Cátedra de Ingeniería Rural

Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola de Ciudad Real

Calcular las reacciones y momentos de empotramiento de la viga de la figura,

empleando el método de superposición. Así mismo, obtener la deformación en
el punto de aplicación de la carga aplicando los teoremas de Mohr.

P=50 kN

A B
2m 3m

El sistema de la figura se puede descomponer en:

[1] [2]
P=50 kN
MA MB

A B
A B
2m 3m
2m 3m

Con las restricciones:

θ A1 + θ A 2 = 0
θB1 + θB 2 = 0

• En la viga biapoyada con carga puntual descentrada se obtiene:

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b )
θ A1 =
6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l

− P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + a)
θB1 =
6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l

• y en la viga biapoyada con momentos negativos en los apoyos:

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 Cátedra de Ingeniería Rural
Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola de Ciudad Real

− MA ⋅ l M ⋅l
θA2 = − B
3⋅E ⋅I 6 ⋅E ⋅I

MB ⋅ l M ⋅l
θB 2 = + A
3⋅E ⋅I 6 ⋅E ⋅I

Por tanto, el sistema de ecuaciones definido es:

θ A1 + θ A 2 = 0

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b ) MA ⋅ l M ⋅l
− − B =0 [1]
6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l 3⋅E ⋅I 6 ⋅E ⋅I

θ A1 + θ A 2 = 0

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + a) MB ⋅ l M ⋅l
− + + A =0 [2]
6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l 3⋅E ⋅I 6 ⋅E ⋅I

Dividiendo [1] entre 2 y sumando el resultado a [2] se obtiene:

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b ) MB ⋅ l P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + a) MB ⋅ l
− − + =0
12 ⋅ E ⋅ I ⋅ l 12 ⋅ E ⋅ I 6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l 3⋅E ⋅I

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b ) − MB ⋅ l2 − 2 ⋅ P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + a) + 4 ⋅ MB ⋅ l2 = 0

3 ⋅ MB ⋅ l2 = 2 ⋅ P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + a) − P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b ) = P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + 2 ⋅ a − b )

como l − b = a , se tiene que:

3 ⋅ MB ⋅ l2 = 3 ⋅ P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b

Por tanto,

P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b
MB =
l2

Introduciendo el valor de MB en [1], se obtiene:

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b ) MA ⋅ l P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b
− − =0
6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l 3⋅E ⋅I 6 ⋅E ⋅I ⋅l

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 Cátedra de Ingeniería Rural
Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola de Ciudad Real

P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b ) − P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b = 2 ⋅ MA ⋅ l2

2 ⋅ MA ⋅ l2 = P ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (l + b − a)

como l − a = b , se tiene que:

2 ⋅ MA ⋅ l2 = 2 ⋅ P ⋅ a ⋅ b2

Por tanto,

P ⋅ a ⋅ b2
MA =
l2

Para calcular las reacciones:

∑M A =0

R B ⋅ l + MA − MB − P ⋅ a = 0

P ⋅ a ⋅ b 2 P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b
RB ⋅ l + − −P⋅a = 0
l2 l2

P ⋅ a ⎛ l2 + a ⋅ b − b2 ⎞
RB = ⋅⎜ ⎟⎟
l ⎜⎝ l2 ⎠

∑M B =0

R A ⋅ l − MA + MB − P ⋅ b = 0

P ⋅ a ⋅ b 2 P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b
RA ⋅ l − + −P ⋅b = 0
l2 l2

P ⋅ b ⎛ l2 + a ⋅ b − a 2 ⎞
RA = ⋅⎜ ⎟⎟
l ⎜⎝ l2 ⎠

Numéricamente,

P ⋅ b ⎛ l2 + a ⋅ b − a2 ⎞ 50 ⋅ 3 ⎛ 5 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 − 22 ⎞
RA = ⋅⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 32.4 kN
l ⎜⎝ l2 ⎠ 5 ⎝ 52 ⎠

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 Cátedra de Ingeniería Rural
Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola de Ciudad Real

P ⋅ a ⎛ l2 + a ⋅ b − b2 ⎞ 50 ⋅ 2 ⎛ 52 + 2 ⋅ 3 − 32 ⎞
RB = ⋅⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 17.6 kN
l ⎜⎝ l2 ⎠ 5 ⎝ 52 ⎠

P ⋅ a ⋅ b2 50 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 32
MA = = = 36 m ⋅ kN
l2 52

P ⋅ a2 ⋅ b 50 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 3
MB = = = 24 m ⋅ kN
l2 52

Para calcular la deformación en el punto de aplicación de la carga

mediante los teoremas de Mohr, es necesario recurrir al diagrama de
momentos flectores.

P=50 kN

A B
2m 3m

36 m kN
24 m kN

28.8 m kN

La expresión de la curva de momentos flectores, entre A y A1 (punto de

aplicación de la carga), viene definida por:

x−0 M + 36
= ; → M = 32.4 ⋅ x − 36
2 − 0 28.8 + 36

La sección de momento nulo se encuentra en el punto de abcisa:

36
32.4 ⋅ x − 36 = 0; → x = = 1.11 m
32.4

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 Cátedra de Ingeniería Rural
Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola de Ciudad Real

De este modo, la deformación del punto de aplicación A1 de la carga

puntual respecto a la tangente trazada por A, queda definida por:

1.11 M ⋅ x ⋅ dx 2 M ⋅ x ⋅ dx
δ AA1 = − ∫ +∫
0 E⋅I 1.11 E⋅I

Introduciendo la expresión de M:

δ AA 1 = − ∫
1.11 (32.4 ⋅ x 2
)
− 36 ⋅ x ⋅ dx
+∫
2 (
32.4 ⋅ x 2 − 36 ⋅ x ⋅ dx )
0 E ⋅I 1.11 E ⋅I

1 ⎛⎜ ⎡ 32.4 3 36 2 ⎤ ⎡ 32.4 3 36 2 ⎤ ⎞⎟
1.11 2

δ AA1 = ⋅ − ⋅x − ⋅x ⎥ +⎢ ⋅x − ⋅x ⎥
E ⋅ I ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎦0 ⎣ 3 2 ⎦1.11 ⎟⎠

δ AA1 =
1
E ⋅I
( [ ] [ ] [
⋅ − 10.8 ⋅ 1.113 − 18 ⋅ 1.112 + 10.8 ⋅ 23 − 18 ⋅ 22 − 10.8 ⋅ 1.113 − 18 ⋅ 1.112 ])
29.21
δ AA1 = m
E ⋅I

E en kN/m2 e I en m-4.

Si se calculase de forma gráfica (momentos estáticos respecto A1), el

resultado sería:

-36 m kN
1.63 m
0.30 m

1.11 m 0.89 m

28.8 m kN

1 1 1 28.77
δ AA 1 = ⋅ − ⋅ 36 ⋅ 1.11⋅ 1.63 + ⋅ 28.8 ⋅ 0.89 ⋅ 0.30 = m
E ⋅I 2 2 E ⋅I