During what period was the Soviet Union firstd#)
space exploration?
W hattask did PresidentKennedy setforAmelit.
in the field ofspace exploration? ôlas the task (111
filled? W ho wasthe firstm an to walk on the m otlll's
surface?
4. W hatwere Am erica'sfudherachievem entsinspê)lil!
exploration?
W henw as the firstelectronic com puterputto wolk
in the United States?
W hatare som e ofthe ways com puters can helsà
people in business and science?
In w hatway do com puters m ake yourIife differenl
from the way you would have Iived 60 years ago?
Pad 2.A dvances in Dem ocracy
and CurrentProblem s.
During the 1960'sthe United Statestried to solve
different problem s of society.
The struggle for civil rights.M ore than a m il-
lion blacks served in the United States arm ed forces
during W orld W ar II.They foughtbravely forfree-
dom around the w orld. Y et at hom e they w ere de-
nied m any freedom s.They w ere not allow ed to live
in certain places or go to certain schools.M any could
not get jobs or even vote.
There stillw ere som e schoolsto which only white
children were adm itted.In busesblackswere allowed
236
@
i)
k?
't
-.Martin LutherKing speaking atthe Lincoln Memorial
i,h ,stt only on the back seats: the seats in the front
.hE rauses w ere for w hites only.
fik
ïany A m ericans - black and white -- protested
ukpt'ainst segregation.A very active part in the pro-
4.:stwas played by Dr.M artin Luther K ingl.
)-
,n A ugust 1963 250,000 A m ericans m arched in
''::'?
.lshington,D .C.They dem anded equalrights for
tLazk A m ericans. A s a result, Congress passed the
:)v'k! R ights A ct2of 1964 and other law s that guar-
Jtiee equalrights tclblactks.A lso in 1964 D r.M ar-
:LrtLuther K ing won the NobelPeace Prize3for his
'
jT,ril rights vvork.
H ow ever,there.w ere still m any people in A m eri-
Fra.w ho w ere against giving biacks equalrights.For
tuostblacksconditionsim proved slowly.M any blacks
continued to live in poor districts.Often they could
not find jobs.
1Dr.Martin Luther King ('dakta'ma:tm'lu:oo'klnlaoitl'
op
M apr
rlz
lH Jllol'ep K uur
2the CivilR ights A ct A I<T o rpautaaucltnx npasax
3NobelPeace Prize Ho6eaeBczcaa rlpeMna aa Mwp
237
 +
The problem s of blacks drew attellt'ir,ll ',t'ytt.4#k
and n'
lore people. W orking togethel', 1,11,, .1
$fqtj#lti
whites have been looking for solutioll4Il1tilllt $1*
recent years. M uch progress has been ltlêttIt'lllf
lljl
k.
to their efforts. For exam ple, progrttss l,f1,, llfi:tj
achieved in education. The number o('I1IIj$'k hssi
dents attending collegein 1975 wasnearly l'f'lll'ltlty.
aslarge as in 1965.By the early 1980'stllf'lht'll'tljtt
age of black secondary schoolgraduates gtlilpg','IIl4I
collegew as aboutthe sam e asthatofwhite g'lndtl1ltltf.,
Other groups of population have also l)1'(#tllnlt lfl
,
against discrim ination in the United States. I)I$t'#,$g
the 1960's and 1970's m any A m erican Indiltlllll.I.1
tested. They w anted to end the unfair trtlltl1,I4'l,t
.
they received from other A m ericans and the l1,di4f'4l
States governm ent.They dem anded an end t,f) tlil,
crim ination in housing, education and jobs. Sl'l1,,!
A m erican lndians dem anded from the goverllltlt'ltt
to return part of their land.
Spanish-speaking A m ericans have also been 1)1.4,
testing against discrim ination.
Spanish-speaking A m ericans cam e to the U nit,t'(î
States from M exico,Puerto Rico and the countl'if':k
of South and Central Am erica.They have lived i11
the A m erican Southw est for hundreds of years,
working as ranchers and farm ers. They have severt'
problem s.M any ofthem live in poverty. M any Spal)
ish-speaking w orkers are unskilled. M any of their
children m ustleaveschoolto help supporttheirfam
ilies.
The problem of im m igration. The U nited States
has usually w elcom ed refugees, that is people who
leavetheir hom e countriesbecause they are attacked
for their political or religious beliefs.
238
J:'.I,1(trefugeeshave escaped from com m unist-con-
',.,11,.4l(rountries.W hen the North Vietnam ese took
...1'tI'tàIofSouth Vietnam aftertheVietnam eseW ar,
..i.',)y Ileople escaped from thatcountry and cam e to
i,I4.l)Itited States.
4Jtlttlr refugeeshave com e to the United States to
,.ç.,;)f)the com m unist governm ent in Cuba.Soviet
T..r
...!: ltave com e to the U nited States in order to
l,;1'.4' l''eligious freedom .
'ltllne A m ericans do notlike it.They say that the
,
lI1ki(, ()d States willbecom e too crowded if it contin-
j,f.?;to welcom e refugees.But other Am ericans say
lI,:lt,the U nited States m ust keep to its old tradi-
t14)!) and rem ain open to these hom eless people.
.4l llericans are trying to find a solution to this dif-
I'ifrtllt problem .
Q UESTION S.
W hatproblems ofsociety did the United States try
to solve during the 1960's?
W ho w as Dr.M adin Luther King? W hatwas the
resultofthe march in W ashington,D.C .in August
1963*
W hatsections ofAm erican population,besidesthe
blacks,are fighting againstdiscrim ination?
W hy do som e Americans oppose im m igration?
W hatdo otherAmericans say?
UN IT REV IEW
-
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from
the list:
withdrew ,dem and,install,denied,adm itted,sub-
urbs,highways,equal,refugees,entertainm ent.
1. The SovietUnion Ieaders were planning to
m issiles in Cuba. 239
 @
are towns located close to cities. SECTION TH REE
In 1973 the United States its troops Il#,,11
Vietnam . PRE SEN T -D A Y A M E RICA
People who escape from theirhom e countries t)4!
cause they are discrim inated againstfortheir1)4!
liefs are .
5. Factol owners needed m ore workers to m eetll1f1 CHA PTER I
ofthe population fornew goods.
6. There were som e schools in Am erica which
A M ERICA N PEO PLE
only w hite pupils. '!'lxe population of the U nited States is the third
7. Cars and new m ade travelling easier. 1.ïjg'estin the world (after lndia and China),There
8. Com putergames became a popular . .'p;, over 250 m illion people living in the U nited
9. Blacks and Indians were m any freedom s. ;)1,:1tes today. W ho are these people? The fam ous
10.The CivilRights Act of 1964 guaranteed
rights to blacks.
II. W rite derailed answ ers to the follow ing
questions:
1. W hy did the United States and the Soviet Uniorl
getinvolved in the Cold W ar?
Nam e three ways in which Am erican life changetl
rapidly afterW orld W arII.
W hat are the problem s in present-day American
society?

W ho are Americans?

241
A m erican poet of the 19th century W alt W hitm and
said that the United States ddis notm erely a nation,
but a nation of nations''. People from around the
world have com e to the United States and influ-
enced its history and culture.
Pad 1.The Native Am ericans.
The first people cam e to A m erica from A sia.V ery
long ago,as scientists supposez,as early as 40 thou-
sand yearsago,they crossed theBering Strait3from
Siberia4to Alaska w hen the sea leveldropped.These
were the people whom Colum bus later called dqndi-
ans''because he w as sure that he had com e to the
East Indies.
Today there are about 1,5 m illion Indians in the
United States, m ost of them live in the W estern
states - California, Oklahom a,A rizona and New
M exico. About one-third of the Native A m ericans
live in reservations,the land that was given them
by the governm ent in the 19th century.The dthers
live in cities. Poverty and unem ploym ent are the
major problems ofthe lndian population.
QUESTION S.
1. W here did the firstpeople com e to Am erica from ?
W hen was it?
2. W hy did Colum bus callthe Native Americans 'dln-
dians'
'?
3. W here do the Am erican Indians Iive now?
1W altW hitman ('worlt-wltmon)yoa'
r'VIZ
ITMaI.
I such behaviour and publicly punished the captain.
2 as scientists suppose Hax rloaaram '
r yqeHble
'
3Bering StraitEöofberinrstrelt)BeplïHroB rlpo.
qHB
4Siberia (salrblorlo)CI46I4pB
242
Part2.The British.
The British began settling in the eastern part of
North A m erica in the 1600's.By the tim e of the
Arnerican Revolution (1776) the culture of the
American colonists (their religion,language,gov-
f'rnment,etc.) was completely British. One could
slty that the British culture was the foundation of
t'lte new nation's culture.
QUESTION.
W hen did the firstBritish settle in Am erica?
Pad 3.The New England Yankee.
Differentpeople use the word d'yankpe''in differ-
(tnt m eanings. For a person from the sotlth of the
tlnited States f<yankee''m eans a N ortherner. For a
l
'oreigner ddyankee''m eans an Am erican.Butthe ex-
llct m eaning of the w ord dfyankee'' is a New En-
glander.
The peculiar character of the N ew England Yan-
kee was shaped by the history and geography of the
place. New England was settled in the 1600's by
Puritans. The Puritans left E ngland because they
(lid not agree w ith som e teachings of the Church of
England.They wanted to dfpurify''the religion, they
llad very strictrules aboutchurch servicesland also
aboutthe w ay people lived.There is a story about a
sea captain w ho had com e back from a three-year
voyage and kissed his wife on their doorstep, out-
side their house. The puritans were indignant at
1 ehurch services treplcosuax caya 6a, ovupaBaeuue
IlepltoBHBlx o6psaos
243
 The yankees have a reputation for being honest
butshrew d,realistic,practical,untalkative,thrifty
and independent.There are m any stories w hich il-
lustrate the realistic and untalkative character of a
yankee.One story tells about a touristw ho asked a
yankee whether he had lived in the sam e village a1l
his life. <EN'ot yet,'' answered the yankee. There is
another story about a tourist who did not know his
way in the state of Verm ontand asked a yankee for
directions.'<1wantto go to Bennington,''he sa-id.H1
have no objections,''was the answer.Yet another
story tells about a yankee from Boston,whose name tj
was Frederick Tudorl. This story illustrates the y
business shrewdness of the yankees.A s we know ,
the clim ate in N ew England is cold, and in winter
there is a 1ot of snow and ice. W hen Tudor was a
young man,he heard somebody makea joke:dqfice
were a crop,N ew England would be wealthy.''Tu-
dor rem em bered this joke, and m any years later
worked outa w ay how to break and store up ice and
send it to the south.Tudorbecam e a very rich m an.
The yankees like to speak about the special role
that New England has played in U nited States his-
tory. The A m erican Revolution began in N ew En-
gland,because the yankees w ere am ong the stron-
gestsupporters ofindependence.In the 19th century
it was N ew England yankees who 1ed the fight
against slavery in A m erica.
QUESTIONS.
1 W hatdoes 'yankee''m ean?
2. W ho were the Puritans?
1Frederick Tudor ('frederlk'tju:dalopelepnzlTxwop
244
r, W hatare the characteristicfeatures ofthe Yankee
character?
W hat specialrole did the New England yankees
4 play in the United States history?
Pad 4.A frican-Am ericans.
Betw een 1620 and 1820 very large groupsof peo-
Ille cam e to the U nited States not as willing im m i-
g'rants, but against their w ill. These people w ere
l'rom W est A frica.They were brought to A m erica
:k
t,()work as slaves on the plantations of the South.
'I'he total num ber of the black people brought to
Am erica w ithin tltis period reaches eight m illion.
The Civil W ar in the 1860's ended slavery and
tlstablished equal rights for black Am ericans. Yet
the effects of 200 years of slavery are still felt in
today's A m erica. ln spite of m any changes, it is
lnostly black,notwhite,A m ericanswho sufferfrom
poverty. Today about 12 percent of A m erica's pop-
lationisbiack.M anyofthem livein theSouthand
in the cities of the N ortheast and M idwest.
QUESTIONS.
1. How did Africans appearin Am erica?
2. W hen was slavery abolished?
3. W hatis the position ofthe black population in to-
day': America?
Part 5.Im ini
and W grant
esters
n fEur
romope.
Nodhern
In the 1820's m any people in Europe, suffering
from poverty, war and discrim ination,began em i-
grating to the U nited States.They hoped for better
245
opportunities in the U nited States.During the ('ileltl W here did m any ofthese im m igrants settle? How
half-century,m ost im m igrants cam e from the (,()11/1 tlid they earn theirIiving?
tries of north-w estern Europe - Germ any,the tllli1.
ed Kingdom ,Ireland,Sweden and Norway. Part7.Hispanic-A m ericans.
D uring these years the U nited States w as expalltl
ing into w hat is now the M idw est.The M idw est l!:'tl IIispanics are people w hose ancestors w ere Span-
a lot of land good for farm ing. That's w hy m l,rdy i:11()rSpanish-A m ericans.Som e Hispanics had lived
new im m igrants becam e farm ers in the M idw ltst.. tlle areas which w ere under Spanish control,and
Even today,Germ an and Scandinavian influenct)i)1 I4,t1l!d them selves living in the U nited States w hen
felt in M idw estern foods and festivals. tItttse areas became part of the United States (for
('vrllnple California and New M exico).M any other
QUESTION S. I1ispanics im m igrated to the U nited States from
1. W hy did m any im m igrapts com e to the United Illislzy different coun-
States from the countries ofNodhern and W esterl) tp'i'
fts,m ostly from M ex-
Europe in the firsthal
fofthe 19th century? Puerto R ico and
W hy did many imm igrants becom e farmers in tht) t'!J
ll
').
'
ët.
M idwest?
QUESTION S.
Part6.Im m igrants from Southern W ho are Hispanic-
and Eastern Europe. Americans'?
D id the H ispanic-
Betw een the 1870's and the 1930's m any im m i Americansfindthem -
grants cam e to the United States from the coull selves in the United
triesofsouthern and eastern Europe- ltaly,Greece, States only through
Poland and Russia.The U nited States w as now de im m igration?
veloping into a m ainly industrial country.M uch oI'
the farm land in the M idwest had been settled, s() Part8.Asian-
the new w ave of im m igrants m oved to cities antl A m ericans.
w orked in factories.
In the 19th and 20th
QUESTION S. ï'
if anturies m any lnàFn1-
In what period did many im m igrants com e to the q
lt'rants cam e to the U nit-
United States from the countries ofsouthern and Cr
'(t'
lStates from different Descendants ofdi #erent
eastern Europe? nations have com e together
/ksian countries (China, and form ed the nation of
lapan, the Philippines,
r A m ericans
246 247
 . :.
'
!
è.
Korea,Vietnam ,lndia and others).They have set.yt I1. W rite detailed answ ers to the following
tled m ostly in California, H awaii, N ew Y ork and èt dlllestions:
Texas. J 1 Com menton W altW hitman's words thatthe Uni
t- I
'j ed States is ''notm erely a nation,buta nation of
QUESTION S. . i
W hat Asian countries did im m igrants com e to th. ( i nations''.
,
:i W hatare the peculiarfeatures ofa Yankee char-
2 United States from ? ', j
. W hatparts ofthe United States did the Asian im. '' acter? W hatfacts influenced the Yankee charac-
m igrants settle in? ' ter?
'
t-
)
.

. 1
4
CHAPTER REVIEW 1 CHA PTRE 2
1.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectwordsfrom )
: H OW TH EY LIV E
thelist: )
'
shrewd,spite, influenced, dropped, expandingb 1
poverty, reservations, unemploym ent, opportunitieub .! .
t
established. ! Pad 1.The W ay ofLife.
1. The firstpeople cam etoAm ericafrom Siberiawhen t There have been m any changes in the way of life
the sea Ievel ,)
.
. ()f A m erican fam ilies in the past 20 or 30 years.
2. Ppople from around the world have com e to the M any young people don't hurry to get m arried,
United States and its history and culture. ltnd when they do get m arried,they don't hurry to
3. About one-third ofthe nativ: Am ericans Iive in Ilave children.Quite often a woman has her first
. @ child only w hen she is past thirty. A lso, fam ilies
4. and are majorproblems ofthe lndi- don't have so m any children as was traditionalbe-
an population. sore.Today m ost fam ilies have only one or two chil-
5. Yankees are know n forbeing honestbut . dren.
6. Immigrants hopedforbetter inthe United In a traditionalfam ily the husband worked and
States. earned m oney, and the wife stayed at hom e with
7. The CivilW ar in the 1860's ended slavery and the children.This tradition is now changing.M any
equalrights forblack Americans. m arried wom en work, like their husbands. There
8. During the firsthalfofthe 19th century the United are two reasons for this new tradition.One reason
States was into whatis now the M idwest. is that wom en also w ant to have careers,like m en.
9. In ofm any changes,many blackAm ericans The other reason is the necessity of er ning a liv-
sufferfrom poverty. ing:prices have risen,and ms a resultfnm ilies cannot
survive w hen only one m em ber of the fnm ily w orks.
248 249

The divorce rateisvery high in the United Statesi
About half of m arried couples end in divorce.The
result of this high divorce rate is that m any A m er-
ican children see their fathers (or m others) only
occasionally.
Rather often divorced people get m arried again.
So a new kind of fam ily has appeared - a fam ily in
which the children have different fathers orm others.
In the past it was traditional for three genera-
tions - grandparents, parents and children - to
live together,now m any elderly people prefer liv-
ing separately from their grow n-up children.Both
elderly and young people find itconvenient,though,
living separately,the older and the younger gener-
ation usually m aintain a friendly contact w ith each
other.
QUE STION S.
1. How many children does a typicalAm erican fam ily
have?
2. W hy do many married wom en work? Give two rea-
SOnS.
3. W hatis the effectof the high divorce rate in the
United States?
W hatchanges have taken place in the life ofaged
people?
Part 2. Education.
There are three levels in the educational system
of the United States.
A t the age of 7 children go to the elem entary
school,where they stay untilthe sixth grade.Then
they pass to the so-called junior high school and
stay there from the seventh up to the eighth or
250
'j
$.r
th
4.
xv 11irlth grade.Finally they gototh*high school(from
t'll(aninth or tenth grade up to the twelfth grade).
Besides state-supported schools (called <<public
tlttl1ools''),where education is freel,there isa com-
Illtratively sm all number of private schools,which
:1re often connected with religion.
QUESTION .
W hich are the three Ievels in the United States ed-
ucationalsystem ?
Part 3.Culture.Leisure.Entertainm ent.
The United States is a great centre of culture.Its
largest cities (New York,Boston,Chicago,W ash-
ington,San Francisco,LosAngeles)havemany con-
(rert halls, exhibition halls and theat/es. Sm aller
cities also regularly hold concerts,exhibitions,lec-
tures,theatricalperform ances,both professionaland
am ateur. The United States has the w orld's great-
estm useum s,theatres,concerthallsand orchestras.
A lotofpeople usually attend perform ancesand exhi-
bitions,in spite of the high prices of the tickets.
The m ost im portant sources of entertainm ent in
Am erica are television,m ovies and recorded m usic.
M illions of Am ericans watch videotaped m ovies at
hom e.
M any A m ericans com plain of the 1ow intellectual
and cultural level of TV program m es. Som e people
also say that the em phasis on youth,sex and m oney
teaches children the wrong values.
A m ericans enjoy sport. They engage in sports
them selves and also watch their favourite sports
1free (aa.)6eclu ae
rHoe
251

Playing baseball
team s at the stadium s and at hom e on TV.Am ong
the m ost popular sports are baseball,football,bas-
ketballand hockey,as wellasgolf and tennis.M any
boys and girls play in schoolsport team s.
A m ericans like to travel.M any fam ilies regular-
ly go on w eekend car trips, as w ell as on longer
sum m er trips. Travelling by air is also very popu-
lar.During their holidays m any people fly to other
cities to visit friends and relatives.In w inter m any
people like to spend their holidays in places with a
warm clim ate, like Florida and the islands of the
Caribbean.
QUESTION S.
W hatfacts confirm the statem entthatthe United
States is a greatcentre ofculture?
2. W hich are the m ostim podantsources ofentertain-
mentand information in the United States?
3. W hatdo m any people in Am erica complain of?
4. Do many Americans enjoy spod? W hatcan you
say to prove thati
tis so?
252
Do Am ericans Iike to travel? W hatplaces do they
go to?
Pad 4.Holidays.
N ew Y ear. M any people don't sleep m ost of the
New Year nighton the 31st ofDecem ber,seeing the
New Year in.Som e people go to parties at friends'
Ilouses or at night-clubs.Others just walk about in
i,lle streets m aking m erry.lt is a tradition for m any
yleople tomake New Yearresolutions(to eatless,to
work more,to do sportregularly,etc.).Though few
Ileople keep their N ew Y ear resolutions.
M artin Luther K ing's D ay.M artin Luther K ing
was a fam ous fighter for civil rights. In the 1950's
ltnd 1960's he organized the civilrights m ovem ent-
the struggle for equalrights for black Am ericans.In
1968 he w as assmssinated.M artin Luther K ing's Day
iscelebrated in January (hewasborn in thismonth).
Presidents'Day.Presidents'Day is celebrated in
February. It is the day on w hich tw o great A m eri-
cans are honoured: G eorge W ashington, the coun-
try's first President, and Abraham Lincoln, the
President who headed the country during the Civil
W ar and put an end to slavel'y.Both George W ash-
ington and Abrallnm Lincoln were born in Febrtzaa .
M em orial Day.On M em orial D ay A m ericans ho-
nour the soldiers killed in war. There are always
parades on this day. M em orial D ay is celebrated on
the last M onday in M ay, and that's why it m arks
the beginning of the sum m er season. M any people
spend this day on the beach.
Independence Day.The Fourth of July,or lnde-
pendence D ay, is, of course, the m ost im portant
253
 N
A m erican holiday.In was on July 4,1776,that tIlp
A m erican colonies declared their independence frtlltj
Britain.The Fourth of July is a traditionalday ffll'
fam ily picnics and, at night, firew orks.
Labour D ay.On the first M onday in Septem bel'.
Am ericans celebrate LabourDay,which honourstilt'
A m erican w orker. W hile M em orial D ay m arks tlkt!
beginning of sum m er,Labour Day m arks the end ()f
it.The schoolyear starts the day after Labour D ay.
Colum bus D ay.Colum bus Day m arks the com illg
of Colum bus's ship to A m erica in 1492.M any ltal-
ian-A m ericans and H ispanic-A m ericans are especially
enthusiastic on Columbus Day. Colum bus was aIy
Italian w orking for Spain,so they feelthat this grel,t
seam an is closer to their hearts than to the hearts
of other A m ericans.
H allow een. H allow een, w hich is celebrated ol1
October 31, is not an official holiday, but, doubt.
less,itis a very specialday.Children enjoy it.They
dress in fancy costtlm es as witches,ghosts,or other
m onsters, pirates, or characters from TV pro-
gram m es, and so on. The w indow s of m any houses
are brightly decorated on H allow een.In the evening'
groups of children go from house to house, knock
atthedoorsand say,ftr
lqrick ortreat''.(W hich means
<%if you don't treat us to som ething tasty,w e shall
play a trick on you.'') Of course,the people give
them som ething nice.
Thanksgiving.ln 1620 the M ayflowerkbrought
a group of Pilgrim s to A m erica.The Pilgrim s found-
ed a settlem ent in M assachusetts.They arrived late
in N ovem ber, and it w as too late to plant crops.lt
w as very difficult for the Pilgrim s to survive the
ds-rrick or treat'
itlteM ayflower(öo'melflauo)Me/tluayap
254 255

A tranksgiving dinner
first w inter, but they w ere greatly helped by thf!
Indians who lived nearby.The Indians show ed thtt
Pilgrim s where to fish,and in spring helped thenl
to plant crops.The next N ovem ber,when the Pil-
grim shad gathered the crops,they invited the Indi-
ans to a great feast. It w as the first Thanksgiving.
Thanksgiving is celebrated every year in N ovem -
ber.Fam ilies m ake a big feast,which traditionally
includes roast turkey, a sw eet sauce m ade of cran-
berries, and pum pkin pie.
Christm as. On Christm as m any fam ilies get to-
gether. There is a tradition to give presents on
Christm as.People often startbuying gifts rightafter
Thanksgiving. O n Christm as m any fam ilies like to
have a decorated Christm as tree in their houses.
They also bake special Christm as cakes.
Children believe that their gifts com e from Santa
Clausl,w ho lives in the N orth P ole,and on the night
1Santa Claus ('sœnto'kla:slCaHTa-ltzlayc
256
A Christmas morning
llt/fore Christm as he com es in a sledge pulled by
l'ttindeer.H e goes down the chim neys of houses and
Iitaves gifts for the children who have been good.
QUE STION S.
How do Americans see the New Yearin?
W hy is Madin LutierKing's Day marked in the
United States?
W hattwo greatAm ericans are honoured on Pres-
idents'Day?
W hom does Mem orialDay honour?
W hich isthe m ostim podantAmerican holiday? W hy
is itmostim podant? W hen is itcelebrated?
W hatholiday honours the Am erican worker? W hen
is itcelebrated?
W hatis the traditionalway of celebrating Hallow-
een?
W hen is Thanksgiving celebrated? How did this
holiday originate?
How is Christm as usually celebrated?
257
 Pad 5.The Cow boy.
People usually think of the cow boy as of a 1.4)
m antic and even râther fairy-tale creature.Itis m lt,
so in reality.First of all,people think that allcow
boys are w hite A m ericans. A ctually, the first cow
boys w ere M exican.There were also black cowboys
A cow boy
258
t'f't,en ex-slavesw ho were given freedom by the Civil
W ldr. There w ere also Indian cow boys.
The cowboy's m ain job was very prosaie - and
L'('r'y difficult.Itwas to take care of cows and to get
tIlttm to m arket.Cowboys worked for cattle-ranch-
..1':9- owners of big herds of cattle.The eowboy's
li1' ()w as hard and often boring. The m ain - and
11Stlst difficult - part of the cow boy's w ork w as
t.ttttle drivel.
ln the m id-1860's Texas cattle-ranchersfound that
,1/other states,likeK ansas,they could getten tim es
its;m uch m oney for their cattle. This is how cattle
(Ià 'ives began.On the drives,cowboys took the cat-
l,!e from Texas up to K ansas.
On the trail,cowboys w orked from sunrise tillsun-
stlt.A t night they took turns guardingzthe cattle.
Today there are stillcattle ranches and eowboys.
'!'l1e w ork of the cow boy is the sam e. O f course,
Illodern m achines have brought certain changes in
the w ork.
R odeos. R odeos are com petitions in w hich cow -
tloys show their skills. ln the old days, w hen cow -
kloys got bored during cattle drives,they som etim es
organized inform al com petitions. W ith tim e, this
tradition grew , then tow ns began organizing m ore
'
taorm alcom petitions for cow boys.Today the Profes-
sionalRodeo Cowboys A ssociation3organizes about
700 rodeos a year. The events included in a rodeo
1cattle drive HeperoH solllattllz
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3theProfessionalRodeoCowboysAssociation(öaproffelnal
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lallBHas KoB6oiiciças
accounatlpls poaeo
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.4
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as,they can take you,as an entertainm ent,on a
1llk?kslern cattle drive.On the drive,you w ill live like
'ïkl 't/
czboy - sleeping on the ground and eating beans
...;.
rpbeef.Y ou w ill do the w ork that cow boys do.O f
k.'kkrse they w on't m ake you do any bulldogging!
QUESTION S.
W hatwasthe cowboy'sjob?
W hatis a rodeo? W hatassociation organizes ro-
deos?
W hatevents can you see ifyou go to a rodeo?
W hatis bulldogginge?

CH APTER REVIEW
1.Fill in the blanks w ith the correct words from
l'he list:
engage,intellectual,reindeer,survive,rodeos,gen-
t'réffïozls,junior,entertainment,resolutions,values.
1. Fam ilies cannot when only one m em berof
the fam ily works.
Rodeo.Bullri
ding In the pastitw as traditionalforthree to Iive
are calf ropingl,bull ridingzand bulldogging3.Bu1l- together.
dogging w as invented by a black cowboy called Bill There are three Ievels in the US educationalsys-
Pickett4. It w as a w ay of stopping oxen that w ere tem - elem entary school, high schooland
running w ild. Pickett w ould ride alongside an ox, high school.
then jum p on its back, grab its horns,sornersault The mostpopularsources of are television,
across its, and pull the ox to the ground. movies and recorded m usic.
Many people com plain ofthe Iow IevelofTV
1calf g1
cart
) roping Jloszls Mop
qoalalx 6slvlI<oB apuaHol
vf program mes.
2bullriding eaaa sepxoM Ha 6slz<ax 6. The emphasis on youth,sex and m oney teaches
3 bulldogging oco6slii crioco6 . r1os.
qIJ H ycMnpeHIz
Is children the wrong .
oaHuaBttllz
lx 6slxoB
4BillPickett('bll'plkltlBlu.rlI'II,
II
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T M any Americans regularly in spods.
5 somersault ('samosa:ltl across it pena.
q :cysBlpolt uepea Itis a tradition formany people to m ake New Year
roaosy
260 261
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9. On the nightbefore Christm as Santa Claus como.

from the North Pole in a sledge pulled by . f
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10. are competitions inwhich cowboys show Lona .
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N EW Y O RK NEWJERSEY z
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New York attractspeople from alloverthe worltl. .
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you are reading,you w illsee that one person is read, j
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ing a new spaper in Spanish,another in Arabic,still ;
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others in Chinese,French,Russian,Italian,and s() 1 lsl
and ;
on. N ew Y ork w as alw ays a city of im m igrants. lt 1 y. .
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still is. i ATLANTIC f
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New York,one of the largest and m ost exciting j
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cities in the world,is situated at the m outh of the h
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H udson R iver, w here it em pties into the A tlantic
Ocean,and consists of five parts,called boroughsl: New York
M anhattan, Brooklyn,Queens, Bronx and Staten
Island.But it is of course its centralpart,the bor- ing,art,theatre,publishing,fashion - and every-
ough of M anhattan,that m ost people think of w hen thing else.
they think of N ew Y ork. M anhattan is divided into the East Side and the
M anhattan is an island 13 m iles long and 2 m iles W est Side.The dividing line is Fifth Avenue.A ll
wide.Itis the centreofAm erican finance,advertis- the streets that cross Fifth A venue are also divided
into two parts,thatis they have,for exam ple,W est
1boroughs('baroz)ropcglcM,Haceaenusle IIyHHTBI;B H1aIO- 5th Street and East 5th Street, W est 11th Street
Ropxe - paRoHBl,cocraBHBle Hac'
rn ropoaa and East 11th Street, and so on. The part of, say,
262 263
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The Stock Exchange

selves from possible attacks, they built a strollg'
wooden wall.Thiswall,which isnow destroyed, gavt'
its nam e to a street in Low er M anhattan , and tllt'
street, in its turn, becam e a synonym of A m ericall
capitalism .Of course, this street is W all Street.
lt is easy to see why W allStreet is a synonym oI' The W orld Trade Centre
capitalism . Both the N ew Y ork Stock Exchangel
and the Am erican Stock Exchange are located il1 By the m id-1800'stheLowerEastSide had greatly
the W all Street area, as well as m any banks and changed.lthad becom e an area in which im m igrants
offices of m any large corporations. The twin towers i
:iettled. First there w ere m any lrishl, thert cam e
of the W orld Trade Centre,w hich rise up to 1,350 m any Jew sz from Eastern Europe. In recent years
feet above the city,are also here. There is an obser- m any Jew s have m oved to other places, and a new
vation deck on the 107th floor of one of the tow ers, l
tm m igrant group has settled here - P uerto R ieans
from w hich you get a good view of N ew Y ork . and other H ispanics.
The Lower East Side.Originally,the Low er East Little Italy. N ear the Low er East Side there is
Side was an elegant district.W hen New York was another area that also attracted iznm igrants. lt is
the capitalof the United States,President George Little ltaly,which i. s fam ous for its food.
W ashington lived in the Lower East Side.
1Irish ('alon) Ilp-
rzazz,
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261StockExchangeg'stokIksftfelndltllol-
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qtmas 6lz
lpplça 2Jews(d:urzlespen 267
6
 Chinatown
268
 N
dential area. 1ts elegant-looking houses in 111tl'l'('w
tree-lined streets look very picturesque and (rI11),,t11
ing.In the early 1900's this charm attracted 1,4,11.,
m iansl- w riters and artists.The rentswere (rl1t.111l,
and for m any years Greenwich Village was a I)l1,I't'
for people with different and creative ideas. 1t,11;If1
an active nightlife with' plenty of bars,restalllwlplll!,
and clubs.The artists,w riters and politicalraditt:llr,
spent hours and hours in the cafes.
Today rents in Greenwich Village are far ( '''
f,,d,
cheap,and notm any artists can afford them . Grttt'll
w ich V illage is visited by m any tourists, and s()lklf,
N ew Y orkers com plain that G reenw ich Village it1
no longer utauthenticz''.But in fact, the Village llllti
preserved m any of its authentic elem ents:in W asll
ington Square, its centre, you can see street pttl'
form ers3,jazzbands,police,drug dealers4,joggerst'.
and roller skaters6.
QUESTIONS.
1. W ho werethe firstEuropeansto settle in Manhattan?
2. W hy is W allStreetcalled W allStreet?
3. W hy is W allStreeta synonym ofAmerican capital-
ism 9
.
4. W hatkind ofdistrictis the LowerEastSide? W ashington Square
5. W hatis Little Italy? W here is it?
(:
3. W hich is the only im migrantcom m unity in Manhat-
1bohemians (bou'hirmlonzl xx6oreMa'
h:JIlo;IIJ, o6BIqH() tan thatis stillgrowing?
llpeac'raBnTeapi xyaoplçec' rBeHHo; HHTM JIIIIYHIJHI,I - alfTepBl, W here is G reenwichVillage? How do the streets in
MY3BIHJHTBI, XJW OM HHIfH,JII' ITOPaTOJIBI,Bolym He UPCIIOVHBIZ, Greenw ich Village Iook?
6ecfltlpfllolllilyl; O6paa M HaI.
III
2authentick:
):foentlklHOAJIHHHBIFI,aocToBeplllqfl,HacToxttmii W hat kind of people did the charm of Greenw ich
3 street perform ers yJIHIIHBIO alfrepbl Village attractin the early 1900's?
4drug dealers TOprOBqBIHaPIQOTHIQaMW W hatauthentic elements has Greenwich Village
5joggers('djogozj6eryHBl(Te,I<To 6erae'
rPaaMHHOHHBIM preserved to ourdays? W hatscenes can one ob-
6eroM, xfTpycqflMp) '
G roller skaters xar
ram m plecs Ha polHzcosslx AocHax serve in W ashington Square?
270 271
 &
Part3.M idtow n. .t.t',stylel and w ere abundantly and richly decorat-
' .1 'k'1'
le m ost beautiful and fam ous of the art deco
M any of N ew York offices and jobs are (:f)Ilt''!It lh'',
irrapers of that tim e are the Chrysler B uildingz
trated in M idtown, as well as m any of its lLt1114ptll! lI. I .
)rhe Em pkiee State Building3, the third tallest
skyscrapers.
The first skyscraper in N ew York was bllilt, iIi
1902.It was twenty storeys high,
The firstbuilding boom lfor skyscrapers calltl,i11
the late 1920's.These skyscrapers w ere built iI1Ii,'6

The Empire State Building

1artdeco style ('a:t'dekou,stalllc'

rlu s qap zkexos
z- HaupaB-
qeHMe B apxHTeHType H HPHMIaAHOM HCKYCCTBO,HOJYHHBY OO
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pacHpocTpaHeHHe B EBpone H AMepHMe B 20-30 rGAB1 XX
The ChryslerBuilding BeHa
2the Chrysler ('kralzlo)Building Kpaiicaep Bllrlglz
lur
1building boom c'
rpouTealausl/ 6yM (opsvlslzelm oe c'
rpou- 3 the Em pire ('empaloj State Building D -Mrlaiip CTeRT
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reascrso) Blu rll<l:r
272 275
building in the world.A visitor can go to the t()I,',1 ,'g'r
s'kq uil 1ngs,w 1c 1nclu e offices,s ops,an
the Em pire State Building and adm ire the view (.1 ')-n
'places of entertain ent- .
M anhattan.The Em pire State Building has betrf'lt'' .. 11'L
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The Uni
ted Nations building T'
8m es Square
1The'United N ationsSecretariatrjt
7ajtl'naltltlfrlttff
jnz'sekrl'tccrlatl .
1Rockefeller ('rakifelojCentrePortc
lAellepotTcztp!liuel-
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274
 ,

N t'
in A m erica, w hich has its m ain office tl1el'(.. '1'It. Part4.Upper(Uptown)Manhattan.
New York Tim esisregarded asone ofthebest'lltzw..
papers in the country.N ew Y ork's other m ai1,kltxwl, 4..',r4,h-al Park.Practically the whole of the M an-
papers are the N ew Y ork D aily N ew s,the N tlw Y''lk ,..'lt:1!, tèrea is a sea of concrete. Luckily for N ew
'
'
!. ,,I .f'l'spthere is one exception:CentralPark.
Post and the N ew Y ork N ew sday.
T he Theatre D istrict. It begins at Tim es S(j(llIlf# .1'1dis huge park in the m iddle of the city was de-
and occupies an area in or near Broadw ayl l)et,wl!##lp ,.i!!l1('tl in the 1850's by the landscape architect
the 40's and 50's Streets. M ost Broadw ay tl)t!1t(.lptl 1.',,.4Ittrick Law Olm stedl.Olm sted wanted to build a
are located in this area.Broadway haslong befl),(,11:4 Ifllytf'lleautiful park w here a 1ot of N ew Y ork resi-
!1 ..11trs, Etrich and poor, young, and old'' could rest
centre of theatre life in the Upited States. M J1lIv
plays which are first staged in other cities h()I)('t.f, !.I16l(tlljoy nature.
finally com e to Broadway. Y#)u can take a ride through Central Park in a
IIll.lt)carriage pulled by a horse,or rent a bicycle.
QUESTION S. 'l'Ik('re are m any attractions in the park: a zoo, a
1. W hen was the firstskyscraperbuiltin New York'? jllt:tting-rink,an old-fashioned carousel,a lake with
How many storeys high was it? I,(':tts,and an outdoor theatre.
2. W hen did the first building boom forskyscrapetrt 'rhe eastern side.After CentralPark was opened
come? W hatstyle were the firstskyscrapers buill l876,som e w ealthy N ew Y orkers soon built m an-
in? Nam e two m ost fam ous skyscrapers ofthill l$Ifllls along Fifth Avenue on CentralPark's eastern
period.
W hatis RockefellerCentre? How m any buildings
does itinclude?
4. W hen did the new style in skyscraper buildinf)
come? W hatworld-fam ous building is an exam ple
ofthis style?
5. Explain the nam e ''Times Square''.
6. W hich are New York's m ain newspapers,besides
the New York Tim es?
W hatarea has Iong been the centre oftheatre Iife
in the United States?
Centralpark

1Frederick Law Olmsted ('fredrlkflo:'omstedltppeaepplx Jlo

1Broadway ('bra:dwellBpoaBefl O.
qMCTaA 277
276
 w

The Metropolitan M useum ofArt

side.The fnm ily ofVanderbiltslhad as many aselev

en m ansions on Fifth A venue along CentralPark.
Now m any ofthese m ansions hold artcollectionB.
There are so m any m useum s in this part of Fiftll
A venue,that it is called ufM useum M ile''.O ne of tlle
m useum s is the M etropolitan M useum ofA rt,witll
huge collections ofartfrom alloverthe world.lti:
one of the m ost im portant m useum s in the Unitetl
States.
The w estern side.The street on the w estern sidt!
of CentralPark has large and unusual-looking apart-
m ent buildings.W hen the first of these buildings
w as being built, people w ere surprised. They w ert! The Dakota building
sure that people w ho had m uch m oney w ould not
w ant to live in an apartm ent house, especially s() it1g these apartm ent houses in the D akotasl. The
far from the centre of the city (and people witll lluilder liked the com parison,and called his build-
little m oney could not afford living there because ing the D akota.Surprisingly,when the building w as
the apartm ents w ere very large and rich,so the rent l'inished, very soon every apartm ent w as occupied.
was very high).lndeed,people said,the place was 'Phe apartm ents were very good,and the place with
so farfrom thecentre,thatitwas thesam easbuild-
1the Dakotas(öoda'koutgz)4<;Ja1coTIaI,>:ccBllHa Ha To,uTo
luval'lal Cesepuas Jtaltq'
ra 14 IoxtHas r
qaxo'ra pacuoao- eusl
1Vanderbilt('vœndoblltlBaHaep6lu la'
r flueHs aaxeso o'
r H Bzo-lz
lopxa
278 279
 N
the view on Central Park attracted people. Stllltfl I'1tt' well-know n author
very fam ous people have lived in the Dakota,al/lfpllg I.:'Ilgston H ugheslw rote
them the conductor and com poser Leonard Ilerll' ?1j,4)k11;his experience as
steinland one of the fam ous Beatles m usicians .If,IlII I,1lhclt.
Lennonz,who w as killed right outside the btliltlillg '1'l1e depression of the
on Decem ber 8, 1980. l#,, 'k0's hit H arlem hard.
H arlem . H ousing construction began in H a)'lt!l1$ yï'l(. 11abad econom y and
after 1900.B ut at first very few people needed llt'w I(,iltinued discrim ina-
apartm ents in M anhattan, and the new buildiIlg. tid,1#, m any blacks w ere
rem ained em pty. Then a black m an gave an idelt t.(I $lllltble to earn a living.
the building owners: why not rent the apartm ellta 'I'Ip() area becam e poor- Langston Hughes
to the black fam ilies w ho w anted to m ove from t,lltI (.l, and m any m iddle-
old, half-ruined apartm ents in which they livetl it1 i'l itss blacks left. H arlem has never really recovered
downtow n M anhattan? The idea worked,and in tlll: f'frtlnom ically-Y et it has kept its specialatm osphere
way H arlem becam e an area m ostly inhabited l)y :dl!d rem ains a centre of black culture.
black population. QUESTION S.
Soon m any people began saying that in H arltltll W hen was CentralPark opened? W hat architect
blacks had better opportunities for housing and etI designed it?
ucation. M any blacks m oved to H arlem , not oltly W hatcan you do in CentralPark? W hatattractions
from dow ntow n M att has itgot?
hattan, but also frolpk W hatis M useum M ile? W here is it? W hich is the
the south of the Unittlll mostim podantm useum in the United States?
States and even frolll W here are the Dakota buildings? W hy are they
the islands of the Car called so? W hatare they famous for?
ibbean. W here is Harlem ? How did ithappen thatHarlem
The 1920's w ere tlll, becam e an area ofm ostly black population?
tim e of H arlem 's flour W hatfam ous nam es are associated with Harlem ?
ishing.Fam ousjazzm ll
sicians regularly per
form ed in H arlem ,D uke
Duke Ellington Ellington3am ong then).
'Leonard Bernstein g'lenad'barnstaln)JleoHap, q lsepuclaaïill
2John Lennon g'dzonflenonlJlpsol. lJleHuol. l
3Duke Ellington ('dju:l
t'ellptgnl,
1Jlox t
3lllllz
lurl'ol.
l 1Langston Hughes('lrpstpn'hjurzlJlaHrclaol.
lXsloa
280
 w, '
!
CHAPTER REVIEW CHA PTER 4
1. Fill in the blanks w ith the correct w ords l'rdllq O T H ER A M E R IC A N CIT IE S
the Iist:
inhabited,conductor,designed,office,zzzfzrls/fl/l:! Part 1.W ashington,the Nation's Capital.
residential, boom ,art deco,concentrated,sp/zl/lfl/.
1. Greenw ich Village is m ostly a area. A visitor to W ashington D .C.is im pressed by the
2. Many ofNew York offices and jobs are In ikt'l'càight tree-lined avenues of the capital city and
M idtow n. l't
. ':tlld houses in neo-classical style.
3. The first building for skyscrapers came Il1 W ashington D . C. is situated on the Potom acl
the Iate 192O's. ltiver.The author of the design for the capitalcity
The Em piqe State Building has becom e a ()f wits the French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfantz.
New York. lIis design is based on Versailles3, a palace near
5. The firstskyscrapers were builtin style. I'Ctris4. The capital city is criss-crossed by broad
6. Tim es Square got its nam e from the New York ;tvenues,w hich m eet in spacious squares and circles.
Tim es which has its m ain there. The centralplace of the city is the M all9,a large
7. CentralParkwas in the 1850's by the land ,'Ilen space,a kind ofpark,stretching from thebuild-
scape architectFrederick Law O lmsted.
8. W ealthy New Yorkers built along Fifth Ave.
nue on CentralPark's eastern side.
The Dakota has had m any famous residents,in-
cluding the and com poser Leonard Bern-
stein.
10.Harlem becam e an area m ostly by black
population.
II. W rite detailed answ ers to the follow ing
questions:
1. W hatis Downtown Manhattan? W hich districtsofit
do you know?
W hatskyscrapers in M anhattan do you know?W hat W ashington D.C.
do you know about Rockefeller Centre? 1 Potomac (po'touméekll-
lor
l'
oMak
3. W hatare the streets on the w estern and eastern 2PierreCharlesL'Enfant('pjerfla:lla:p'fa:plFlBep Illaplla
J1'AH(l)aH
sides ofCentralPark noted for? 3 Versailles (vsofsallBepcalB
4 Paris ('pœrlsjFlapH-
5the Mallgöo'mo:l)Moa.
q
283
 N
ing of the Capitoll to Lincoln M em orial, w it1l
W ashington M em orial in the m iddle. The M 1,Ili#
often tlsed by people for public m eetings,piclliflu,
gam es, concerts, etc.
On both sides ofthe M allare the num erousblliI4l
ings of the Sm ithsonian Institutionz - a grolll)(lf
m useum s,scientificbuildings and collections.Jaltlt'p
Sm ithson3was an English scientist of the 19th (:(!lt
tury,who lefthisentirefortune totheU nited Statllhl,
asking to use itin order to found '<an establishnltlllt
for the increase and diffusion of know ledge''.'1311:
Sm ithsonian Institution was founded in 1846,l1lllt
it includes now thirteen m useum s.
C apitolHill
1the Capitol(öo'kœpltl)KaIIHTOJIH/
2the Smithsonian Institution (öosmlo'sounjanslnstlrtju:ln1
Cl
vlu'
rcoHoscxvlii ITHCTHTyT
3JamesSmithson ('dzelmzfsmlosn)JsylcewlcCMHTCOH
284
'I'ljere is only one business in W ashington, and
tIll:;business is governm ent. The executive depart-
1,.4.1)ts are located in W ashington. M ost of the peo-
j,I#' w ho live in W ashington w ork for the federal
l:4,vtlrnm ent.
G hen you are in W ashington, you can visit the
W Ilite H ouse.Y ou w on't see the President at w ork,
I'dslrlluse the offices and the living quarters of the
W llite H ouse are closed to the public.B ut you can
v'l!.;it Capitol H ill, and there you w ill be able to see
t114!w ork of the other tw o branches of governm ent:
#I't!Senate,the Houpe of Representatives and the
sllprem e Court have public galleries.
QUESTION S.
W hatis the firstim pression ofa visitorto W ashing-
ton?
W ho designed the plan ofW ashington? W hatwas
the design based on?
W hatis the centralpad ofthe capi talcity?
W hatmem orials are situated in ornearthe M all?
W hatis the Sm ithsonian Institution? How and w hen
was itfounded?
Pakt2.Chicago.
Chicago is the centre of the M idwest and a typi-
('a1 A m erican city.
Itissituated on Lake M ichigan.W aterways(and
Illter railroad lines) have m ade Chicago a natural
Ii:1k betw een the products of the M idw est and the
Ikyarkets of the East. For a long tim e now Chicago
llas been an im portant centre of m eatpacking and
it'rain storage.There are also m any factories in Chi-
fyago w hich produce farm equipm ent. Chicago has
285

played a great role in the grow th of the M idm lxt
and of the U nited States.The population of Chicllgt)
has also grown rapidly.In 1850 its population wlt.
50 thousand people.N ow it is one of the m ost p()I).
ulated cities in the U nited States.
ln 1871 there was a great fire,which destroytld
nearly the w hole of Chicago. The city needed r(!.
building.The skyscraper - a typicalfeatureofA mer.
ica - appeared in the course of this rebuilding.
In the 1880's and 1890's Chicago attracted engl-
neersand architectsfrom Am erica and Europe.Thest!
m en are now know n as the Chicago school.ln later
years, the traditions which they began have beell
developed by otherswho worked in Chicago and other
places.
Like N ew Y ork,Chicago is a city of skyscrapers.
Chicago's tallest buildings are the John H ancockl
Tower(or <<Big John'',asthey callit),theStandard
Oil Building (<<Big Stan'') and the Sears Towerzy
which is the tallestbuilding in the world.
1John Hancock ('dzonfhœpkok)Jlutou XaHltox
2theSearsTower(öa'slozftauolCnpcTayap
286
A Ithough Chicago is situated far aw ay from any
,,4.,.:,11,it is fam ous for its beaches.M ost of the area
?tIdpllg Lake M ichigan is taken up by beaches and
jIill-l
ts.
QUESTIONS.
W here is Chicago situated?
In whatway did Chicago play a great role in the
growth ofthe M idw estand the whole ofthe United
States in the 19th century?
W hen did the GreatChicago Fire occur?W hatpos-
itive role did itplay in the developmentofthe city?
W hatis the Chicago schoolofarchitects?
W hich are the tallestbuildings in Chicago?
W hatis Chicago fam ous forin spite ofits being
situated far from any ocean? W here are the
beaches?
Part3.New O rleans.
N ew Orleans is not a typical A m erican city. lt is
:1city, the m ain business of w hich is pleasure.
N ew Orleans w as founded by the French in 1718.
It,becam e part of the U nited States only in 1803.
>;f),for nearly a hundred years,it was m ore like a
f'ity of the French Caribbean than of North Am eri-
f':1.By taking m any elem ents of different cultures,
it,has created its own unique culture.
Thecitybegan with whatisnow theFrench Quar-
t,
()r.The beautiful houses of the French Quarter,
which the rich planters of the South built for their
Illeasure and com fort,have spacious courtyards and
(rosy patios, richly decorated interiors with high
(reilings and large windows.
287
 I,.'Id)tloffasting before Easterl).During the M ardi
, .'.,J!lpestivalm any parades are organized,and even
l,!'''l,iltors dress in fancy costum esz.In recent years
ll,''','zplso hold a traditional costum e contest during
-
'I
.. .,,.4li '().ras.
QUESTION S.
Vvhatis unusualaboutNew Orleans as an Am eri-
flan city?
l-low does the history of New O rleans explain its
r
yleing differentfrom typicalAm erican cities?
d/hatis the French Q uader? W hatis characteristic
'
'lfthe district's architecture?
Vvhat is New O rleans fam ous for in the way of
New Orleans. rnusic?
The French Quarter A streetm usician Vvhatis the New Orleans Jazz Festival?
:'tame two traditionalNew O rleans dishes.
N ew Orleans is the place where jazz and the blllf'ssl lNhich is New O rleans'm ostfam ous festival? How
really began.There are stillm any jazz clubs in Nt'w is itheld?
Orleans, for exnm ple the club in Bourbon Street:
! i't
theFrench Quarter.lfyouvisitNew Orleansinsprillg, Part4.San Francisco.
you can go to the N ew Orleans Jazz Festival.Tllt'l'
4!
you will hear everl hing from fiddlers to large jll7,'
z. Until the 1840's San Francisco w as a settlem ent
bands,from streetm usicians to <ibig nam es''in m usif'. d, !'',
è00 people.It grew and becam e im portant thanks
A t lunch tim e a visitor can taste local traditiolllll tfpthe Gold R ush3.Forty-niners4,w ho cam e to Cal-
dishes:alligator soup and crawfish pie. Il'tlrnia by ship,passed San Francisco on their way.
The city's m ost fam ous festival is M ardi GraH'' Mttny of them returned to San Francisco and stayed
(FatTuesday).Itisheld the week before l.aent4(tl14' trllkare.In a few years the population of the city w as
!,ç)thousand.
1theblues(öoblurz)6.
71loasl(Jllz
lplzlqecltHerleclll,
lal
vleplz
lKltll iEaster('irstalHacxa
cxnx Herpos, o6sluuo BBlpa- alom lz
le Tocxy rfo y'
rpaqel-
ll4oMy
2fancy cöstumes ('famsl'kastjumzlMacHapaaHBle Itoclxl
vlsl
cuacrsm) 3the Gold R ush 3olfovas Jlplxopaaxa
2Bourbon Street('buobonsstri:tjByp6ol
'
lCTPHT 4Forty-niners rrcopolcilelllllnllHltuy
y - Talt HaalalBaaH Jlm aei,
3M ardiGras('ma:dJ'gra:)MapnH Fpa(BTopHI4I
<HaMacaelltlîi IrorpoMHoM ItolHuecl' Be upl46BlBI. tlHx B 1849 roay co Bcex
Heaele) I7t)H1JoB cvpaHlaln BceroMHpa BI'
ta.
qvltpopupllo Ha rloHcxn aolo'
ra
4 Lent BeJIIZ
IHIIR Hoc'
r
288 289
 ..
)
(L
'#

The GreatEadhquake of1906

In 1906 San Francisco w as hit by a destructiv',

earthquake.Eye-w itnesses described buildings dalll'
ing and falling to pieces,w hole streets m oving Iikt!
ocean w aves. The earthquake w as follow ed by fi''t.l$
that could not be stopped because the w ater supllly
of the city w as destroyed. Only on the fifth day it,
started raining, and the rains put out the fin':l. A cable car
Three-fourths of the city had burned down.
San Francisco is an unusualand very picturesqlll' t,1'the districts of San Francisco gave rise to hip-
city. It is surrounded by w ater on three sides. It, Itiesi.
stands on forty hills.The city is also fam ous for it,l, ln thelate 1960'sAm ericawmssweptby collegepro-
cable cars,w hich clim b up and dow n the hills, alltl tfrstsz.These protests also began in the San Francisco
for its fine houses along steep and narrow streets. :tyea - atBerkeley?,the U niversity of California,w hich
San Francisco has a reputation of an intellectual, I)J,s alw ays been know n for academ ic excellence.
liberal and slightly crazy city - a city w here ytlll The symbolof San Francisco is the Golden Gate4
com e across new and different ideas. Ikridge,which opened in 1937 - a beautiful sus-
In the 1950's San Francisco's N orth Beach w ns 1hippies 44XHHHH. - MOJIOJIe- HOP ABHM OHHe 60-X r'OJIOB,
a centre for ftbeat poets'''. ln the m id-1960's ollt' .ïIIa. qOPHQIHOO IIPeJIBIJIYIIJOMy, BblpaNfaBl1leo CBOR IIPOTPCT
/l,.J
kHHHBIMH BOJIOCaMH, JIfCTIM BaTaHTHO; OJIPXQ;m 2 14 MaHPPOX
1ltlseaellvls
1 beat poets 46HTHHKH' ' - aHapxHqecIfH-6yHTaPClf(1(' 2 A m erica w as sw ept by college protests l'Io A l
vlepHxe
JIBIJPICeHITe Mo.qoaelitH, BoaHlllflllee Ilocne B'ropoii MHpOB()ii 11jlolçar
rHaacB Bozlua c'
PyaeHqeclçnx rlpoTecToB
BO/HBI H BBlpayxaBlueecs B rlpoTec' re IIPOTHB o6m erlppllqsTbls 3Berkeley ('bo:
kll)Bepltlln
c'raHaapr roB H o6paaa M IIaHTI 4the Golden Gate 3oao'
rsle Bopoq'
a
290 291
 I,fps A ngeles is a rich and glam orous place. The
Ilt.vf'l-ly H ills3area is fam ous fOr its beautifulm an-
p'idll/rçand high-priced shops.
I,fls A ngeles is a rapidly-growing city. Its sub-
ttlI,Jg are not really suburbs: they have developed

The Golden Gate Bridge

+
pension bridgelover the Golden Gate,a strait fton-
necting San Francisco Bay2 to the Pacific Oceall..
QUESTIONS.
1. How did San Francisco grow?
2. W hatdisasterhi tSan Francisco in 1906?
3. W hatare the peculiarities ofSan Francisco's geow
graphicalposition?
4. W hatmeans ofpublic transpodation is San Fran-
cisco famous for?
5. W hatreputation does San Francisco have?
6. W hatis Berkeley? W hatis itknow n for?
7. W hatstructure has been the sym bolofSan Fran-
cisco since 1937?

Pad 5.Los Angeles.

In the first place,Los Xngeles is known as the
centre of m ovie industry.M any film stars live in or
near Los A ngeles.
Rush-hourin Los Angeles

1asuspension (sos'penfnlbridgerlcuBecHoiiMoc'
r 3BeverlyHills('bevoh,hllzlBeBepzln XIuJI3t6orarsliipa/oH
2 San Francisco Bay Byx'
ra CaH-m paHuncxo
lloc A H- execa
292 293
 1j
. '
m any businesses of their own. Los A ngeles (
I
'
k
l
:.d
l
p
-
.
p4
!14
!
,
4
1;
1
)
9
14
1 '
.
,
-
.
' Ilow is Los Angeles growing? W hatisthe peculiar-
spreading out into farm land and even desert. Ity ofits suburbs?
Los A ngeles's growth is supported by its divl,r* : W hatis Los Angeles's grow th suppoded by?
econom y.The city is notonly a centre of entertatll.. W hatserious problem s does Los Angeles faèe in
m ent and tourism .It is also a big centre of nlltnq. : connection with the rapid grow th of its econom y,
facturing, finance,oil and trade. The port of 1,(8 territory and population?
Angeles handles m ore cargo than N ew York.'I'h4
growth of trade is due to close contacts with Aslxq CHA PTER REVIEW
countries.Asian companies have invested a 1ot ef l.I'il1 in the blanks with the correct words from
money in LosAngeles;as a result,three-fourths(/ lI1tt list:
downtow n Los A ngeles is owned by foreign collllpg. smog,link,lbrty-niners,criss-crossed,earthquake,
nies,m ostly by Japanese. l/lt/rWt?jy, spacious, unique, m ansions, beaches.
W ith the growth of distancesin LosA ngeles,tll. 1 The capitalcity W ashington D.C.is by broad
im portance of the car has greatly increased. lzo. avenues which m eetin squares and circles.
Angeles's highw ays are busiest in N qrth Am erictt, New O rleans has taken elements ofm any cultures
There are days,when the Edrush hour''lasts not 11q and created its own culture.
hour,but the whole day. W aterwaysm ade Chicagoa natural between
Los A ngeles faces som e other serious problenl:, the products ofthe Midwestand the of.the
The traffic is so heavy,thatthe city has the dirtie:t East.
air in the U nited States: very often people cannot Though m iles from any ocean,Chicago is famous
see the sun though the sky is cloudless - the sun i: for its .
com pletely hidden by sm og. w ho cam e to California by ship passed
The other problem s of the city are crim e and vi- through San Francisco.
olence.Police say that there are at least 500 gang: In 1906 San Francisco w as hit by a destructive
in Los A ngeles. Experts insist that these problem g
m ust be solved if Los Angeles wants to kêep to1the The Beverly Hills area is fam ous forits and
Southern Californian lifestyle for which it is fa- high-priced shops.
m Ol1S. Very often the sunshine in Los Angeles is hidden
by .
QUESTION S. ll. W rite a detailed answ er to the follow ing
1. W hatdo you think of in the first place w hen you
question:
think ofLos Angeles? W ho was Jam es Sm i thson? W hat is Sm ithsonian ln-
stitution? W here is itlocated?
' to keep to upMaepxmnsaTBcs
294
 d
11IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!,
7h
'

SECTION FOUR
X,
.yy ri
lj
!!
q
.
( f'Ilief Pow hatan had a young daughter nanted
I'(if.:dIttlntasl. Her nam e m eans <dthe playful one''.
FA M O U S A M E RICA N S f)),#.was trusting and curious about the white peo-
j,1.. She often visited them , and soon the settlers
lt,I''w lterwelland liked her.She learned a few words
.,1 'Illkglish,and ChiefPowhatan and his people hoped
ll,:t1,she would be able to help keep peace with the
wllil,()s. Pocahontas carried m essages between the
.),.t,1,lers and the lndians.
As m ore and m ore whites cam e to the settlem ent
,,f 'ï,lle Europeans, the Indians were getting angry:
t114'whites were gradually taking away the lndians'
l1l11(1.ln anger,the Indians captured Captain John
,' llklith,the leader of the white settlem ent.Accord-
lll/t'to a story that was told later,lz-year-old Poca-
lIï,l1tas saved Captain Sm ith's life by begging her
t':tl,iler not to killhim .A fterthis event,the English
tl'llsted her even m ore.
W hen she w as about 17,Pocahontas fellin love
wit, h an Englishm an nam ed John Rolfez. She be-
'';,lne a Christian and m arried Rolfe in 1614.Their
ldlarriage m arked the beginning of a period of peace
Ihlltw een the colonists and the lndians.
Later Pocahontas and Rolfe had a son.They vis-
lted England,w here Pocahontas m et the King and
PO CA HO NTA S (lueen.Unfortunately,just before the fam ily was
i,()return to the colonies, Pocahontas fell il1 with
(1595?-1617) snzallpox.She died in 1617.
ln 1607, a group of white people cam e and set- In spite of her short life, Pocahontas is rem em -
tled in w hat is now the state of V irginia.This land llered as a sym bolof friendship between the whites
belonged to an Indian tribe.Theirleaderbecnm e and the Am erican lndians.
known to Europeans as Chief Powhatanl.
1Pocahontas(-poko'hontos)FloxaxoHl'ae
1Powhatan (poua'tœn)l'
Ioxal'
aH 2John Rolfe('dEon'raltlJlvol.
lPoli* 297
296
 .- -N XN N. ï After 1770 getting independence from Britain
Ihlltram e the m ajor problem in the A m erican colo-
r- 11ies.In 1774 GeorgeW ashington was chosen one of
Virginia'sdelegates to the First,and in 1775 to the
'X=. %. .,< - s' Stttlond Continental Congress. W hen the W ar for
r-,v
Z ,,> ' s
r.
v > ,'m> . IItdependence began, W ashington was appointed
(tïllnm ander-in-chief of a11the colonial forces.
W ashington clearly understood the difficulty of
. x. (.w o fighting a pow erful enem y with a badly equipped
#
ltlld poorly trained arm y. The colonists were not
lkfrcustom ed to taking orders,and W ashington faced'
lfk'eat difficulties in his efforts to establish strict
(1iscipline.
K Part of W ashington's greatness lay in the fact
tltat com m anding this new kind of arm y,he appre-
ttiated its qualitiesand realized its needs.He insist-
(,(1 that it w as necessary to im press upon the m ind
f)('every soldier the im portance of the cause they
were fighting for.
G EO RG E W ASHING TO N W ashington's fidelity to the Revolution inspired
(lthers,and by 1781 he had m anaged to build up a
(1732-1799) strong arm y, w hich w on a victory in the w ar.
George svashington was born in the fanaily of & On A pril 6, 1789, George W ashington w as unan-
Virginian planter. W hen he was 20 years old, he im ously elected President of the U nited States of
was appointed m ajor of Virginia m ilitias,and three America and served two terms (1789-1797).
years later he was m ade colonelzand com m ander of George W ashington died in 1799.In honour of
all Virginia's forces. He took part in the French the first President, the new ly-built capital of the
and Indian W ar in 1754-1763 and distinguished (lountry was nam ed W ashington.
him self by capturing Fort Duquesne'.

1Virginiamilitia(va'dymomI'1IJo1BHpamMHcxa.
slMHJIHIJIV
(Boopy-eHHBle clu bl, èopwlHpoBaBltlnecs He Ha IlpoYeccuo-
HaasHblx BoeHHblx,a 143rpaym aHcxoro HaceaeHHs)
2colonel('ko:nl)IzolzxoBHvlx
3Duquesne (dju'kem)JWlolçeiiH
298
!
l,'fk.*11ing in the Am erican colonies. Before he was
Jt()yftarsold,he had studied half a dozen languages,
lllw .lnathem atics, philosophy and science. A self-
I11Illflltarchitect,he designed som e ofthe m ostbeau-
Iil'IIlhouses in the world.H e created the Am erican
21'$'iqt,
. ttttlof money.Jefferson had the reputation of one
.,1't'Ide best-educated people of thattim e.
I111775 Jefferson was sent as a delegate to the
rIs.drflnd Continental Congress, w here he wrote the
Ipd' tllaration of Independence. The Declaration was
l,(14lpted on July 4,1776.
Ilt1783 Jefferson w as sent on a diplom atic m is-
''Id'I1l to France, and in 1786 he took part in con-
t'Illding a peace treaty w ith Britaln. In 1789 Presi-
tld'lltW ashington appointed him Secretary ofStatez.
I11 t796 Jefferson was elected vice-president, and
I:,1801 - President ofthe United States of A m er-
i(':t.He becam e the third President and served two
l'ttrm s,until 1809.
Jefferson's greatestachievem entasPresidentwas
.
' i11 expanding the area of the United States w est-
THO MA S JEFFERSO N wztrd.Believing thatthe future ofthe United States
I:ty in the W est, Jefferson sent his diplom ats to
(1743-1826) I'aris w ith an offer to buy the Louisiana Territory
Thom as Jefferson was an outstanding A m ericall Iying to the w est of the M ississippi River which
.

revolutionary dem ocrat,the author of the im m ortal Ilelonged to France. N apoleon,w ho needed a lot of
d<Declaration of Independence''l. Ikloney for w aging his w ars,agreed to sell Louisiana
He was born in the fam ily of a Virginian planter, lbr 15 m illion dollars.The Louisiana Purchase3dou-
and received a very good education atthe College of
W illinm and M aryz,a prom inent institution of higher 1wassentonadiplomatic('dlplo'mœtlk)mission(mlfnl6BIJI
IIoczaH c Jllz
llu olvla'
rHqecxoii M Hcclz
le;
1the Declaration of Independence (öo'deklo'relfn 2Secretary ofStaterocyAapc'
rBeHHbl/ cexperapb(MHHHCTP
ov,lndo'pendonslielu apatrna o HeaanHcMMoc'
rn I
4uocrpaHHblx Ae.
q)
2the College of W illiam and Mary (öo'kohdzov'wlljam 3TheLouisianaPurchase(öalusi:zl'œno'pa:tfos)l'
Ipno6peTe-
and'mcorl)lloou eautylu sswza yIMapu tlne Jlylz
lanansl
300 301
 ' '
.--
.....
-,. .

bled the size of the U nited States and exteldtl4'll1t.

boundaries beyond the M ississippiR iver to tlae It'
fpdvltv
M ountains-It was also Jefferson's idea to sflllt1ilt:
Lew is and Clark expedition' to the Pacific.
In 1809,w hen his second term w as over,-1('1'I 't'9
son retired to his estate,but to his last days 114'k''t#t
in touch w ith public affairs through a largt,('4dll't
spondence. H e died on July 4, 1826, on tllt, r)lpl11
anniversary of the ado'ption of the Declarati4plk #If
lndependence.

BENJA M IN FRA NKLIN

(1706-1790)
ln the 1.700's Philadelphia,like N ew York and
1Ti'si,on,was one of the three largest and m ost
1,.4htjern cities in the coionies.One of the leading
.I(itens of Philadelphia was Benjam in Franklinl.
1
Jllal
oltzhe
lca Le
Iwi
I, sapua
K-
q ('1u:Is)andClark (kla:klexpedition C
-
lxcrfwtpl11
,11If Beylrlpxalvlnu
 Franklin was a m an of am azing energy 1)ly(If'tttt
osity.There are few peoplein A m erican histtll'y w'llll
have accom plished as m uch as he. Benjam illI'k 'l,t$k
1in w as an author, a séientist, an inventor, lllk't:
public figure. . 'tIt'stillused (battery,semiconductor,etc-).
Born in Boston,he later m oved to Philadltljplll'l
There he opened a printing house and publisllt''l,1
new spaper called the Pennsylvania Gazette, w lpit'll
wasread throughoutthecolonies.H e also pulllisllo4l
an alm anac, that is a book which com es out tlvfï'y
year and gives a listof the days of the year, t()gt't,lI
er with inform ation about the tim es of sunrisf,llttft
sunset,changes in the m oon,w eather,etc. Frallklllt
alw ays included a few of his own short sayings iI1
the alm anac.Here are two of them :
!1.:,1,lightning is an electric discharge. Benjam in
l',;,ldklin's lightning-rod is now used all over the
,-,',j-I(1..
I'j'anklin invented som e scientific term s, which
Igy the end of the 1750's Benjam in Franklin was
,lï'Iiand fam ous.Being an active public figure,he
r','ve m uch ofhistim e,attention and m oney to help-
II.pt'people.H e lived a long life,and a11 his life he
. '.l''t
1ed the people and helped in form ing a new na-
t14,1 /k- the United States of Am erica.

A Penny Saved is a penny earned.

Little strokes fellgreat oaks.

H e worked hard and was very successful. rI'Il4!

firstfire departm entlin the colonies was started l)y
Franklin in Philadelphia.
Franklin built the firstlibrary and the first htls
pital.H e also builta school,w hich later becam e tlkf.
U niversity of Pennsylvania.
Franklin is the inventor of the lightning-rod. I11
June 1752,he risked his life and the life of his s()lt
W illiam ,who helped him in his experim ent. They
m ade a kite of silk on a wooden fram e with a string
ofm etalwire.Standing in the open doorway of thei1.
house,they flew their kite during a thunderstornl.
Sparks jum ping off the end of the string proved
1 fire departm ent rlopttapHas czlya 6a
304

FENIM O RE CO O PER
(1789-1851)
Fenim ore Cooperlis the first well-know n A m eri-
can novelist.Readers everyw here in the w orld con-
nect his nam e w ith his books about the lndians,
though he w rote other novels,som e of them histor-
ical and som e about travelling.
1Fenimore Cooper L'fenlmo:fku:palCDeHHMOP llynep
306
The son of a rich landowner, Fenim ore Cooper
was brought up on the fam ily estate,Cooperstown,
in N ew Jerseyl.W hen he was only 13 years old,he
entered Yale Universityz.In his third year he failed
in his exam inations and had to leave the university.
A t the age of 17 he w ent to sea and spent six
years as a sailor and later as an officer. H e loved
the sea and was ready to spend al1his life atsea. H e
left the ship only when he got m arried.
For several years he lived on his estate, and it
was there that he started writing novels.His novel
<dr
l'he Spy''3was written during that period.lt is a
historicalnovelabout the days of the W ar for Inde-
pendence.
In 1826 Fenim ore Cooper went to Europe. H e
wanted to give his children a good European educa-
tion.W hile his children were studying,he and his
wife travelled a lot and visited m any countries.He
wrote m any books about his travels.
W hen Fenim ore Cooper returned to the United
States,he began w riting his fam ous Leather-stock-
ing novels4:ddr
l'he Pioneers''s(1823), ddrrhe Last of
theM ohicans''6(1826),K<r
l'hePathfinder'';(1840)and
som e others.These novels are his best w orks;they
are a1l about A m erican Indians, whom the writer
describes with m uch warm th and understanding.
1New Jersey ('njur'dbo:zl)HBI()Jlmepcz, l
2Yale University (' jelljunl'vo:sltllI'
le.
qlacsl'
liiysHBepclz
ll'
e'
r
3Ksr
l'heSpy (öo'spalj''''l.
I.
1IIROH''
4the Leather-stocking novels pohaHslo Koa aHolvlqyaxe
5:GThe Pioneers''%iH lz
loHepBl'' X'
6ttr
flheLastoftheMohicans('moulionzl''dël-locaeat
-llztiipla
M orvlxaH
1S<r
lahe Pathfinder ('pa;0,falndcl''Edcaeaorlslq''
307
 '
FM '--
W hen Longfellow was 19 years old, his father
l rr
=. lient him to Europe.The young m an lived in France,
$ *x
4S-...
x.. N NX ltaly,Spain and Germ any,where he studied foreign
$ !' w'*
#
'
.
-
xz.
rz4,
z .e' '
N
s
'
s'
.k
hwt
. x.
N
x .W%w.., Iltnguages and literature.He was preparing to be a
.
(rtlllege professor of foreign languages.
f!M4,/
1;j. s.ssy
o-x
x'
- .xyy.
.
,

''
- .
s.
' W hen Longfellow returned from Europe,he be-
/ J' N. x
(; . j t--> ï
..
N.'
. x .. .. tram e a teacher at the college from which he had
? . ' g) N x '.
l4 * X'
A'
%
5' h graduated.He tried to m ake his lessons in foreign
1.
i ïk,j.
;. ) languages as interesting as possible, and the stu-
y
j, 1j $.
$/ l r $N
,
y
j
h
hkxk dents liked their young professor. Longfellow de-
j)çf
? iq& .h ,
,, livered lectures on literature and wrote poem s and
if
j.' .
articles.H e translated the works of European poets
v,
*./ , j
t into English.
In 1836 Longfellow w as invited to deliver lec-
tures on literature at H arvardl,the oldestuniversi-
f /
. ty of the United States. In 1838 his first book of
#p,,t/
?/'' ..' .k'- ' poem swaspublished.The nextbook ofpoem s,ddvoic-
- z F es of the N ight'',published in 1839,m ade him fa-
m OttS.
The poet was greatly interested in old A m erican
HENRY W ADSW O RTH LO NG FELLOW legends and Indian folklore.H is bestwork is a long
(1807-1882) poem called %drl'heSong ofHiawatha''z(1855),which
H enry W adsworth Longfellow lis an outstanding is based on o1d Indian legends.Readers and critics
Am erican poet and hum anist of the 19th century. liked the poem , and it was translated into m any
H e was born in Portland in the fam ily of a rich languages.N ow ,a century and a half after its ap-
law yer. The poet's ancestors had com e to A m erica pearance,it.is stillpopular.
'
.h
$'
.
.
in 1620 on theM ayflowerand builtthefirstvillage ,

in New England.H is grandfather took part in the

W arforlndependence.Hisuncle,a sailor,w mskilled
on a war-ship.The fam ily traditionshelped the poet
to understand the history of his country.
1Harvard ('ha:vad)rapsapa
1 Henry W adsworth Longfellow ('henn'wodzwo:o'lon,felou) 2xçr
lahe Song of Hiawatha (öo'san ovehalo'woool''ddl-lecHs o
reHpH yolcyop'rJloHrtpe.
uo raiasaTe''
308
 YN1 zel.e;k
N
A t the age of 15 H ouston left hom e and lived
with Indians for three years. Houston fought for
> w k t.l'()Indians'rights al1 his life.
- - ..
xx
.w W hen he returned to Tennessee,H ouston becam e
-. Ar,>>= z' --x.w %h
k
N pt teacher in a country school. During the war of
=- v
A -p - + h >
- sq l812,he joined the arm y and foughtbravely.A fter
z:
? -z-.---' -..-.. ï t'ile war he becam e a lawyer and a political figure.
44 x
/ lIe served in Tennessee Congress and later becam e
governor of Tennessee in 1827.
In 1829 he resigned and went to Texas,where he
< .- k
was drawn into the Texans'fight for independence
#)f M exico.H e form ed and 1ed the Texas arm y.
In 1836 H ouston com m anded the Texans in their
war against the M exicans.The Texans defeated the
. h M exican arm y and galned theirindependence.Hous-
ton becam e the first president of the R epublic of
rlAexas.In 1845,when Texasjoined theUnited States
and becam e a state,he was one of itsfirst senators.
''
.
Today H ouston rem em bered as one of the he-
roes of Texas.T city of Hoùston,Texas,is nam ed
after this fouad/
er of the Lone Star R epublic, as the
Republic of Texas w as called.
SA M UEL HO USTO N
(1793-1863)
Sam uelHoustonlwas a m an of m any talents and
experiences. H e was a frontiersm an, a trader, a
teacher, a friend of the A m erican Indians,a Con-
gressm an, a senator, a governor of tw o states, a
general and president of a country!
Snm Houston was born in Virginia.As a teenager,
he m oved to the Tennessee frontier with his fnm ily.

1SamuelHouston ('sœmjuol'hju:ston)CaMBIOaJIB Xbmcl'

oH
310

SOJO URNER TRUTH
(1797-1883)
$dl can't read a book,but I can read people,''said
Sojourner Truthl one day.W hen she said that she
could Kfread''people,she m eantthat she understood
how others felt.Truth used this ability to convince
people that slavery w as w rong and that w om en
should have m ore rights.
The woman who became known as Sojourner
Truth, was born a slave in New York in the late
1700's.Her m other nam ed her Isabelle and taught
her to believe in God,to obey her owner and to be
truthful.
1SojournerTruth (sofdzo:noftrt
z:o)Coa-apuep Tpy'r
312
N ew York State outlawed slavery in 1827 and
Isabelle becam e a free wom an.Butother states still
allowed slavery.Isabelle decided to help the people
who were stillslaves.
ln 1843,Isabelle changed her nam e to Sojourner
Truth.She believed that she had heard a com m and
from God to go out into the world and preach.d<So-
journer''m eans <xtraveller''.So her nam e m eantthat
she w as a traveller w ho preached the truth.
A lthough she never w ent to school, Sojourner
Truth w as a pow erfulspeaker.W hile preaching,she
often sang to her audience.People w ho heard her
said that her singing w ould silence the noisiest
crow d.
Sojourner Truth travelled throughout the east-
ern and r
'M idwestern states.Everywhere she went,
she spoke
I
and sang songs for the freedom of black
people And the rights of wom en.
Sojotzrner Truth feared no opponent. Once an
angry m an said to her:d<1 don't care any m ore for
you than I do for the bite of a flea''l.She replied:
iuperhaps not.But...1'11keep you scratchingzl''
Sojourner Truth died in 1883.Today,over a cen-
tury after her death, this self-taught form er slave
is rem em bered as a w om an w ho lived up to her nam e3.
She w as a proud but gentle fighter for the truth.
1Idon't care any m ore foryou than I do for the bite of a
flea (t1i:1MHei!o BacHe6ozlBttle Aeaa,qeM ao yHyca6aoxl.l
21,11keep you scratching s aac'raiu lo Bac uecaa cs
3lived up to her nam e orlpaBgaaa csoe MMS
 '

% '
w.<LN lllldch work to do in the house, as well as looking
. -'N.x
(/ Y '' '-
Y 1,l'ter her children. She had four sons and three
. It % . zN.
q. $1 . tlltltghters. W hen she had tim e,she attended a lit-
Ny
-
k,/4
. .
. ,jj
! r
, . ..' .. w
jr
. ..

l'l'lpry club and tried to write short stories.

1 .
. ..>
'%- uk
.,
e .> v.
1 q..j
7 k.
.>
)'
4. Harriet's father organized an anti-slavery soci-
.'

'
Nb
j
.
y j'
,
&z)
.
lh1'A
.
.
.
..q;
a..-
:
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*. '
.*
*'..
,p..r
. <
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p. .
(.l,y. H arriet was an active m ember of the society.
l qhkk
hshs'b
.b
hs
.:k k, . '.'. ,;,
'.XX'
kx Y'..,Ny1q!.j.$'
'
.C .
. ,
slle knew the conditions of life on the plantations
- .. , xj :,
.
.xNy, N
' xl 5..
x
!1
4t.;.
y , y
.
.,.,
..
,h llltd wrote articles for the new spaper published by
. x.'is.
hx. '/z'z k l,l1e society.The articles described facts ofthe cruel
. /A .
a'
A <' < t'reatm ent of N egroes by slave-ow ners.
e
' , # * -e
-
In 1852 H arriet Beecher Stowe published the novel
% ....
*' . .e' ''Uncle Tom 's Cabin''l.Thebook had a greatinfluence
f)lïthe mlti-slavery m ovem ent.Al1 over the country
t
( Ileople iscussed the novel.The book convinced m any
k Ileople , hat slavery was an evilthathad to end.
SozzeAmerican critics attacked the book,saying
HA RRIET BEECHER STOW E that the facts described in the novelw ere not true.
(1811-1896) 'Phen H arrietBeecherStowe published another book,
H arriet Beecher Stow el w as born in the state of çtltey to <uncle Tom 'sCabin'''z(1853).Itwas a col-
Connecticutin the north ofthe United Statesin the lection of the docum ents used in her novel.
fam ily of a poor clergym an. The Beechers were a During the CivilW ar between the N orth and the
large and hard-working fam ily. South,Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote leaflets to the
At thattim e the fam ily lived in a sm alltown on soldiers of the North. She.was proud of her son,
the Ohio River.The tow n was situated notfar from who wasa soldier in the arm y ofthe N orth.In 1862
the part of the South where the life of the slaves Abraham Lincoln, President of the USA , received
was especially hard.Runaway slaves often crossed her at the W hite House and said:<<So,you are the
the Ohio Riveron theirway to Canada.H arrietheard little w om an that provoked the great war''.
stories of slave m arkets,of broken N egro fam ilies, W hen H arrietBeecher Stowe died,m any flow ers
of the cruelties of m asters. were laid on her grave, with these words: ddFrom
In 1836 she m arried Calvin Stowez, a professor U ncle Tom 's children''.
of theology. They were not rich, and Harriet had
1HarrietBeecherStowe('hœrlot-bi:tfo'stou)rappMe'
rBHqep- 1K<uncle Tom 's Cabin''K<XHyI<IZ
IHa AJIAI.
IToMa''
C'
roy 2 utltey (ki'
.q to Eu ncle Tom 's Cabin''' I<IO xoxl It <XII-IZ
IHe
2Calvin Stowe ('kœlvln'stou)KaJIBBHH C'
roy XSAZ T OM Z.''î
314

A BRA HA M LINCO LN
(1809-1865)
Abraham Lincolnlwas born in a 1og cabin on a
sm allfarm in K entucky,in the fam ily of a wander-
ing labourer.The fam ily w asconstantly on them ove,
and so Abraham did not get any regular education.
But the boy loved to read books,and usually, after
finishing the day'schores,he read lateinto thenight
by candlelight.
W hen Lincoln was a young m an, he m oved with
his fam ily to Illinoisz, w here he spent six years,
working in a shop, acting as a local postm aster,
1Abraham Lincoln ('elbrohœm'hpkon)AnpaaM JIIIHI<OJIBI.
I a He corlaclu cs 6B16I>ITB pa6oM,TaR llle JIHe coraaclu ca 6s1
2Illinois(,I1I'noI1H.
qzzllHoic
316
41çkil1g other jobs,and a11the while studying gram -
I1)J'l',law,reading newspapers,thuslaying the foun-
1111t,i()n for his future success.
Irl 1836 Lincoln began practising lawl.In 1837
I1t.llloved to Springfield,whigh by that time had
Ipd'(t()m ethe capitalofthe state.In 1846 he waselect-
1.41to the U nited States Congress.
w ith tim e, Lincoln's nam e becam e associated
with abolitionist m ovem ent. Lincoln w as a quiet,
gtllltle person. ln arguing w ith others about sla-
vllry,he never becam e angry with those w ho dis-
ldgreed wh
yth him .He sim ply said that slavery was
w rong. 6E,,1f slavery is not wrong,nothing iswrong,''
ll(tused to say.
onSovember6,1860,Abraham Lincoln waselect-
f!(l sixteenth President of the U nited States. N ow
tlle country w as clearly split into tw o opposing
(ram ps: the free-from -slavery N orthern states and
the slave-owning Southern states.This fact led to
the m ovem ent of secessionzof Southern states and
the Civil W ar, one of the saddest periods in the
llistory of the U nited States.
W hen the w ar began, the greatness of Lincoln's
m ind and heart were unexcelled.As long as he lived
and ruled the people of the North,there could be no
turning back.A truecham pion of freedom ,hewrote:
<<As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a
master3.This expressesm y idea ofdem ocracy.''Lin-
1beganpractiEinglaw (10:)Haqa.
qaaHlz
lMar
lmcslopManqecxoii
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2secession (So'SeJn1 BBIXO; (Ha cocTaBa CoeanHeHHslx
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3As1would notbe a slave,so 1would notbe a masterKas
6BITB 14 XOJSMHOM
317
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and appreciated by com m on people- The belif'r Iliwl A ''N'.N- <N< .-.
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he could be trusted spread quickly. dxl'lonesl.AIIw''' z y, .x
was his nicknam e. f / - r '
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ln 1864,Abraham Lincoln was unanim otllpl5.,t. , .

elected President.
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W A LT W HITM A N
(819-1892)
The poetW altW hitm anlwasborn in a sm allcoun-
try place on Long Island, not far from N ew York
city.Hisfather was a poor farm er and a carpenter.
Al1his life W altW hitm an was proud ofbeing dione
of the people'' as he said.
W hen W hitm an was 11 years old,he had to leave
schooland start w orking to help his fam ily.H e be-
cam e an office-boy at a lawyer's office. Later he

1HonestAbe('onlstfelb)T'
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i36 1W altW hitman ('woiltfwltmgnlyoar
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worked for a smallnewspaper,where he learned 1)
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Attheageof17hebecameunemployed.Hecoull , $: >e - .
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not find a job in town.H e went to the country and i7 '
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worked as a school teacher for som e tim e. People .
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said that W hitm an was unpractical,as he was not .. Y
interested in m aking m oney or getting a place in 1 k . .
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society. '.
W hitm an understood thathiseducation wasvery ??. . .
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poor, and whenever he had tim e,he studied litera- )') 1.
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ture and history. H e tried to write and wrote po. ': C. .ze'.
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em s,short stories and newspaper articles.He wrote :
about the com m on people and of their hard life. He k
lovedthecommonpeoplewhoselifeheknew very j + '4 !*9 *
# #@w
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well. H is collection of poem s, nam ed 'dlzeaves of t . . e '
NA ** .
. *W*'
.
.a < ,

Grass'',was first published in 1855. i

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W hitm an sym pathized with theabolitionistm ove- /

,
ê '.
.
.
*
ment.During the CivilW arheserved in the North- /
)
ern army and continued writing poems.Atthe be- j
inning of the CivilW ar hew asa rom antic,butthe '
war m ade him a realist. M A RK TW A IN
W hitm an knew A m erica and Am ericans better (1835-1910)
than any poet before him . H e wrote with under-
standing about the farm er in the field,the teacher Sam uelLanghorne Clem ensl,know n to the world
in the classroom , the clerk in the office, the pub- as M ark Tw alnz,was the son of a sm all-town lawyer
lisher at his desk, and the carpenter in his work- in the State of M issouri3.W hen the boy w as 5 years
shop. old, he was sent to school. Little Sam uel did not
'W alt W hitm an occupies a special place in like school,but he had m any friends and was their
A m erican literature.H e seldom used rhym es in leader.In sum m er,when school was over,the boys
his poem s and his poem s are written in everyday spept m any happy hours on the M issouri R iver.
language:they are m ore like prose than poetry.
But he showed Am erica as no one ever had done it 1Samuel Langhorne Clemens I'sœmjuol'lœnhorn'klemanz)
Calvzloa.
qb JlaurxopH KleMeHc
before him . 2Mark Twain ('ma:k'twem)Mapx TBeH
3Missouri(ml'zugrl)MMccypk
321
 A s M ark Twain said later, m any events in ddrfho
A dventures of Tom Sawyer''lreally took place and
the characters were taken from reallife.Tom Saw-
yer w as very often a portrait of the w riter;H uckle-
berry Finnz w as his friend Tom B lankenship3;A unt
Polly4w as his m other;Tom 's brother Sid was like
M ark Twain's brother H enrys.
W hen Samuelwas 11 years olti,hisfather died,
leaving nothing to his wife and four children.Sam -
uelhad to leave schooland look for work.H is elder
brotherwasworking as a printerand he helped Sam -
uelto learn printing.For som e years Sam uelworked
as a printer for the town newspaper and later for
his brother, w ho at the tim e had started a sm all
newspaper.The two young m en published it them -
selves.Samuelwrotesltorthum orousstoriesfortheir
new spaper.
In 1853 Sam ueldecided to leave hom e.H e went
first to St.Louis6,then to New York,then to Phil-
adelphia,where he worked as a printer.At the age
of 20 he found a job on a boat travelling up and
down the M ississippi.On that boat he learned the
w ork of a pilot7. The pilot had to know the river
very w ell w hen he took a ship along it. D epths on
the river were m arked by signs called Sfm ark one'',
tum ark tw o'' etc.K<Nlark Tw ain''w as the w ay sallors
1ddrlaheAdventures ofTom Sawyer''Ktl-
lpplltzlloqezllz
la ToMa
Coiepa''
2Huckleberry Finn ('haklbgrl'fm)rexala6eppl.
l(DHHH
3Tom Blankenship ('tom'blœpkon/plToM BJIaHIOHIIIHII
4AuntPolly ('a:ntfpoll)re'
l'
s l-loaan
5Henry ('henn)reHpH
6St.Louis(snt'lu:l)CeH'rJlync
1apilot(o'pallot)JloqMal.
l
322
pronounced d4m ark tw o''. Young Sam uel Clem ens
liked this word com bination and later used it as his
pen-nam e.
Like m any other Am ericans atthat tim e,Sam uel
Clemenswentto California and worked on gold-m ines
for a year.There he began writing hum orous sto-
ries,which he sent to newspapers under the nam e
of M ark Twain. The publishers liked his stories,
and he was invited to work as a journalist for a
new spaper.
Them any professions thathe had tried gave M ark
Twain a knowledge of life and people and helped
him to find his true profession - the profession of
a w riter.
In 1870 he gotm arried,and a new and happy life
began for him .H e had one son and three daughters
whom he loved very m uch and w asthe happiestm an
w hen they were with him .
In 1876 M ark Twain published <<rlahe Adventures
of Tom Saw yer'' and in 1884 idr
lahe A dventures of
Huckleberry Finn''.These are the novels that are
now known to children and grown-ups all over the
world.The writer showed boys and girls in the nov-
els with such sym pathy and understanding, that
readers alw ays see them selves in these characters.
Ernest H em ingway',who appreciated M ark Twain,
once wrote these words:<<Allm odern A m erican lit-
erature com es from one book by M ark Twain called
H uckleberry Finn.''
I
1.'Ernest Hemingway ('
o:mst'hemlpwel)3pHec'
rXeMvlHrya;
 '

A Soon he got m arried,and w hen a daughter was

Z
llorn,he w as a happy husband and father.But his
Ilappiness did not last long.
One day a thousand dollars was stolen from the
ilank where he worked.He was afraid of being sus-
Ilected of theft.H e left the town and went to Cen-
. %. î w .
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4
tralA m erica,where he stayed for som e tim e.But
j ''
..J when he heard that his wife was very ill, he re-
.
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turned hom eand wasputinto prison forthree years.
Y ..v.
'-'
W e W hile he was in prison,his wife died.H is little
. .4

.r- ., . .- ,ee .ze

...
daughterwmstaken by relatives,who told herthather
.- f .,

i.. father had gone very far away and would not return
k
soon.Porter always thought about hiq daughter.He
feltvery unhappy at the thôught that she would not
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r -., - receive a Christm ms present from her father.To get
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some m oney for a present,he decided to write a story
O .HEN RY and send it to one of the m agazines.H e signed the
(1862-1910) story dr .Henz'y''l the first nnm e that cnm e into his
head.His story was published in 1899.H e got m oney
The realnam e of the writer was W illiam Sydney for it,and his daughter received a Christm mspresent.
Porterl.H e was born in the State of North Carolina In 1901 O.Henry wms released from prison.He set-
in the fam ily of a doctor.H e w as brought up by his tled in New York and continued writing shortstones
aunt,because his m other had died when he was a for different m agazines.Very soon he becnm e one of
little boy.M ter finishing school at the age of 15, the m ost popular short-story w riters in Am erica.
he worked as a clerk in his uncle's chem ist's shop During the short period of his literary activity,
for five years.Then he went to Texas,because he O .l-lenry w rote 273 short stories and one novel,<<cab-
wanted to see new places.ln Texas he saw cowboys, bages and Kings''.In his stories he described am us-
prairies and m ustangs,but he could not find a job. . ing incidents of everyday life in large cities, on
He tried working on farm s,som etim e laterhe found farm s, and on the roads of A m erica. H is stories
the job of a clerk atan office,at lasthe got a job at won greatpopularity and have been translated into
a sm all bank. During this period he studied lan- m any languages,m ostofthem have unexpected end-
guages and becam e interested in literature. ings,and the reader is alw ays taken by surprise.
1W illiam SydneyPorter(-wll
jgm'stdnl-po:tolylu bswfCHAHH
H opTep , .k.j . 1o-Henry ('ou'hennlO-reHpk
324
 '
w f

lle m ade experim ents to find the answ er. By the

- - $
e - - x '-- ' X%' tim e he was 12,he w as an expert in chem istry and
?
)j-
Auz+ .)
q physics.
2.) Thom as Edison m ay have been the world's great-
h(-a't- t
h ( .- h est inventor.He was granted m ore than one thou-
xy tj,,/
-
sand patents.H is inventions and im provem ents on
s ....' AN
>$V'iU xN
other people's inventions m ade possible m any of the
things which we take for grantedlin m odern life.
j
h'
.
h //' Edison invented an electric bulb for hom e and
office use.The electric bulb was m uch easier to use
and gave m uch m ore light than gas lights or kero-
sene lam ps. .
.
y axw N% Edison im proved early m odels of the telegraph,
y
/ @o -,L
-;
Mv
NxN telepione and film camera and projector.His most
unusual invention, however, was the phonograph.
h, () ) The first words which Edison recorded to be played
>. %
back on llism achinewere <dM aI'y had a little lnmb''-
the beginning of a popular nursery rhym e w hich
every English and A m erican child knows by heart.
The people who heard the phonograph for the first
tim e in 1877 w ere am azed.They could not believe
that a m achine could <<speak''.
THO M AS A LVA EDISO N
Edisonwasinterested in many subjects.Through-
(1847-1931) out his life he studied literature',m edicine and m u-
Thom as A lva Edisonl was an A m erican hero in sic, as w ell as science.
hisown tim e.Edison wasa self-m ade m an.He taught Once som ebody asked Edison how it felt to be a
him self m ost of what he knew .And his inventions genius.He answered:d<Genius is one percent in:pi-
m ade life easier for people everywhere. ration and ninety-nine percent perspiration''.
A s a boy, he was full of curiosity. H e never
stopped asking questionsabouthow differentthings
were m ade or how they w orked.For every question,

1 Thomas Alva Edison ('tomos'œlvofedlsnl Towlac Alssa

(
N ncozl 1we take for granted MblIlpxHnMaelvzxax aozl-Hoe
326
 '
CA SEY JO NES
(1863-1900)
Casey Jonesl was an Am erican railway engine-
driver,w ho died doing his duty.
He was the engine-driver of the train called Can-
non-ball,which ran between Tennessee and M issis-
sippi.Casey was skilful and brave, and he always
broughthistrain to theplace ofdestination on tim e.
He was also skilfulwith the locom otive whistle.H e
had a specialway of blowing the whistle:beginning
very low ,thelirising to a shriek,and finally grad-
ually dying away. His whistle alw ays w oke people
at night as the train passed by their houses.t:rhere
goes Casey'',they would say.
1Casey Jones ('kelsl'd:ounzqKeiicvliucollc
328
On the night of A pril29, 1900,w hen Casey had
just finished his work and brought the Cannon-ball
into the town on tim e,as usual,he learned that the
engine-driverofanother locom otivewasilland could
not m ake his journey according to the tim e-table.
Casey offered to work instead ofhisfriend.He start-
ed the big locom otive and left the station at 11 p.m .,
w hich w as already one hour and thirty-five m inutes
late.
Casey w anted to m ake up for the lost tim elso he
worked very harI
d at the engine and m oved very
&
tast.
By fbur o'clock in the m orning he had m ade up
for m ost of the tim e.Suddenly,as he cam e round a
curve,he saw a goods tra- in standing on the rails in
front of him .
<ilum p off,Sim l''he cried to his firem an.
The firem an jum ped off the locom otive.H e lived
to tell the story of Casey Jones's heroic deed.
Casey's body was found with one hand still on
the w histle and the other on the brake.
There is a m onum ent to Casey Jones in his hom e
tow n in K entucky. In 1950 the U nited States gov-
ernm ent put out2 a three-cent postage stam p in ho-
nour ofA m erican railway engine-drivers.This stam p
has the portrait of Casey Jones.
1to m akeup forthelosttim eHasepcTa'
rs uoTepsuuoeBpewm
2 put out BBluycvlu o
 ln 1914 he returned to Germ any alld worked as a
Ilrofessor of Berlinl U niversity.
> I'
ln 1933, as a sign of protest against fascism ,
linstein left G erm any and m oved to the U nited
< States. ln 1934 the nazi governm ent of G erm any
tleprived him of his Germ an citizenship and confis-
.

(rated his property.

Albert Einstein found his new m otherland in the

A
> Xx *é'!/
NN u
/ is relative.A fam iliar illustration of this principle
V
A LBERT EINSTEIN
(1879-1955)
A lbert Einsteinlwas born in a m iddle-class Jew-
ish fam ily in Germ any.W hen he was 15,hisfam ily
had to leave Germ any and em igrate to Switzerlandz
because of m oney difficulties.
In Switzerland Einstein continued his scientific
education at the Polytechnic A cadem y in Zurich3.
A fter graduation he got a job in a patent office.He
used his spare tim e for intensive study of philoso-
phy,science and m athem atics.
lfnited States of A m erica.
A lbert Einstein w as a rare scientist w ho becam e
ithero of science during his life-tim e.
Einstein's discoveries in physics go back to 1905
when he form ulated the SpecialTheory of Relativi-
ty2. The basic principle of relativity is: any m otion
is a m oving train. A person sitting in a train car-
riage with darkened windows will have no idea of
speed or direction,or perhaps even thatthe train is
m oving at all.On a greater scale,the m ovem ent of
the earth cannotbe detected if there are no heaven-
ly bodies for com parison. N ow here on the earth or
in the universe is there anything absolutely at rest:
m otion is the natural state of a11things,and each
body's m ovem ent is relative to the m ovem ent of
another body.
Einstein's second hypothesis w as that the veloci-
ty of lightis independentofthe m otion ofits source.
The speed of light - 300,000 km per second - is
always the sam e anywhere in the universe,regard-
less of place, tim e or direction. For instance, in a
m oving train light travels at exactly the sam e speed

1AlbertEinstein ('œlbot'alnstalnlA.qs6epT C
'
I/HIIITeiiI.
I 1Berlin (bo:'l1n1Bep.qvlu
2Switzerland ('swltsolond)IllBeiiuapHs 2theSpecialTheoryofRelativity(ögfspeflrolorlavsrela-tlvltl)
3Zurich ('zjuorlk)I-
lmpnx CHOMHaSBHaS TOOPHS OTHOCHTPSBHOCTH
330 331
as it does outside the train.No force can m ake itgn
N -'v
-
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faster or slow er. 1+
t A x œo-
% N ''* x.
ln the General Theory of Relativityl, published /X
'k A
in 1915,Einstein studied the force that guides th. ç
;- hM .&
-
m ovem entsof the stars,com ets,m eteors and galax- $
Np zz') :
ies. He proved that the space around a planet or =
k. ' I ,
.
AV J
<oxxN A.
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another celestialbody is a gravitationalfield,simi- ,
I lA
ï. '
y
N..N .
h
lar to the m agnetic field around a m agnet. l
Jê. 5 ' .,t $!
Such bodies as the sun or stars are surroundqd t, .. y.$NxN%N& N.
k - jx.$ 1. t
,
/- : sx ,xv y-z---
by enorm ous gravitational fields. ê %. v %'*
N $l N. ! .
x.xxu-w .. '':'-. ..'
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Einstein's Photoelectric Law2explaining the pho- II/f tN
N..' N .

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.k %'
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toelectric effect, paved the way for the com ing of :

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Z
'
television.For this discovery Einstein was aw arded e .*
>,
e / 4.4 . I v sxj+qj s
.e
the N obelPrize in physics in 1922. r. .
- ........ @
,
In his later years, Einstein worked on the Uni- .. .w. k.. .. .qo
,
j.t,.pajj:,j,îz
4.y. #A .
.,
JZDZW R'*'*3*
fied Field Theory3, attem pting to dem onstrate the
harm ony and uniform ity of nature. According to
hisviews,physicallawsfor them inute4atom should
be equally applicable to im m ense celestialbodies.
Einstein's contributions to science have been in-
num erable.But prim arily,his fam e restssupon the ERNEST HEM INGW AY
Theory of R elativity.
(1899-1961)
ErnestH em ingway was oneofthe greatestA m er-
ican w riters of his tim e.
He wasborn in Illinois,in the fam ily ofa doctor.
His father was fond of hunting and fishing,and in
1 the General Theory of Relativity Osm aa q'eopMs his school days the future writer becam e an excel-
o'rHocH TeabHocq'n lent sportsm an.A t schoolhe w as a successfulpupil.
2Photoelectric Law ('foutol'lektlqk'lo:*ldA3o'
roazzel.
rTpuqecltxl; H e w rote poetry and prose for the school literary
aaHoH
3the Unified Field Theory Iöo '
ju:nlfald'fi:ld'olorl)eimuas m agazine and edited the schoolnewspaper.
TeopHs rlolzs In 1917, when the United States entered W orld
4minute(mamju:tlItpoxorHbl; W ar 1,H em ingway joined the arm y and was given
5primarily ('pralmonhj,his famerests llpe-ae Bcero,ero
caaBa aH- ael'cs the job of driving Am erican Red Cross am bulances
333
 '

. ;b
y r
:
on the Italian front. Two m onths later he was badly ')# ,
..
H em ingway spentthelastyearsofhislifein Cuba,
F ( .

wounded in the leg.H e was taken to a hospitalln . visiting the United States and Spain from tim e to
M ilan,where he underwent twelve operations.M .) t
pim e. His last work, <dr
l'he O1d M an and the Sea''l
ter a period of tim e,he returned to the arm y.Hem . (t952),astoryaboutan old fisherm anwhowasfight-
ingway was aw arded a silver m edal by the Italia: L iI1g a big fish and the sea form any hours and w on a
governm ent.His war experience influenced his lif: victory over them ,is a story glorifying the strength
and literary activities. (
,)) llnd courage ofm an.In 1954 H em ingway wasaward-
In 1920 H em ingway returned to theU nited State: # ed the N obelPrize for literature,and durl'he Old M an
t '
and began to work as a foreign correspondent of : ): t ldnd theSea''was m entioned asone ofhisbestworks.
('
neW spaper.
N ow he was earning enough to support him self . ''
by his pen, and he began writing stories.H is dream '(
was to becom e a novelist.To get the m aterial for
his stories,he travelled allover the world.He visit. ,
ed Spain, Switzerland, Germ any and other coun. :'
tries. H is m asterpiece, the novel GA Farew ell to
A rm s''l which is a protest agalnst war,w as pub- ,i
lished in 1929 and m ade him fam ous. ')
W hen the Civil W ar in Spain began in 1936,
Hem ingway went to Spain.H e took part in the war ', .

as an anti-fascist correspondent.In Spain H em inp j

way metm any progressivepeople - fightersofthe )
internationalbrigades. 1
r
After the end of the CivilW ar in Spain H em ing-
way wrote one of hisbestnovels - <<F'or W hom the
Bell To11s''2,devoted to the A m ericans w ho died in
the fight for Spain.
During W orld W ar 11H em ingw ay was a whr cor-
respondent.H e took partin air raids over Germ any
and foughtagi nstthe fasciststogetherwith French
partisans.
1 6&.X Farew ell to A rm s'
'fil-
lpom ai,opya He''
2 GFor W hom the BellTolls''f<l' lo 14OM aBOHHT I<oaoltoa'' 1K<rrhe Old M an and the Sea'''<CTaPIZ
II< H Mope''
334

M A RTIN LUTHER KING
(1929-1968)
The relationship between theblack and whiteraces
hasbeen one ofthe m ost centralproblem s in Am er-
ican life for at least a hundred years. M any dis-
crim ination rules and laws have been abolished,but
som e of them rem ained untilrecent tim es.In som e
states there was a law , according to which blacks
riding in buses were allowed to occupy seats only in
the back part of a bus. The front seats were for
whites.In 1955,a black wom an Rosa Parksl,riding
1Rosa Parks ('rouzofpa:kslPpaa Flaplc
336
on a bus in M ontgom eryl,the capitalofthe State of
Alabam a, occupied a seat in the front part of the
bus and refused to get up.She was r rested.
ln protest,the blacks of the city refused to ride
city buses, as a result of which the bus com pany
lost 70 percent of their incom e.
The bus boycott was 1ed by Dr. M artin Luther
K ingt, a 26-year o1d black pastor.
M artin Luther King was born in Atlanta,Geor-
gia3,in the fam ily of a black pastor.H e received his
education at Boston University,where he earned a
doctor's degree in theology in 1955. K ing w as ap-
pointed pastor of a Baptist church in M ontgom ery,
which wasa stronghold ofracism .Its 42,000 blacks
(one-third ofthe city'spopulation)lived in thecon-
ditions of strict segregation in a11 aspects of daily
life.
K ing believed in non-violent, or peaceful, pro-
test,when blacksw ere denied theirrights.The blacks
of the city followed Dr. King's advice. They held
S<sit-ins''at segregated restaurants: they sat at the
restauranttablesorcounters and dem anded thesam e
service as w hite custom ers.They would rem ain sit-
ting for hours,untilthey were served.
M any blacks who took part in the 4sit-insyy were
arrested. N ew spapers and television program m es
showed pictures ofblack protestors being beaten by
the police.These shocking scenes upsetboth blacks
and whites.M any m ore people joined the m ovem ent
for civil rights.
1M ontgomery (mont'gamorllMoH' rrolvlepH
2M artin Luther King ('ma:tIn'1u:0a'kIn) Mapl'nH Jlml'
ep
KMHr
3Atlanta lgt'lœntol,Georgia'l'dzo:dïolATJIM Ta.
,JiaopaaMa
337
 In 1963 M artin Luther King organized a m arch
in W ashington D .C.,in which 250,000 A m ericans ( ,/-,-
,-- -
'--
--' '-
x''--
took part.K ing m ade a speech there,which he fin- t. ''- 'u
ished with his fam ous words:Edl have a dream that
my four little children willone day live in a nation
where they willnotbe judged by the colour oftheir /
Skin'' Y
#r*> (uN
'
-..x < '
.
Dr. M artin Luther King was assassinated by a 5-
white m an in 1968.The w hole nation was shocked r rl
and deeply m ourned his death. Nx /
M artin LutherK ing was a sim ple and m odestm an X -- -
in his private life, but he recognized his political z /
significance and his m ission.H e said:Ktl-listory has
thrustm einto thisposition.Itwould beboth im m oral h z
and a sign of ingratitude if I did not face m y m oral
responsibility to do what 1can in this struggle.''

ELEA NO R ROO SEVELT

(1884-1962)
A llover the w orld,Eleanor R ooseveltlw as know n
asa dedicated worker for hum an rights.As a public
figure and as a speaker and writer,she worked for
social causes all her life.
A nna Eleanor R oosevelt w as born in 1884. H er
parents died when she was young and she w as
brought up by her grandm other.

1Eleanor Roosevelt ('ehno'rouzavelt)3.

rflillop PyaseasT
-
-- (
Ej
;(
1
!9#g
;
,..
 A sa young girl,she becam e interested in helping
people.She worked in an organization which helped
im m igrants.
W hen she w as 21, she m arried Franklin D .
Roosevelt,who later becam e President of the Unit-
ed States.
Eleanor Roosevelt always supported the career of
her husband.W hen in 1921 Franklin Rooseveltw as
paralyzed by polio,EleanorRoosevelthelped to keep
him interested in politicsby attending m eetings and
telling him what she heard and saw . By the tim e
her husband becam e governor ofN ew Y ork in 1928,
Eleanor Roosevelt had becom e a public figure her-
self.
She was known as a leader in the field of rights
for working wom en and in the field of education.
During the twelve years of her husband's presi-
dency (1933-1945)EleanorRoosevelttravelledwide-
ly,finding out for the President how people lived
and whatthey needed.She wrote books and articles M IC HA EL CO LLINS
about her life in the W hite H ouse. (1930-)
A fter her husband's death, Eleanor Roosevelt
Throughout his life, M ichael Collinsl has held
worked for international hum an rights. Until her
death in 1962,she continued to w ork for the causes
m any different jobs.But he is best known for the
she believed in.H er tireless fight for hum an rights job he did in 1969.Collins w as a pilot for Apollo
112.That was the first space m ission to land people
won the respect of people around the world.
on the m oon.
M ichaelCollins'sbest subject at schoolwasm ath-
em atics.After schoolhe studied at W estPoint M il-
itary Academ y3 and graduated in 1952.

1MichaelCollins I'malkl'kalln:)Malizu Ko.

q.
qvlHa
2Apollo 11 (o'polou)ArtoalloH-ll
3W estPointMilitaryAcademy('west'pomt-mtlltorlo-kœdoml)
Becr
r-l-loiHvczçaa BoeHHas altaaeMMs
341
 In 1960 Collins becam e a test pilot. W hen he SUPPLEM ENT I
learned about the nation's space program m e, he
applied to be an astronaut.H e was chosen to be a REclo x s STA TES
pilot for the Gem ini program m el, which sent two AxD STAV CAPITALS
astronauts at a tim e into orbit around the earth.
In July 1966, Collins and astronaut John Y oung
Since
orbited the earth for three days in Gem ini10.
Region State what State capital
W hen the crew of the m oon m ission,Apollo 11, tim e
was chosen,Collins w as included.H e was to be the
pilot of the Colum bia,the spaceship that would re- NEW Maine(meml 1820 Augusta (o:'gasto)
m ain in space above the m oon surface. NeilA rm - EN GLA N D
strongzand Edwin A ldrin3would land on the m oon. N ew H am pshire 1788 Concord
Apollo 11 took off on July 16, 1969.Four days ('
nju:fhœmp/gl ('
konko:d)
later,Arm strong and A ldrin becam e the first m en Vermont(vo:rmont) 1791 Montpelier
to land on the m oon.M eanwhile,Collins stayed in (mont'
pi:ljo)
Massachusetts 1733 Boston (' bostan)
the m ain spaceship and orbited the m oon 30 tim es. (-mœso'tfu:setsl
A fter theApollo 11 m ission,Collinsleft the space Rhode Island 1790 Providence
prozram m e to spend m ore tim e with his fam ily.In ('
roud'allondl I'
provxdons)
1971 he becam e director of the N ational A ir and Connecticut 1788 H artford
Space M useum 4 of the Sm ithsonian Institutions in (ko'nektlkotl ('
ha:tfod)
W ashington.
MlD- New York ('
nju:jo:kl 1788 Albany ('
o:lbom)
Through his m any jobs, M ichael Collins has a1- A TT,AN TIC
ways shown his courage and his love of adventure. REG ION
New Jersey 1787 Trenton ('
trenton)
('
nju:'dzo:zll .
Pennsylvania 1787 H arrisburg -
(pensll'
vemja) ('hœrlsbo:gl
1the Geminiprogramme (öo'd:emml'prougramlHporpaMMa Delaware('delowaoj 1787 Dover('douval
AllpxelvlnHny M aryland 1788 A nnapolis
2NeilArmstrong ('ni:l'a:mstraplHH. 7IApMcrpoHr ('
mcorllœnd) (o'
nœpolls)
3Edwin Aldrin ('edwln'o:ldrm)3/IBI4H OJI/PIIH W estVirginia('
west1863 Charleston
4theNationalAirandSpaceMuseum (öafnœlnoloorond'spels vo'dzlnlol ('
tla:lstonl
mju'zlom) HaIJHOHaJIBHBI/ Myaeii BoaayxorlaaBaHpls 14
IçoclvloHaBrrn xn
5Smithsonian Institution (öasmlo-sounjon,lnstl-tju'
.fnl
CwlH'
rcoHoscsn/ IIHCTHTyT
343
 Regions,states and state capitals,continued Regions,states and state capitals,continued
Sinee Since
Region State what State eapital Region State what State capital
tim e tim e

THE SOUTH Kentucky(kenbtakll 1792 Frankfort THE Missouri(mfzuon) 1821 Jefferson City
('frœnkfat) MIDW EST ('dzefasn,sltll
Virginia(vo'dLgnlal 1788 Richmond lowa('alouo) 1846 DesMoines
('ntfmandl (dfmom)
North Carolina 1789 Raleigh ('ro:lI) Kansas ('kœnzos) 1861 Topeka (tou'pi:kol
('no:0 kœro'lamo) Nebraska(nfbrœskol 1867 Lincoln ('hnkanl
South Carolina 1788 Columbia North Dakota ('no:0 1889 Bismarck
('sauoskœro'lama) (ko'lambjgl do'kouto) ('blzma:k)
Tennessee('teno'si:l 1796 Nashville I
,
South DakotaI'sauo 1889 Pierre(plo)
('
nxJvIlJ J
I
do'koutol
Arkansas('
a:kansol 1836 Little Rock I
('htl'
rokl THE SOUTH- Oklahoma 1907 Oklahoma City
Louisiana 1812 Baton Rouge
(lugi:zfœno) ('
bœtn'rt
z:z! WESS' (oukl
o'
houmo)
Texas('teksos)
(ott
klo'
houmasrtl)
1845 Austin gostm)
M ississippi 1817 Jackson N ew M exico 1912 Santa Fe
(-mlsfslpl) ('dzœksgn! ('nju:'
mekslkou) ('sœnta'fel)
Alabama (œlaf bœmo) 1819 Montgomery ArizonaE-œrfzouna) 1912 Phoenix E'tsrmks)
(mant'gamarl) Nevada(ne'va:dol 1864 Carson City
Georgia ('dzo:dzjgl 1788 Atlanta(ot'lœntol ('ka:sn,slti)
Florida(' tbndo) 1845 Tallahassee
('tœlo'
hœsi:l THE ROCKY Montana(mon'tœno) 1889 Helena('
hellno)
M OUNTAIN
THE Minnesota 1858 St.Paul(snt'po:l) R EG ION
MIDW EST (smmo'
soutol ldaho E'aldohou) 1890 Boisegbolsi:)
W isconsin 1848 M adison
Wyoming 1890 Cheyenne(JaI'œnJ
(wls'konsm) ('
mœdlsnl (wafoumln)
Michigan('ml/qan) 1837 Lancing ('la:
nslpl Utah ('
ju:ta:l 1896 SaltLakeCity
Ohio(ou'
halou) 1803 Columbus ('so:lt'lelk-sltl)
(ko'lambosl Colorado 1876 Denver(' denvo)
lndiana(,IndI' œz)o) 1816 lndianapolis (,kolo'ra:doul
('Indlolnœ ollsl
Illinois(,I1I'no1J 1818 Springfield
('spnnfi:ld)
344 345
 Regions,states and state capitals,continued SUPPLEM ENT II
TH E U N ITED STATES PRESID ENTS
since
Region State what State capital
tim e 1.GeorgeW ashington ('d3o:d3'wo/ntonl
(1789-1797)
THE PACIFIC W asùington 1889 Olympia 2.John Adams ('dzon 'œdomzl
NORTHWEST ('wovtonl (oufllmpjo) (1797-1801)
AND Oregon ('ongon) 1859 Salem ('sellem) 3.Thomas Jefferson ('tomos'dzefasnl
ALASKA Alaska (o'lœsko) 1959 Juneau ('
dsu:nou) (1801-1809)
4.James M adison ('dseimz 'mœdisn)
CALIFORNIA California 1850 Sacramento
(1809-1817)
AND (kœlffo:njo) ('sœkro'
mentoul 5.James Monroe ('dzeimzman'roul
HAW AII Hawaii(har'wali:) 1959 Honolulu
(shanof
lu:lu:) (1817-1825)
6.el'ohn Q.Adam s ('dzan 'kju:'œdcmz)
h (1825-1829)
7.Andrew Jackson l'œndrtz:'dzœksn)
(1829-1837)
8.M artin Van Buren ('ma:tinvœn 'bjuaronl
(1837-1841)
9.W illiam H.Harrison('wiljom 'eitl'hœrisn!
(1841)
10.John Tyler ('dzon 'tailo)
(1841-1945)
11.James K.Polk ('dïeimz'kei'pouk)
(1845-1849)
12.Zachary Taylor ('zœkori'teilol
(1849-1850)
13.M illard Fillmore ('milod 'filmo:l
(1850-1853)
14.Franklin Pierce ('frœnklin 'pios)
(1853-1857)
15.James Buchanan ('dseimzbjufkœnan)
(1857-1861)
347
16.Abraham Lincoln ('eibrohxm 'linkan) 33.Harry S.Truman ('hœri'es'tru:mgnl
(1861-1865) (1945-1953)
17.Andrew Johnson ('œndrtz:'dïonsn) 34.IlwightD.Eisenhower I'dwalt'di:'aizgnrhauo)
(1865-1869) (1953-1961)
..
$5.John F-Kennedy I'dzan 'ef'kenzdz)
18.UlyssesS.Grantb'u'hsi:z 'es'gra:nt) '

(1869-1877) (1961-1963)
19.Rutherford B.Hayes ('raögfad 'bi:'heiz) 36.Lyndon B.Johnson ('lmdon 'bi:'dzonsnl
(1877-1881) (1963-1969)
20.JamesA.Gr field ('dzeimz'eI'ga:fi:ld) 37.RichardM.Nixon ('ntlad'em 'mksn)
(1881) (1969-1974)
21.ChesterA.ArthurE'tlesta'eI'a:0aJ 38.Gerald R.Ford ('dïerald 'a:'fo:dl
(1881-1885) (1974-1977)
22.Grover Cleveland I'grouva'ldi:vland) 39.JamesE.Carter ('dzeimz'i:'ka:tol
(1885-1889) (1977-1981)
23.Benjamin Harrison I'bendpamin 'hansn) 40.Ronald W .Reagan ('ranld 'dablju:'relgon)
(1889-1893) I
/' (1981-1989)
24.Grover Cleveland ('grouva 'kli:vlandl 41.deorgeH.Bush(-dzo:dz'eltl'bull
.'
,

(1893-1897) . (1989-1993)
25.W illiam M cKinley ('wlljam ma'kmh) 42.BillClinton ('bI1'klmtgn)
(1897-1901) (1993-)
26.Theodore Roosevelt ('0Iodc:'rouzavelt)
(1801-1909)
27.W illiam H.Taft('wlljom 'eltf'tœftl
(1909-1913)
28.W oodrow W ilson ('wudrou 'm lsn!
(1913-1921)
29.W arren G.Harding (-wonn 'dzi:ha:dln)
(1921-1923)
30.Calvin Coolidge (kœlvm k'
u:lldzl
(1923-1929)
31.HerbertC.Hoover Iho:botsi:'hu:vo)
(1929-1933)
32.Franklin D.Roosevelt('frœnklm 'di:'rotlzavelt)
(1933-1945)
348
 Davis('dewls),Jefferson ('dzefosn)JlpBHc,iaetptpepcoH
LIST O F PRO PER NA M ES Edison ('edlsnl,Thom as('tamos)Alva('œlvolLN HcoH,
ToM ac A-qbsa
Aldrin ('o:lc1nn1,Edvin ('edwml0JWpIIH,OIBI'
II.
I
Arm strong ('a:mstropl,Neil(ni:l1ApMcTpoHr,HHJI Einstein ('amstml,Albert('œlbotlC-
IRHIIITeRH,Allb6epT
BeecherStowe('bi:tfo'stouj,Harriet('hœrlotqBuqep- Eisenhower('alzon,haual,Dwight(dwaltlOiaeHxayap,
CToy,rappHeT JlyaiiT
Bell (bel),Alexander (,œhg'zarndo)Graham (groam) Ellington ('ehnton),Duke (dju:k)3JIJIHHIaTOH,JJIOH
Beaa, A .
rrexcalu p rpaM Ford (fa:d),Henry ('henn)oopa,reHpH
Bernstein ('bornstam),Leonard ('lenod) BepHcTaiH, Franklin ('frœpklm),Benjamin (-bendsgmm)mpaHlt-
JIHH, B eH;I>IO MI'
IH
JleoHapl
Bessemer ('beslmoj,Henry ('hemqlBecceMep,reHpM Fulton ('fultonl,Robert('robatloy. q'
roH,Po6epT
Blackwelll'blœltwall,Elizabeth (I'lIzobo0)Baexya.
u, Gnma ('ga:mo),Vmsco da ('vœskoudo)ra a,BacHo aa
L'
M yxaa6e'
r Grant (gra:nt),Ulysses b'u'hsi:z)rpaHT,yancc
Boone (bu:n),Daniel('dœnjol)EyH,JlauHe.q Hamylton ('hœmllton),Alexander (,œllgfzarndo)
rakH.
qbr
roH, A-qeHcalu p
800th (bu:ö1,John (dsanqW ilkeslwllkslByTc,Jlxçoll Henj'
ingway('hemlpwell,Ernest('o:lzlstlXeMHHrya/,
Ylz
lllRc
OpHec'
r
Cabot('kœbat),John Idzon)Ifa6o' r,#pltOH
Carnegie(ka:'nelgl),Andrew l'œndt-u:lRapHerH,oH;Jplo Hitler (-hltlo),Adolph ('œdoltl rHqwep,A,
qoabtp
Cartier (ka:rtjell,Jacqueà (zœkllfapTse,llfax Houston ('hju:stan),Sam (sœm)XszocToH,CaM
Casey Jones ('kelsl'dzounz)Keicu JiyxoHc Hudson ('hadson),Henry ('hemq)ryaaoH,reHpH
Castro ('kœstrou),Fidel(fl'delllfacTpo,ozu ezzs Hughes(hju:zl,Langston ('lœnstgn)Xsma,JlaHrcl'oH
Champlain (Jœm'plem),Samuelde ('sœmjualdg) Jackson (dïœksnl,Andrew l'œndru:lJl-excoH,L-llu plo
Illalvzzzlzez-
izz, Calvzzoazzb i;e Jefferson ('dzefosn), Thomas ('tomas) i-etpepcoH,
ToMac
Chaplin l'tlœpllnl,Charlie('tJa:lI)'
LIaIIJJIIH,'LlapaH Kelly I'kehl,W illiam ('wll
jamlItelf.qH,ylu sswl
Churchill('tJa2tJIl1,W inston Iwmstnl'tlepqzzzaab, Kennedy ('kenldl),John (dsonlKeHHeilH,iplçol. l
Y HHCTOH
Clark (k1a:kl,W illiam ('wzljam)Ifaapx,yzu saM Key (ki:),Francis('frœnsls)ScottIskatl1<H,mpaHcnc
CICOTT
Collins l'kall1'
1zl,M ichael(matld)Koa.
quHa,M aftzt.
q
Columbus(ka'lambasl,Christopher('krzstafalKoayM6, King llunl, M artin ('ma:tml Luther ('1u:0o) KHHI',
M apq'HH Jlm q'
ep
X pucTotpop Lafayette ('la:fal'etl,de (da)Jlatpaie'l',ae
CoopgrI'ku:pal,FenimoreI'fenzmorlKyrzep,oez-lvzop La Salle (la'sœl1,Robert (rofbEalJla CM B,Po6ep
Cortes ('ko:tez), Hernando Iha:'nœndou) KopTec.
OpzzaHao Lee (1i:1,Robert ('rabot)JIH,Po6ep' r
Leif Ericsson ('li:f'enksn)Jleiiè 3pnxccoxl
350 351
L'Enfant(1a:n'fa:'
n)Pierre(pjer)Charles(Ja:l1JI'AIA M,
H sep Itlaplzs
Lennon ('lenan),John ('dzan)JIeHHOH,Jl-ol.
l Roosevelt ('rotlzaveltl,Theodore ('0todo:) PyaBeab'
Lewis ('1u:Is), M eriwether ('merlsweöo) JlsloMc,
M epHyaaep
Lincoln r'hnkonl,Abraham ('elbrohœm) JllxHHoasH
A BpaaM
Lindbergh ('lmdbarg),Charles (tJa:lz)JlHlu6epr,
H aplla
Longfellow I'lopmfelou), Henry (hçnrl) W adsworth
lwodzwo:olJloHrlpeaao.reHpu yoacyop' r Squanto I'sltwontoulCXBOH'
Lyon (lalan),M ary ImEan)Jla/oH,M apu
M acArthur(mak'a:oa),Douglas('daglos)M aH ApTyp, ' ,
.
Jlyr.qac
M adison ('mœdlsn),Dolly ('dalI)M aaucoH Jlo.qau
M adison ('mœdlsnl,James(dzelmz)Maim coH,Jl- eMc
M agellan(mo'gelanl,Ferdinand ('fo:dmond)M areaaaH,
(pepaHHayl;l
M ark Twain ('ma:k 'twem)M apx TBaH
Marshall('ma:Jol1,George(d3o:ds)Mapmaxq,Jl-om-
M ontezuma Ismontl'ztz:mo)MoHTeayMa
M orse (mo:s),Samuel('sœmjuol)Mopae,Cawfloalfb
MottImotl,Lucretiallu:'kri:fjalMow ,Jlyxpequs
M ussolini(smuso'li:m),Benito(be'ni:toulM yccoaHHH,
BeHHTO
Napoleon (nofpouljon)HarloaeoH
Ool-lenry ('ou'henrl)0.reHpH
Olm sted ('amsted), Frederick E'fredrlk) Law (1c:)
O.qM cTaa, m peaepHx Jlo
Penn (pen),W illiam ('wlljom)HeHH,ylu ssM
Pocahontas (,pokorhantos!FlouaxoHTac
Polo ('poulou).M arco ('markou)l'Ioao,M apxo
Rockefeller('rolufelol,John (dzonlPole eaaep,Jà-oH
Roosevelt ('rouzovelt),Eleanor ('elma) Pyaseas' l',
OllxHop
352
Roosevelt ('rouzoveltl, Franklin ('frœpklml Delano
('delonoupPyaBeab'r,(DpaHzcal'
ll.
lqe.qaHo
r,
Teoaop
Santa Anna ('sa:nta:'a:na:)CaH' ra AHHa
Sequoya (stk'vololCeuBo/a
Sèrra('sem:l,Junipero (hju:'nirporou)Ceppa,yHHrzepo
Sherman ('Ja:mon1,W illiam I'wlljom)ItlepMaH,
ynasswl
Smithson ('snuosn),Jam es(dzeimzlCMnTcoH,Jlvewlc
I'O
Stanton (stantnl, Elizabeth (I'llzoboo) CTaHTOH,
3.
qIjaa6e'
r
Straul
ss (straus),Leyi('li:val)IllTpayc,Jlxxsaii
Tubl an ('tabmonl,Harriet('hxnotlTa6MaH,rappue' r
Truhlafl('tru:manl,Harry ('hœnlTpyMaH,rappH
Truth (tnz:0J,Sojourner ('sadzo:najCoa- apHep
Turner ('ta:no),Nat (nœtlTepHep,HaT
W ashingtonI'wa/ptgnl,George(dzordïlBalzmHrToH,
JIROPCI;K
W hitm an E'wltmanl,W alt Ewo:lt)yl4TMaI.I,yoa'r
W ilson (wllsnl,W oodrow ('wudroulylu coH IBHJIS-
coHl,Bm poy
W rightEralt),Orville('o:vI1)andW ilbur('m lbo)PafzT,
OPBHJ.
q Ixylu 6ep
Young UAp1,Brigham ('bngom)SHr,BpnraM
 LIST O F G EO G RA PHICA L NAM ES Canada ('kœnodolKaHaaa
Cape of Good Hope ('kelp ov'gud'houplMvc qo6poii
Abilene ('œblli:nq3614.
r11.
1H H aile- qbl
Africa r'œflqkolAtppHxa Caribbean Sea I'kœrlbi:an'si:)IlapH6cuoe Mope
Alabam a ('œla'bœma)A-qa6aMa Carolina ('kœra'lamalKapoauHa
Alaska (o'lœska)A.rrscxa Cascade Mountains (kœs'keld'mauntmz) IlacHaaHble
Albany ('o:lbam)O. q6aHH ropsz
Aleutian Range(o'1u:JIan'relndzlA.
lTeyTcKHR xpe6e'
t CharlesRiverI'tla:lz'nvo)PexaHapasa
America Ia'menka)AwlepHx:a Charleston ('tfa:lstanlHapascwH
Appalachian Mountains (,mpofleltljon 'mauntlnz) Chicagotfl'ka:gou)T' IHxcaro
A rzrzazzaqclcHe ropsz
Appomattox (,œpo'mxtoks)AnoMa'
roxc chink('tjamg!Kuvaj y
.

Arisona (,œn'zouno)ApuaoHa chukI

chisea(tlttktli:sr;uvsovesoe xop.
Clevdland ('kli:vland)Kzlylsaalu
Arkansas ('a:konsolApxaHaac
Asia('eIJo1A3Hs CoastalRanges ('koustl'remdrgzlBeperosble xpe6q'bl
Atlanta Iatrlœnta)A'
r-
qaHq'a Colorado (,kalafra:dou)Koaopaao
Atlantic Lowland (ot'lœntlk 'loulandll'
lplz
lalmaylr
l'l4qe- Columbia (kg'lamblo)Koaywl6na
cxas Hn awfeHHoc'rs Connecticut Iko'nektlkot)IO HHeHTIIICyT
AtlanticOcean(at'lœntlk'oulnlATJIaHTHMeCI<H;oxean Cordilleras (,ko:dlfljsorgzlKopim azaepsz
Australia (as'trelljojABc'rpa-qus Cuba ('kju:bolI<y6a
Austria-Hungary ('ostng'hxngan)ABcTpo-BeHrpHs Cumberland ('kxmbalond)KaM6epaazu
Baltimore ('bo:ltlmo:)Ba- q'
ruMop Czechoslovakia ('tfekousloufvœkloltlexqclzoBaxus
Baton Rouge l'bœtnfnlr3lBar roH Pya Dakota (do'kouto)Jlaxol'a
Belgium ('beldzamlBeabrHa Death Valley ('deo'vœh)JioaHHa cMep' rM
Bering Sea ('bennfsi:lBepHHroso Mope Delaware I'delawso)ieaasap
Bering Strait('benn'strelt)BepHHroB l'IpolnB Denm ark I'denma:k!JlaHyzs
Berlin (bo:'l1nlBepaHH Detroit (do-trorq qe'
rpoii'
r
Beverly Hills ('bevalz'hllzlBesepayrXzu lza Eastlndies ('irst'mdlz)OCT-HHAHS
Birmingham ('ba:nupom)BepMuHrawl Erie ('IorI)opH
Boston ('bastonlBocq' oH Europe ('juorop)EBpoua
Broadway ('bra:dwel)Bpoiweii Florida ('flondo)(lu oplu a
Brooks Range ('bnzks'remdz)Xpe6e' rBpyxca France lfm:nslopalm xs
Buffalo ('bafolou)Bytpèazo Georgia ('dso:dàjalqpltopilyltlz
ls
Californian Valley ('kœhfo:njonevxh) Ka-qle opHze - Gettysburg ('getlzbo:glPew Hc6epr
cxas AolrHHa Golden Gate ('gouldn'gelt)3o. qoa le BopoTa
354 355
 v )!

Great Basin ('grett'belsnlBoabtuo/ 6acceRH Massachusetts(smœso'tfu:sets)MaccaqyceTc

GreatLakes ('grmt'letks)BezluxHe oaepa Mediterranean Sea (,medlto'remjonfsi:l CpeaHaewzHoe
GreatPlains ('grert-plelrlz!BezlHxHe PaBHIZIHT:,
I Mope
GreatSaltImke('grert'sa:ltflelk)BoabtuoeCoaeHoeoaem Mexican Lowland ('mekslkanfloulond)MexcuxaHcxcas
Greece Igri:slrpezm a HHaM eHHoc'
l'b
Greenland ('gri:nlond)Ppelu am Hs Mexico ('mekstkoulM excHxa
Guam (gwa:m)ryaM Michigan ('mlflganlMHHHI'a.
H
GulfofMexico('qalfov'mekslkou)Melçcl- aucltle aa-qMs Minnesota (smmorsouto)M HHHeco' l'a
Havana (ha'vœnolrasaHa Misqissippi (,mIsI'sIpI)M nccHcurzz,
z
Hawaii(hofwali:lraBallH MislourilnufzuorllM nccypn
Hiroshima(,hlro'li:ma)XHpocHMa Moùtgomery (mant'gamgrl)M oHTroMepu
Hispaniola I,luspanjoulo)OcrzaHboaa Mo1)l
treal(,mantn'o:l)M oHpea- qb
Hudson ('hxdsan)rynaoH Moùnt McKinley ('mauntma'kmh)ropa MaH KHHJII.I
Huron ('hjugronlrypoH Nagasaki(Fnœgg'sa:kzlHaracaxH
Iceland ('alslond)Hcaam Ha Nebraska (nl'brœska)He6pacxa
Illinois (,I1I'naI)HaaHxlolc Netherlands ('neöglondzlHv epaaHgbl
India ('IndlalHHAHJI Nevada (nefva:da)HeBaaa
Indiana l,mdlfœnolHHimaHa New Amsterdam ('nju:'œmstg'dœm)HBIo AMcTepaaM
Indonesia (,zndoufni:zjo)Hm oHeaxs Newfoundland ('nju:fgndlondlHslotpaylu llaHg
Iowa ('aloualA/oBa New Hampshire('nju:fhœmpv )HBIOraMrltuHp
Ireland ('alalond)Hpaam Hs New Jersey ('nju:fdza:zl)Hblo q- epcn
Italy ('Ito1I)HTaJIHa New Orleans ('nju:fo:llonz)Hblo OpaeaH
Jamestown ('dzelmztatmli- eMc' rayu New York ('nju:'jo:klHslo Ropx
Kansas ('kœnzoslKaHaac Niagara Falls (nal'œgaro'fo:lzlHHarapcltHë Boaorlal
Kentucky (ken'takl)IfeH' ryltxcn NorthwestPassage('no:0'west'pœsldslCeBepo-aarzaa-
Korea (ka'nolKopea Hblïi upoxoa
Lexington ('lekslntanlJlelccHHrl'oH Norway ('na:wellHopserns
Louisiana (lu,i:zl'œnglJlyHauaHa Ohio (oufhalou)Oraio
Luxembourg ('laksambo:glJlloxceM6ypr Oklahoma ('oukla'hotlmo)Olu axoMa
M aine (memlM aH Ontario (on'tsonoulOHTapHo
Manchuria (mœnftluonolMaHq-yplu PacificOcean (po'slftk'oufn)TnxHiiolteaH
M anhattan (mœn'hxtn)M aHxaw au Panama (spœng'ma:lHaHaMa
M anila Bay (ma'rlzlo'bez)MazxyzlzbcztHz'
iaa-qyls Paris ('pœrls)Hapn-
M aryland ('mEonlœnd)M aplu alu PearlHarbour ('po:lfha:bolHepa-xap6op
356 357
Pennsylvania (pensll'vemjolrlexlclxllsBaâlHs Sweden ('swi:dan)Illsetm a
Philadelphia (sfzlo'delfjalqmlzailellzytl'l;s Switzerland I'swltsglondlIllBe/qapHs
Philippine Islands ('flllpi:n'atlonclz) (I3HJIHIIH>IHCICMQ Tennessee (stena'si:)TeHHeccH
ocTposa Tenochtitlan (tel,noktl'tlœn)Tezxoqq'
Hq'
aaH
Pittsburgh ('pltsbo:glIlHw c6ypr Texas('teksas)Texac
Plymouth ('p1Imo0)I'IJIHMyT United States b'u'naltld'steltslCoeaHHeHHbze II-
ITaTBI
Poland ('poulondlHoasm a Vermont (va:'mantlBepMoHT
Portugal('po:tjugol)l'IopTyraaHs Versailles (vca'sal)Bepca-qs
Potomac (pa'toumœk)Tlo' rolvlà.
lt Vietnam ('vjetfnœm)BBeTHaM
Puerto Rico ('pwg:toufri:koulHyapTo Pulto Vinland I'vmlgndlBHHJIaH;I
Quebec (kwl'beklI<se6ex Virginia (vofdzmlolBuplutuuns
Rhode Island ('roud'allond)Pog-A/. qalu W ashington ('wov tonlBalunzzrq'oH
Richmond('ntfmondlPHHMOH/ W estIndies ('west'mdlz)BeCT-HHAHH
Rocky M ountains ('rokl'mauntlnz)Cxa-qxcTble ropu W isconsin (wlsfkansmlBHcztoHcHH
Roman Empire ('roumon'empala)PHMcxas HMrlepH, YukonTableland (' jukon'telbllœnd)loxoHcxoelu ocxo-
San Antonio ('sœn gn'toumoulCaH AHTOHHO ropbe
San Diego ('sœn dl'elgoulCaH qzzero Zurich ('zjuortklI-lzopHx
San Francisco (ssœnfron'slskou)CaH mpaHqHcxo
San Francisco Bay tssxnfran'slskourbell ByxTa CaH
o paHqHcxo
Santa Fe (-sœntoffel)CaHl' a me
Savannah (sa'vxnglCasaHHa
Scandinavia (sskœndl'nelvjolCHaHAHHaBHS
Scotland I'skotlond)ItloT.qaHim s
Serbia ('soibjolCep6ua
Siberia (salfblona)CH6HpB
Sierra Nevada Eslferane'va:da)Cseppa Hesaaa
Spain (spem)HcrfauHs
Spice lslands ('spals'allandzl l'IpaHbze ocTpoBa
(M oayztztczcz'
le ocTpona)
St.LawrenceRiver(snt'loronsfnvo)PexaCssw ro. 1IàB-
peHq'xa
St.Louis(snt'lu:llCeHT Jlyuc
Superior (sju'plonc)BepxHee (oaepo)
358
 administration (gd,mlnls'trellnln yrlpaBaeHHe
ENG LISH-RUSSIAN VO CA BULA RY admiralI'œdmTrol)n M MHPaJI
admire (od'mato)v alo6oBa'rscs,Bocxnm aTbca
A admitIodfmltlv aonycsal's,npHaHasa' rs
ability (c'bI1It1)n crloco6Hoc'rb adopt (o'daptlv rlplzHHMa'
l's
able (elbl)a crxoco6Hsli,B cocrosHnn adoptionla'dopfnlnIlpuasl'ue
aboard (ofbo:d)adv Ha.6opq'y,Ha6opT adult('œdAlt1a Bapocasl;
abolish (a'bohlqv,oTMeHHTb advance (ad'varnslv rzpoiwMraerscs,HacTyna'rs
abolitionist(,œbghfalltst)na6oalmHoHnc'
r,c'
ropoHHHlt advantage (gd'va:nttdz)n tlpeuMymecl'Bo
o'
rMezzsz pa6c'
rsa adventure(cdfventfalnllplzllç.qllluel4He
above (o'bAv1prep HM adventurer(od'ventforolnI'Icxae reabnpHlt. qloxlel.
ll;/
above allEzfbav'o:llcsepx Bcero,IlpeaqeBcero adventurous(ad'ventfaroslaJllo6sml. Iiirzpux.qmqeHua,
absolutely E,œbso'lu:tll)adv a6coalol'Ho 6eapaùcyim o cwleo
qhlii
abundant (a'bandontla I4C,O6HJIBHBI; advertistment (od'vartlsmantln peKaaMa
abundantly (o'bandonth)adv B Hao6lu lm advertisi
2ng
s ( ,xdvo'talzlnln pexlzaMHposaHue
academic excellence (,œko'demlk'eksolons) o'
M uqHas advice (pdvalsln coBe' r
axageM Hqecsas ycrlesaeMoc'
rs adviser'(od'valzo)n coBeTHHxt
accept (ak'septlv HPMHHMa'
I'B affairta'fiiolnaeao
accomplish(o'kampllllvBBIIIOJIHJITB affect (o'fektlv BoaAeicTBoBa' l'b
accomplishment(a'komphfmantln BslnozfHeHHe afford (a'fo:djv rzoaBolHrl's ce6e
according to (o'ko:dzn toJrzo,B cooqmeTc'
rBl'
zl,
lc afraid loffreldl:be afraid 6osl' lycs
'
accurately ('œkjuratlllv ToqHo after('a:fb)prep rzocae
accustomed (afkastgmd)a IIPHBBIXIHBI; afterwards I'a:ftgwodzladv Bnocaeacr rsHM,nol'oM
achieve(o'tJi:v1v aocTnra'
rs against Igrgenst)prep npol'lzls
achievement(o'tfi:vmcntlnaoc'
rHaeHue age (eldzln Bex,Boapac' r
acorn ('elko:n)n aeayqs aged I'eldzldla rloplcHaoi,rlpelu oHHoro BoapacTa
across (a'kros)prep qepea agency ('eldïonslln areHTcl'so
act(œktlv aeiicrBosal'b,Hrpa'
rs Ha cueHe agent ('eldzcntln areHT
act'(œktln axq' agree (o'g1'i:)v coraatuaTbcs,aoroBapHBaTbcs
action(œkfnlnaeëc'
rsHe agreement(g'gri:mont)n coraameHHe,coraacHe
active ('xktlv)a aICTHBHBI; agriculturalI,œgn'kxltlarol)aceabcxtoxoaaicTseHHbl/
activity (œk'twltljn Aesrreaszioca agriculturel,œgn'kaltfalnceabcxoexoasicq'so
actorl'œk1aln axTep ahead (o'hed)adv Brzepea,Brzepeim
actually('œlttjugllladvBcyuw ocTH,co6cTseHHoroBops aid Imdln noMomb
add (œd)v ao6aB. qa'
rs aim Ictmln qeas
addition(o'dIJn1nao6aBaeHHe air (Eo1n Boaayx
administer(od'mlmstg)(laws (b:z))ocymec'
rsas'
l'b airconditioner(':gkon'dllonoln ItoluHqHoHep
360 361
air force I'Eapfo:sln Boeuxlo-BoaaytuHble CHJIBI anniversary lyœnl'va'.sgrIln roloBmHHa
airmail('oomell)n asHarfoq' l'
a announce (afnauns)v o6r sss.qsa
airplane I'Eoplemln caMoae' r answer I'a:nsaln oTse' r
airport ('Egpc:t1n aaponopT answer ('a:nsa)v o'rseqa' l'b
air raid ('sgfreldln BoagyluHsliiHaqe'r anthem ('œnoam)n rHMI. I
alike Iarlazkladv zzoxoaze anti-slaverymovementI'œntl'slewon'mu:vmantliIsnpI<e-
alive (g'lalv)a aIIB,PI<HBO; HHe l'
Ipoq'HB pa6cl'sa
alliance(a'lalans)n coma anti-slavery society ('œntl'slelvan sg'salgtllo6m ecl'so
alligator (,œlI'ge1tg)n a-qagrarrop 6ops6u I'
IPOTHB pa6cl'
sa
allow (g'1au)v paapetuaq'b apart (a'pa:t)adv om easHo,Bpoas
ally ('œ1aI)n coloaHHK apartment(o'pa:tlm nt)n Itsape
rupa,arlapTaMeHr
r
almost('o:lmoustladv rloql' H apartmentbuilding (o'pa:tmont'blldlnlMHoroKBapTHp-
alone lo'lotmla OAHH HBI; aoM
along (o'lop)prep Bgoab,uo apartment house (z'pa:tmgnt'haus)MHoroxBapr
rxpHblk
alongside (o'lansald)adv psloM c AOM p '
alphabet I'mlfobltl n aJIIPaBHT appear (0plalv rzosB.qar rbcs
alpine meadows I'œlpam'medouzla-qsrzze csHeJyra appearance (g'plorons)n nosBaelm e,BHemuoc'rs
alteration(,a:lta'reIJn)n HaMeHeHHe,qepeaosaHHe appliance (a'plalons)n rfpHcnoco6aexlne
although (o:1'öou)adv xo'rs applicable (o'pllkobll a nPHMeHz4MhI/, rzpHrogHBlii,
amateur ('œmatoja Jllo6zz'relzscltlz/ rloaxoasm lz
l;
amaze (o'melz)v Haywfaa' rb apply Ig'plal)v HPHMeHJITB,o6pamaTscs c rlpocb6oë
amazed (o'melzd)a HayMaeH appoint (o'pomt)v HaaHaqal'b
amazin': (ofmelzlnla HayMH' rellsHlxlë appointment (o'pamtmontl HaaHaqeHHe
ambulance I'œmbjulons) n xape' ra tMaluuHal csopo; appreciate(o'pri:llelt)vIJeHHTB
noM om u approach (a'proutllvIlpHoH-aTbcs
amend (a'mend)v BHOCHTB IlorfpaBKH (B aaxoHonpoex'
r approve Ia-prtl:vlv oao6ps'l's
u T.a.) Arabic (g'rxbtlcla apa6cxle
amendmentIa'mendmontln nonpasxa,ao6aB. qeHHe architect ('a:lutektln apxHTexTop
among (g'mAn)prep cpe/m architecturel,a:klftektlaln apxHTexTypa
amountIo'matmt)n xoaHqecTlo,o6%eM arctic l'ark4Ikla apur
rHqecxHë
amusing (a'mjurzlnla aa6asHszz'i area ('Ecrlo)n o6aacq'b,TeppHTopxs
ancestor('œnslstoln Ilpelox argue ('a:gjujv crlopu'l'b
anchor ('œnka)n sxopB arithmetic (o'rlomatlk)n aple MeTHxa
anger ('œngo!n rHes arm (a'.
m !n pyKa
angrily ('œngnh)adv rHesHo,ceppm'ro arm (a:m)v BoopyaaTscs .
angry ('= )gr1)a cepim Tsl; armadillo l,a:ma'dllouln 6poHeHoceq (yI<HBoTHoe)
animal('ammol)n auBor ruoe armed (a:md)a BoopyuteHuu/
362 563
 Pj
armed forces ('a:md'fo:slzlBoopyaeHHble clu bl audiencel'o:dlonsln ayaH' ropus,caytuaTellu,apHTezlH
arms la:rnzln opyaMe (B TeaTpe)
army l'a:m4 n aplvllu t
'
? aunt(a:nt)n Tel's
army unit l'a:nu'ju:mt!Bolxucxas qaca (uoapaaAeae- ) author I'o:0a1n aBl'op
HI4e) )' automobile ('o:tcmoubi:lln asToMo6H.qb
around (ofraund)prep soxpyr , autumn ('o:tom)n oceHb
arrest(a'rest)napec'r ) avenue I'œvonju:ln aseHlo,IlpocrlexT
' t avoid Iz'vold)v Ha6era'rB
arrest (arestlv apecTosa'rs #
.

arrive (a'ralv)v l'

IpHgsl'rb l
y award (o'wo:d)v uarpa-aaa
art (a'
.t)('
na:t
Hcxyccr'
Bo 7 award (a'wa:d)n Harpaaa
article lkl
)n c raq'
bs ''
y axe (aks)n ' rorzop
artist('a:tlst)n xyaoyxHHx ') axis('œksls)n ocB
asIazlconjTau,' ralcItalt,Itom a,uo Mepe Toro xax B
aswellas (oz'welgzJ' rax aesax 14 back (bœk)n cunHa,aaimsa qac' rs
ash (œJ)n JlceHb,ps6nua back (bœk)adv o6pa' rHo
ashore(g'Jo:1advHa6epery,Ha6eper badger I'bœdzo)n 6apcyx
ask (aJsklv crzpazzzHsaa ,rzpoczz'
l'
s badly ('bœdllladv rzaoxo
aspect('œspekt)n acnex' r bake Ibelk)v neus
assassinate (o'sœsm eltl v coseptuaq'b y6Hicl'Bo no bandage ('bœndldz)n rzossalca,6nHT
rlo.qH 'rn q ecs H M M OTH BaM bandit('bandltln 6aHqHT
assemble (o'sembllv co6Hpaa tca) bank (bœpk)n 6aHI<,6eper pexu
assembly line (g'sembhslam)KoHBekep banker ('bœnko)n 6axlxHp
association (o'sousl-elfnlno6mecrso,accouHaqus bar (ba:)n 6ap
astronaut ('œstrono:tln acr rpouas'r barn Ibarn)n capaë
ate (et)cM.eat barrel('barolln 6oqlta
atmosphere l,œtmosfflaln aTMoc*epa barrelmaker('bœrol,metkaln 6oqap,Macq'
epuoHaroTos-
atom ('œtomln a' roM aexlMm 6oqex
atomicbomb Ioftomlk'bom)a' roMHas 6oM6a barterI'ba:ta)n 6apTep,o6MeHHaa 'roprosls
attack (o'tœkln a'raxa,HanaaeHue barter ('barto)v ToproBa'
l's rzyl'eM o6Mexla
attack (ortœk)v aTaxosaq'b,Harlaaaa base (belsln 6aaa
attempt(oftemtln l' Iorzuq'sa baseball('belsbo:l)n 6eëa6o. q
attempt Iortemt)v IlblTarzsca based on ('belzd'on)ocHoBaH Ha
attend Ig'tendlv nocem a' l's basic ('belstk)a ocHosHo;
attentionIa'tenlnlnBHHMaHIIe basis ('belsls)n 6aaHc,ocHosalm e
attract (gt'rœk't)v rlpusaexaa batIbœt)n JleTyqas Mbllzzs
attractions(ot'rœkfnzlnawpaxmHousl battery ('bœtonln 6aTapes,6ar rapeixa
auction('o:kJn1n ayxqHol. r battle(bœtl)n 6HTBa
364 365
 N

beachIbi:tflnrlaapit bitterly ('bltohladv ropsxo

beans(bi:nzln 6o6sI black (blœk)a HepHslii
bear(bEoqn Measepw blacksmith ('blœksnuoln xyaaeu
bearded ('bladldla 6opoaa' rbl; blame (blelm)v O6BHHSTB
beatIbirt)(beat,beaten)v 6HTs blast (bla:stln nopblB
beaten Ibi:tnla paa6u'r blew (b1u:)cM.blow
beaten (birt'
nlcM.beat block (blok)n 6. qoI<,IcBapr
raq,nperpaaa
beautiful('bju:tlfulla I<pacuBbl/ block (blakl v nperpa- aaTB
beauty ('bju:tlln xpaco' ra blockade (bla'keld)n 6o qoxaaa
beaver('bi:va)n 6o6p blow (blou)n yaap
became (bl'kelm)cM.become blow (blou)(blew,blown)v MyTB
because of(bl'ko:z avJHa-aa blow a whistle ('blou o'wlsllcBHcrre'
rs B csucq'ox
become (bl'ltaml(became,become)v c'raHosuTsca blow up I'blou'ap)Baopsa' rblca)
beef(bi:fln roBsaHHa blown (blounqcM.blow
beg (beg)v upocH' rb,ywloas' rb blue (bltI:la CHHH;
began (blfgœn)cM.begin board (bc:d)v caanrrscs lI<a rfoeaa,B caMoae'rH T.a.)
begin Iblfglnl(began,begun)v HauuHaTbtcsl board (bo:d1:on board Ha 6opTy,Ha 6opT
beginning (bl'glmnln Haqa- qo boardashipI'ba:do'J1p1ca,
qnTBcsHaKopa6ab
begun (blfgztnqcM.begin boat(bout)n Jloaxa,Icopa6.
qb
behaviour (bl'helvloln rloBegeuue body ('badl)n Teao,opraHnaauns (rpynrza Jlxgeij
belief (bI'li:q n Bepa,BepoBaHHe,y6eylcleHl'le bold (bould)a clvze.
qslii
believe (b1'1i:v!v BepHl's,rloaara' rb bomb (bom )n 6oM6a
belong (blrlonlv rlpuHaaaeaa' rs bomb (bomlv 6oM6HTs
belongings Ibz'lonznz)n npzxyzaaaeazlocq'zz
l,seltm bomber ('bom gln 6oM6apanposm nzt
below (bl'lou)prep HH-e,rloa bombing raids ('bamlnfreldz)BoaaytuHsle Ha-qel'bl
belt(belt)n nosc,pewleHs book (bukln xHHra
beside (bl'sald)prep psgol vlc boom (bu:m)n 6yM l6Blcvpsl; uoarseM ae.qosofiaI<THB-
besideslblfsalclzladv xpoMe,KpoMeToro HocTul
better('betgla Jzyqme border ('bodo)n rpaHHua
better ('beto)v ylyqtua' rb border ('bodo)v rpaHnuH' rB
between (bl'twirn)prep uesl;y bored(bo:dl:getboredHCIISITBIBaTBcxyxytxxHaaoe.qopl
beyond Ibl'jondlprep 3a,aa rfpeaeaaMH boring l'b:):rlnlayTOMIITeJIBHBI;,BHytualomH-
H clcyxy
Bible(balbl)BH6. qHs born (bo:nl:beborn popmTscs
bicycle ('balslkl)n Bezlocurleg boss(bosln 6occ,xoasuH
bill(bI1)n upoes'raaxoHa both (bouo)pron o6a
bird Iba:dln zzTym a bottom ('botomln aHo,rlolHoaHe
birth (ba:0)n popltaenue bought(bo:t)cM.buy
366 367
 P
bound Ibaundlv orpaHuqHsa' rs brush(brAJ1nleTxa,KHCTB,aapocau Kyc'
rapHl-a
bound Ibaund)a csaaaH brushwood ('brAJm zdln xycTapzxHx
bound for('baund fo:)HarlpaslfslomHica B buffalo ('bafglouln 6yiso. q,6HaoH
boundary ('batmdonl n rpaHlm a,paarpaHuqHTelaHas build (blld)(built,built)v cTpoH' l's
JIHHHJI builder ('blldoln c'
rponTeas
box (boks)n smux,uopo6xa built(bllt)cM.build
boy (bcl)n Ma-qbqlm bulb (balb)n aaexTpHqecztas JfaMrloulta
boycottI'bozkot)n 6o%I<oT bullet('bultt)n rtyas
boycott('bolkotlv 6oiixoTHposa'
rb burn (bo:n)v ropeTs,aeqb
brake (brelkqn TopMoa bury ('benlv aalcarzblBa'l'b
branch(bm:ntflnBeTlta,BeTBB,OTBeTBJIeHMe business ('blzmsln aeao,6Haylec
brave (brmvla xpa6psl; businesgman ('blzplsman)n 6HaHecwzezl
bravely ('brewhladv xpa6po busy I'blzll a aaHs, r (0 qeaosexe), oa lz
lBlleHHsl;
bravery ('brelvorl)n xpa6poc'
rs (0 Mecl'e)
break Ibrelk)(broke,broken)v aowlar rs,paa6usaq'b buy (bal)(bought,bought)v Izosyrza' l,
s
bfeakaway('bretka'wello' ropBalv s,om eaH'rbcs, buyer (baloln noxtyrzarreab
BSI/TII Ha cocTasa
break out('brelk'aut)paapaaHTscs C
bred IbredlcM.breed cabin ('kmbm)n I<a6HHa,xuaHsa
breed (bri:d)(bred,bred)v:breed cattle paasoim'
rb cabinet('kœbmotln I<a6HHeT (MHHHcTpoB)
xpyrlHblfi poraTblë cso'
r cable (kelbl)n I<a6e.
qb
bribe(bralb)n Basq'xa cable car('kelblska:)n '
rpaMBa/ (B Cau-opaHqnclto)
bridge (bndzln Moc' r cafeI'kxfel)n xatpe
bright(bralt)a spxtlxii calculationsl,kxlkjuflvrlzln pacqeTbl,noacqeq'
sl
brightly ('bralth)adv spuo callIko:11v aBaTB,Ha3BIBaTB
bring (bnp)(brought,brought)v rlpuHocua ,HpuBo- callfor ('ko:l'fo:1rlpMahlBaq'
sx
aHTB, IRPHBOAHTB came (kelm)cM.come
bring up (brlpfAplBocrluTslea'rs camera ('kœmoro)n èo' roarlrzapa'
r
broad (bro:d!a IuMpoxle camp (kœmpln Jareps
broadcast('bro:dka:stl(broadcast,broadcast)vTpaxcaH- canal(ko'nœlln ItaHa. q
posa'
l's candidate I'kxnclltht)n xam m a' r
broad-leaf ('bro:dli:tl a ttllxpoxoalz
Tc,
rBeHlxsl;
broke (brouklcM.break candle (kœndl)n cseua
broken I'broukgnlcM.break candlelight ('kœndllalt)n cBeT csexln
broken ('broukonla paa6u' rsl; candlemakerI-kœndlsmetko)n Macl'epnouaroToB.
qeuulo
brotherly ('braöolI)a 6par rcxHii cBeqe;
brought(bro:t)cM.bring cannon ('kœngnln rzytuxa
brown bear I'braun'bEaln 6r 1,1: Mepwezw cannon-ball('kœngn,bo:l)n nytueqHoe sapo
%8 369
canoe (ka'nu:)n sazzoa celestialbody (sl'lestlol'bcdl)n He6ecHoe Teao
canyon ('kxnjan)n I<aHBOH cemetery ('semltnln xzlaa6nme
capital('kapltal)n c'
roaHqa central('sentrol)a qeH' rpa-qsHsl;
captain ('kœptanln KanHrraH centre ('sento)n ueH' rp
capture('kœptfalv aaxBaTI4Ts century('sentfgrl)ncToaeq'He
capture('kœptloln aaxBa'
r certain jsart'
n)aoupeqeaeHnsz/,I.
zeltn/
captured ('kœptlodla aaxBaqeHuu; chain (tJemln uerzb
car (ka:jn MartlHHa chain (tlemlv aaxosaq'sBqerzyl
care lkEol:takecare ofaa6o' rnerscs o champion('tlœmplon)nrzo6opHHx,qeMrzuoH
career(ko'rla)n Itapsepa chapce(tla:ns)n maHc,yilogHbl; cayqa;
cargo ('kargou)n rpya change(tfemdzlvMeHsTbtcsl
carousel(,kœra'selln Itapyceas change(tlemdtln nepeMeHa,HaMeHeHHe
carpenter ('ka:pmtaln IU OTHHI< channel(tJDn1)n xtaHa-q,Ilpo.
qHB
carpentry I'karpmtrlln rlaoTHHqxoe aezlo character('kœroktaln xapaxvep,repo; JlHvepaTypHoro
carriage ('kœndzln alcHnaa,BaroH noeaaa rzpoHaseaeHHa
cart(ka:tln Teaera characteristic (,kœrokto'rlstlkja xapaxTepHu/
carry ('kœrl)v Hocul'b,BoaH' rs èharacterize ('kœrak-taralz)v xapaxTepHaoBa'z's
carry out('kœrt'autlBslrlolHs'
rs charge (ta:dz):in charge OTBeTCTBeHHIXI;
case (kelsln cayuaë charm (ta:m)n ouaposaHue
catch(kœtfl(caughtgcaught)vJIOBHTB,rlokMa'
rs charminy ('tlarmln)a oqapoBaTeasHsl;
catch up E'katl'Ap1aorHa' rb
Catholic l'ke oltkla xçaTo. qnqecxH; cheaply
(tJ(
i:
'
p
t/ir
p
all
a
)ea
lu
de
vsa
cheçk(tfeklynpoBeps'
bl
e
/
meso
rB
cattle Ikœtl)n ItpyrlHlal; porarrbl; cxoT
cattle-breeding I'kxtlsbri:dlnlItpaaseaeuHe KpyrlHoro check(tlek)n rzpoBepxa
poraToro csoq'a chemicalindustry ('kemlkol'mdastlqlxHMnuecuas npo-
cattle drive ('kœtl,dralv)n B CHIA:HeperoH 6oabtuMx M sltuaeHHoc'
l'b
rlapl'Hii ItpynHoro poraToro cltol'a 14 M ecTy chemicals ('kemlkglz) n XHMHKaJIHH, xlxMHuecxue
o6pa6oTx(H nperlapaq'hl
cattle-farming ('kœtl,fa:mlnl n paaBeaeHHe xpynHoro chemistry ('kemlstn)n xyllvzua
poraToro cxo'
ra chemist'sshopI'kemlsts'foplanTesa
caught(kort)cM.catch chickenI'Ykmln qhlnaeHox,xyplma
cause (ko:zln IzpzlqzzHa,Aeno childhood('tfalldhudlnae'rcq'Bo
cause (ko:zlv BslaslBaTs,rlpMqlzns'l'b , childrenl't/ldronln AeTH
cavalry ('kœvalnln xtaBa-qepHa chimney('tJImnT)n Tpy6a
ceiling ('si:lln)n rlorroaoK chipmunk('tflpmankln6ypym yx
celebrate I'sehbreltlv rlpaaaHosa'
rB choiceltf:)lslnBu6op
celebration (,seh'brmfnlnl'
Ipaa/mosaHue choose(tJu:z1(chose,chosen)vBhl6Hpa'
l.s
370 371
chop(tJ
'op)v: coal(koulln yroaB
chop dow n trees cpy6al'b aepessa coal-mine ('koulmamln yroasaas tuax' ra
chop wood xoao'
l's apoBa coast (koust)n 6eper
choresttJo:zln rlosceaHesHbleAoMatuHHeaeaa coastline ('koustlam)n 6eperoBas JIMHHH
chose(tlouz)cM.choose code (koudln Itoa,Iule p
chosenI'tlouzonlcM.choose cold (kould)a xolzoaHblli
Christian ('krlstjon)a xpucrHaHcxle college I'kohds)n Ito.
q.
qeayx
Christian ('krlstjgnln xplzcTyzaHyzz.
z collectEko'lekq v co6Hpal'b,I.
ro.
u exqHoHHpoBa'rb
Christianity l,krlstl'œmtlln xpHce rHaHcl'so collection (ko'leklnln co6paHne,ItoaaexqHs
Christmas ('luqsmasln Po-aecl'so colonial(ko'lonlal)a I<OJIOHHM BHBI;
church(tJo:tJ1n qepuoBb colonist('kolonlst)n xtolloHHc'
r
cinema ('smcmg)n KHHO colonizationI,kolanalfzellnln I<o.qoHlzlaauns
circle (so:kl)n Itpyr,xpyrlaa lu oma;s colony ('kolomln I<oaoHHs
circle (sg:kllv ABHraa ca uo xpyry colour l'kalaln qBe'r
citizen ('sltlzo
'
n)n rgpaatlauMH come (kAm)(came,come)v rlpHxoaH'rla,rzpnea-aq'la
citizenship (sltlzopllpln rpaaaaucq'so comedy ('komodlqn Itolvzeana
civilrights ('szvzlraztslrpa-paHcsHeTzpasa comet('konutln IçoMe' l'a
civilwar ('s1vIl'wo:)rpaaaaucxaa BokHa comfort('kamfot)n xoMtpop' r,yao6cl'Bo
claim lkletmlv IlpereHaonaa ,aasszzs'rzarlpasa HaM'
To-n comfortable('kamfatabl)aygo6Hblsi,Itolvztpop'ra6ealaHbl;
class(kla:s)n Iu acc command (ko'ma:ndlv ltol vlaHgoBaq'b
clean (kli:nla qucq'-ë (He rpsaHsli) command (kcrma:nd)n Kowzam a,Itowlalu oBaHHe
clean (kli:nlv MHCTHTB (aeaa' rb qHCThIMI commander (ko'ma:ndo)n ItoMam Hp
clear (kho)a qucrrbl; (scHBI;) commander-in-chief(ko'marndorm'tli:tlrzlaBHoKoMaH-
clear(kho)v oquma' a (0Tqero-Hu6yab,ocso6oaaaq's) qylom Hii
clearly ('kl1all)adv scHo comment('koment)v xoMMeH' rylpoBaq'b
clergyman I'klg:dzlmonln cBam euHnx commodore('komcdo:ln ItoMMolop (Mopcxoë xtoMaH;I-
clever ('kleva)a yMHBI; HBI/ MHH B AHI'JIMH 14AMeplm e)
climate I'klazmltln XJIHMaT common ('kamonla 06mllii
climatic (klal'mœttkla ItaMMaTHqecKle com m on: in com m on o6m I.
Iii
élimb (klalmjv Ba6upaTscs common man I'kamon'mxn)rzpocl'oë qe.
qoBex
closeto ('klousto)psaoM c common people('koman'pi:pj rzpocTbleJIIO;IH
close lklotlzlv aaxphlsa'rb communication Ika,mjum 'ketnln cBsab
c10th Ikloo)n MaTepHs,Tltaub community (ko'mju:nltl)n o6mnHa
clothes(klouöz)n oAe-ga company ('kampgmln xtoMrlaHHs
clothing I'klouölp)n oaeaaa comparable ('kompar?bl)a CPaBHHMBIR
.
cloud (klaudln o6aaso comparatively (kom 'pœrgtwhladv cpasHuveasxlo
cloudless ('klaudhsla 6eao6llaqHsl/ compare (kgmrpEalv cpasHnBa'rs
372 373
 )
comparison (kam'pansnln cpaBHeHHe conservative (kan'sa:vctrv)a I<oHcepBaTHBHbl;
competition (,kampa'tlln)n copeBHosaHpe consider (kanfslda)v cqHTaTs,paccMaTpHBan
complain (kom'plem)v aaaoBaa cs considerable (konfsldgroblla alxaulz
lTeasHbl;
complaint (kam 'plemtln aa- qo6a consist(kan'slst)v cocTosq'b
complete (kom fpli:tla nollaslti conspirator (kon'splrota)n KoHcrznpar rop
completely (kom'pli:thjadv rzoaaocl'slo constant I'konstontla noc'rosHnblë
complicated (ykomph'keltldla caoausli,TpylHslii;I.
q, constantly ('kcnstgnth)adv rloc'rosHHo .
IIOHHM aHHS constitution Iykonstl'tju:lnlnxoHcTHTylws
compose Ikam fpouzlv couHHsq'
s,cocTasasl's constitutional(,kontl'tju:lnollaKOI.
IC'
I'
I<TyIJHC,HHM;
composed (kgm'pouzd)a cocTosmu; construct (kons'trakq v cTpoHrrs,xoHcTpyHpoBa' rb
composer (kom'pouzo)n xoMnoanl'op constructionIkans'traklnlnxtoHcTpyxqHs,c' rpoHTeas-
c'
rBo, rlocr
rpo/xa
composition (,kompa'zzln)n coqlzHezzMe,cocq'as
compromise ('kompromalz)n ItoMnpoMHcc contact('kantœk'q n KoH' ralt'
r,cssab
concentrated ('konsontreltld)a clcoulAelA'
rpupoBaul.lbl; contact('kantœlt'q v ItoHr
raltTHpoBaa ,cBaablsaa cs
concentration camp (,konson'trelln'kœmplxoHqeHTpa- contain (kgn'tem)v coaep-a' z's
IJHOHHBI; aarepb contest('kontest)n cocrsaaaHe
concern (kan'sg:nlv:concern with 3aHHMaTBCS qeM- continent ('kontmontln ItOHTHHeHT
JIH6o contihentalIykontlfnentol)a I<OHTHHeHTM BHBI/
concert('konsot)n xoHuepT continue (konftmju)v npoaoaaa' rbtca)
concert hall('konsotsho:l)ItoHuep'rHslii3aJI contradiction (,kontra'dlklnln npoTnBopeqHe
conclude(kan'klu:dlv aalçalouaTb,leaa'rs aalu mqeHMe contribution (,kontn'bju:ln)n BHJIM
concrete ('konkri:tln 6eToH control(kan'troulln Kolwpol' lb
condition Ikon'dllnln ycaosHe control(konftroullv xoH' rpolHpoBa'l'
b
conduct (kgn'daktlv uposoim' l'
b convenient (kgn'vi:njontla yilo6usz;
conductor(kon'daktolnKoH Top,upoBoalm x,impMaep convince (kan'vmslv y6eym a' rB
confederation Ikan,feda'reln)n xole eaepaqzzs cook (kukqv roTosHa tnHmyl
conference I'konforonsln xoHèepexluHs cook lkukln noBap,xyxapxa
confirm (kon'fa:mlv rloarrBepyxaa' rs cool(1m:1)a HpoxaaaHhl/
confiscate ('konflskmtjv xole ncxtosa' rb cooperate (kou'opormtlv co' rpyaHHqa'rs
conflict('konfhk'tln IIOH*. MI<I<T copper I'kopoln Meab
congress ('kopgres)n xoHrpecc copy I'kopl)v KonHpoBal'b,nepenMcblBar l,s
congressman ('kongresmanln xoHrpeccMeu copy ('kopI)n ItorlHs,altaeMlu sp
coniferous(koufnlforos)a xBoëHblii corn (ko:n)n aepHo
connect(ko'nekt)v coealxua' l'b corporation (,ko'
.po'relln)nKopnopaqna
conquer ('konkalv nosopsl' B,aaBoeBblBa' l's correct (kg'rekq a IIPaBHJIBHBI;
conqueror('konkgrg)n aaBoesar reab correspondence (,kon'spondcnsl n IçoppecrlolueHuHs,
conquistadorIkgn'ltm stado:lnxtoHltBncrrapop,aasoeBal'
ea rlepeuHcsa

374 375
 &
correspondent(,kcn'spcndgnt)n Itoppecrlolu eH'
r crime (kralm)n rlpecTyrzaeHHe
corruptionIkg'rapfnlnxoppyrmus,paaaoaeHHe crisis I'kralsls)n ItpxxaHc
cost(kcst)(cost,cost)v c' roH'l'b crisscrossed ('knskrost)a rzepeceqeHHhlë
costsIkosts)n aavpa' l'u crops(krops)n HoceBsl,aepHoBble Itylzs' rypbl
costume ('kost jum)n socrloM cross Ilcros)v Hepecexaa
cosy l'kouzlla yao6Hbl/,yIOTHBI; crowd (kraud)n Toarza
cotton (kot'
n)n xlzorzox crowded I'kraudldla ueperzoaHeHHslë
cotton mill('kctnmlllxaoultoupluHlzlal<as *a6plxxta cruelIkruglla aec' roxtM/
count Ikatmtlv cqH' raq's cruelty I'krugltlln aecToltocl'B
counter('kaunta)n rlplu aBolç,c' roiixa (B 6ape) cultural('kxltlarollaxy.qb'
rypHbl;
country ('1x t1-1)n cTpaHa culturallyl'kaltfarahladvBIty.qbTypHoM o'
raotueHHH
country schooll'ltantlqssltu:llcelscxas tultoaa culturel'kaltlS n xyabTypa
country-side ('kantrlsald!aaropoaHas MecTHoc'rb cultured I'kxltlodla Ky. qbTypHblii
county ('kauntll n rpa*c' rBo (aMMHHHCTPaTHBHa? cure (kjuolv Bslaequsa' l'
b
eaHHHua B AHM HH H CIHA) curious I'kjupnos)a Jllo6oaHaTelzsasl/,AHICOBHHHBI;
couple Ikxpl)n uapa curiosity I,kjuorl'osltl)n Jllo6oaHa'reabHoc'
l's
courage ('kandz)n xpa6pocl's curve Ikg:vln Harfe ,HaBHJIHHa
course Ikorsln Itypc custom ('kastam)n o6blqai,IzpHBblqxa
court(ka:t)n cya customer ('kastomo)n noxyrzaTeas,I<JIHeHT
courtyard ('koitjard)n iwop cut(kxtl(cut,cut)v peaaTs
cover ('kavalv IloKpblBa' l'
b cut down ('kxtfdaunlcpy6H' l'b
cover ('kxvo)n l' Ioxpszsa-qo,olesao,rzoxpoB
covered ('kavad)a IloxlpTalTblsi D
cow (kauln xoposa daily ('delh)a eaequesxlsli,rzosce/weBnbl/
cowboy ('kaubol)n I<os6o; dam (damln lu oTHHa
coyote ('kolout)n soko' r damage (-dœnudzqv Hcnop'rHl'b,rzoBpeim '
l's
crack Ikraklv TpecHy' rb damagesofthewar('damldzlzavög'wo:1ymep6,HaHe-
cranberries ('krœnbonzln It. qloltBa ceHxlu ; Bo/Ho;
crashIIUVIvpaa6uTs,caoMa'
rbctuyMoM H'
rpecsoM, dance (da:ns)v TaHqesa'rs
paa6Ma cs Bape6earH
crash(krV)nrpoxoT,Tpecl,xpax dance (da:nsjn TaHeq
crawfish ('kro:fjln paH danger ('demdzoln ouacHocl' b
crazy ('krelzl)a cyMaczzzelzuyzii dangerous ('demdzcrasla onacHsl;
create lkrl'eltlv coalaBaa darkened ('da:kand)a aarreMHeHHslë
creative lktq'eltwla coalu ar
reasHslR,TBopqecxle dash (dœJ1nHepq'a,THpe
creaturel'kri:tfaln coaaaHHe daughter('do:tg)n aoqb
credit l'kredltl:buy on credituoltyrla'
rs B Itpepm'r day (delln aeHs
crew (1% :1n xtoMalua (uopa6as,caMoae' ra H T., q.) dead (dedla Mepq'Bhl/
376 377
 N
deadly ('dedh)a Mepr rseunsli,cMep'reabHblii
) (Iepend (dl'pendlv aaBHce'rs
death (deo)n cMepl' b depending on Idl'pendln onJB aaBHcHMoc'
rH o'r
debtIdet)n aoar (leposits(dl'qo'zltsln aaaean
decade(di'keld)n Aecsr rlu el'ue (lepression (d1prelnlnaenpeccHs tcrlaaaeaoBo;aKTIZ IB-
decide (dl'saldlv petuu'rs HOCTH);EOTJIOBHHa,HH3HHa,BIIM HHa
decision (dl'slzn)n petueHHe fleprive (dl'pralvla Jzntua' rs
decisive (dl'salsw)a petuH'rellsHblii flepth Idepo)n ray6HHa
deck (dek)n Ilaay6a (Iescendant Idl'sendant)n rzoToMox
declaration (,deklg'rellnlnaasBllelme,aexzlapatms tlescribe Idls'kralb)v orzHclalBa'rb
flesert('dezgtln rlycrrslH,g
declare (dl'klco)v aaaBM'rs (Iesert(dl'zgrt)v Iloxclu arl'
b,aeaepr rHpoBa'rs
declare war (d1'k1Eo'wo:1o6rssBl4Ts BoiHy tlesign (dlfzamlv npoexTHposa' rs
decorate ('dekormt)v yxpama' rb tlesign (dlfzalnln npoeK' r,pHaakl. l
decorated ('dekoreltld)a yltpalueHHsl; flesire (dl'zala)n a eaaHHe
dedicate('dedlkelt)v rfocsamal'
b,ocssma'
rb(treplto:: t
) , tlesk (desk)n napr ra,IIHCBMeHHBI; c' roa,Kolwopxa
H T.a.) (Iespite (dlfspalt)prep HecMol' ps Ha
dedicated (-dedlkeltld)a rlpegauHsl; fIestination I,destlfnelfnln Mec'roHaaxlaueHHs
deep (dirpla ray6oltH; tlestroy (dls'trollv paapytua'rb
deeply ('di:ph)adv ray6oxo (Iestruction ldlsftrxltlnln paapylueHHe
deer Edla)n oaeHb tlestructive Edls'traktlvla paapyltllx'
re.
'
lblazl
defeat(dI'fi:t1v uo6eimq'b,paa6H'rs (Ietailed ('di:telld)a JIeTaJIBHBIH,l'Ioapo6Hsx;
defeat (diffi:tln rlopa-eHue ' (Ietect(dl'tekt)v o6HapyaHBa' l's
defend (di'fend!v aamum aa (Ietermination(dl-ta:ml'nellnlnpetuHMoc'
rb
degree (dI'gri:)n c' reneHs (Ievelop (dlfvelop)v paaBnsal'b,npoylasoaH'rs
delegate ('deltglt!n geaeraT (Ievelopment(dl'velapmgnt)n paaBHr rHe,paapa6oq'xa
delighted (dl'laltldla s BocTopre (Ievote (dl'voutlv IlocBsma' rb
deliver (dg'lrva!v loc'rasas'rs (lictator (dtkfteltg)n pm ztrarrop
deliverlectures(dofllvc'lektlaz)qzTe
ra'
rbaez<qww (1ie (dalqv yMHpar l'b
demand (dl'ma:nd)v Tpe6osa' rs (Iiffer ('dlfg)v o' IwHqa'
rbcs
democracy (dl'mokraszln aeMoltpaTyzs (1ifference ('dlfransln paaHlm a
democratic (,dema'lcrœtlk)a aeMoztpaTz<qecztze tlifferent('dlfront)a paallnqHbli,o'
r.
qnxlax,llll<ica,He
demonstrate (demanstrezt)v aeMoyzcTpMposaa '
ralco;
densely populated I'denshspopju'lemd)lqyc'z'oHacellelmsl: (lifferently ('dtfronth)adv paaauqHo,uo paauoMy
deny Idlfnai)v oTplm aq,b (1ifficult('dlflkalt)a 'rpyaHslii
deny rights Idl'naz'razts)aMlua' l'b HpaB,o' rxaau. fIifficulty l'dlftkaltlln Tpyimoc'a
sa'
l'
s s'upasax (Iiffusion ldlffju:znln pacupoce rpaHeHHe
department Idl'pa:tmant)n om ea,om eaeHue flig (dlg)(dug,dug)v xorla' rb
378 379
diplom a Idlp'loll
mo)n imrlzloM tlivorce Idl-vo:s)n paaBoa
direction Idl'rekln)nHarzpaBzzezme divorce rate (dl-vo:s'relt)Ito.qnqecl'
so paasoloB
directly (dz'rekthladv IzpaMo (Io sport('du:'spo:tlaaHHMarrbca crlopToM
director Idl'rekto)n impexl'op (ItlctorI-dolttoln aoltl'op
dirty I'do:tlla rpsaHblsi (Iocument('dokjumontln aoxtyMeH'r
(Iisadvantage (ydlsgd'va:ntldz) n HeaocTa'
rox,He6.
7Iape. floorstep I'darstep)n nopor
zlpusTHoe Izo-qoa eHMe (ltlorway ('do:wel)n ABeps,AsepHoë npoeM
disagree Idlsg'gri.
')v He corzatuaTbca fI()t (dotln Toqxa
disagreementkdlso'gri:mcnt)n paaHoraacHe,Heaopaay. fItmble ldabllv yiwaHBa' l'
s
M OHHe Sltlubtlessg'dauths)a HecoMHeHHu/
diappear (dlso'plo)v Hcqeaa' rs flflwnstream I'daunsstri:mladv BHHa rzo 'reueHHm
disappointed Idlso'pamtldla paaoqaposaHublk fltlzen (daznln aioplœ l:a
disaster Idl'm :sto)n 6eace
rBMe,Hecqacvbe (1rank (drœnklcM.drink
discipline I'dlslplmln im cqntu HHa tlraw (c110:)(drew,drawn)v TllHyTs,qepTHl' b,pMcosarrs,
discover Idls'lcavo)v o'rxpblTb,caeaaq's o'
rztpsll'He npHTsruBae
rs
discovery Idlsfkavarlln o'rHpszTHe draw attention('(110:g'tenfnlrfpHBaexa'
a BHHMM He
discriminationIdls,krlmt'nezfnlnill4czçpyzwllxzzazwll (1l'awing ('(ho:In)n qepTea,pHcyHox
discuss(dls'kxs)v o6cyala'l'
b 61rawn (dro:n)cM.draw
41l'eam ldri:mlv MeqTa' l'
b
diseaseJdl'zi:zln 6ozleaHs (!ream kdri:mln Meq' ra
dish (dIJ)n 6lixgo fll'ess(clreslv oaeBaTsca
dislike (dls-latklv He Hpasu' rbcs tlrew ldru:lcM.draw
disobey (ydlso'bm)v He caytuar rsca
display (dlsfplel):on display Ha o6oapelm e 41l'ink (dnnk)(drank,drunk)v HHTB
distance ('dlstgnsln paccTosuHe fIl'ive Idralv)(drove,driven)v rHaq's,Bec'rn MattlHny
distant('dlstont)a om aaeHHbl; (!l'iven IdnvnlcM.drive
distinct (dls'tlnlt'tla o'
rqeraMBblii tllwf)p (droplv poHarl'B,6pocaTs,rlaaa'
l's
tlistingllishIdlsftrngwl)v:distinguishoneselfoT.ququ'rle (1l'tlve (drouv)cM.drive
distribute (ths'trzbjutlv pacrzpeaelsq,
s tlk'()wn (draunlv ToHy' rs
district('dlstnkt)n pakoH 41l'llnk (drank)cM.drink
distrust(r dlq'tlwst!v He losepa'z's (1l'y Idral)a cyxo;
ditch (dltJ!n HaHasa,poB tl,'y (dral)v cyttlH'
rb
diverse (dal'va:sla paaHoo6paaHhlë tI(Ieto ('dju:tolo6ycloBaeH
diversity (dal'va:slt'lln paaHoo6paaue 41tIg ldaglcM.dig
divide (dlfvaldlv paaaeas' rb 4Illke (dju:k)n repqor
divided Edl'valdldqa paaaeaeH (1(1ring ('djuann)prep Bo speMa,B TeqeHHe
dividing line (dl'valdlnflamlpaapeauTeabxlas JIMHW: 41,1st(dast)n rzlal.
'
r
lb
division ldl'vlznln paaaeaelm e 4111ty ('dju:tlln aolr,o6aaaHHoc'rb
380 381
 E electric power (I'lektnkfpaualaaexe rpoazlepl'u.
sl
early ('a:1I)a PaHHH; adv paHo electric wire (I'leklnk'walo)aaeltTpHqecxllîi 111)()114,2$
earn (o:n1v aapa6aTslsa' rs electricity l,llek'tnsltlln aaexTpHqecl' Bo
earnaliving I'arng'llw11laapa6aTrazsaa Haaz4aHb electronic (,llek'tlomkla aaeltrpoHHsll' i
earth (a:0)n aelvllfs elegant('ehgant)a aaeraHr rHhl;
earthquake l'a:okwetkln aeMaeTpscezlHe element ('ehmgntl n aaeMeH' r
easily ('i:zIlI)adv aerxo elementaryschool(,eh'menton-sku:llHaqa-qBHaa Itlxola
east(i:st)n Bocl'ox emigrate ('emtgreltlv aMHrpHposal'b
eastern I'i:stan)a BocToqHsl; emphasis ('emfoslsln yaapeuue,oco6oe BHHMaHHe
easterner ('i:stano)n pltlxreab BocTolça employedpeople(Im'plold-pi:pl)JIIOAH MMelom Hepa6o' ry
easy ('i:zI1a JlerltH; employer (Im 'plolol n HaHHMar reas,pa6oToqarrellb
eat(i:tJ(ate,eaten)v ecTs empty ('emptl)a rzycr l'
o;
eaten li:t41lcM.eat empty ('emptl)v Brlaaa' l'
s (0 pexe)
economically l,tkofncnukallladv axtoHoMHqecxu encourage (m'kandz)v o6oapsx ,noomps' rb
economist (I-konomlstln axouol vlHcT end (endln ItoHeu
economy (I'konamlln axoHoMHxa enemy I'emmlln Bpar
edge (ed3)n Kpa; energy ('engdzl)n aHeprHs
edit ('edlt)v peaaxTupoBa' l's enforeeIm'fa:slv Ilposopm' rb B utnaHb
editor ('edltol n peaaKl'op engage (In'geId31:engage in aaHuMar rbcs qeM-. qH6o
educate ('edjtlkeztlv o6yuaq'b,aaBa' rs o6paaosazlHe engaged (In'geldzd):beengaged in 6BITs3aHJITBIM qeM-
educated ('edjttkeltld)a o6paaoBaHHbl; qH6o
.

education(,edju'kelfnln o6paaoBaHHe engine ('endzm)n Matunua,asHraTe. qb

educational(yedju'kellnclla o6paaoBaTeabHu; engine-driver ('endyn,dralvo) n MaIIIHHHCT t.
qoI<oMo-
effect Il'fekt)n atl*ex'r,Boaaeicr rBHe THBa)
effective (I'fektlvla I4 IIIeI<THBHIXI; engineer(,endzl'nzaln HHaeHep
effectively (I'fektwh)adv amtl)exr rMBHo enjoy (In'dzol)v Hacaaala' rscs,Hoayqal'B yaoBoab-
c'rBu e oT
efficient(I'flfantla:
A IIIeI<THBHM; enjoy climate lm'dzol'klalnutlHMeTB IO HMa. T
effort ('efotln norzbzTsa,yczu ne
egg (egln siqo enjoyrights(In'dzolfralts)noabaosaTsc: rlpasaMH
either ('alöol...or (0:) HJIH...HaH... enormous(Ifno:mosla orpoMuu;
elderly ('eldchja rzoalu ofi enough (I'nAf1adv AocTaToqHo
elect(I'lek1lv BBI6HpaTb,Ha6Hpa' l'
b enter ('enta) v BxoaHq'b, rlocTyrla' l's (B yqe6Hoe
electionsllflekfnzln Bsl6opl:,l aaseaeHne)
electric (I'lektrlk)a aaes'
rpHqecxu/ entertaining I,enta'telmn)a paaBaelta' reabHbl;
electricdischargell'lekt' rtk dls'tla:dz)aaexçrpuqecxH; entertainment (,enta'temmont)n paaBaeqeHHe
paapaa enthusiastic llnsojurzl'œstlkla l'
Io/Hblë aHTyaMaaMa
electric liftll'leldnk'hfq aaelt'
rpHuecxH; JIHIPT entire (In'talo)a Becs,uo. qHbl;
382 383
 V
epidemic (,epl'demlkjn anm eMlxa exhibition(,ekslrbllnlnBblc'
rasxa
epidemi
p
c r,epl'denukl a arzlu eMnqecltH;
*- ' x' -@' 2 exist (Ig'zlstlv cymecTBosaq'b
equalIi:kwcl)a pasHlxlk 't
k expand (Iksrpœndlv pacluHpsTsca
equally (ir'kwohtlladv paBeHcrrso y
* expect (Iks'pek't)v oyltuaar
i'b,paccqnrrblBaa
equip Il-kwlplv o6opyaosa'
rb jt expedition (,ekspl'dllnlnaxcrzeaHqna
equipment (1'ltwlpmont)n o6opyaosanne '
jj
h expensive (Iksfpenswla loporo/
er
esosional
cape (Is'(
kIe
fr
Io
puz
1vcnal)ltaaTaB,
6ey poa
cHoHHu;
rzacaTscs '
è'
'i experience Itks'plonansln orlbl'r
experiènced (Iks'plorlonstla OHBITHBI;
escape (Isfkelpln no6er j experiment (Iksfpenmont)n aHcrlepHlvzeHT
escaped slave (Is'kelpt'slewlc6eaasmle pa6 t expert('eksportln ascrlep, r
especially (I-spelahladv oco6eHzzo .'r
i explain (Iks'plem)v o6r saclu '
l'
b
establish Ils'tœbhllvyceraHaBlluBa'l'
b t) explode (Iks'ploudlv BapblBae rstcs)
establishment (Is'txbllfmont) n ycTaHosaeHue, )è exploration (,eksplo'rellnln HccaeaoBaHHe
kqpe-aeHHe explore Ilks'plor)v Hcclreaosa' z'b
estate (Isfteltln#.rzoMecl'
be , explorer (tks'plo:ro)n HccaeqoBar reala
European buc .
raplonla eBporle/cltuë 1t
j ) explosion (Iksfplouzn)n BapblB
even ('i.
'von)adv aa-e ,
1y'1 explosive (Iks'plotylvln BapslsqaToe Bemecq'Bo
event (1'vent) n co6blTHe (B cnopl'e: HoMep B $
à. export('ekspo:t)n ascrlop' r
cocTaaaHHH) j, expose Itks'pouz)v BcxpblsaTb,paao6aaqa' l'
s
evergreen (,evg'gri:n)a Beqnoae. qeuslë '
# express(Iks'pres)v Bblpa-ar l'b
ever-growing (,evo'gr ouln) a BceBoapacTamml
e k
'
t ex-slave I'eks'slewln 6sIBItIH; pa6
everspreading (,evo'spredlnla nocTosHHo pacnpocTpa- ti
Hslom Hiics '' extend (Iks'tend)v rzpocTnpa' rbcs
?
everywhere ('evrtwcaladv Beaae
:
y extreme ltks'trirmla xpaiHu;
evil('i:vA n aJo eye-witness('alsm tnlsln oveslu eq
exact(tg'zœlt-q a '
rouHsr; F
exactly llg'zœldhladv q'ouHo face (felsln JlHqo
examination(Ig,zœml'nelfn)naxaaMeH face (felslv BcTpeua' rb
example (Ig'za:mpl)n npnMep fact lfœkq:in factB cym Hoc' rH
excellent('eksolgnt)a o'
rauqHbl; factory I'fœktorf)n aasoa,èa6puxa
except(Ik'septlprep KpoMe
exception (Ik-seJn1nHcx.
qloqeHue fail(felllv rzpoBazzur rsca,rlorreprle'
rb Heylaqy
exchange Ilks'temdz)n o6MeH,6up-a fairptale ('foanstelljn cxaaxa
elchange (Iks'temdz)v o6MeHI4BaTb faith (felo)n Bepa
exchange:in exchangefor(m iksrtlemdzfo:lB3âMeH fall(fo:1)(fell,fallen)v rzaaar rs
excitement (Ik'savtmant)n Boa6yageHHoe cocTosHue fallill('fo:l'I11aa6o.qe'
rs
exciting ltk'saztlnla aaxsaTslsazoum / fallin lovewith (-fo:lInrlxv w1ö)Balo6lt'rscs B
executive (Ig'zekjutlv)a Hcnolllxlz
ll'elllallu; fallen I'forlon)cM.fa1l
384 385
f
al
me
i
n
l
i
a
(r
'
B
I
f
:1
g
o
'
n
m
)l
p
j
p
a
)r
xa
aB
H
t
u
a
xeoMb
l
i
family ('fœmlhln ceMu
famous ('felmos)a aHaMeHHTBI;
$'
q
l I'elt(feltlcM.feel
fence (fensln aa6op
i'estivàl('festlvglln *ecTusa.
fiddle (fI1d)n cxpHrzxa
qb,IzpaaimHK
fan (fœn)n 6oaelfbtlw lt fiddler ('fildo)n cxpHrlaq
fancy costume I'fœnsz'kostjumlMacxapaimsl; Içocq'mM fidelity Ifl'dehtl)n Bepnocq'B,rlpeaaHHocq'
s
far (fa:)adv aallexo field (fi:1d)n uoae
farm Ifarm)n YepMa fierce (flas)a csHperlsli,spocTHblë
farm (fa:m)v aaHuMaTbcs ceascxnM xoas/cr rBoM fight (faltl(fought,fought)v apaa cs,6opor rscs
farmer ('fa:majn *epMep fightback('falt'ba 'k)oT6I4saTstcsl,Hauocu'
rsOTBeTHBI;
farmhouse ('fa:mhaus)n èepMepcltle (ceabcltuii)goM yqap
farming ('fa:mlnln aausl'ue ceabcxMM xoaal'
icTBoM fightoff('falt'otl o'r6HBaTs
farmland ('fa:mlœnd) n aeMas, l' JpHHaaae-am ax righter ('faltaln 6opea
*epMepy figure ('flgaqn &Hrypa,Iw tppa
farmyardI'fa:mja:d)n èepMa(anop cxoas/c' rBeHHuM. fill(f11)v Harloxzlsq's,aanoalzs' l'B
uocTpoixaMu) film (fllm)n :AIJIBM,lu eHxta
farther('faröola zlalzszlze film camera ('fllm'kœmlr?)ItHHoltaMepa
fascism ('fœ Izm)n (paluuaM film starI'fllm 'sta:)ItHHoaBeaga
fashion ('fœ an1n Moaa finalI'famol)a ol<ol<qaq'elllalllal;
fast(fa:st)a 6slc'
rpslH- adv 6slc'
rpo finally ('falnah)adv oxozlqa' reasHo,B Kolm e
fast(farstlv rzocruTscs,co6zzzolaa zzoc'
r finance (fal'nœns)n (puHaHcsz
favourite ('fmvgrltla .qlo6uMsl; financialIfal'n/nlolla:HHaHCOBBI/
fear(flo!n c' rpax find (famd)(found,found)v Haxoim ' rs
fear(flolv 6osTbcs find oneself ('famdwan'selfjoxaaaTscs
feastlt-i:stln uHp find out ('famd'aut)BBIHCHHTB
feathers('feöazln nepbs fine (famla Itpacylssl;
feature('fi:tJa1n qepTa,rlpMaHax,oco6euHoc'
l'
b fingerprints ('flngopnntsqn o'rneqar
l'xH naaBqeB
fed (fedlcM.feed finish('fImJ1vOIIOHHH'
I'B
federal('fedoralla (pegepaasHslë fiord lfjardln (m op;l
federalism ('fedorallzm)n Yeaepa- quawl fir (fa:1n eas
federalist I'fedarohstl a (leilepa-plHcl'cxtl4i,nplu ep-H. fire (falaln oroHB,uo-ap
Bamm ze cs Iu eë (pef
qepa-qMaMa fireman ('falamgnln Koqerap
feed (fi:d)(fed,fed)v XOPMHTB fireworks ('falowo:ks)n *e/epsepx
feel(fi:l)(felt,felt)v qyBcTsosa'
rb fish If1Jn phI6a '
feet(t-i:t)cM.foot fish (fI)v JIOBMTB pBI6y
fell(fellcM.fall fisherman('YomcnlnpBl6aK
fell(fellv BaJIHI'B flag (flag)n *.
7Iar
386 387

flamingo (tb 'nungou)n tplfawluHro
flat (flœtla rlaocltu;
fled (tledlcM.flee
flee Ifli:q(fled,fled)v 6eaa' l'b (na TlopsMslH '
fleet(t1i:t)n èao'r
flew (f1u:JcM.f1y
flexible ('tlekslblla rH6I<Hë
flight(flaltln uoaeT
floating ('floutln)a naqasyqle
flood (flad)n nor rorz,HaBoaHeHue
flood (f1Ad)v aaTorzas' l's
floor (t1a:)n Iloa,aq'aa
flour (flauoln Mysa
flourishing('t1AnJIn1nnpoqsee
raHHe
flow (floulv Teqs
flow (tlou)n rloerolt
flower(tlauo)n qBel'ox
flown (t101111)cM.f1y
fluctuation (,flaktju'elfnln'Koae6aHHe
fly lflall(flew,flown)v Jlerra' rs
folklore l'fotlklo:ln (pollblu op
follow I'fcloulv czzelosa' rs aa,Izpecaelosa'
rs
follower ('folouo)n rlocaeaosaTeab
following ('foloulnla caeaylomHii
food Ift zrd)n rzuma
foodstuffs ('fu:dstafsln rlHmesBle Ilpoayltl'bl
fool(fu:1)v oAypaqH' rs
footlftl:tl(MH.q.feet)n Hora,*yT
footballl'furtbo:lln *yT6o. q
foothills ('fu:thllz)n rzpearopbs
footpath l'fu:tparoln TporlHHxla
forbade(fo'beldlcM.forbid
forbid (fo'bldl(forbade,forbidden)v aarlpeTH'
forbidden (fo'bldnlcM.forbid
force(fo:sln clu a
force (fo:s)v aacTaBH'l'b clu ok
foreign I'fonn)a I' IHoc'
rpaHHhl/
foreigner('fcrmojn Hz<ocTpaHeu
388
F
1 forest('fonst)n Jlec
('orever (for'evo)adv Hascem a
l'orget(fcfget)(forgot,forgotten)v aa6blBal's
r.a.) ('orgot(fg'gotlcM.forget
forgotten (fo'gotnlcM.forget
form (fo:m)v *opMupoBal' b,npuaasal'b *opMy
t'ormal('fc:mol)a (IOPMaJIBHBI;,OIIIHIJHaJIBHIXI/
former I'fo:mala 6BIBIuH/
formulate ('formjulelt)v (popMyanpoBa' rb
sort(fo:t)n tlop'
r .
fortuneI'fo:tlgnl:makeafortunepaa6oraTel'B,caeaa'
rb
cocTosHHe
foughtIfo:t)cM.fight
found (faund)v ocHosslBaa
found (faund)cM.find
1 foundation(faunfdelfn)n ocuoBaxtue
founder (, .faundgln ocHoBaTelB
fountain ('fatmtm)n (IIOHTa.H
'
frame (frelm)n paMa
free lf1'i:la cso6oiçHslk,6ecrzaaTHsl;
free Ifri:lv ocBo6oaaa' rw
freed lfri:dlpp ocBo6oaaexlHslii
freedom g'fri:dom)n cBo6oaa
freely ('fri:h)adv cBo6oaylo
freeze lfrirzl(froze,frozen)v aaMepaaq'b
frequent('fri:kwont)a qaca l;
freshwater('freffwo:talnpecHasBoaa
friend (frend)n apyr
friendly ('frendll)a apyaHbl/,apyyzçecTseHHblë
friendship('frendllplnapya6a
frighten (frazm)v nyraTb
rb frightening I'fraltmn)a rzyrammHë,ycTpamaxomH/
fringe lfrmdzlv oKaftMas' rs
frontierI'frantloln rlorpaHHqHasuoaoca;BCIHA:'
rep-
PHTOPHH BgOSB rpaHHqblHPOABHM OHHS HOPOCOSOH-
qeB, OCBOPHHBIO 3eMSH Ha rpaHHqe TOPPHTOPMH,
HpHHaqleM am ez HHlezqaM
389
 N
frontiersman ('frantlazmznqnalxTeaba'
ro; npurpaHMq. geniusI'dzirnjasln reHH;
Hoii rloaocsl gentle (dzentl) a Jlacxosbzi, Msruuk, rzollorMë (0
froze (frotlz)cM.freeze cxaoHe)
frozen (frouznlcM.freeze geographical(dzlafgrœflkolla reorpa&Hqecxle
fruitlfnl:tjn èpyxtq'bl geographically Idzlo-grœflkollladv reorpa&uqecsu
fuel(fjugl)n TouanBo,ropmqee geography (dzz'ogroflln reorpa*na
fulfil(fu1'fIl)v BBIIIOJHETB getIget)(got,got)v aocTaBal'b,noayqal' s,norxagal'b,
full(911a Izozzzzszl'
i ao6Hpae
rBcs
fully ('fu1I1adv no.quocrrblo get married I'getfmœnd) aeHHr
rsca,Bblxoan'
rs
fun (fanln aa6assl,paasaeqeHne aaMya
function (fankfnln(IlyHltlwa getoff I'get'otl BblxoaHa (Ha TpaacrfopTa)
function (fankln)v (pyHxulloHHposa'rb ghost(goustjn HpHapas .

fun-filled I'fan-flld)a HarloaueHHbliipaaBaeqeHusM? ghostlike I'goustlalkla noxopltlz l; Ha rzpHapax

fur (fo:Jn Mex giant (dzalont)a rnraH'rcxH/
furious('fjuorlos)aspocrHslë gift(glf4)n aap
furniture I'fo:nztlaln Me6e.7Ib girl(go:1)n aesoqxa,aesytuxa
further ('fc:öo)a FIaJIBHIITJII'
I/ give (glv)(gave,given)paBax
future('(u:tJo)n6yaymee giveoff('gw 'ofjHagasal's,Hcnycuaq'b,Bslaels' l's
giveup('gwfapl6pocuz rs,ocTaByl'rbtMslc.
qsoueM-
G .qH6o)
gain (gem)n BslHrphlttl,BslpyqKa,l' IpH6slab given lglvnlcM.give
galaxy ('gœloksl)n razfaltTHxa glacier ('glœsjo)n JzeaHux
gallery I'gœlon)n raaepes glad Eqladlapaa
gameIgmmln Hrpa glnmorous('glœmoros)aouaposaTelzsHbzi,rl.qeHlzTeaszllal/
gang (9œT)1n 6&H;Ia glass(gla:s)n c' reuzo,c' raxtaH
garrison I'gansnln rapHuaoH glorify ('glo:rlfaljv rlpocaaBasTb
gas (gœs)n raa glory ('glo:r11n caasa
gas light ('gœs,laltl raaoBsl; cseT (cBeT raaoBbïx gloves (glavzln nepqa' rxH
CBeTHJIBHHI<OB) glutton (glant)n pocoMaxa
gateway ('geltwelln Bopol'a,ItaaHl'lta go on ('gou'on)v rzpoAollaa' rb
gatherI'gmöo)v co6upa' l's goal(goul)n qeaB
gave (gew)cM.give . goat(gout)n Koae.q
gem (dzem)n lparoqeHauïiItawleHb god (god)n 60r)
generalI'dzenorcl)n reHepa. q gold (gould)n aoao' ro ,
general('dzenorol)a Bceo6m Hi,reHepa-qbHbl; gold fever ('qouldffi:vclaoaoq'aa aHxopaaxca
general('dzenoroll:in generalBoo6me goldrush ('gould'ra) aoaoq'asJlHxopaaxa
generation (ydzencrrelln)n noxozeHHe golf (qolq n'
î
roal4
390 391
good Igud)a xopottlze grizzly bear ('gnzllsbEalMease/w rpHalH
goodness('gudnls)n xopomMe Itaqecq' sa ground (graundln aeMaa
goods(gudz)n ToBapbl group (gnz:pln rpynrza
goods train ('gudz,trem)ToBapHbl; rloeaa group lgrutplv rpyzlrlHpoBaq'b
gopher ('goufo)n cycaHs grow (grou)(grew,grown)v pacTH,BszpamHBa' l'b
got(gat)cM.get grown (groun)cM.grow
govern ('gavan)v yrzpaBasq'b grown-up ('groun'ap)a Bapocabl/
government I'gavanmont)n rlpasnr reascl'Bo growth (grouoln pocT
governor ('gavoncln ry6epuaTop guarantee (,gœron'ti:lv rapaHTHposal'b
grab (grablv CXBaTHTB guard Eqd:d)n oxpaHa,rlpoBoauus s rzoeaae
grade (greldln Iu acc guard Iga:d)v oxpaHsl'b
gradually ('grœdjuohladv rlocTerzexlzzo guard (ga:d1:be on guard 6IaITB Haqexy
graduateI'g
graduate rmd
I'grjuejzul
ad tlt
v)oxaHuusa'
a oltaxlxllv
'
b y'qe
lsai cl6Hoe
uplz
lkaaBeqeHH: guest(gest)n roc' rs
yqe6Hn:
guide (galdln rlxl,nposolHHK
aaseaeHHe guide Igaldlv Bece rzzz,rzpoBoiml's
raduation (,grœdju'elfnln OKOHYIaHHP yqe6HOPQ gun (gAnln pyase,uytulca
aaseleHz'
ls gunner('ganaln apTlu aepHc' r
grain kgrem)n aepHo
grain crops('grem'krops)aepHossle Kylbr
rypu H
grammar ('gramo)n rpaMMa' rHua hair(hsaln Boaocsl
grand (grœndla Beanqecq'Bezlzlbz; half(harfjn noaosHHa
grantIgm:nt)v ilaeaTs,laposa' rs half-ruined ('harf'nl:mdla rloaypaapyttleHHsl;
grapes (grelps)n BHHorpaa hall(ha:11n aaa
grass(gra:s)n TpaBa hand (hxnd)n pyxa
grassland ('gm:slmndln TeppHTopHs,Hoxpszl'asJzyraM, handle (hœndl) v o6pamaTscs, yrlpaBlsq's, o6pa6a-
H rlacr
r6um aMH 'ru B a'rs
grave (grerv)n Morlu a happen ('hœponlv cayqaTscs
gravelE'grmvclln rpaBle happiness ('hœplms)n cqacq'
be
gravitationalfield(grmvlftellnol'fi:ldlrpaBHTaqHOHHô# happy ('hmpl)a cqaclwnsblk
noae
graze Igrezzlv IzacTHcs harbour ('ha:ba)n rasaHs
great(grelt)a Bealxltle ,orpoMHbl; hard (ha:d)a TBepgbli,aecTHHë,TpyaHhl;
greatly ('grmth)adv B 6o.qsmo; c' reneHH hardware ('ha:dwEoln cxo6sHble Haae.qHa
greatness ('greltmsqn BeauqHe harm (ha:m)v Bpepml'B,l'
Ipuquus'rb 60.qB,uplxquus'rb
Greek (gri:kla rpeqecxlG IloBpepm eHns
greetIgri:t)v zzpHBeTcTsoBa'l'b harmful('ha:mfulja BpelHBlii
grew Igl-u:lcM.grow harmony ('ha:momln rapMoHHa
grind corn ('gramd'ko:n)Moao' rs aepHo harvestI'ha:vlst)n a aq'sa
392 393
harvest('ha:vlst)v co6Hpa'rs ypoaa/ high-priced ('hal'pralst!a aoporo;
harvesting ('ha:vlstlnln c6op ypoaas highway I'halwelln Iuocce
hatIhœtln Iuasna hill(hIl)n xoaM
hate (heltlv HeHaBlu e' rs hilly ('hIlI)a xoawfucTbz;
head (hedln rolosa,rlasa hire (hala)v HaHHMaTS
head (hed)v BoarllaBaa' rs historian Ehlsftotnznln Ixcf ropnlt
headquarters('hedltwo:toz)n IIITa6 historic (hls'tolqk)a Hcr ropuqecltle
health (he10)n aaoposse historically (hls'tolqkglllv Hcr ropHqecxH
hear(hlo)(heard,heard)v clsltua' rb history ('hlstan)n Hc' ropHs
heard (ho:dlcM.hear hit(hltl(hit,hit)v ypapul'b,uorxac' l'b (Bo HTo-J1H6o)
heart(ha:tqn cepaqe hit(hltl:be a hit HMeTB ycrzex
heartIha:t):by heartHanaycTb hockey I'hokz)n xoltue;
heat(hi:t)n aapa hold (hould)(held,held)v aep-al'b,rzpoBoaH' l'B
heat(hi:t)v HarpeBaTb,TorlH' l'b (IIeqB) hole (houl)n ahma,sMa
heatofa battle('hi:tav a'bœtljrzlal. q cpaaleuHs home(houmln aoM,JOMaIIIHH; oqar
heating sydtem ('hi:hn'slstom)o' rorlHr reasHas cucTeMa home(houmladv aoMo;
heavenly body ('hevnh'bodl)He6ecuoe Teao homeland I'houmlmnd)n poimHa
heavily I'hevlh)adv ' rspKeao homeless ('houmhs)a 6eaaoMHslfi
heavy I'hevl!a Tsae. qhlë honest('omstla qec' rHu/
hectare ('hekta:ln rexTap honour ('onol:in honour B qecTs
heightIhaltln BbzcoTa honoured I'oncd)a rzoqer rHbl;
held (held)cM.hold hood (hu:d)n KanmtuoH
help (helpln rloMomb hope (houp)n Haaeutga
help (helplv nowzoraTs hope (houp)v HalesTsca
helper('helpc)n rlowlomHux horns Iho:nzln pora
helpful('helpful)a roTossl; rfoMoqs horse(ho:s!n Jlotuaiw
hemisphere ('henusflo)n uolyluapHe horseback ('harsbxk):on horseback BepxoM
herd (hg:dln c' l'
aao hospitable I'hospltobl)a rocr l'erfpHHlvzz.lrazk
hero ('hlarou)n repo; hospital('hospltglln 6OJIBHHqa
heroic deed (hz'rotuk'diidlrepozJqecxze rzoasur hospitalcare ('hospltol'kca)6olfbHHqHoe Jleqelm e
hid lltldlcM.hide hostility (hos'tllltl)n Bpaaae6Hocq's
hidden (hldn)cM.hide hot(hct!a ropsqui,atapltu/
hidden lhl(Inla cxpsza zz'i hour (auoln qac
hide (haldj(hid,hidden)npsTa' rs house (hausln iloM
high (hal)a Bucoxu/ housework ('hauswo:k)n pa6o' ra Ilo aouy
high school('haz'sltu:llcpeaHss Izzzçolla s C111A housing construction ('hauzln kansftrxkln)alu HmHoe
highly ('halhladv B Bslcouo; c' reueHz c'
rponTeabcl'so
394 395
however (haufevolint ltax 6s1To HH 6bIao impression (Im'prefnlnBrleqarlleHHe
huge (hju:dzla orpol
klHsz; improve Ilm fpnl:vlM ylfyqmar
l'
b,coBeplueHcTBtmar
l'b
human being Irhju:monfbi:znlueaoses improvement (Imfprulvmant) n yayqtueHHe, coBep-
IJJeHCTBOBaHHP
human rightsI'hju:mgn'raltslrlpasa Heaosexa
humanist('hju:momst)n rywlaHHcT inaugurate (I'no:gjurelt)M TOPMeCTBOHHO BBOJIHTB B
humid ('hju:mld)a B. qaausl/ aoautHoc'
rb IlpeaHqeH'
ra
humming-bird ('hAmlnbo:d)n I<ollu6pu inaugurationllrno:gjufrelfnlnHHayrypaqHs,TOpUOCT-
humorous ('hju:marosla IoMopMcrHqecsu; BeHHOe BBeleHHe B JIOJI/I<HOCTB Hpealu eHr
l'a
hunger ('ltxngojn roloa incident('Insldont)n cayqaë
hunt(laantlv oxorrHTsca include (In'klu'
.dlv Blu loqa'
l'B
hunter('lunta)n oxor rHux income l'Inkcmln aoxoa
hurry l'harTlv crletuu'rB increase lln'kri:slv yBeJIHqusaTbtcsl
husband ('luzbandln My- indeed Em 'di:d)intaeiicTBnrrellsno,B caMoM aene
hutllutln xHauHa indented (In'dentld)a HapeaaH
hypothesis (halepoolslsln runoTeaa independence (,mdo'pendonsln HeaaBxxcHMoc' rs
independentI,mdo'pendantla HeaasHcHMsl/
I lndian ('Indlonln Mm eeq
ice(als)n Jleil indignant(Infdzgnontla HeroaymmMk,paarHesaHHbl;
idea Iaz'dza)n Iues,Mblczb indirectI,mdl'rektla ItocseHHszi,HenpaMo;
ignore(Ig'nc:Jv MrHopuposa' rs individualI,mdi'vldjuol)a HHAHBIU yaJIBHBIR
illegal(I'li:gal)a HeaeraasHBl/ industrial rm 'dAstrloll a zlooM zylzzl.qel.
ll<slë, Hlu vc'
rpH-
illness('I1ms)n 6ogleaHb aJIBHSIjj= - - -- '
illustrate ('Ilgsftrelt)v HaamcrrpupoBa'
rs industry ('Indgstrl)n npoMbltuaeHHoc'l's
illustration I,zlos'tTezlnln Izlllzzxpc'
rpaz.
lHs influence ('Influons)n BJIHSHHe
imagine p-mœdzmlv Boo6pa-a' rs influence ('Intluans)v BJIHETB
immediate (I'mi:dlot) a HeMeaaeHHbl/,6aHaaiituuk, informal(In'formol)aHeèopMa. qsHblk,Heotlllm lxaaqbl:bl;
uepsocr
reueHHsl; informationI,mfc'mellnln Hle opwfalws
immediately (I'mi:dlothladv HeMeaaeHuo ingratitude (In'grœtltjud!n He6aaroaapHocq's
immense (Ifmens)a orpoMHu; inhabit(In'hœblt)v Haceasl'b
immigrant('Inugront)n HMMHIaPaH' r inhabitant(m rhxbltont)n aH' reas
immigration(,lml'grellnlnHMMHrpatms injure (-lndzoqv HaHocH' l's Bpea,6o.
qB
immoralIl'maral)alvzopaaszlbz/ inland waters ('Inland'wo:toz)BxlyTpeHHHe Boasl
im mortal(I'mortl)a 6eccMeprrHblii innocentI'mosntla HeBHHHBI;,HeBHHOBHBI;
impeach (Im'pi:tJ1apresidentoTpetnM'rs rlpealueH'
ra innovation('Inou'velfn)nHosoBBeaeHue
o'
r aoapxHoc'
rH
importance (tm fportgnsjn BaaHocq's innumerable (I'nju:morobl)a 6ecqHclleHHbl;
importantIlm'po:tont)a BayztHslii insist(In-slst)v HacTaHBa'
rs
impress(Imrpres)v npouasoimq's BneqaTaeHue inspection(Ins'peklnlnIlpoBepxa
396 397
inspiration (,msplrrelfnln BaoxHoBeHMe J
inspire (Ins'palalv BgoxHosaa'rb jaguar ('dzœgjugln aryap
installIln'sto:l)v ycr
laaHaBaHsal's,BcTpanBa'
rs jazz band ('dzœz'bœnd)aaaa opxec' rp
instance I'Instons):for instance HarlpHMep job (dzob)n pa6o' ra
instantly ('Instonthladv HelvfeiweHHo join (dzomjv rlpucoeaxusr rbcs,Bc'ryrza'l'b
instead of(m-sted ov)BMec' ro jokeIdzouk)n zzlyl'xa
institutionofhigherlearning(,mstl-tju:lngv-halg'lo:nlnl iournalist ('dza:nallstln aypHaaHcq'
Bslcm ee yqegHoe aaBeaeHHe journey ('drsa:nI)n rlyTeltlecTsMe
instruction Ilns'trakfn)n HHCTPyKMHH,ylfaaaHHo, judge Idzadz)n cyass
o6yueHHe judge (d:Ad3)v cyiml's
intellectual(,mtlflektjuolla HHTe.qael<TyallsHBl; jOy (d3oI1n pagoc' l'b
intensive Im'tenslv)a IIHTeIKMBHBIR judicial(dzu'dIJa11a cyle6Hbl;
interfere (,mto'fto)v BwfeltlHsaTbcs jump (dzamp)v rlpblra' rb
interior (In'tlorloln HHrrepbep,BHy'rpeHHoc' rs jump off l'dzamp'ot)crlpblrnsa' l'b
intermountain Izmto'mauntm)a Meutropusl; jungle (dzangl)n ayltyHrlzzzl
international(,mta'nœfonollaMemayHapoaHbl; junior l'dzu:luola MJIM IIIH;
internatioùalbrigade(,mtofnvonalbn'geldlHHTepHa. junior high school('dsu:mo'halfsltu:llMlaatuee om e-
JfeHHe cpeaHe; Ilzxo.
qbl B CTITA
qHoHalbHas 6purala (Bo/cxoBoe coequHeHHn, just (dzast)adv Toabxo-q' l'ojKax-paa
c*opMnposalm oe 1.
13 HHocTpaHHslx rpaa aaH,rzpM. just (dsAstja crlpaBel.qxlBBlH
6blBttlee B H crlaHlz
llo Ha rfoMom b HaTpuoTaM ,6oplo.
mHMcs HPOTHB (laluHawla B 30-e roabl) justice I'dzxstls)n crmaBeaaHBocl'b,cyiws
interpretIm'to:pnt)v HHTeprlpeTHposaa ,o6rsscHJITl, K
introduce (Intra'dju:s)v BBOAHTB keep (ki:p)(kept,kept)v aepaal' s,xpaHn' l's
invadeIm fveld)v B' ropraTsca keep doing something I-kirp'du:lnssamolnlIzpogoa-
invasion (In'velzn)n B' rop-eHHe PI<aTB aeaa'
l'b q'
lao-.qM6o
invent(In'vent)v Hao6perra' rb keep out('ki:p'autlaepaaTstcs)rlola-qBtue
invention (In'venlnln H3O6peTeHHe keeping ('ki:plnl:in keeping with B coo'
rBeTcTsHH c
inventor (In'ventaln Hao6peTarrelzs kept(kept)cM.keep
ipvest (In'vest) v HHBecTHposaTb,rlowlemaq'b aeHsrM
' kerosene I'kerasi:n)n xepocHH
Bo q'
lqo-aH6o kick lklkl:kick one's legsapslra'rb HoraMu
investment(m'vestmantln l<alll4l'alloBaomeHHe,HHBec- kidnap (kld'nœp)v uoxHma' rs
THUHE kill(1:11)v y6HBaTB
invite (Infvaltlv npHr.
qattla'
l'b kind Ikamd)n BHA,poa
involve (In'voulv)v BoB.qexta'rb king lktnln xopoas
iron (alan)n veaeao kiss(klslv ueaoBa' rb
irrigation(m'geIJn)nopottleHHe kite (kaltln BoailyluHsl; aMeë
island ('allondln ocTpos knew (nju:lcM.know
398 399
 lead (1i:d)(led,led)v Becl' u,pyxosoaul'
la
knock (noklv c'ryuaTb leader('1i:do)n pyxosoaHrreab,Bom, qB
know Enoul(knew,known)v aua'rB leaflet (-li:t11t)n Jlnc'
roBxa
known (noun)cM.know learn Ilo:n)v rIIITB,yaHaBa' rb
known (nounla Ixasec'rHslïi least(1i:st):at least rlo ztpaûHe; Mepe
knowledge I'no11d3)n asaHue leather ('leöo)n xoplta
L leave(li:v1(left,left)v ocTaBasa ,noxlvar
rs,yeautaa Ha
labour('lelbo)n 'rpy,
q lectureI'lektloln JlelcqHs
labour unions I'lelbo'ju:nlgnz) Ilpotpectrvlolla.
qlalll,ll' led (led)cM.lead
CO1O3bI
leftllefq cM.leave
labourer ('lelboro)n ' rpyasttmëcs,' rpymeuulc legend (-ledzandln aereHaa
legislative (-ledzlslotwla aasoHoaar reablplii
lack (lœk)v HeaocTaBal's,HexsaTa' rs leisureI-leïo)n locyr
laid (leldlcM.lay lend (lendl(lent,lent)v aasa' z'
b Baa/wzsl
lain (lemlcM.lie length (1en0Jn q. qnz-la
lakeIletk)n oaepo lengthen ('lenoonlv yAJIIZ IHS' I'
B
land (lœnd)v rlpucTasaq'b 116epery lent(lent)cM.lend
land forces ('lœndsfo:sls)cyxorlyTHzale Boûclta
landowner ('lamdouna)n aeMaeBllagezleq less (lesladv MeHslue
landscape I'lœndskelp)n aalotuatll'r,ueûaa- lesson Ilesn)n ypox
lasso ('lœsou' ln Jlacco let(letj(let,let)v noasoaa' rs
letter (-letaln nz4csp/lo,6yltBa
last(la:st)v rlpoaoaaar rscs level('leval)n ypoBeHs
last (la:st)a l'
Iocaeimul' i liberalg'llbaral)a JlH6epa-qsHsl;
last(la:st):atlastHaxoueq liberty (-hbatll n cso6oaa
late Ilelt)a uoa/muft library ('lalbrarl)n 6H6. quoTeI<a
later I'lelto)adv rloa-e lie (laI)(lay,lain)v Jzeuta'rra
Latin ('lrtmjn Jlalaz4zlcztlz liisablxt
latitude ('latltjurdln reorpaèuuecztas ulHpo' z'a life (lalfln -HaI- IB
large (la:d31a 6o, 7zstuoë light(lalt)n cse' r
launch(lo:ntJ1v aanyclta'
rB(palce'
ry 14T.a.)crlycxavl. lightning ('laltm' n)n Mo. ql-
llz
ls
(sopa6zfs u 'r.a-) lightnink-rod (-laltmn'rad)n rpolvlooTBo,
q
like(lalklv axl6nq's,Hpasur rscs
laurel('lo:ro1)n JlaBp like(lalk)conjltax
law (10:1n aalfoH,HPaBO likely (-lalkllladv uoxo- e
law-examining g'lo:Ig'zœmlnl'n)l'
Iposepslomu; aaltolllpl
lawmaking ('1orsmelkll))a coalalomH/ aaxouu lime Ilalm)n JzHl'za
lawyer ('lojoln IoplzlcT limit ('hmlt!v JIHMHTMPOBaTB,orpaHuqusa'
rs
1ay (leI1(laid,laid)v Itaacq's line(lalnln avlHna
lay (lel!cM.1ie liner ('lamajn Jzal-
izxep
401
400
list(hst)n crzrœcox magnolia (mœg'nouljg)n MarHozfxls
listen (lIsn)v cllytua'
rs main Imemla rllasHralii
literature ('htrotlaln JlHTepae rypa mainland I'memlandln XOHTHHeHT
live (1lv!v aHTB mainly ('memh)adv I'JIaBHBIM o6paaoM
living quarters ('llvln'ltwa:tazlalu as qac'
rb airaHHa m aintain Imeln'tem) v rloaaepaHBaq'b, coxpaHal'b,
load (loudlv rpyan' rb coaep- a'
rb
local('loukal)a MeCTHBI; major ('meldzgla raasHslii
located (lou'keltldlpp pacnoao-en majorI'meidsaln Ma/op
location (lourkelln)npacnoao-eHHe major generalI'mmdza'dzenaralln reHepa-q-Ma/op
locomotive (,louko'moutlvln JlolcoMoq'lzls majority Img'clzantl)n 6ollstuHHcl'Bo
log (log)n 6peBHo make Imelk)(made,made)v aeaal's,aacTaBas' l'
b
lonely l'lotmllla oaylHosle make a fortune ('melk o'fo:tfonl paa6oraTeq's,
long (lon)a AJIHHHSI/ adv aoaro cgera'
rs cocTosHHe
longitude ('londzltjudln reorpalmqecxas aoaroq,a make merry ('metk'menzBeceluTsca
look lltlklv cMoTpeTs,Bszralue' rs makesureI'melk'lualXeimacyz
look after l'luk'a:ftalv rlpucMaTpuBa'
rs l make up I'melk'aplcocTasHq's
look for ('1uk'fo:)ucltal' s man (mœn)n MypltqMHa,Meaosex
lose(lu:z)(lost,lost)v Teps'
loser ('lu:za)n upourpaBmH;
lost(lostlcM.lose
rs
j mansion ImœnlnlnOcO6HaI<
!
manageI'mœmdz)v ylaBaTbcs,yrlpaBzla'
manners('mœnazln xopomue Mauepbl
pb

love (lAv1n alo6osla manufactured goods (,mœnju'fœktfad'gudz)

love (lAv1v . q1()614T8 IIPOMBIII1JIeH-HBIe TOBaPM
low (loula HH3KH;,' rHxle manufacturingI,mmnju'faktlann)n npoHaBoacrBo
lower (lougla I. IHPIII.
II'I; m ap (mœp)n ItapTa
lowland ('loulond)n HHaMeHHOCTB maple (melpl)n xaezz
loyal(loza1Ja nepHbzi,npeaaHHszë maplesyrop I'melpl'slrap)It.
qeHoBslë cuporl
luck (1% 1n yaaua mapmakerI'mœp-melka)n sapw rpatp
luckily ('1A111111adv x(cuacq'bzo march Ima:t)n Mapm,noxoa
lungs (lAnzjn JlerxMe march (ma:t)v MapmHpoBaa ,tuaraTs,HJITH MaptueM
lynx (hpksln pslcs marine (mo'ri:nla Mopcxo;
M mark (marklv oTMeqaq'b
marketI'maiklt)n pszzzox
machine(mo'fi:n)nMatuHna marriage I'mœndzln 6pazt,cyupyaecsas pltMazxb
machinery(mo'fi:narl)n MatuuHsl married I'mœnd)a aeHal',aaMyaeM
made (meidqcM.make marry ('mœnlv uteHu' rscs,Bszxoim'rs aaMya
magazine (,mœgo'zi:nln plcypHa. q marshIma:J1n6oao'
ro
magnetI'mœgmt)n MarHn' r marten I'ma:ton)n xtyzw qa
magnetic field Imœg'netlk'fi:ld)MarHuTHoe noae
403
402
mask (ina:sk)n Macxa
master ('ma:staln MacTep,xoasHH
masterpiece ('ma:stapi:s)n ttleaeBp
material(mo'tlanol)n MaTepHa.q
mathematics I,mœog'mœtlksln MaTeMa'rHlta
matter ('mœto)v HMe' I'B aHaqeHHe
mattress ('mœtnsln MaTpac
meal(mi:l)n eaa,HPHHSTHe rzlxtt!H
mean Imi:nl(meant,meant)v aHaqHa ,HMeTB BBm y,
rloapaayMesa'
l'
s mile (mallln MHJIS
mean (mi'.n)a HHaI<Hi,rloaglBl/icpeim Hë
meaning ('mi:mn)n aHaqeHHe
means (mirrlzln cpeacl'Ba
meant (mentlcM.mean
meanwhile ('mi:nwall)adv Me-Ay TeM,TeM BpeMeHeM
measures ('mezgz)n Mepu
take measures I'telk'mezazlv HPHHHMaTB Mepsl
m eatpacking ('mi:t,pœkln)n yrzaxosxa Maca
medal('medol)n Meaaab
medicalschool('medlkol'sku:llMealm lxHcxöeyqlu Hme
medicine ('medsmln Mealm HHa,Jzexapcl' Bo
meet(mirt)(met,met)v BcTpeqa' rs
m eeting ('m i:tlnln BcTpeua,MMTMHr
melt(melt)v 'ras' rs
member ('membo)n q. qeH
niembership('memboflplnqaeHcl'Bo
memorial(ml'mo:nal)a naMsTHblii
mention(menlnlv yIIOMHHaTB
merchant('mo:tfontlnxyrzeu
merely ('1111011)adv npocTo
meridian (ma'ndlanln MepuauaH
merry I'men)a Beceasl;
message ('mesldz)n uocaaHue
messenger ('mesmdzoln IlocaaHeq
met(metlcM.meet
metal('metol)n Mel'a- u
404
metallurgical engineering (,metofla:dïlkol,endzl'mann)
MeTaazlyprHs
meteor ('mi:tlo)n MeTeop
method ('meood)n Mel'o;
middle (midl)n cepeaHHa
midwestern I'lmdwestan)a cpeaHe-aarzaaHsl; (Haxoiw -
mze ca Ha CpegHeM 3arza. qe C11IA)
might(marq n MomB
mighty ('matt:)a Mom Hsz/
military ('nuhtorl!a BoeHxlblfi
militarytraining('nuhtgn'trelmn)BoeHHasIloaror roBlca
military unit('mlhton'ju:mt)BoHHcxas qaca (uolpaa-
AellellHe)
milk (mllkl n Moaoxo
milk Imllklv aou' l's
mill(11,111)n MeasHuua,aaBog
millionaire ('mzljoncaln Mlzaaz4oHep
m ind (mamd)n yM
mine (mam!n maxl'a,pyaHHx,xoub
mine(maln)v rlpoHaBoaHl' laropulcepa6o'rbl,;Io6slsaTs
(Pyqy H T.A.)
miner ('mamg)n Iuaxl'ep
minerals('mmorolz)nMnHepaqsl,noaeausleHcxorzaewlsle
mining I'malmp)n ropHoao6plsalomee , qeglo
missile ('mlsall)n peaxlTusll-sicuapaa,paxe' ra
mission ImllnlnMHccHzz
mistake (mls'telk)n olllI46xa
model(modlln Moaeas,o6paaeq
moderate ('modorltla yMepeâlâlbl;
modern ('madan)a cospeMeHubl;
modest I'modlst)a cltpoMHsl;
mole (moul)n Itpo'r
money ('mAnIJn aeHbrM
monopoly (mo'nopah)n MoHorloaus
monsoon (man'su:nqn Mycccm
monster ('mansto)n qyaosHme
405
monumentI'monjumant)n IIaMSTHI- ,MoHyMeHT naturalresources('nxtforoln'so:slzlrfoaeaHbleucHo-
rlaeM ble
moon (mu:nln ayHa nature('nmtlg)nnpupoqa
moraine Emo'rem)a MopeHHbl; naval('newcl)a BoeuHo-wlopcxo;
morning l'mo:nlnjn y' rpo navigationI,nœvl'gellnlnHasHraqHa,MopeluaBaHHe
mortally ('ma:tall)adv cMep' reabHo
mostly ('moustllladv 6o.rllatue/ qacq'bm navigator (,nœvl'gelto)n HasHraTop,MoperzaaBar reas
motherland 'nuöol/nd!n poauHa navy ('nelvlln BoeHuo-Mopcxo; (pzlo' r
motion (mounln ABH-eHHe near Imo)prep O Hazto,oxolo
motor-carindustry('moutoska:r'mdostrl)aBToMo6H.
qbHas nearby ('moballadv no6lfnaocl'H a 6. qlz
la.
qemamlzlë
npowzr:,
lltlllexlHocTb nearly ('nIo1I1adv rfoq'rH
mountain ('matmtmln ropa necessary ('neszjanl a HeosxoaHlvzbzë
mountainous ('mauntmgs)a ropHsl; necessity (nl'sesltl)n Heo6xoaHMoc' rb
mourn (mo:n)v orlzlaxusa'rs need (ni:dlv Hyaaa' rBcs
mouth (mauo)n po' r,ycl'se lpeI<Hl need (ni:dqn Hyala
move (mu:vlv iwMrae rbcs needle (ni:dl)n Hroaua
'

movement('mu:vmont)n ABH-eHHe Negro ('ni:grou)n Herp

movie ('mu'
.vl)n I<HHOYHJIBM neighbour ('nelboln cocea
movieindustry('mu:vl'mdastn)HHHeMa'rorpa:Hqecxas neo-classical style (,ni:ou'klœslkol'stall) Heoxaaccuqe-
cxvlii CTHJIB
rzpoMszm aeHHoc'
rs
mud lmadln rpsab,Macca Ha B.
qaaHoë aelu H nervous('no:vosla HepBHblïi
mule (mju:l)n uyn neutral('nju:tral)a He;TPaJIBHBI/
music ('mju:zlkln MyaBlKa never ('nevoqadv Hultoraa
musician(mju'zlfn)n MyaslxaHT new (nju:)a'Hosblë
mustang I'mastœn)n MycTaHr newcomer(nju:,lçamoln BHoss rlpu6slstuui,HoBnuox
mystery ('mlstotqln TaëHa news (nju:zln Hosoc'rb
newspaper ('nju:spmpo)n raae' ra
N next (nekst)a caeaylomu;
nam e (nelmjn I'
IMJI nextto ('nekstto)paaoM c
name for('nelm fo:qHaaBa'
l'b B qec'
l'
B nice(nals)a cHMrzaTuxlHslë
named (nelmdlpp HaaBaHHBIK nickname ('nTknelmln npoaBMme
narrow ('nœroula yaxHfi nightclub I'naltsklab)n HoqHo/ >(. qy6
nation(nellnlnHatrna nightfall('naltfo:ll:by nightfall14 HoqH
national('nœJna1 aIxaqutllTalllaHlylë nightlife ('naltlaltl n HoqHas UIHaHB .
nationality (,nœ o'nxlltlln HaquoHaasHoc' rs NobelPrize ('noubel'pralz)Ho6eaescsas rzpewzns
nationwide('nellnwatd)aBceHapogHBl; nobleman ('noublmgn)n MBOPJIHHH
native ('neltlvln TyaeMeq,IçopeHHoë VHTeJIB noisy ('nolzlla IIIyMHBI/
naturalI'natlorollaec' recrseHHszi,rlpHpoayzslë nonsense ('nonsansln qerzyxa
407
406
 '!

non-violent('non'valolontla HeHacH.
qbcTBeHHbl; official(a'fIJa1)noqmqHaqbHoeJllmo
north ('no'
.0)n ceBep often (0:641)adv qac' ro
northern ('norögn)a ceBepHblk oil(c111n Heè' l's
northerner I'no:öana)n ceBepsHMu,pxyl'
regzs cesepHux oil-fields('oIl,fi:1d31MecTopoaaeHus HetpTH,Hetp'
rsHo;
paioHoB IlpoM bzce.q
North Pole ('no:0'poul)ceBepHralk noaloc o1d (ouldla c'rapslk
northwestern ('no:0'westgn)a ceBepo-aarfa/m bl/ old-fashionedI'ould'f/nd)ac'
rapoMoanlqk
noted ('noutld):be noted for 6BITB HaBeCTHBIM HeM. only l'ounhla eimHclmeHzTsz/
HH6yas open Ioupnla o' rxlpblrsl;
notice ('noutlsln Ilpeayrlpepm eHHe open Ioupnlv OTI<PBITB
novel('novolln poMaH open fire ('oupn'fala)o'rz<pslq'
s oroHs
novelist('novahstln poMaHHc' l,,aBl'op poMaHoB opera ('oproln onepa
nowhere I'nouwco)adv Hnrae,HHztypa operation(,opg'relfn)n orfepaqHa
number I'nxmboln qHcno,HoMep opossum (o'pcsomjn ouoccyM
numerous ('nju:moros)a MHoroqHcaeHHbl; opponent (ofpounont)n orm oHeH'r,npoTnBHylx
nurse (no:s)v HJIHXIHTB,yxaaHBaa opportunity I,opa'tjtuutlln yao6Hlaliicayqa;
nursery rhyme ('no:son'ralmlae' rcxHiic'rHtuolt oppose (ofpolzz)v rlpoTHBocTos' l'b
nutlnatln opex opposite('opozlt)a Hpor rHBorlo.
qopltHsli,Haxoasmle cs
Harlpol'HB
O oppress(gfpres)v yrHeTaa ,npH' recHs'
rb
oak (ouk)n ay6 orbit('o:blt)n op6H'ra
obey (o'bel)v caymaa cs orbitI'o:blt)v o6aeTa'rb rlo op6H'
re
object('abdzlkt)n o6%eI<T,rzpeaMe'
r orbitingspacestationI'o:bltln'spels'stelfnlop6MTa-
qbHaa
objection (gbrdzekfn)n Boapa-eHHe xocM nqecltas c'
raHlw s
obliged (ob'laldzd)a o6saaH orchestra I'oo stroln opsecTp
observe Iob'za:vlv Ha6azoaa
r
'
l'sr co6axga'
l's order I'o:dalv npHI<aaBlsaTb,aaltaablBa'
rb
observation deck (,abzgvellndek)Ha6.
qloaarre.
qbHas order ('o:do1n npHltaa,aasaa,rlopsaoK
naom aaKa order I'o:do1;in orderAna Toro,M' ro6sl
occupy ('okjupal)v aaHHMa' rb ore (0:1n pyqa
occur (g'ko:1v c.
qyqarrbcs organization (,o:gonal'zelln)nopraHMaaqHs
occasionally (a'kelzonolll adv cayqaiHo, BpeMs o'
r organize ('orgonalz)v oprazlylaosa'
l'
b
BpeMeHH
ocean(oufnlnoxeaH original(o'ndïmcl)aopHrHHa-qBHbli,rlepBoHaqallsHlal;
offer I'ofo)v rzpeiwara'
rb originally (o'ndzmoh)adv uepsoHauazlBHo
offer ('ofcln npeaaoplteHue originate (a'ndzmmtlv rlpoHcxoiml's
office('ofls)n xoHTopa,oèuc outdoor ('autdo:la Hapy-Hbl;
officer ('oflso)n o*Muep' outer space ('autg'spels)xocMoc
official(o'fIJo1)aot
lhlmHa.
qloHslë outlaw ('autlo:lv o6'sasHTB BHe aaxoHa
408 409
 r
outlet('autlet)n Bblxoa part-time('pa:t'talm):work part-timepa6oTar
rB Herloz-
outnumber (autfnambal v rlpesocxogn'
l'b no qHcaeH- Hl:,
I; pa6oqH/ AeHB
Hoc'l'u party ('pa:tl)n Ilaprrna,Beqepnl- a
outside ('autsald)adv BHe,cHapy-H pass(pa:s)v HpoxoaH'l'b (MHMo),nepexoaH'rB
outstanding (aut'stxndlp)a Bhl,qalomHics pass laws ('pa:s'1o:z1IIPHHHMa'I'B aalçoHbl
over ('ouva)prep I;a;I passage ('pœsldp)n Hpoxoq
over('ouvg):be over oltaz.zqHsaTrocs passenger ('pasmdza)n naccaaHp
overboard (ouva'bo:d)adv aa 6op'r,3a 6opl'oM past(pa:stlprep rlocae
overcrowded (ouvg'kraudld)a neperloglHeHHblïi pastorI'p'a:sto)n Ilacq'
op
overgrown (ouvg'grotmqa HepepoctuMû pasture (pa:stla)n Hacr lfHme
overrule (ouvafru:l)v rlpeoaoaesa'rb patent ('peltont)n IIaTeHT
overseas(ouvo'si:z)adv aa MopsMlz l patentoffice I'peltgnt'oflslnaTeHTHoe 6mpo
oversee (ouvo'sl:)v Haaaupal'b,ocymecTsas' rs Haaaop path (pa:0qn Tpona
overseer Iouvg'sto)n HaqaHpaTezfs,IlaiwlWozrplqylx Patio ('pœtlou)n BHyTPeHHH/ JwopHx
overturn (ouvo'to:nlv rlepesepHyTstcs) patriot('peltnatln nar zpHoT
owe (oulv 6bITBMOJI-HBIM,o6lxaaHHblM,6sITBBgoary patrol(po'troul)v naTpyzlHposa' rs
own (ounla co6cTBeuHI>l; pave (pew):pavethe way upo.qo-Hn'b HyTB
own Iounlv Baage' rs pavement ('pem nant!n 'rpoTyap
owner ('ounoln Blzaaelzeu Pay (Pe11(Paid,paid)v IIJIaTHTB
ox (cksln 6B1I< payment('pelmantln ll. qa'
l'a
peace (pi:sln MHp
P peaceful('pi:sful)a MHPHBI;
paid IpeldlcM.pay peace-keepingforces('pi:s'lti:pln'fo:slz)MHpoTBopqecxHe
painful('pemful)a 6oneaneHHbz; cl<.qbl
paintIpemt)v ItpacMTs,nuca' rs (I<apTHHBI) peak Ipi:kqn HHK,BepttlHHa
palace('pœhsln asopeq peccary ('pekarlln rzeztapH.azzlzçalzcszzzTralzs AMepzzzzce
pamphlet('pœmfht)n rzalvltpae'r peculiar (pg'kjurho)a oco6eHHblë
pants (pœnts)n IIITaHI,I peculiarity (po,kjuhfœrltl)n oco6eHuoc' rs
paper ('pelpaln 6yMara pelican ('pehkanln IleaHltal.
l
parade (pc'reldln rzapaa pen-name ('pensneTmln ncem oHnlvzrzlzcaTewqs
paradise('?œredalzln pa; people (pi:pl)n JIIOAH
paralyzed (pxrolalzdlpp uapa- qnaosaH percent(po'sentln HpoqeHT
parents I'pEzrcnts)n poimTellu percentage (po'sentldz)n npoqeHTuoe coqep-aHHe
parliament ('pa:lamont)n HapaaMeuT perform (po'fo:m) v HpoHaBoaHTb, rlpelcTaBasq'b,
partIpa:t)n qac' l'
s CTaBHTB crlex'raltab
partisan (,pa:tlfzœn!n HapTHaaH performance(po'fo:mansln npegcTaBaeHHe,crleltrralu b,
partly ('pa:th)adv qac'rHqHo BblcTyrlaeHHe

410 411
period ('plgngd)n rzepHo; plate (plelt)n 'rapealca
peéish ('perz) v IzorH6zly'
l'b plateau ('plœtou)n rlaa' l'o
permanent ('po:monant)a rloc' rosuHralii play (plel)n nbeca
permission lpc'nulnlnpaapemeHzze playful('plelful)a Iz lrpHssli,.71106sH11. 1: Hrpa'
rs
permit(pg'mltlv paapetua'rs playing cards ('pleun'ka:dslHrpaqsxlsle Itapl'bl
person ('pa:sliln .
ql<qHocvB,qelzoBezt please (plirz)v aocTasasq, s yaosoxBcTsHe
perspiration (,po:spo'rmlnln rforr,rlo'
reHHe pleased (plirzd)a MOBOJIBHBI;
philosophy (fl'lasgfl)n èylaoco:l'ls pleasure ('plesoln yaoBoabc' rsHe
phonograph r'founagmrfln tpoHorpatp plentiful('plentlftzl)a Hao6lxJIBHBl;
photoelectric effect (,foutoulrlektnk I'fekt)*o'
roa.
qelç- plenty ('plentl)n Hao6HaHe,oqeHs Mxloro
TpuqecKu; atl4 ex'r plough (plaul n UAYV
physicallaws I'flzlkolfla:z)(lluauqecltHe aaxoHbl plough (plau)v rzaxaa
physics('flzlks)n (puauxa poem ('poulm)n noaMa,CTHXH
pick out('plk-aut!v Bsl6pal's poetry ('poultn)n noaaHs
pickled meatI'plkld'mirt)coaeHoeMsco,coaolm Ha point(pomt)n Touxa,Ilyux' r
picnic l'plknlkln unltHHlt point(pomtlv yxaalalsa' rs
picturesque(,plktla'resk)aaHBOIIHCHBI/ point otlt ('polnt'autlyxaaslsal'b,Hoaqepxnsa' l'b
pieIpal)n zzzzpor pole-cat('potllkmtln xopex
piece (pi:s)n Kycox police (po'li:sln tlolllz lulzla
pilot ('pallatln rluao'
r,JloqlvlaH polio ('pou1I()tlI11uolllz loMlz lelznr .
r
pine Ipam)n coczza political(po'lltll tolla no- '
r
llz
l'
l'l.
lqecxtyl;
pineapple ('pamxplln aHaHac politics('polltlksI1)IIOJIHTHI<, a,no.qHrrHqecxtneBar-
qsasl
pioneer (,palofmoln nuouep poor (pual116f!2$III.Iii
Pipe Ipalp)n Tpy6a,Tpy6zta poorly (-ptlolII;k(lv 6(), qHo
pirate('palont)n rlHpaT popular ('1)ol)ilIl.'11t lltluy. q,lpHblë
pitcher('pltlolnICyBHIHH popularity I.l'.'I,ilI'Iitrrltll n norly- qspHoc'l's
place Iplelsjn Mec' ro populated 1'1,. 41,411Ik'ltItllpp Hace- qeaHsl;
plain (pleln)n panHHna populatiollI,I'.'I'It1'lk-1,
(1)In Hace-
qeHyze
plan Iplœnln lu aH port (po:tl jtIIt,I3'4'
plan Iplœn)v lu aHHposa' z's portrait ('I)k):lIltII1 IId'Il-l-peT
plane (plemln caMoae' r position Ipo'z.lljII1tIId,:11,
1IJ#IS,l-
lo-
qo-eHHe
planetI'plœnlt)n lu aue' l'a positive 1''I)-'z.It,vl:'I14'. /ItJCI.
RHTeJIBI-
IBI;
plane-tree I'plelntlirln rzaal'az.
z POSSOSS (Pk 3'Z. t-r
-
;1î/lt.1I:1.
1t(!'1'11
plant (pla:ntln pacteuue possible 1)'14.àhklI,1Il'Ir$,:$lvlfIPICI-
IBI;
plant(pla:nt)v cayxa' rs (pac'reHua) post(poustl11I14,.''i'.Ilf''I'I';t
plantation (plœn'telln)n zl.
qazlq'atrzu postage stlt,klI,1I'i,t1'.1It1,$'stlllmp)l' IoqrroBas Mapxa
planter I'pla:nta)n naaH'
rarrop postm astel-l'ld(,'I',tll1.'!'t.'l11l' Ioqr
rMeicrrep

412 413
post-war ('poust'wo:)a rloc.
qeBoeHHhl/ prison (pnzn)n TmpsMa
poultry ('poultn)n aoMattlHaa lwHqa prisoner('prtzong)nu. qeHHI4lc,aaxt.
qloqeltHblkBTmpsMy
pour (po:1v JlH' rs take prisoner('telk'pnzonalBaSTB B rzgzeH
poverty ('povotl)n HHme' ra private ('prawtt)a qacrrHuft
power (paug)n Bllacl's,clu a privately-owned('pralvlth'ound)aHaxolsmueca Bqacq'-
powerful('pauoful)a B. qacTHblë,clu sylsl/ HoM B.qyaeHltu
practical('prœktlkalla rfpaxr
rMqecxn; probably ('probabh)adv Beposr rHo
practically I'prœktlkoh)adv rfpaxrrHuecxH problem ('problam)n rlpo6aeMa,aaaaqa
practice E'prœktlslv Hpax'rHxosa'rs process ('prouses)n npoqecc
prairie I'prscrl)n npepns proclaim (pro'kletm!v Im osoaraatua' rB
preach lpd:tflv nporloBeaosa'rb produce (profdju:slv HpoHaBoilz4Tb,sblrzycxa' l'
s
preacher('pri:tfoln rlponoseaHHxt product('prodokt)n rlpoqysT
prefer (prl'fg:lv npeimoqnTa'l's productive (prgfdaktlv)a HpoilyTtTHsHBl;
prepare (pn'pcolv roToBHTbtcsl professional(pro'felfngl)anpotlleccltoHalfBuBt;
present (prezntl:be presentrzpncyTcTsoBa'rb professor (pra'fesg)n npo*eccop
presentIprezntln noaapox programme ('prougrgm)n nporpaMMa
present-day ('preznt'del)a HBIHeIHHH;,o'ruocsmHiics progress ('prougresln nporpecc
14 Hac'
rosm eMy BpeMeHH proqressive (prag'reswla HporpeccusHslk
preserve (pn'zo:vlv coxpaHs' rs prolect('prodzlkq n rlpoeKT
presidency ('prezldansl)n rlpealueHTcl'
so projector (prg'dzektol:film projector xzzHonpoelçw p
president('prezldont)n npeam eH' r prominent('prommant)a Bblaalom lzics
promise (promlsln o6em aHHe
presidentialelection (prezlfdenfolI'lekfnlBbl6opsl promise (promls )v o6ema' l's
npealu eH'
ra '

prevailing (prl'vellln)aIlpeylwfymecr
l'sezlzlrazi,npeo6na- pronounce (pronaunslv rlpoHaHocH' l'
b
aalom Hii proper ('propo)a IIPaBHJIBHBI;,Haglfeaazyw ;
property ('propatl)n co6cTseHHocl'B
prevent(pn'vent)v Metual's,He lorlycTH'
l'b prosaic (prou'zellkla upoaaHqecKle
price (pralsln qeHa prose (prouz)n rmoaa
pride (prald)n ropaoc'l'b protect(prgftekt)v oxpaHsa ,aamuma' rb
priest(prirst)n cBsmeHHHx protection (prarteklnln aaHHTa,IlolçpoBH'
re.qsc'
rso
principle ('pnnslpl)n IlpHlluylrl protest(proftestlv upoTecToBa' rs
primarily I'pralmanh)adv B rfepBym oqepeiw protest(prouftestln n/oTec' r
print(pnntlv rzeqaTal'b protestor Iproftestg)n rlpoTecfrymttm;
printedpapergoodsI'pnntld'pelpo'gudz)neqarrHas npo- proud (praud)a ropasl;
MyKIJHS provide (pra'valdqv o6ecnequBaa
printer ('pnnto)n rleqa'rHHlç prove lpnz:vlv aoKaablBaq' b
printing ('prmtln)n rleqaTHoe zie.
qo provoke Ipra'vouklv Hposozw poBa' rs
printing-house ('pnntln,hausln q'Hrzorpa*Hs public('pabhk)n Ily6zlHlca,JIIO>I.I
414 415
public (-pabllkla uy6auqusl; rain (remln aoucas
public figure r'pabhk'flgolo6mecrrseHusl; aesTezlb rainfallI'remforlln ocaasn
publicly ('pablIklt)adv uy6zluqHo rainy ('rmm)a aopm llylBblii
publishI'pAblIJ1vrly6.qHltoBaTs,MalaBa'
rB raise Irelz)v HOJIHITMaTB
publisherl'pAblljozn ylalaTezzs ran IrœnlcM.run
publishing ('pAb1IJIn)n nala'reascxoe aeao ranch(m:ntllnpasqo
pull(pul!v TSHyTB,Tamz' rs rancherI'mrntfS nYepMep-cxoToBop
pullweeds I'pul'wirdzlBblua-qslsal'b copHsxu ranching ('m:ntllnln aaHaq'He cxtor
rosoacTsoM
pumpkin ('pampkm)n ' rblxtsa range Iremdzln AxarzaaoH
punishl'pAmflv Hasaaslsa'
rb rapidly ('rœpldh)adv 6ucl' po
punishment('panllmantln Haxaaalme rapidly-growing ('rœpldh'grottln)a 6uc'rpopacTyfzw ë
purify ('pjuonfal)v oqHmaq'
b rapids ('rœpldz)n rzoporH,Boaouaa
purposej'po:pos)n qeab rare (mg1a pealtle
push (puJ)v Toaxta'
rb rather I'm:ög1adv aopoabHo,aosolzsHo-TaxH
put(putl(put,put)v xlzacq'b,CTaBIJTB rather than ('m:& öœn)csopee,qeM;oxoTHee,qeM
put out a fire ('putfaut o'falol uoracHq's oroHb rattle (rœtl)v rpeMe' rs
(uoaap) rattle-snake ('rœtlsnelk)n rpeMyqaa aMea
put to death ('putto'deolI<aaHVITB raw materials ('ro:ma'tlanalz)n cslpbe
reach (ri:tJ1vaocTMra'
z'b
Q reaction (ri:'akJn1npealtqMa
quality l'ltwolltlln Icaqeèl'so reader l'ri:daln qMTa' reas
quarrel('kworol!v ccopHrrscs ready I'redlla rol'oB
quarter I'kwortoln qersep' rs real(nolla peazzbHhlk,Hac' rosmle
queen Iltwi:nln ItopoaeBa realist ('nohst)n peaxncT
quick lltwtkla 6blc'rpslii realistic (ng'hsttk)a pea-qucTlrqHui,peaqHc' rHqecxHk
quickly l'k'wlkllladv 6slcrpo reality (n'œlItI1n pea-qbHoc' rb
quite (ltwaztladv conceM realize ('nalalz)v rzoHHMaa
really ('ng1I)adv AeëcTBxTezzsHo,B caMoM aeae
R reaper ('ri:pa)n aHeRlta
race (rels)n paca;roHzta,coc'
rsaaHus B 6ere reappear (ri:g'pIg1v BHOBB nossH' rscs
radiation(,reldlfelln)npapmatms reason ('ri:zon)n ImzqnHa,paayM
radical('rœdzkalln paimltagz rebel(ra'bellv BoccTasa' rb
raft (m:f1ln lu o' r rebellion (rofbel jon)n soccTaHHe
raid (reld)n Haae' r,HarzaaeHlxe rebuild ('ri:'bIld)(rebuilt,rebuilt)v BoccTanaBaHsal's,
railroad ('rellroudln aeaeaHas lopora Bxloss Ilocr
rpona
railroad track I'rmlroud'trak)meaeaHoaopoutustflrlyl'b rebuiltI-ri:'biltlcM.rebuild
railway I'rellwel)n plceaeauaa aopora receive (n'sirv)v rzoayqaq's,npHHxxMa'
rs
rails (rmlzln poabcBl
416 417
recentI'ri:sont)a HeaaBHHë rent (rent)n apeluHas rfaal'a,KBapr rupHas lu a'
ra
recognize ('rekognalzlv yaHaTb,HpHaHa'
rs reopen ('ri:'oupn)v BHOBB O' M PBI'I'B
reconstruction ('ri:kons'trAkln)n pexoHc'rpyltqHzl, repaint('ri:'pemtlv rlepexpacH' rs
rfepecTpoëxa repair(n'pEalv UHHHTB
record ('reko:d)n pexopa replace (rl'plels)v rzepeMemaTb,aal vzeHsa
recorded music(rl'ko:dld'mju:zlklMyaslxa,aarlncaHHall reply (rl'plal)v oqœeqa' rb
Ha MarHH'
rotpoH reply In'plalln OTBeT
recover lrtfkavclv rforzpas. qsqmcs report(n'part)n aoxaa;,oTqeT
reduce (n'dju:s)v yMeHsltlaa represent(,repn'zent)v rfpeac' raBas'l's
red-wood ('redwudln xpacHoe aepeBo representative (,repn'zentatlv)n rlpeac' rasMTelb
re-electl'ri:l'lektjv Bbl6pa'rb BHOBB,rlepeHa6pa'
l's reptile ('reptallln perl'
rH.qzu ,rzpecMslxalomeecx
reform (n'fo:mln peèopMa republic (n'pabltk)n pecrty6aulta
republican (n'pabhkon)a pecrzy6.qHKaxlcxH;
reformer (n'fo:maln peèopMal'op reputation (,repju'telln)n perlyTaqHa
refrigerator (n,flqdzg'rerto)n xolfoalu sHHlc request(n'kwest)n npocb6a
refugee (,refju'dzi:ln 6eaeHeq require (n'kwalalv Tpe6osaa
refuse (n'fju'.z)v o'ruaaslsaTbca rescue I'reskjulv crzacaTs
regard (n'ga:d)v paccMaTpHsal's,cqHr ral's rescue I'reskjuln cnaceHHe
regardless of (n'ga:dhsavJHeaasMcnMo o' r reservationI,reza'vmfnln peaepsaqHs
region I'ri:dzanln o6lzacl'p,.pef'yoH residentI'rezldant)n ailTezzs
regular ('reqjula)a pevyaapHbli,upaBxu bHbl; residentialarea(rezl'denlologng)aHalaleItBapTa-qbl
regularly ('re:ulah)adv peryaspHo resign (rl'zamlv yiiq'n B o' rcTaszty
reindeer ('remdloln ceBepHhl; oaeylb resist (n'zlst)v cortpo'rHBzlsa c.q
reject(nfdïekt)v oTsepra' rB resolution I,rezo'lu:Jn)n pemeilHe,peaoamqHs
relationslnflelfnzlno'
rHotueHus,poac'
rseHHHxu resources (rl'sa:slzl n pecypcu
relative I'relatwla ol' zlocllrrezzszzsz/ respect(rls'pekt)n yBaaexxHe
relative ('relatlvln poqclmeHHux respectIns'pektlv yBaaa' rb
relatively ('relotrvhladv o' rHocMTeabHo respond Irls'pgndlv o' rseqaq'b
relativity (,rela'tlvltl)n o' rHocu' reabHoc'
l's response (rls'ponsln oTBeT,OTXJIHI<
release Ilq'li:slv ocBo6oaaa' rs responsibility Irlssponsl'blhtl)n o'rseTcr
rseHHoc'
rs
relief(n'li:f1!n pe. qseë;o6. qerxjéHue responsible (rls'panslbl)a OTBeTCTBeHHBI; ''r' '
religion (rl'lldpon)n pellHrHs rest(restln ocTa' rox
religious(nfhdzlasjapelxrxroaHbll'
i restaurant('restron)n pecTopaH
remain (n'mem)v ocTasa' rscs restore (rls'to:)v BoccTauasausa'rb
remember (n'memba)v IIOMHHTB,BCIIOMHHa' I'B result(rI'zA1t1n peayabTa' r
remove (rl'mu:v)v y6upaTb,yaa-qs'rB result(nfzaltlv HMe' I'
B peayabTaToM
rename lri:'nelmlv rlepeHwleHosblsaa retire (rl'talolv JGTI.IB o'
rcTasxy
rent(rentlv 6paTB B apelu y,Hanposa' r,culxMa' l's retreat (rl'tri:tlv o'
rcTynu'rs
418 419
retreatlrl'tri:tln o'rcTylu eHHe
return (rl'to:nl v BoaBpam a' rsca
return (rI'to:n1:in return BaaMeH
revive (rl'valvlv oplçylsllsl's,Boaspama'
revolt (rl'voultln BoccTaune
revolutionary(,reva'lurfnalq)apello.
qlcltllz
reward (rl'wo:dln Harpaaa
rhym e (ralml n ple wla,c'
rnx
rice (ralsln pHc
rich (ntJ1a6oraTBlë
riches('ntIz)n 6oraTcTsa
richly ('ntlI)adv 6oraTo
ridden lndnlcM.ride
ride(raldl(rode,ridden)v exaTs,exa'
ride (raldl:take a ride npoxaTnrrscs
ridge (ndz)n xpe6e'r
right(ralt)n npaso
right (raltla rlpaBslë,rzpaBu.
qlaHslsi
riot(ralot)n 6yHT
rise I1'alz)(rose,risen)v nopm HMar rscs
rise (ralz)n noar sewf
risen lnznlcM.rise
risk (rlsk)n pHcx
rival('ralvol)n corlepHnx
river I'nvo)n pexa
road (roudln gopora
roar (ra:1v pese' rb
roast Iroust)v yltaplz
l'
rB
rob (roblv rpa6lzzl's
rocket ('rakltln paxeTa
rocky ('raklla cztaalzlcTBl;
rode (roudlcM.ride
rodentI'roudont)n rpblayH
rodeo (rou'deloulpoaeo:cocvsaaHHe ztoB6oes
role (roul)n poab
roll(roullv I<aTlzlTBtcsl
romantic (ra'mœntlltln powfaHq'lz
lx
romantic (rofmœntlkla polvlaHrrHqecxylii
420
roof(nI:f1n Itpsllua
rose (rotlz) cM.rise
rough (rafl a rpy6rali, HeorrecaylHbl; (0 ueaosexe),
rs lcaHaHI.I 6yplluii(0 Mope)
round (raund)a xpyrabl/
lolTlllylë route lnIrtln Mapmpy' r
row Irouln psa
ruin l'ru:lnlv paapymavs
ruins l'ru:mzjn paaBa-qnHsl
rule (1%:11v ynpaBasTs
rule (1=:1)n npanlu o,rzpaslzeune
ruler ('nz:1g1n IlpaBH'reas
rum (ramln poM
l's BepxoM rumours('nzrmozln cayxH
run Iranl(ran,run)v 6eplta' rs
run (smth)yrlpaBaa'rs ueM-.qH6o
run wild I'ran'walld)oaHqa'
l'la
runaway ('rano'wella 6erablë
rurall'ru:rolla cellscxn;
rush(rAJ1vHecTucb,c' rpel
vzMTeasHo6e>ztaTs
rush-hour('ral'auo)nqacIII4I<
ruthless ('nz:01Is1a 6eaaa-qocTHsl;
S
sad (sœdla Ileqa-qbzlbl;
safe (selfla 6eaonacHbli,B 6eaonacHoc'
rH
safety l'selftlln 6eaonacHoc'
rb
saj'a ('sa:ga)n cara
sald (sedlcM.say
sail(selllv lu asaa
sailor I'sella)n Mopax
salary ('sœlanln aaprlaal'
a
sale (sellln npoaaaa
salt(so:lt)n cozs
same Iselm)a Talto/ -e,ToT ae calvlbl;
sand Isœndln rfecox
sang (sœn)cM.sing
sank (so k)cM.sink
421
satellite ('sœtalalt)n crzy'
rz- x seeds (si:dz)n ceMeHa
sauce(so' .sln coyc seem (sirmlv HaaaTscs
save (selv)v cnaca' a seen (si:n)cM.see
save money I'sew'manrlI<orlH' rb leHsrx.z segregation (,segn'getfnln cerperalws
save time ('smv'talm)axoHolvlvl'l'b BpeMs seize (si:zlv CXBaTHTB
saw Iso:qcM.see seldom I'seldomladv peaso
say (sell(said,said)v roBopHe rs,csaaal's self-government ('self'gAvanmont)n caMoyrzpaBaeHHe
saying ('seunln uorosopxa self-made man ('self'meld'mœn)He.qoBex,ao6HBttlHics
scale (skellln Mactur ra6,paaMep,oxBa'r YCHOXA CBOHMH COUCTBPHHBIMH CHJIaMH
scare(skco)v rzyra' rb self-taught architect apxHTeKTop-caM oyqxa
scene (si:n)n cqeHa sell(sel)(sold,sold)v rzpoaaBa' l's
schoollsltu:lln zzm olza seller('sela)n npoaaBeq
schooling ('sku:1In)n ttlltoasHoe o6paaosaHue semi-conductor ('semlkon'dalto)n noaynpoBo/mHu
science ('salgns)n Hayxa semidesert ('seml'dezat)n rzoaynyc' rblHa
scientific Iysalgn'ttftk)a HayqHsr; senate ('semt)n ceHae r
scientist(,salgntlstln y' qeHsl; senator ('senata)n ceHaTop
sclerophyllous (skhargrfllasla mec'rxcoauc' rHlal; send (sendl(sent,sent)v rlocblla' rb
scoop (sktl:p)v BslqeprlhlBaa ,BuxarluBa' rb sentEsent)cM.send
scout Iskautln paaseaqux ' ' separate ('seporeltlv om eaa' l'b
screen Iskri:nln aspaH *eparate ('separlt)a om eabHsl;
sculpture('skalptfolilcxyabnTypa separately I'seponth)adv om elzbHo
sea (sit)n Mope sequoia lsl'kwolaln cexBois
seaport('si:epa:tJn Mopcxoz'
irzopT series ('slanz)n cepus
search (so:tJ1n rfoMcxtH serious ('slgrlgsla cepbeaHu;
search(so:tJ1vHcsal'b,o6McltHBaTb sermon ('so:mon)n rzpouoBeab
season (si:zn!n ceaoH,BpeMs ropa serve (sa:v)v cllyaHa ,o6cayaHBa' rs
seat (si:tln cluexlbe,Mec'rorxpe6slsaHue service I'sa:vlsln clyplt6a,o6cllyaylsaHHe
secede (sI'si:dl v BBI/TH (Ha cocTasa l' Iapl'MH, set Iset)(set,set)v ycTaHosur rs,rzocTaBHq' b,aaaa' rb
rocypapcTBa H q'.>.) setfire to I'set'falo taJrxolaeqb
secondary school('sekandan-sku:l)cpe/mss Itlltolla setoff('set'otl oTrlpaBuTsca
secret('si:knt)n cek>e'r' : setout('set'aut)or znpasHa cs
secretary ('sekratrl)n cexpeTaps setsailI'set'seillo' rrzpasu' rscs,o' rrlasl' l's
secretly ('si:
knth)adv TaiHo setstandards('set'sendcdzlyCTM OBH' I'Bc' raluapq'
bl
section(seklnlncezçzlHa settomusic('setto'mju:zlk)rzoaoan' l'sHaMyasilçy
see (si:l(saw,seen)v Buae'rs setup ('setfap)ocHosal'b,yqpeimr l,b
seetheNew Yearin ('si:öcfnju:'jiar'm)Bcg
rpeqaa settle Isetl)v ocecTs,rzocelH' rbcs,aaceauq'b
H OBBI; roa' settled area ('setld'sana)aaceaeHHas MecTHoc' l'
b
see to ('si:ta1rloaa6oTxxTbcs,rlplxHs'
rb Mepbl settled people I'setld'pi:pl
li
)ocezwB z
z Hapo a .

422 423
 V f'
1

settlement('setlmgnt)nnoceaeHue,rzoceaos,aaceaelme shoot(Ju:t)(shot,shot)v crl.pllglll'

l't,
settler I'setloln rloceleHeq shootdownl-lu:t'daunlaacrrpeauvla,c6u'1'l,
several('sevgrol)pron Hecxoabxo shop(JopJnMaraaHH
severe lsl'vfoqa csnpenszii,cyposbl/ shopkeeperl'Jopsld:pclnrzpolaBeq,colepxtaTeasMara-
severeproblems(sl'vlg'problomz)oqexlscepseaHsleupo- 3HHa
6.
qeMBI shopping('J3pIn1n IlolçynlfM
sew (sou)(sewed,sewn)v Iuu' l,s shore (o:1n 6eper
sewarage('sjuondzln yaa-qeuuec'roqHslxsoa,uequc'
ro'
r short o:t)a Itopo'
rKHl'i
sewn (soun)cM.sew shot(ot1cM.shoot
sex (seks)n rxoa,cesc shot(ot1n BhlcTpe.q
shake(JeIk)(shook,shaken)vgpoacal's,TpscTHtcs) shout aut)v ItpMxlaq'b
shakenllelknlcM.shake show (ou1(showed,shown)v rloxaausaa
shallow ('Jœlou)aMezlxtH; show (ouJn cnexTaxas,npeacTasaexlue
shamefull'Vmfullanoc' rslAHbli,uoaopHu; shownllounlcM.'show
shape (elp)v nplu asa'rs *opMy shrewd IJru:d1arzpasTMqHhlii,Haxoaqussl/
share EEaJv aelzMTscs shrewdnessl'Jnt:dnTslnrzpaxrHquoca ,Haxoaqusoca
share (sa1n aoas shriek(Jri:k)nIlpollal.
l'
relllalxslë ItpHlt
sheep(Ji:p1nosqa shrubs(JrAbz)nIçyc' rapHluM
shellIJel)v o6cTpeaHsa'rs Ha opm le sick (slk)a 6oasHo;
shelter('Jeltaln Itpos,yxpbll'
Me side (saldln cTopoHa,60x
shine(Jam,l(shone,shone)vcseTH'rs sideby side ('sald bal'sald)60/-0-6011
shining l'Jalnlnja O ecTEmyrë sign (sam)v rlolm Hca' rb
sign (samln aHalc,rlpuaHax
shipE(
JI
Jp
1lnvxoHpe
aP
6P
.
qH
bPaBJSTBrpyablMopeM(aM.:H significance (slg'nlflkons)n aHaqeHue
sightIsazt)n BH;I,apeayzme,apez- e
ApyruMu crloco6aMH)
shipbuilder('Jlp,blldg)nxçopa6aecrpoHTeas silence ('sallons)n THIIIMHa.,MoaqaHue
shipbuilding ('Jlprblldln)n xopa6aecrpoeHHe silence I'sallanslv aacrrasM'l'b aaMoaqa'rs
shiploadI'Jlploud)nrlozlHsl;xopa6ab(Hero-au6o) silk (sllk!n tuealt
shock (okln ygap,mox,noTpsceHHe silver('sllvoln cepe6po
shock IokJv HaHec' l'M yaap,noTpsc'
l'
M silver-fir I'sllva,far)n rzHx'
l'
a
shocked (Joktla ItloxHposau,nolysceH sim ple (slmplla upocTo;
shockinglrlolunlanoTpscalomHyl,cualoazlbHslë simply ('slmpllladv npoc'ro
shoemakerl'Ju:,meAoln canoyztzmzt similar ('slmllala Iloqo6Hblë,rloxoau;
shoemaking l'Ju:smel1GTlln canoaœoe MacTepcl'so sinceIsmslconjc Tex nop Itax,uocxoabxy
shoes(Ju:z1n6OTHHKH,TyYllu sing (slnl(sang,sung)v Izé' rs
shoeshineboy('Ju:Jain,boI1xz#lcTlxzzszqHx o6ysH single Islnqlla eMIIHCTBeHHIH
shoneIJon1cM.shine sink Islnk)(sank,sunk)v uorpyaaa ca,Hg' ru uo AHy,
shook(Juk1cM.shake ToHyl'b, '
ronu'
rb

474 425
 &

sitdown ('slt'daunl(satdown,satdown)v cec'

situated ('slt
jueztzdla pacrzolzo-ezz
situation (,sltjueellnln pacnoaoaeHue,cHTyaTws
size (salzln paaMep
skating-rink ('skeztln,rrnkln zçaq'
ozç
skilfulI'skllftilla HclçycHslë
skill(skllln yMeHHe,HaBBII<
skin (slun)n xoaa,ttzxypa
skirtIska:t)n Io6xa
sky (skal)n He6o
skyscraper ('skalsskrelpoln He6ocKpe6
slave (slew)n pa6
slave-owner ('slew'oung)n pa6osaaqeaeq
slavery ('slewgn!n pa6cl'Bo
sledge Isledz)n caux
sleep (sli:p)(slept,slept)v cna'rb
slept (sleptlcM.sleep
slightly I'slazth)adv caerxa
slope (sloup)n cxtlioH
slow (slou)a MeazlexlHbx/
slow down I'slou'datm)v aaMeagzzz' z'b xoa
slowly ('slouhladv MeaaeHHo
slums (slamz)n Tpymo6bl
smallIsma:l)a Ma-qezlsztx/
smallpox I'smo:lpoks)n ocna
smog (smcg)n cMor
smoky ('smolzklja ISIMHBI;
smuggler I'smaglo)n ItoHTpa6aHimc'
snow (snou)n cHer
soap (soupln Msrao
so-called I'sou'ko:ldja TaxtHaahlBaeMblk
socialI'soufgllacoqHa-
qbHbli,o6mecTBeHublâ
society (sg'salatl!n o6m ec'
rBo
soilIsoI1)n rloqsa
sold (souldlcM.sell
soldier ('souldza!n coagaT
solution (sg'lu:fnln pemelme
solve (sclvlv petuaa
426
rs sometimesf'sAmtalnlzladv HHom a
somewhere I'sAmwEo) adv rpe-l'o,rae-l'
lH6yas,ltyaa-
To, z<yaa-zxlr6ypp
song (son)n rlecHa
soon (su:nladv Bcxope
' sooneror later ('surnororfleltolpauo IZ
IJIIIrfoapmo
sootIsu:t)n caaa
sound (satmd)n asys
soup (su:p)n cyu
source (so:s)n Ilcq'
oqz.
zHzt,Hcq'ox (pexn)
south (sauo)n Ior
southern ('saöcn)a IO-HBI/
southerner('saöang)n IO-aHMH
sow (sou)(sowed,sown)v ces'rb
sown (sounlcM.sow
space(spelsln rlpoc' rpaHcrBo,KocMoc
space exploration E'spelssekspla'relln)HccleloBaHHe
KocM oca
spaceship('spels/p)n ItocMMqecxle Itopa6ab
spaceshuttle('spels'fAtllHIaTT.
7I(ltocMMqecuHiiItopa6ab
MxloropaaoBoro HcnolsaonaHua)
space travel('spets'trœvgl)xocMuqecxx'
liirfoae'r
spaciousI'spellos)aBMecrrMTe.
qbHbli,rfpoc'
ropHbl;
Spaniard ('spœnjod)n ncnaueq
sparcely populated ('spa:sli,popju'lettld)MaloHaceleH-
HBI;
spareIsp:ola cBo6oimhl;
r spark (spa:kln Hcxpa
speaker('spi:ko)n opaTop
spear (splg)n uorlse
specialI'spelollacrleqMa- qsHlal/
spectator (spek'teltoln apH'reab
speech (spi:tf)11peus
speed (spi:dln cxopoc' rs
speed Ispi:dlv ycxops' rs
spend (spend) (spent, spent) v l'
IposolM'
rb (BpeMs),
'
rpa'
ru'l's tgeHsl'ul
427
spent(spentlcM.spend stepping stone ('steplnrstounl c'
ryneHlaua ua ny'
rlt u
spice (spalsln npsHoc' rs 6oaee BBlcoxolvly nozlopxeHnzo
spin (spln)(spun,spun)v Bpamar rBtcs);upsc' rla still(stllladv Bce eme
spirit('spm t)n Ayx stole (stoullcM.steal
spite (spaltl:in spite ofHecwlol'ps Ha stolen Istoulan)cM.steal
split(spht)(split,split)v pacmeuasTs,pacsaablsa' l'
b stop Istap)v ocraHaB.qHBa' rBcs,npeKpama' rb
splitting ('splztlnln pacmezu ezzzze,pacxo.q storage I'sto:rtdz)n cxlfaa,xpaulu Hme,xpaHeHue
sport(spo:t)n crlop' r store (sto:)v aanaca' rB
spot(spot)n ns'rHo,Mecq'o storey ('sto:nln a'ra-
spread (spred)(spread,spread)v paczlpocTpaHaTstcx) storm (sto:mln 6yps
spring (spnn)n BecHa story ('sto:n)n paccxaa
spun (span)cM.spin stove Istouv)n neus
sputter('sp/ttojv tlmzpxal's,qHxa' rs (0 Morrope) straightIstrelt)a upsMo;
square lslcwcala ItBaapar rHsl; strait(strelt)n npolnB
square Isltwcoln rlaomaas strange (stretndz)a c' lnpaHublii
stadium ('steldlomln c' raauoH straw (stro:ln coaoMa
stamp Istœmp)n Mapxa,neqa'rb stream (stri:mjn nor rox,pyqeë
stamp seller ('stamp'sela)upoaaBeq Mapox street signs ('stri:t'samzlaopopxHsle aHaxtlz
l
star(sta:ln aseaaa strength Istrenoln czu a
start(sta:t)n cTap' r,Haqaao strengthen ('strepoon)v yclu HBa' rs
start (staztlv c' rapTosal'b,HaqHHaTB,oq' upaBzlsTbcs stretch Istret/'Iv npocrnparsca
starve (sta:vlv ro. qoaaa ,yMHpa' l's o'rroaoaa strict (strlktIa c' rporuii
state (steltln cocvoaHHe,rloao-eHHe,m' ra'r(B CTITA) string Ilstrll)l11'receMxa,cr rpyHa
state(sterqvyceraHnlunBaa ,aaxaqaa ,lezla'
a aasBlleune strip (strlpl11uo- qocxa
statement (steltmontln aaas.qeHue stroke Ilstrlltllt111yaap
state-supported school ('stmtso'partld'sktz:lzlItlxoabl, strong (strm)I:1czz l-qsnbz:
ii
Haxoasm uecs Ha rocyAapcTBeuHoM o6ecrleqeHHH stronghollll'stranhouldln yxpenaeHHblë rlyult'r,yltpe-
n -qeu n e
station(stellnlnc'raHqua strongly I'stl'.
àllll1adv cnllbuo
stay (stel)v ocTasaTscs,l' Ipe6blsaa
steal(sti:1)(stole,stolen)v Boposaa structure lslI' Alttloln c'rpyxe
rypa
steam (sti:m)n Hap struggle Istl'atlll416opB6a
steamboatI'sti:m bout student g'stitl:klolltln crygeH'
r
, : r ln napoxo; study ('s(A(iIIv pfayqal's,yqzzzrsc,
g
steam engine (stl:m endzln)napoBas MattlHHa sturdy Il'stoEtll11ttcpertltni,' rsepablë
steamship('sti:m,lplnHapoxol style gstallI11fr'l-lzI
'
.?T1.
a
steel(sti:lln c'
ra.qb subarctic l'sAl''(lrl ttll
tl a cy6apltr lnuqecxu;
steep (sti:p)a xlpy'roii
step (step)v tuarHyq'b,c'ryrln'
l'b subdivide l'sAl)tIl'valdlv t' Iolpaaaeas'rs
steppe (step)n ce rerls subject I'salptlqjll
ktI1)l' lpeaMe' f','
reMa
429
428
submarine ('sabmori:n)n noiwoaHaa aoaxa surprisingly (sc'pralzlnll! adv Ha yaMslzeHHe, 14
subtropical('sab'traplkol)a cy6TpouHqecxtH; yAIIBJIeHHIO
suburbs ('sabg:bzln rlpHropoabl surrender (sa'renda)v caarrscs
succeed (sak'si:dlv HpeycneTs,ao6ua cs ycnexa surrender(sorrendo)n claqa
success (sgk'ses)n ycnex surround (so'raundlv ospy-a' rs
successful(sok'sesfulla ycrlemHsl; surrounding (sa'raundln)n oxpy-eHHe
such(sAtJ1aTaso; survive (sg'valvlv BszaHsa' rb
sudden lsadnla BHeaarlHbl; suspect(sas'pektlv uoaoapeBal's
suddenly ('sAdn1I)adv BHeaanxlo swam Eswœm)cM.swim
suffer ('safa)v c'rpaaa' rb swampy ('swamplla 6o.qoTzic' rszii
suffering I'safgnp)n c' rpalaHne sweetIswi:t)a czlaaltlzlë
suffrage ('safndzln Ha6upa' reasHoe npaBo swiftIswlftla 6lalc'rpsl;
suffragists ('safrgdzlstsl n cyèpaauc' rxH tpI<eHmMHbI, swim (swlm)(swam ,swum)v ' naasa'
rs
6opoBulMeca B CTITA aa npeaoc'
rasaelm e plteHm HHaM swum (swamlcM.swim
Ha6MpaTeasHoro zlpasa) symbolI'slmballn cHMso. q
sugar('Jugo1ncaxap sympathize with ('slmpaoalzwlölv coqyBcTBosa' rs
sum IsAmln cyMMa spnpathy ('stmpool)n cuMrza' rzTs,coqyncTsMe
summer I'samoln Jle' ro symphonyorchestra('slmfam 'o:klstrg)cHM*oHuqecltle
sun (sAn!n coaHqe opKec'
rp
sung (sAn)cM.sing synonym I'slnomm)n CMHOHHM
sunk (sank)cM.sink system ('slstamln cucTeMa
sunrise I'sanralz)n Bocxoa coaHqa
T
sunsetI'sa'
nsej naasaTcoalma .
tableland I'telbllœnd)n rzaocsoropse
sun
ps
eh
rh
inig
eh(wsA
an
yJ
s
am()sjnupo
, cotH
ayw
vib
zjxU
CBO
,'
jyuepy
.
uo(
;ce,
cHcTeM a nepBoszaccHslx luocce/Hblx aopor,
>- tactics('tœktlltsln 'raxl'
rlm a
take (telk)(took,taken)v 6pa' rs
coepm HHBttlux Bce IIITaTBI takecare of('telkfkoorav)aa6oTM'
rscs o
superior Isju'plglqa)a Bblcului,npeBocxoasmu; takepartin ('telkfpa:tInJIIPHHHMa'
I'Syqael'HeB
supplies (so'plalz)n rmunacbz,pecypcsz take action ('telkfœkln) Haqa'rb aXTHBHBIe
supply (sofplalqv cHa6aaa aeic'
rsus
support (sa'po:tlv nor epaHBa' l's take away ('telk g'wel)y% ài'la'
supporter (sa'portg)n oxaablBalomuk rzorwepasy take off ('telk'otl CHS'
I'B (oqeaqy), BazleTe'
l.b (o
suppose (sa'pottzlv rlpepmoaaral's,noaaraq'b caMolfeTe)
supreme (sju-pri:m)a BepxoBHuë take ordersI'tetk'o:dgzlBBIIIOJIHSTB upMltaasl
supreme
J court(sju'pri:mfka:t)BepxoBHsl/cya taken ('telkonlcM.take
sure (uol:be sure'
6BITb yBepeHHhlM tale (tellln paccxaa,cxaaxa
surface I'sofls)n uosepxHoca talent ('tœlgntqn TaJIaHT
surprised Isg'pralzd)a yAHBJIeI.
I talk (to:k)v paarosapHsaa ,6oarra' rb
430 431
talk (to:k)n paaroBop,6eceaa terribly ('tenbhladv yaacHo
tall(to:l)a BzalcoxH/ terrify ('tenfal)v IlpnsoaH'l's B yaac
tar (ta:1n cMoaa test(testlv Hcnlale
rblBal's,rlpoBepsl'b
task (ta:skln aaaaqa,aaaaHue test(ttst)n HcnblTaHHe,npoBepxa
taste (telstlv rzpo6osa'l's textile industry ('tekstall'lndostrl) TexcTuabHaa
taste (tmstln Bxcyc npoMsltuaeHHoc'rb
taught (to:t)cM.teach than (öœnlconjueM
tax Itœks)n Haqor thanks to ('oœnksto)6aaroaaps qeMy-llu6o
tax (tœks)v o6aara' l'B HaqoroM theatricallol-œtnkolla Tea' rpa-qbHzal;
tax collector I'tœkska'lektolc6opmHx Hanora theft(0eft)n Kpaplta
tea (ti:ln qa/ theology (0I'alod3I)n Teoaorus,6orocaosHe
teach(ti:t) (taught,taught)vyCIH' I'B theoretical(ola'rettkal)a TeopeTHqecxle
teach a lesson ('ti:tlg'lesnlrzpoyqH'
l'b therefore ('öEafo:lconjrloarroMy
teacher('ti:tfg)n D HTM B thick (0Ik)a ToacTbu' i,rycl' o;
teachingsI'ti:t/nzlnyqelme thief (0i:f1n Bop
team Iti:mln ItoMalu a thing (0In)n Bemb
tears(tloz)n caeahl think (0Ink)(thought,thought)v AyMa'rb
technology (tekfnalody)n TexHHlta,TexHoaorus though (öou)conjxo' z's
teenager I'ti:n,eldzaln noapocTox,4' l'xlueiaaepl thought(0o:t)cM.think
telegraph ('tehgm :fln l'eaerpa* threat Ioret)n yrpoaa
telephone ('tehfoun)n Teae*ozl threaten (oretnlv yrpoaaTb
telescope I'tehskoup)n Teaeclton threw (0- :1cM.throw
television set I,tell-wzn'setlTeaeBuaop thrifty ('0nftI)a 6epeaaxxBsl/
tell(tel)(told,told)v rosopHa ,paccxaazqBaa through (0ru:1prep qepea,cltsoab
tellon (telcnlcsaaaa ca Ha throughout lonz:'autl prep rzo BceMy (upocTpaHcTsy,
temperate ('temparrq a yMepeHyzhl; BpeMezxM 1<T., q.)
temperature('tempntfa)n TeMrzepaq'
ypa throw (orou)(threw,thrown)v 6pocaa
tend (tend)v c'rpeMuTscs,HMe'z'b '
relu elm Hlo thrown lorounlcM.throw
tenementsI'tenamantsln IcBapTHp/,caasaeMbleBHaeM thrustIorastlv q' ogm aq's,Tszxaa ,cosaq's
(o6sIHHo B 6elHszx HsapTa-qax) thunderstorm ('oandosta:mln rpoaa
tennis('tems)n q' eHHHc thus(öAs)adv Talt,' M XHM o6paaoM
tension (tenln)nHaupsaeHne,HanpsaeHHocl,
B ticketI'tlkztln 6z4JzeT
tent(tentqn rzaqal'la timber ('tlmbo)n Jlec (JlecoMaTepua-q)
term (to:m)n nepHoa,cpos;'repMHH time Italmln BpeMs
term ofoffice('ta:m ov'cfls)cpox ripe6slBaHHs Bgoaa- time-table ('talm,tezbll.n pacrzMcaHHe
Hoc'rM tin gtm)n oaoso,aecl's;ItoHcepsxlaa 6aHxa
terms (tgzmzln ycaoBus tiny ('talm)a HpoxoTHu- H
terrible ('tenblla yaacHbl; tip (tp )n Itoaqxrc
432 433
tireless I'talahs)a Hey'roMxlMszk travel('trœval)v rlyTemecvsoBa'rb
tobacco (tg'bœkou)n Ta6alc traveller ('trœvolo)n nyr retuecTBeHanx
toleration (,tolI'reIJn1nTepunMoc'
l'
b treat(tri:t)v o6pamar rbcs c,JzeqHq'b
told (touldlcM.tell treatment('tri:tmant)n o6pameHHe,JleqeHHe
ton (tAn)n ToHHa treaty l'tri:tlln aoroBop
too (tu:)adv Toae,calz lttlxloM tree (t1-1:)n aepeso
took ltttklcM.take tree-lined streetsI'tri:slamd'stri:ts)yaym bl,ycaaeHHble
tool(0:11n HHcTpywfeH'r,opyaHeTpm a aepeBbaMH
top (tcp)n BeptuHHa,Bepxymxa tribe(tralbqn rlzfelvls
total('toutgl)a Becb,rzollylhli,qe.qbl; tributary ('tnbjutanln rlpnl'ox tpexHl
totally ('toutoh)adv rzolznocl'blo trick (tnk)n Tpzos,tuyl'xta
touch(tAtJ1:keepintouchwithrzoiwep-Hsa'
rscssasc trip ltnpln uoeapm a
tourist('tugnst)n TypHc' r troogs ltru:psln Boiclta
toward (tg'wo:d)prep rzo HaripaB.
qeHHm 11 troplcal('troplkol)a l'
ponuqecxtle
tower (taucln 6nTnHs trouble ltTabll n 6ela,6ecnopsasH,HerlpHsr
rHocq'
u,
tracks(trœks):railway tracksaeaeaHolopoaœ bleuy'
ru 6ecrzoxokcl'Bo
trade (treldln ToproBas,peMecao trouble-free l'tlwbl'fri:lcso6oimsl; o'raa6oT
trade (treldlv ToproBa'rB trouble spots I't4wbl'spots)ropsqHe ToxlKH
trader (treldd n Toproseq true ltru:la upaBaHBhxk,Bepusl;
tradition ltro'dlfnln TPMHIJHS trust(trast)v aoBeps' rs
traditionalltra'dllnalla 'rpwm ql'
lolxl.
lbl; trustltrAstln aoBepne;TpecT
traditionallyltro'vngllladv'rpwmlwoHHo,uo' rpaimlwH trusting I'tlwstlp)a poBepqHBbl;
traffic ('trœftkln AopoaHoe FIBHaIeHHe truth (% :01n npaBaa
trailltrellln Tpona,rly' rb truthful1't1-t1:011)a npaB;IMBsl/
train (trelnlv q'peHHposar rs,o6yqarrb try (tral)v nâkl'raTsca
train (trem)n Iloeaa tulip-tree l'tju:hpstri:ln 'rloasnaHHoe lepeso
train carriage I'trem 'kœndz)BaroH uoeaaa tunnel(tanl)n ' ryHHeab
train engine ('trem'endzln)JIOKOMOTHB turkey l'to:luln HHaeixta
trained (tremd)a TpeHnponaHHbli,o6yueHzxral; turn (tarn)v noBopaqHsa' rs
tram (trœm)n TpaMsa; turn into ('to:n IntolIlpeBpaTHa cg B
transcontinentàl('trxrlz,kontl'nentl)a TpaHcI<ùHTHHeH- tutning poiiitI'to:mnrpomtlnosopovHslë rzyl- ' r
TaJIBHBI/
translate (trœns'lelt)n nepeBoaH'
l's turtle (ta:t1)n qepenaxa
transport('trœnspa:t)v nepeBoaH'rs twin Itwmln O naHeq
transportation(,trxnspo:'telfnlnuepeBoaxH,TpaHcnop- typewriter I'talpralto)n ulxtuymaa MattlHHxa
THpoBKa typewriting machine ('talpraltln mg'Ji:n1rlMtuymas
M am uHx a
trap (trœp)v CTaBH'
I'B ItarlxaHbl,JIOBHTB c rloMomslo typical('tlptkglla '
rHIAHMHBI;
ItarlltaHo B

434 435
 U unknown (rAn'noun)a HeylaBec'
unable (An'elbl)a He B cocr
roaltuu
unanimously Uuenœnzmgsll)adv eaHHoraacHo
unclean I,an'kli:n)a HeqHcl'hl/
unconstitutional('An,konstlfju:lnglla HelçOHCTHryzwOH-
HBI/
undergo I,andg'goul (underwent, undergone) v
noaBeprHyTbcs
undergone (,andg'gonlcM.undergo
underground (,ando'gratmdla rzoaaeMHsl;
understand (,anda'stœndl (understood,understood)v
IIO H H M a'I'B
understood I,Ando'studlcM.understand
underwater (,ando'wc:tala rzoasoimblk
underwent (,anda'wentlcM.undergo
uneasy (,An'i:zI)a Herlo ce6e,B HeaoBxoM rlo.qoaeHuu
unemployed ('Anlm'ploldla 6eapa6oTHlH
unemployment('Amm'plolmant)n 6eapa6oTlm a
unexcelled ('AnTk'seldla HerlpesaoiiaeHHu;
unexpected ('AnTks'pektldla Heoyxlu axllal/
unexplored (,amks'plo:dla HeuccaeaosaHHuii
unfair (,An'f:o1a HecrzpaBealzussz;
unfortunately (,An'fa:tlanothladv ItHecqacTBlo
unhappy l,An-hœplla HecqacTHsl;
unhealthy (,An'hel0I)a Heaaoposblë
unheard-of(,An'ha:d ov1a HeczlblxaxHBl;
uniform ('ju:mfa:mla eaHHoo6paaHslk,oaHopoaHbl/
- '
uniform ('ju:mfarmln Yopwla toileyI<lbll
uniformity (,junlffo:mltl) n eaHHoo6paaHocq'b,
oaHopoaHoc'
rb
unique b'u:fni:kla yHHHaJIBHBI/
unitl'jurnrq:military unitBoHHclcasqac' l'b(noapaaae-
JleHHel
unite Uu'naltlv o6r seill4l.
IaTs
united Iju'naltldla o6' se;InHeHHsl;
universe ('ju:mvg:sln BceaeHuas
university l,jtuufvg:srtlln yHHBepcHl'e'r
unjust(,An'd3AstJa HecrlpaBeaaHssl;
436
rxlsl;
unlike (,anlalk)adv Henoxoae;He Talt,xax
unload (,anfloudlv paarpyaa'l'b
unpaved (,an'pelvdla HeMomexlblii
unpractical(,anrprœktlkal)a HeupaltTMqHuii
unprotected (,anpro'tektld)a Heaam um eHHbl;
unsafe (,An'seIf1a He6eaorlacHu;
unsafely l,zuz'sezfhladv He6eaozzacHo
unsettled area(,an'setld'sano)HeaaceaexlHaa MecTHoc'rs
unskilled l,an'sklldla Hel<sa-qyztllvlquposhHHbl;
unsuitable (,anfsju:toblla HerloaxoaamHx' i
untalkative (,an'to:kgtw)a HepaarosopqHsblë
until(an'tIl)prep noxa;ao Tex nop,rloxa
unusual(An'ju:ïual)a Heo6blqubl;
upperI'Apg)a BepxHHk
upset yp'setl(upset,upset)v rzepeBepHyq's,onpoxx-
HyTB, paccTpou'
l'b
upset(Ap'set)a paccTpoeu
upstrenm l'Apstri:mladv Bsepx rlo '
reqeHxm
urban ('o:bon)a ropolcuo;
urge (o:dzlv rzo6ypm al's,yrosapHBa'
rs
use Uu:z)v HcrloabaoBal's,rzoabaoBaa cs
use Uu:s)n noasaa
used Iju:stl:getused to rlpHBblltHy'
rs zt
useless ('ju:shs)a 6ecrzozleaHbl;
usually ('ju:zugh)adv o6blqHo
V
vacuum cle= er I'vœkjuom'kli:no)n rzbzaecoc
valley ('vœlI)n ao.qHHa
value I'vœljulv qez- 'rb
value ('vmlju)n qeHHoca
variety (vo'ralgtlln paaHoo6paaHe
various ('vconos)a paaHoo6paaHbl/
vary ('vEglq)BapsHposaa cs
vast(va:st)a orpoMHbl;
vegetable garden ('vedzgfgbl'ga:dnloropoa
vegetables ('vedzatablz)n osomH
437
vegetation f,vedzg'telln!npacTuTeasHoc'
rb warship t'wo:,JIp1nBoeHHu; xopa6as
velocity (vl'losltl)n cxopoc'rB wash (wollv MbITB(cs),OMSIBaTB
veto ('vi:toulv Ha-qaral'b se'l'o watch(wotllvc. qeilHTb,Ha6alozial'
b
vice-president ('valsfprezldantjn BMue-upealueHT water('wotaln Boaa
victim ('wktlmjn aepl'Ba waterfallI'wo:tgfa:l)n Boaorzal
victory ('vtkton)n Ilo6eaa waterways ('wo:towelzln BoaHBze rzy'ryl
videotaped movie ('vldloustelpt'murvl)Blu eotm.qbwf wave Iwmv)n Boaxla
view (vju:ln BHa wave Iwmvlv paaMaxHBa' rb
Viking ('valklp)n BHKHHIa way (wel)n nyTb,crloco6
village ('vzhdzqn pepeBxla way oflife ('welav'laltl o6paaaHaHH
violence ('valolonsjn Haclu He weak (witk)a czza6sz;
violently ('valalanth)adv cH. qbHo,apocTHo,o'
rqaaHHo weaken ('wi:kan)v oclla6as' l's
visit('vlzlt)n BylaHT,Hocem elm e wealthy ('we10I)a 6orarrblk,aaalHoqHsl/
visit('vlzlt)v HaHec' l'
H BHaHT,rloceTH't'B weapons I'weponz)n opyaHe
vocabulary (va'kœbjulgnln caoBapB wear(wca)(wore,worn)v HocHa (oaeaay)
volcanic (vol'kxlukla ByaxaHMqecxtle weatherI'weöa)n noroaa
vote (vout)v roaocosaa weedslwi:dzln copHaxH
vote (vout)n roaoctrzpH roaocosaHHH) week (wi:kln Heaelzs
voyage ('volldz)n Mopcxoe'rzyTemeclœHe weekend ('wi:keendln xoHeq Heaeau
weight(wmt)n Bec
W welcome ('welkam)v rzpHBeTcTBoBa' rs
wage a war ('weld: a'wc:lBecl'H BoëHy well(wel)adv xopomo
wages('weldzlz)n aaplu a'ra wellIwel)n xoaoaeu
wagon I'waggnln YyproH well-being ('wel'bi:lnln 6aarococToaHHe
wagon train I'wœgonftrem)BepeHHqa &yproHoB (aMe- well-trained ('wel'tremd)a xopomo o6yqeHHblë
pHxaHcsHx IcoaoHMcTos) west(westln aanaa
wait(welt)v aaaq's western ('westonla aarzaaHu;
wake (weik)(woke,woken)v IlpocblnaTbcs,6y;IHTs westward ('westwod)adv Ha aanaa
walk Iwo:k)v IU TM,xoaHl's rzeum oM wheat (wi:tln rztueHym a
wall(wo:l)n cTeHa wheel(wi:lJn Koaeco
wander I'wondg)v 6poimq'b whenever(wen'evaladv m e 6B1HI4,Ityaa 6b1HH
wandering I'wandonnla 6poAsuHii whether ('weöa)cpnjJII.I
want(wcnt)v xoTel'b whistle (wlsllv csMcTe' rs
war(wo:)n BoiiHa whistle (wlslln csncTolt
warm (wo:m)a TeIIJIBI; white (walt)a 6e.qsIë
warmth (wc:m0)n Terzao white-skinned ('walt'skmd)a 6e.qoltopltHii
warn (wc:nlv npeiyrzpeym al'b whole (houl)a Becs,Ile. qbl;
warning ('wo:mn)n rlpeaynpepm eHHe wide (wald)a kuHpolcHii
458 439
widely I'waldh)adv IuHpoxo wordcombination ('wg:d,kombl'nelfnlcaoBocoqeTaHne
wide-spread ('wald'spred)atunpoxopacrlpocrpaaeaHsl; wore (wo:1cM.wear
wife(walfln aeHa work (wa'
.k)n pa6ol'a
wild (walld)a AHI<H; work (wg'.klv pa6orral's
wilderness I'wïldgms)n aHltas Heo6aHl'as MecTHocl'b workhard('wo:k'ha:djyrxopHo'
rpyima cs,Harzps-
c aeBcqmeHHoë rzpHpoaoë a eaHo pa6oTaa
wildly ('walldll)adv aHxto work out('wo:k'autlpaapa6oTa'rs
will(wIl1n Bols,aasem aHHe workman ('wo:kmon)n pa6oqle ,pa6ovHHlt
willing ('wI1In)a aeaalomMi,ro'
rosu; workplace ('wa:kplms!n pa6ouee MecTo
win (wm)(won,won)v uo6eima ,oaepaaa rlo6egy, workshop ('wo:klopln qex
Bv xxrpa'
rb '
world (wo:ldln MHp
win a victory l'wm a'vtldzn)oaepaaa no6eay world-famous ('wo:ld'felmas)a BceMHpHo Hasecerxrsl;
win independence ('wm mda'pendansl aasoesal'
b world-wide ('wo:ldwald)a BceMHpHhlz'
i
HeaaBHcHM ocl'b worn (wo:n)cM.wear
wind (wmd)n BeTep worry l'wanlv 6ecrlosoMa cs,BoaHosaa cs
window I'wmdouln oituo worse (wa:sla xyae
windy l'wmdlla BeTpeHsl; worship ('wg:JIp1v nox.
qoHaacs,o'rrzpasal'
rs 6oro-
wine (wam)n BHHO caya elm e
winner l'wmaln no6eaHTe.qb,BhlMrpaBltxle worth (wc:0):be worth cToHa qero-aH6o
winter ('wmtoln anMa wound lwu:ndln paua
wire(waloln rlposoaoxa,npoBoa wound (wu:nd!v PaHHTB
wish (wI1n ae.qaHHe wounded l'wu:ndldla paHeHslk
wish (wI)v aeaaa write (raltl(wrote,written)v rlHcaa
witch (wItJ1nBeaBMa writer('raltoln uHcaTeab
withdraw (wIö'cho:)(withdrew,withdrawn)vBBIBeCTH, written (rltn1cM.write
M aJIHTB wrong Iran)a Herlpaslu bHsli,He ToT
withdrawn (wlö'dro:n)cM.withdraw wrote (rout)cM.write
withdrew lm ö'dl'u:lcM.withdraw
within (wlöm)prep BHyl'pH Y
without(wlö'aut)prep 6ea yard b'a:dln iwop
woke (wolzk)cM.wake yetUetladv eme
woken (wollkn)cM.wake young b'Anla Moaoao;
woman ('wumanln aeHtlw Ha youth b'u:0)n IoHoca
won (wanlcM.win
wonderful('wandofulla qylecHslfi Z
wood lwudln aec,aepeBo (MaTepHaq),aposa zone(zoun)n aoHa
wooden Iwudnla aepeBsHllblii zoo (zu:)n aoonapx
word (wg:d)n caoBo
440
 Table of contents
SECTION ON E . G EN ER A L IN FOR M A TION .......3
CH APTER 1. GEOG R H IC AI,SU RV EY ........3
P art 1. G eographical P osition.......................3
lDart 2. N ature. ...........................................5
llart 3.(IOaStS............................................5
lDart 4. Itelief.............................................5
lDart 5. (lll-rnate. .........................................9
llart 6.lnland lAraters...............................11
llart 1. Vegetatl -on. ...................................13
lAart 8.A nl *m alIuife. .................................15
Part 9. N atural R esources..........................16
lDart 10. AlcoAlolllT?.....................................16
(ZTT?ïT3TC>II' ItFIATI>ZI!r .................................18
CH APTER 2.
COM POSITION Of THE COUNTRY ...............19
llart 1. lke:v Englnnd.................................19
Part 2.The M id-A tlantic Region.................20
llart 3.!lhe South.....................................21
lzart 4. The M 1 *dW est. ................................22
laart 5. qrhe Southw est...............................23
Part 6. The R ocky M ountain R egion............24
Part 7.The Pacific N orthwest and A laska....25
lAart 8.California and H awa- i1.....................26
CH A PTER 3. PO LITICA L SY STEM ..............28
Part 1. The Constitution......................... ... 29
. Part 2. Defending the N ation. ....................85
I'art 2.Federall -sm .........p..........................30
.
Part 3. Three Branches of Governm ent........30
Part 4.State and localgovernm ents............34
l>art 5. Tw o-party System ......................k. ,..35
(ZII Tr>llt It>IRTIAII!T .................................35
442
SECTION 1254,().ITISTORY ............................37
UN IT ONE.A PERIOD OF EX PLORA TION ...37
CHA PTER 1.TH E FIRST INH ABITAN TS .....37
Part 1.Through the Gateway. ....................37
Part 2.W ays of Indian Life.......................39
CH APTER 2. SEA R CH IN G FO R R ICH ES ......42
Part 1.Europe's First Explorers................-42
Part 2.Spain and the New W orld. ............-.45
Part 3.Other European Explorers...............51
UN IT TW O.A PERIOD OF COLONIZATION ..56
CHAPTER 3.EA RLY SETTLEM EN TS ..........56
Part 1.Spanish Settlem ents .......................56
Part 2.French and Dutch Colonies..............58
Part 3.English Settlem ents. ......................60
CHH TER 4.TH E EN GLISH COLONIES .......65 .
Part 1.(
V e'
w Englaild.................................65
Part 2.Thè M iddlé Colonies.......................71
Part 3.The Southern Colonies....................74
UN IT TH REE.A NA TION IS ESTA BLISHED 78
CH APTER 5.TROUBLE IN TH E COLONIES .78
Part 1.Trouble with France ........-..............78
Part 2.Trouble with Britain ......................79
CHA PTER 6.
TH E W A R FO R IN D EPEN D EN CE ................82
Part 1. Preparing for w ar. .........................82
CH APTER 7.A NA TION IS BORN ...............89
Part 1. Form ing a G overnm ept...................89
Part 2. The N ew N ation.............................93
Part 3. The W ar of 1812. ..........................95
443
 U N IT FOU R .SETTLIN G TH E W EST .......... 101)
CH A PTER 8. TH E PION EER S ................... 10()
Part 1. Settling the frontier ................' ..... 1.04)
Part 2. Pioneer Life..................;............. 101
Part 3. Expanding the N ation................... 1()7
(ZIIZVIATF>IIt 9. T2() q2l1>1 I3ZVIrI>aII; ................. 11,3
l/art 1. M OXiCO. ..........0........................... 11. '1
Part 2. Oregon and U tah. ........................ 1 l1
Part 3. California. ........................-......... 12()
CH A PTER 10.
N EW W A YS IN TH E N EW N A TION .......... 12:1
Part 1.D em ocracy Grow s.........................12:1
Part 2. N ew Transportation. ....................127
Part 3.The N ation's Sections...................13t)
U N IT FIV E . TH E N A TIO N IS DIV ID ED ..... 1. 41:1
CH A PTER 11.
ST,AV ER Y D IV ID ES TH E N A TION ............. 1.1.1
Part 1.The slave systern .......................... 1.
-$:1
Part 2.Fighting Slavery..........................1;1t;
CH A PTER 12.TH E CIV IL 'W ................ 1Jlf)
Part 1.The Road to W ar............' .............136)
Part 2. The W ar Y ears............................ 14:!
CH APTER 13. R ECO N STR U CTION ............ ldt)
Part 1.The South after W ar....................1df)
Part 2..A .N ew W ay of Life. ..................... 15()
Part 3. The N ew South............................ 15:1
U N IT SIX . G R OW TH A N D C G E ......... 157
CH APTER 14.
(2 (7>1S ()!Q :211:1 baItEIIQTCI>IIt .....-.......... 1r)
'7
Part 1. Settling the - B /'est......................... 157
Part 2. R anching and E M ining. ......-........... 1t;()
444
Part 3.Changes in the Life of Indians.......163
CH A PTER 15. IN D U STR IA TU GR OW TH ...... 166
Part 1.The Railroad Boom .Steeland Oil...166
Part 2. The A ge of lnvention.................... 169
CH A PTER 16.
CITIES, PEOPLE A N D IN D U STR Y ............. 175
Part 1.Am erican Cities Grow ...................175
Part 2.'W orkers and Factories..................179
Part 3. N ation of Im m igrants................... 181
Part 4.Progressive M ovem ent ..................184
UNIT SEVEN .
GAIN ING POW ER IN TH E W ORLD ...........189
CH H TER 17. TH E U N ITED STA TES
I!Q IITIIItIUID ZNJ?:aktTlts ...............................189
Part 1.The Changing Role
of the Ilnited States................................189
llart 2.W orld lRrar 1...........-...................193
CH A PTER 18. TH E 1920's
AN D TH E GREA T DEPRESSION ...............197
Part 1.A fter W orld W ar 1.......................197
Part 2.The R oaring Tw enties................... 200
Part 3.Depression Years. ........................206
CH A PTER 19. W OR LD W A R 11................. 211
Part 1.The W ar in Europe. .....................211
Part 2.A m ericans at W ar........................ 214
Part 3.The Last A ct............................... 218
U N IT EIG H T .TH E U N ITED STA TES TODA Y 224
CH A PTER 20. TH E U N ITED STA TES
A FTER W OR LD W A R 11 ....-..................... 224
Part 1.The search for Peace. ...................224
Part 2- Life after W orld W ar Il................ 229
445
 CH A PTER 21. A CCOM P LISH M EN TS
Part 1. Science and Progress....................232
Part 2. A dvances in D em ocracy
and Current Problerns. ...........................236
SECTION TH R EE . PR ESEN T.D A Y
CH A PTER 1. A M ER IC PEOPLE ............241
Part 1. The N ative A m ericans. .................242
lzart 2. T2he British. ................................243
Part 3.The New England Yankee..............243
Part 4. A frican-A m ericans....................... 245
Part 5. lm m igrants from N orthern
and W estern Europe................................245
Part 6.Im m igrants from Southern
Rnd Eastern Etlrope.............#...................246
Part 7. H ispanic-A m ericnns......................247
Part 8.A sian-Am ericnns..........................247
(;TIyïT3RP'II' ItFISTIFIS!T ...............................248
CH APTER 2.H OW TH EY LIVE .................249
llart 1.The l!,ay of Ixife..........................249
lsart 2.Alducation. ..................................250
Part 3.Culture.Leisure.Entertainm ent. ...251
llart 4.:IO1idayS.....................................25t 3 FIItIIIIST I1>lA;l!f()l!T2t?f ..........................333
llart 5.!2he (lO5VbOy.................................258
()TTkïIATZFIIt I'>IRTIAIS!E ...............................261
(ZTIktIITC'IIt 3. IVIIIAT IfIIItIC ........................262
llart 1. 2% Ilrtique City.............................262
Part2.Lo'wer (Downtown)M anhattan.......265
lzart 3.M idtoWn.....................................2V2
Part4.Upper (Uptown)M anhattan...........277
(;II 12:111 It>ISTIIIS!T ...............................282
446
CH TER 4. O TH ER A M E RICA N CITIES...283
Part 1. W ashington, the N ation's Capital...283
llart 2. (lhiC&gO. .....................................28. 5
13art 3. IVPYV O rleans................................28U
17art 4. San Francisco..............................289
làart 5. Iuos A ngeles. ....-..-.......................292
(rITJVIATZFIIt I'>IATIFIIAT ...............................295
SECTIO N FO U R . FA M OU S A M ERICA N S ......296
(I>ICII'IIII lAr2&I5I4l!f(1qq()!f ...........-.............298
TFIII)AJktF1 eTFIICICICItE4I)IQ -...........................300
IIFII;.T IIQ I'IVZVIVICIUI!V ..........................303
AM>IIVIICEIII::I (ZIIIIIAAIIR ..............................306
H EN R Y W A D SW OR TH LON GFELLOW ....308
SAM UEL 'IIIIJSTON ...............................310
SOJOU RNER TZItIJTZII .............................312
H A R R IET B EECH ER STOW E .................. 314
JVI)ItkïT12%A; IUIICIrIIIU!V ............................. 316
A!Tkt1,!2 IREIII!Z .................................. 319
A'JVI'IC IZShT/tTIV ...................................... 32 1
TCITIIAJ?NF1 kïTuA::t >1I)lE;()!q ......................... 326
ZVIUIIIII'TC E1N STElN ................................ 330
A;JVI'TZIIC IUIJC?IIFIIt ICII;II ....-................... 336
>IIUFIJVIfI)It I'IIIISEVELT ............... ........... 339
.
A;IIrIIJVFIIU (IIIIUIUIN S ................................34 1
ItEGIONS,STA TES D STA TE CAPITA LS .343
'PH E U N ITED STA TES PR ESID EN TS ...........347
IUIST OF PR OPER N A M ES ..........................350
IUIST OF GEOGR H ICATUN ES ..............354
I'
IN G LISH -R U SSIA N VO CA BU TUA R Y .............360
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ISBN 978-5-9925-0127-7

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