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Efectos de la Radiación
Electromagnética sobre
la Salud
Health Effects of Electromagnetic
Radiation

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* Laboratorio de Endocrinología Experimental y Patología Ambiental, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina,
Universidad de Chile; Departamento de Salud y Medio Ambiente, Consejo Regional Santiago, Colegio Médico de Chile;
atcherni@med.uchile.cl; dirección postal: Casilla 21104, correo 21, Santiago, Chile.
** Departamento de Biofísica y Medicina Nuclear, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Servicio
de Radiología, Hospital Salvador, Santiago de Chile.

221
Andrei N. Tchernitchin-Rubén Riveros

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225
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Agradecimientos: Financiado en parte por el Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Universidad de Chile, pro-
yecto DID SOO-11/2 “Regulación de la Contaminación Electromagnética en Chile” (asesoría externa).

,iviÀi˜Vˆ>à 11. Kliukiene J, Tynes T, Martinsen JI, Blaasaas


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