Un nuevo enfoque para estimar Invasion Radio de filtrado de
agua basado en los fluidos de perforacin para evaluar el dao
causado Formacin
por sobre balance de perforacin
Kegang Ling, Universidad de Dakota del Norte; He Zhang, SPE; Zheng Shen, Weatherford; Ali Ghalambor, Centro de petrleo
Internacional de Investigacin; Guoqing Han, Universidad del Petrleo de China; y Jun He y Peng Pei,
Universidad de Dakota del Norte
Resumen
dao de la formacin causado por la perforacin sobre balance de lodo a base de agua
(WBM) es inevitable como resultado de barro infiltrado invadir la formacin cerca del
pozo. El radio de la invasin es fundamental para el de flujo multifase cuando el pozo se
pone en produccin. Contribuye a la total de la piel que impide la produccin de
hidrocarburos. Adems, la respuesta de las herramientas de registro puede verse
afectada como resultado de tal invasin, haciendo muchos clculos inexactos en la
evaluacin de la formacin. Para evaluar la piel causada por la invasin de barro
infiltrado, es importante para determinar el radio de invasin. Una revisin exhaustiva de
la literatura indica que ningn mtodo prctico y fiable con base terica slida para
cuantificar el dao de formacin est disponible. Los antiguos estudios asumieron que de
una sola fase de fluido de perforacin desplaza depsito fluidas durante la invasin. El
trato del depsito residual fluidas en la zona invadido introducir error de estimacin
invasin de radio. Este trabajo toma el depsito residual fluidas en cuenta; por lo tanto, la
estimacin del radio de la invasin es ms preciso.
Este trabajo propone un modelo prctico para determinar la profundidad de la
invasin barro infiltrado cerca del pozo perforado por WBM. La distribucin de la
saturacin de filtrado barro fi en la regin cercana al pozo tambin se calcula
mediante el uso de parmetros de perforacin-operacin, los datos de prueba de
filtracin de lodo, permeabilidad relativa, y el tiempo de perforacin. Con el radio
determinado con precisin la invasin y el radio del pozo conocido, la permeabilidad
del yacimiento, y daados por el depsito de la permeabilidad, se puede evaluar el
factor de dao con ms precisin. Con el conocimiento de volumen invasin y el
radio, se puede disear el procedimiento de pozo-limpieza apropiadamente. El
modelo propuesto permite a los ingenieros para predecir el rendimiento del pozo y
para diagnosticar problemas del pozo mediante la comprobacin de cualquier
desviacin de la produccin prevista. Este estudio tambin puede ayudar con la
correccin de los parmetros inferido a partir de mediciones de registro,
Introduccin
Skin es un trmino adimensional para ser utilizado en el diagnstico de desempeo del
pozo. Una piel positivo a menudo indica la disminucin de rendimiento bien causado por
factores tales como dao de la formacin, de acceso limitado, y el efecto ahogada.
Tambin podra ser una piel negativo de aumentar el rendimiento, as, que por lo general
se atribuye a estimulaciones as de acidificacin y la fracturacin hidrulica. Para nuestros
propsitos, la piel del dao de formacin resultante de la perforacin sobre balance (DAB)
se estudia. Hawkins (1956) ecuacin para la piel dao es
Derechos de autor V do 2015 Society of Petroleum Engineers
Este papel (SPE 168184) fue aceptado para su presentacin en el 2014 SPE Simposio y Exposicin Internacional
para el Control del Dao de Formacin, Lafayette, Louisiana, 26-28 de febrero, y revisado para su publicacin.
manuscrito original recibida por opinin 14 noviembre
2013. revisado recibido de opinin 18 de septiembre de 2014. Papel de pares aprobado el 1 de diciembre de 2014.
De marzo de el ao 2015 SPE de Perforacin y Terminacin
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sk 1 ln r s ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 1
ks rw
dnde k la permeabilidad del yacimiento, k s daado la permeabilidad del yacimiento, r s
radio de la zona daada, r w radio del pozo, y
s factor de dao.
Como se muestra en la Ec. 2, as la productividad depende de una serie de rocas y
propiedades de fluidos. Un dao en la piel positivo deteriora la produccin de petrleo. Sin su fi
cientemente la evaluacin de la magnitud de la piel, as, no se puede analizar correctamente la
produccin de petrleo:
kk ro marido re pag
qo ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 2
1 2 ln r mi
141: 2 l o segundo o s
rw
dnde segundo o aceite de factor de volumen de formacin, marido espesor de pago,
k ro permeabilidad relativa al petrleo, q o tasa fl ujo de aceite, r mi radio del lmite exterior del
depsito, l o la viscosidad del aceite, y re pag cada de presin.
OBD se aplica a menudo para equilibrar la presin de poros y evitar patadas bien
cuando el desarrollo de depsitos normales y sobrepresionadas. Hace que el filtrado
de lodo fi invadir la formacin y altera la formacin cerca del pozo. Esta alteracin
afecta la permeabilidad de la formacin y reduce la productividad del pozo. El radio
de la invasin es fundamental para el de flujo multifase cuando el pozo se pone en
produccin. Contribuye a la piel dao que dificulta la produccin de hidrocarburos.
Para evaluar la piel causada por la invasin de barro infiltrado, es de inters para
determinar el radio de invasin. Se han realizado numerosas investigaciones para
determinar el grado de dao y radio de invasin. Los siguientes son algunos estudios
significativos.
Shen (1979) utiliz una prueba de presin-reduccin para determinar el dao de formacin.
Brownson y Peden (1980) evaluaron el deterioro de la permeabilidad causado por la perforacin de
fluidos a travs de un mtodo sistemtico. Doty (1986) estudi las tasas de penetracin, dao
formacin, y la estabilidad del pozo con las pruebas de perforacin a gran escala. Marx y Rahman
(1987) investigaron el dao de la formacin de yacimientos agotados mediante la perforacin de
fluidos. Francis et al. (1995) llev a cabo la verificacin de paquetes de inundacin para la
visualizacin del mecanismo de formacin de daos. Longeron et al. (1995) llevaron a cabo
experimentos para evaluar el dao a la formacin por la perforacin y terminacin fluidos. Ghofrani
et al. (1996) utilizaron relacin de daos para evaluar el dao de formacin en un laboratorio. Hodge
et al. (1997) evaluaron la perforacin diferente fluidos para minimizar el dao de formacin. Byrne et
al. (2000) utilizaron un microscopio electrnico de barrido criognico para estudiar el dao de
formacin sobre balance por las investigaciones de laboratorio. Amanullah (2003) evaluaron el dao
a la formacin causada por el chorro y fi filtrado de los fluidos de perforacin-in. Watson y Nelson
(2003) desarrollaron un procedimiento de pruebas de laboratorio para la seleccin de perforacin
fluidos para minimizar el dao de formacin. Altunbay et al. (2003), combinado datos de resonancia
magntica y resistividad-log nucleares para evaluar el dao de formacin. Ding et al. (2004)
modelado dao de formacin causada por lodos a base de agua (WBMS) y la limpieza de los pozos
horizontales. Sa'nchez et al. (2004) estudiaron la influencia del fluido drilling- Watson y Nelson
(2003) desarrollaron un procedimiento de pruebas de laboratorio para la seleccin de perforacin
fluidos para minimizar el dao de formacin. Altunbay et al. (2003), combinado datos de resonancia
magntica y resistividad-log nucleares para evaluar el dao de formacin. Ding et al. (2004)
modelado dao de formacin causada por lodos a base de agua (WBMS) y la limpieza de los pozos
horizontales. Sa'nchez et al. (2004) estudiaron la influencia del fluido drilling- Watson y Nelson (2003) desarrollaron un pro
27
 Fluido de perforacin distribucin cin en las zonas barri y de transicin, la piel formationdamage se calcula en
consecuencia. Entonces, uno puede planear la estimulacin de pozos en consecuencia y de
manera adecuada, si es necesario para eliminar o aliviar el dao de formacin. Este modelo
tambin puede estimar el perodo de limpieza en el inicio de la produccin. Se permite a los
ingenieros para predecir el rendimiento del pozo y para diagnosticar problemas del pozo
mediante la comprobacin de cualquier desviacin de la produccin prevista. En este sentido,
se puede considerar el efecto de la invasin en la respuesta de las herramientas de registro,
para evitar o minimizar la subestimacin overor de parmetros del yacimiento, tales como la
saturacin de agua.

pag metro
k

marido

rw
pag mi Derivacin de filtrado-Invasion Modelo para sobre balance de
perforacin (OBD) de lodo a base de agua (WBM)

Figura 1 muestra un depsito circular con un hueco en el centro. La filtracin se produce

cuando se aplica OBD con WBM para perforar un pozo. La Fig. 1 puede representar el
r mi
proceso de invasin as. Uno puede ver el fl fraccional ow como filtrado, desplazando el
petrleo lejos de un pozo.
Figura 2 ilustra la owline fl y distribucin de la presin en el depsito. Para hacer
el anlisis simple, se hacen las siguientes suposiciones:
Fig. 1-A depsito cilndrico con un hueco en el centro.
Existe un depsito de aceite homognea con altura constante.
El ngulo de inclinacin de la formacin es cero.
composicin en dao de formacin. Dalmazzone et al. (2006) utilizaron datos de laboratorio para El filtrado de WBM invade el depsito.
minimizar el dao de formacin a travs de la optimizacin del diseo infiltrado. Kelessidis et al. Comprensibilidades de petrleo y filtrado son insignificantes.
(2007) dao de formacin evaluado causada por drill-in fl uid en campos de alta temperatura con Temperatura constante depsito, las densidades de fluidos, y viscosidades existen.
pruebas de laboratorio. Prasad et al. (2008) evaluaron el dao de formacin filtracin dinmica para
la perforacin en Alaska. Jin (2009) cuantificada dao de formacin con drilling- fl datos de prueba Las etiquetas / variables en las Figs. 1 y 2 se definen como sigue:
de filtracin uid dinmicas y estticas. Al-Anazi et al. (2009) investigaron dao de la formacin pag mi depsito de presin lmite exterior, pag metro drilling- fl presin uid, r radio
inducida por la perforacin de formiato de fluidos a travs de estudios de laboratorio y de campo. desde pozo.
Nunes et al. (2009) estimaron que el radio de la zona de dao en la estimulacin bien por una Se puede calcular fi ltrate- y aceite tasas de flujo como
ecuacin transcendental. Wang et al. (2010) propusieron un modelo lineal para cuantificar la
@ re ap o
invasin y partculas infiltrado en OBD. Waldmann et al. (2011) presentaron un modelo radial para q o kk ro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 3
predecir el infiltrado-invasin per fi l en un depsito de mltiples capas con un concepto de lo @r

resistencia lineal. Kome et al. (2012) aplicaron anlisis bien-test para evaluar cerca del pozo dao
y
de la formacin de depsito de gas. Green et al. (2013) utilizaron la exploracin
microtomografa-tomografa para visualizar el dao a la formacin en las pruebas de laboratorio.
@ re ap F
Revisin de la literatura indica que ningn estudio ha propuesto un mtodo prctico, integral y q F kk rf ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 4
lF @r
confiable con una base terica slida para cuantificar este aspecto de dao de formacin causada
por OBD con WBM. El presente trabajo pretende llenar este vaco. (2013) utilizaron la exploracin
dnde UN rea de flujo, k rf permeabilidad relativa a infiltrado, pag o presin del aceite, pag F fi
microtomografa-tomografa para visualizar el dao a la formacin en las pruebas de laboratorio.
presin filtrado, q F fi ltrate- velocidad de flujo, y l F
Revisin de la literatura indica que ningn estudio ha propuesto un mtodo prctico, integral y
fi viscosidad filtrado.
confiable con una base terica slida para cuantificar este aspecto de dao de formacin causada
La introduccin del concepto de la presin capilar, tenemos
por OBD con WBM. El presente trabajo pretende llenar este vaco. (2013) utilizaron la exploracin
microtomografa-tomografa para visualizar el dao a la formacin en las pruebas de laboratorio.
PAG
Revisin de la literatura indica que ningn estudio ha propuesto un mtodo prctico, integral y confiable con una do pag o pag f;
base . .cuantificar
terica slida para . . . . .este
. .aspecto
. . . .de. dao
. . .de. formacin
. . . . .causada
. . . .por
. OBD
. re con
5 WBM. El presente trabajo prete

En el presente trabajo, hemos desarrollado un modelo para determinar la profundidad

de la invasin infiltrado en la regin cercana al pozo del pozo perforado por WBM. La dnde PAG do presin capilar.
distribucin de barro saturacin infiltrado tambin se calcula. Con el radio invasin calculado Sustitucin de fi presin filtrado por el aceite y capilar presin, Eq. 4 se convierte
y barro infiltrado saturacin

Filtrar pag metro

rw

r mi pag metro
w
pag mi
pag mi marido

k
r
r mi

KR

sistema de depsito Fig 2-Radial:. (a) vista en planta, (b) vista lateral.

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 Fluido de perforacin Hay que sealar que la presin capilar desempea un papel importante en
afectar el radio de dao infiltrado. presiones capilares en los embalses estn
afectados por las variaciones en la permeabilidad, la distribucin de tamao de
poro, la historia de saturacin, ngulo de contacto, y la tensin interfacial. El
concepto de nmero de capilaridad, que se define como la relacin de las fuerzas
viscosas a fuerzas capilares, se utiliza para evaluar la competencia entre las
fuerzas viscosas y fuerzas capilares en un proceso de desplazamiento (Willhite
1986). En este caso, es el depsito de fi ltrado-desplazando fluidas. Un nmero
qt= qO+ qf|r+r qt= qO+ qf|r
marido capilar grande significa que las fuerzas viscosas dominan el proceso de
rw desplazamiento, que corresponde al desplazamiento en yacimientos de alta
pag metro
pag mi
k permeabilidad. Un nmero capilar pequeo indica que las fuerzas capilares
r
dominan el proceso de desplazamiento, que corresponde al desplazamiento en
r
yacimientos de baja permeabilidad. El efecto de la presin capilar es menor en
r mi
yacimientos de alta permeabilidad. Bajo esta condicin, la invasin estimada a
partir de la ecuacin. 15 contiene pequeos errores y es aceptable. Si el error no es
aceptable, se debe aplicar la ecuacin. 14. Para baja permeabilidad de esquisto /
Fig. 3-A volumen de control en un depsito circular con un hueco en el centro. depsitos ajustados, la presin capilar puede ser significativo y no puede ser
descuidada. Por lo tanto, se debe aplicar la ecuacin. 14, y aplicar el clculo a
travs de un mtodo numrico, teniendo en cuenta la variacin de la presin capilar
@ UN re pag o PAG do Th? con saturacin y permeabilidad. La inclusin o exclusin de la presin capilar
q F kk rf : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 6 depender de las propiedades del yacimiento, el requisito de precisin de estudio
lF @r
invasin, y el tiempo requerido para el estudio. Excluyendo la presin capilar
En trminos de gradiente de presin, se puede expresar las Ecs. 3 y 5 como requerir menos tiempo de estudio, sino que introducir grandes errores y slo debe
ser utilizado para yacimientos de alta permeabilidad.
@ re ap o
qo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 7
@ r lo kk ro

@ re ap o @ re AP do
q f: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 8 Para entender la distribucin infiltrado en la regin cercana al pozo durante la perforacin
@r @ r lF kk rf y terminacin, es necesaria la construccin de un modelo filtrado a la invasin fi en un sistema
de depsito radial. Teniendo en cuenta el aceite infiltrado-desplazando bajo OBD, uno puede
Restando la ecuacin. 8 de 7, obtenemos
ver que el balance de materiales proporciona el cambio de masa en un volumen de control
por un perodo, que se muestra como el rea sombreada en Fig. 3. Para mayor comodidad,
@ re AP do lo lF
qo qF : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 9 definimos el radio del pozo como el punto de partida, donde r r w, y el depsito profundo es el
@r1 k k ro k rf
lmite exterior, donde r r mi. El balance de materiales da

Para simplificar el anlisis, se introducen los conceptos de la tasa de infiltrar a la

invasin total y de flujo fraccional, que se definen como

d qFqFr re q F q F r re r re t
qt qo qF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 10

pag marido d r re r 2r 2 / d S F q F t re t re S F q F t; . . . . . . re diecisis

y

dnde S F saturacin de filtrado, q F densidad de filtrado, re t intervalo de tiempo, t hora, re r Valor

FF qF ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 11
qt mnimo de radio, y / porosidad.
La simplificacin de la ecuacin. 16, tenemos
dnde q t fi tasa global de filtrado a la invasin de WBM y F F fraccin filtrado.
d qFqFr re q F q F r re r re t
Sustituyendo las ecuaciones. 10 y 11 en la Ec. 9 rendimientos
pag marido 2 r re r re r 2 / d S F q F t re t re S F q F t: . . . . . . . re 17
kk ro
@r qt lo Como re r! 0 y re t! 0, tenemos
F F 1 @ re AP do : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 12
1 k ro l F 2 r re r re r 2 2 r re r: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 18
k rf l o

rea de flujo se define como Eq. 17 se convierte en una ecuacin diferencial parcial:

UN 2 pag rh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 13 @ re q F q F
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 19
@ r 2 pag rh/@ re S F q F @
t
Sustituyendo la Ec. 13 en la Ec. 12, tenemos
Suponiendo una densidad constante, tenemos

re r @ P do @ qF
qt lo @ r PAG do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 20
F F 1 2 pag hkk ro : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 14 @ r 2 r pag h / @ S@
F t:
1 k ro l F
k rf l o Sustituyendo la Ec. 11 en la Ec. 20 da

@ re F F q t
Si la presin capilar es insignificante, la Ec. 14 se colapsa para . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 21
@ r 2 r pag h / @ S F @ t:

FF 1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 15 A pesar de los cambios en las tasas filtrado a la invasin fi durante la perforacin y

1 k ro l F terminacin, el fi nal radio de invasin es ms importante para la cuestin de los daos a la

k rf l o formacin. Si utilizamos un infiltrado de la invasin media

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 anlisis. Se puede calcular d F F de permeabil- relativa ncleo
Spurt loss re S F
SF
Qf
dad y propiedades de fluidos. En caso de que la permeabilidad relativa del ncleo no est
disponible, se puede utilizar el Corey (1954) modelo de permeabilidad relativa. El volumen de
filtrado a la invasin total de fi, Q F tq F- AV, se discute en la siguiente seccin. El tiempo de la
Q sp invasin t es el perodo entre la penetracin inicial de la formacin y la fijacin de cemento en
el pozo entubado.

t 0.5 La fi volumen total filtrado-invasin puede ser influido gravemente por el tiempo total
invasin, diferencial de presin, viscosidades infiltrado y el depsito de fluido, la
Fig. 4Example lter-press data, after Bourgoyne et al. (1986). permeabilidad del yacimiento y el espesor, la permeabilidad y el espesor del revoque de
filtracin, y la magnitud del dao de formacin. El volumen invasin consiste en la prdida de
chorro, la invasin de la formacin mudcake (llamamos a este Etapa 1), y la invasin en
tarifa, q F- AV, para representar el proceso de filtrado a la invasin fi, podemos simplificar la ecuacin. espesor mudcake constante (llamamos a este Etapa 2). Las pruebas de filtracin estticos y
21 a
/ o dinmicos se utilizan para estimar la tasa de filtracin. El flujo de lodo infiltrado a travs
de un revoque de filtracin est dada por Bourgoyne et al. (1986):
@ FF @ SF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 22
@
q f - marido/
@ r 2 r pag AV t;

dnde
q f - invasin re Q F ; . . . . . . . . . . . re 30
re t 0: 0011268 k mc
l FUN
marido
re pag
mc mc
q f - AV Q F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 23
t

y q F- AV promedio fi tasa de filtrado-invasin y Q F volumen total fi ltrateinvasion. dnde k mc la permeabilidad del revoque de filtracin, re pag mc la cada de presin a travs de
mudcake, marido mc espesor mudcake, y q F- invasin fi tasa de filtrado a la invasin.

Debido fraccin infiltrado es una funcin de la saturacin de filtrado,

F F re S F , la aplicacin de la regla de la cadena a la Ec. 22 resultados en Se puede calcular el volumen infiltrado por

re F F@ S F @ SF s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 24 F Carolina del Sur pag ;
q f -av
re S F @ r 2 r pag marido/@ t: QF 2 k mc re pag mc 1 t
UN ffiffi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 31
lF F sm
Debido a la saturacin infiltrado es funcin del tiempo t y la posicin r,
podemos expresar
dnde F Carolina del Sur la fraccin de volumen de slidos en el revoque de filtracin y
F sm la fraccin de volumen de slidos en el lodo.
re S F @ S F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 25 Fig. 4 muestra la grfica del volumen filtrado en funcin del tiempo en la prueba de filtracin
@ t re t @ S@F r re r:
esttica. El volumen infiltrado incluye una prdida chorro y la prdida despus de que el chorro.
En el frente de invasin, la saturacin infiltrado es constante, y nos proporciona
una condicin de contorno: Tambin se puede calcular el volumen infiltrado a la invasin del espesor del revoque de
filtracin:
re S F @ S F
@ t re t @ S@F r re r 0

o Q F A f Carolina del Sur 1 marido MC: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 32

F sm
@ SF re t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 26
@ r @ S F @ t re r : Combinando las ecuaciones. 29 y 30 rendimientos
vuuut
Sustituyendo la Ec. 26 en la Ec. 24 rendimientos
2 k mc re pag mc pagffiffi :
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 33
marido mc ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
re F F F Carolina del Sur
re r:
re t 2 r pag marido/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 27 1 lF
re S F q f - AV F sm

La integracin de la ecuacin. 27, se obtiene una ecuacin para la posicin de filtrado adelantado fi NCA. 31, 32, y 33 se aplican durante la formacin de mudcake. Durante la perforacin,
r F como el espesor de revoque de filtracin se mantiene constante despus de un perodo de tiempo
s dado. El volumen filtrado en mudcake constantthickness se calcula por la ecuacin. 30.
tq f - AV re F F
; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 28
r F ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pag marido/ re S F
F
Durante la perforacin, la invasin de infiltrado a travs de mudcake a la formacin
puede ser tratada como de flujo transitorio y calcula
dnde r F posicin filtrado adelantado fi en un sistema de depsito radial.
kh re pag formation
Para cualquier saturacin infiltrado S F, se puede calcular la posicin de qF invasin
k
s 162:6 l f log t log 3:23 0:87 s ;
tq f - AV re F F /l f c t r 2 w
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re 29
r sf ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
;
pag marido/ re S F 34
SF

dnde r sf posicin de cualquier saturacin infiltrado en un sistema de depsito radial.
Eq. 28 dicta la ms profunda invasin infiltrado, o la outerboundary de la
zona daada. Eq. 29 da fi distribucin filtrado-saturacin de pozo para el lmite
exterior de la zona daada. Se hace notar que el radio daado es raramente
ms all de 10 pies (Nunes et al. 2009), considerando el volumen de filtrado
limitado que invade en la formacin.
Ahora, podemos hablar de los parmetros necesarios para el clculo de la ecuacin. 29.
Uno puede obtener porosidad de registros de pozos o ncleo
where c t total compressibility and D p formation pressure drop through the
formation.
One should note that skin factor caused by formation damage (or variation of
formation properties caused by ltration) in Eq. 34 changes as invasion radius
changes. Thus, it needs to be updated at different invasion times. The pressure
drop is the sum of pressure drops through the mudcake and formation. It is
equal to the pressure difference between mud pressure and pore pressure.
Therefore, by combining Eqs. 30, 33, and 34, we have the ltrate-invasion rate
at Stage 1:

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 The sum of Eqs. 39, 37, and 38 gives the total ltrate volume invading the
formation:

Q f 2 p r w hQ sp-lab t 1 q f - invasion1 d t t 2 q f - invasion2 d t;

A lab
0 t1

40

where t 1 time to establish constant mudcake thickness, or time period of Stage 1,

and t 2 total invasion time.
One can use Eq. 31 to calculate the time to establish constant mudcake
thickness. One can calculate the ltrate-invasion volume in Eq. 31 from Eq. 32.
The mudcake thickness in Eq. 32 is the difference between bit size and wellbore
radius, which is measured from the caliper log. One should note that the
parameters used for calculation should be measured under downhole conditions,
if possible.

Calculation Procedure

Table 1 The input data for ltrate invasion in a radial system.

The calculation procedure is as follows:
1. Calculate spurt loss in wellbore with Eq. 39.
2. Divide the invasion period into several time intervals; the overbalanced
vuuutpressure should be constant in each interval.
2 k mc D p mc p 3. Choose Time Interval 1; assume skin factor 0; calculate
q f - invasion1 l f t
f sc invasion rate by Eq. 37 if mudcake thickness is less than constant
1 lf
f sm mudcake thickness or by Eq. 38 if mudcake thickness is equal to or
p m p p D p mc D p formation greater than constant mudcake thickness.
0:0011268 k mc A ;
! 4. Calculate mudcake thickness by Eq. 33.
k 5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 until the calculated mudcake thickness converges.
log t log 3:23 0:87 s
/l f c t r 2 w
162:6 q f - invasion1 l f 6. Calculate invasion volume by Eq. 40; calculate invasion radius by Eq. 28;
kh
calculate a new skin factor by Eq. 1.
35
7. Choose Time Interval 2, with the new skin factor obtained from Step 6;
repeat Steps 3 through 6 until nishing all time intervals.
where p p formation pore pressure and q f- invasion1 ltrate-invasion rate at Stage 1,
and
8. With the invasion volume obtained in Step 7, calculate the ltrate-front
position and any ltrate-saturation position through Eqs. 28 and 29.
A 2 p r w h: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Solving Eq. 35 for ltrate-invasion rate at Stage 1, we have

Case Study
q f - invasion1 A synthetic case was used to illustrate ltrate invasion in drilling. The input
pmpp data are shown in Table 1. Table 2 is the relative permeabilities and calculated
vuuut
:
2 k mc D p mc p ! parameters vs. ltrate saturation. One can obtain drilling-uid and ltrate
lf t properties from drillinguid laboratory measurements. One can measure
f sc k
1 lf log t log 3:23 0:87 s
f sm /l f c t r 2 reservoir-rock properties, uid properties, and relative permeability through a
w
pressure/volume/temperature test and core analysis. Reservoir pay thickness,
0:0011268 k mc A 162:6 l f kh
wellbore radius, and constant mudcake thickness are estimated by
37 well-logging interpretation. Overbalanced pressure and total invasion time are
from drilling operations. In case of a gas reservoir, one should change the
Similarly, combining Eq. 30 with Eq. 33, we have the ltrateinvasion rate at inputs accordingly. One should replace oil properties with gas properties. One
Stage 2: should use gas relative permeability instead of oil relative permeability. One
should use gas pseudopressure to replace pressure. Considering that gas
q f - invasion2
properties are functions of pressure and temperature, one can use average
pmpp
; gas properties as an approximation.
k
3:23 0:87 s
l f h mc /l f c t r 2 w
0:0011268 k mc A 162:6 l f log t log kh
The spurt loss in the wellbore is 0.055 bbl. The time to establish constant
38
mudcake thickness is approximately 11.5 minutes, or 690 seconds. The
cumulative-invasion volume at the time the mudcake thickness reaches a
where q f- invasion2 ltrate-invasion rate at Stage 2.
constant value is 0.04 bbl. The total ltrate-invasion volume is 18.9 bbl at a total
Because the permeability of mudcake tends to decrease with increasing
invasion time of 100 hours. Therefore, the ltrate-invasion volume at Stage 2 is
pressure, or k mc D p mc a constant (Bourgoyne et al.
more signicant than those of spurt loss and Stage 1, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The
1986), the spurt loss in the wellbore can be approximately calculated from static
plots of ltrate-invasion rate and mudcake thickness vs. time are shown in Fig. 5.
and/or dynamic ltration-test data, which is
Fig. 6 shows the cumulative ltrateinvasion volume vs. time. The
Q sp-lab ltrate-saturation distribution along the radius is shown in Fig. 7. It indicates that
Q sp-well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A lab 2 p rw h ; the ltrate does not completely displace original reservoir uid away from the
nearwellbore region. Therefore, the invasions are deeper than those
where Q sp-lab spurt loss in lter-press test, Q sp-well spurt loss in wellbore, and A lab
lter-press area in lter-press test.

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 1000 0.007

Stage 1
0.006
Stage 2

0.005
100

0.004

Filtrate Invasion Rate (bbl/day)

Mudcake Thickness (ft)

Filtrate invasion rate (bbl/day) Mudcake
0.003
thickness (ft)

10
0.002

0.001

1 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Time (hours)

Fig. 5The plots of ltrate-invasion rate and mudcake thickness vs. time.

1000

Filtrate invasion rate (bbl/day) Cumulative

100
invasion volume (bbl)

100 10

Cumulative Filtrate Invasion Volume (bbl)

Filtrate Invasion Rate (bbl/day) 0.1 1

10 0.01

Stage 1 Stage 2 0.001

1 0.0001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Time (hours)

Fig. 6The plots of ltrate-invasion rate and cumulative ltrate-invasion volume vs. time.

1
at Different Invasion Times
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 Time = 0.1 hours Time

Filtrate Saturation (fraction)

= 1 hours Time = 10
0.4 hours Time = 100
hours
0.3

0.2

0.1 0

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Distance From Wellbore (ft) Filtrate-Saturation Distribution

Fig. 7Filtrate-saturation distribution along the radius at different invasion times.

calculated from the complete-displacement assumption. For example, our

model calculated an invasion radius of 2.4 ft at an invasion time of 100 hours,
whereas piston-like displacement resulted in an invasion radius of 1.9 ft.

Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis is conducted to better understand the effects of crucial
parameters on ltrate-penetration radius. Only the controllable parameters are
Table 2 The relative permeabilities and calculated parameters vs. ltrate saturation. discussed for practical-application purposes.

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 Filtrate-Saturation Distribution at Invasion Time of 10 Hours Filtrate-Saturation Distribution at Invasion Time of 10 Hours
1

0.9 1

0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
Filtrate Saturation (fraction)

Filtrate Saturation (fraction)

0.5
Mudake permeability = 0.1 md Mudake
0.4 Pressure difference = 100 psi
permeability = 0.005 md Mudake 0.4
Pressure difference = 300 psi
0.3
permeability = 0.001 md 0.3
Pressure difference = 600 psi
0.2 0.2

0.1 0 0.1 0

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Distance From Wellbore (ft) Distance From Wellbore (ft)

Fig. 8Filtrate-saturation distribution at invasion time of 10 hours for different mudcake Fig. 9Filtrate-saturation distribution at invasion time of 10 hours for different pressure
permeabilities. differences.

Sensitivity of Invasion Time. Fig. 7 indicates that the invasion radius increases
as invasion time increases. This agrees with the observations in the eld.
Therefore, major effort should focus on limiting invasion time.
Sensitivity of Mudcake Permeability. To evaluate the effect of the mudcake
permeability on the ltrate-penetration radius, three different mudcake
permeabilities are used. All other input data are the same for three cases. Fig. 8 shows
the invasions at the time of 10 hours.
38, in which a larger skin factor results in a lower invasion rate. To quantify the
difference in the invasion radius with/without the damaged-zone protection, we
compare three different scenarios: the rst scenario does not consider the effect
of formation damage on the ltrate invasion; the second scenario takes the effect
of the formation damage on the ltrate invasion into account, and the permeability
of the damaged formation is 20% of the original permeability; the third scenario
also takes the effect of the formation damage on the ltrate invasion into account,
and the permeability of the damaged formation is 5% of the original permeability.
The original permeability is 5 md. The invasion radii with/without the
damaged-zone protection at different invasion times are shown in

It is obvious that high mudcake permeability results in deep invasion.

Therefore, creating a tight mudcake is essential to reduce formation damage.
Fig. 10. One could see that the invasion radii of the severe-damage scenario
(the permeability of damaged formation is 5% of the original permeability) are
shorter than those of the light-damage scenario (the permeability of damaged
Sensitivity of Pressure Difference. During overbalanced drilling, the pressure
formation is 20% of the original permeability). It is also clear that the invasion
difference affects invasion depth. Three pressure differences are analyzed, and
radii of second and third scenarios are shorter than those of the rst scenario.
the corresponding invasions are evaluated. Fig. 9 shows that the invasion radius
Therefore, from the formation-damage-control point of view, this self-protection
increases as the pressure difference increases.
mechanism does protect the formation from extremely severe damage.

Again, it is clear that low pressure difference benets damage control.

During drilling operations, one should apply low pressure difference; but one
should note that low mud weight may cause well-kick and well-stability problems.
One should exercise caution to avoid such problems. Discussion of Filtrate Invasion After Running Well Logging

One should note that mudcake thickness changes while tripping out, making
Effect of Damaged Zone on Invasion Radius. We notice that the reduction of logging runs, and running casing. The mudcake will build up under static states.
formation permeability caused by invasion reduces the ltrate-invasion rate, or But these static states are not totally static because of the upward movement
in other words, the formation damage caused by the invasion will alleviate of the drillpipe and bottomhole assembly and the downward movement of
further damage through reducing invasion rates. This is reected in Eqs. 37 drilling uid to ll the volume opened by the withdrawn drillpipe, running
and

1 Filtrate-Saturation Distribution at Different Invasion Time

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6 Time = 0.1 hour_With damage effect on invasion_ ks = 0.05 k Time = 1

hour_With damage effect on invasion_ ks = 0.05 k Time = 10 hours_With
Filtrate Saturation (fraction)

0.5 damage effect on invasion_ ks = 0.05 k Time = 100 hours_With damage effect on
invasion_ ks = 0.05 k Time = 0.1 hour_No damage effect on invasion Time = 1
0.4 hour_No damage effect on invasion Time = 10 hours_No damage effect on
invasion Time = 100 hours_No damage effect on invasion Time = 0.1 hour_With
0.3 damage effect on invasion_ ks = 0.2 k Time = 1 hour_With damage effect on
invasion_ ks = 0.2 k Time = 10 hours_With damage effect on invasion_ ks = 0.2 k

0.2 Time = 100 hours_With damage effect on invasion_ ks = 0.2 k

0.1

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Distance From Wellbore (ft)

Fig. 10Filtrate-saturation distribution along the radius with/without damaged-zone protection.

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 Invasion Volume and Mudcake Thickness at Different Invasion Times
100 0.009
Invasion volume_No additional mudcake buildup after well logging Invasion

volume_Additional mudcake buildup after well logging Mudcake thickness_No

90 0.008
additional mudcake buildup after well logging Mudcake thickness_Additional mudcake

buildup after well logging

80
0.007

70
0.006

Mudcake Thickness (ft)

60

Invasion Volume (bbl)

0.005
50
0.004
40
0.003
30

0.002
20

10 0.001

0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Invasion Time (hours)

Fig. 11Plots of ltrate-invasion volume and mudcake thickness vs. time for two scenarios (no additional mudcake buildup and additional mudcake buildup after running well logging).

logging tools into and out of the hole, and running casing into the hole. The
buildup of mudcake will be offset partially or signicantly. In many cases, drillers
use (1) a higher mud-circulation rate with two or more circulations before
tripping out and (2) short tripping in and out to avoid the sticking of the drillpipe
and to prepare a gauge hole for running well-logging tools and/or casing. Under
these conditions, the additional mudcake buildup will be small. Furthermore, the
mudcake thickness is obtained from bit size and well logging, which measures
wellbore diameter during tripping out of the hole. Therefore, the difference is
mainly in running casing. Mudcake buildup is depressed while running casing
because of the scratch effects of the casing, casing shoe, and the stabilizers
installed outside of the casing and the movement of the drilling/completion uid.
It is also very difcult, if not impossible, to gain mudcake thickness while running
casing. Fig. 11 shows plots of ltration and mudcake thickness vs. time for two
scenarios: additional mudcake buildup and no additional mudcake buildup after
running well logging. The difference in total invasion volume is 2.1 bbl, or 3.1%
(68.9 bbl for constant mudcake thickness, 66.8 bbl for mudcake buildup after
running well logging), even with a 25% increment in mudcake thickness.
in the South China Sea were used to validate the model. Waterbased mud was
used to drill the well. Overbalanced pressure ranged from 425 to 481 psi during
the penetration of the reservoir and cementing. The total exposure time of the
formation to drilling uid was 59 hours. After running the casing, well tests were
conducted to test the well productivity, estimate the permeability and skin factor,
obtain the reservoir pressure, and detect the reservoir boundary. Table 3 shows
the inputs for the calculations. Fig. 12
shows the relative permeabilities of oil and ltrate. Drilling-uid and ltrate
properties were obtained from drilling-uid analysis at the wellsite.
Reservoir-rock properties, uid properties, and the relative permeability were
measured through pressure/volume/ temperature analyses of uid samples
taken from well tests and conventional and special core analyses. Reservoir pay
thickness, wellbore radius, and constant mudcake thickness were estimated by
well-logging interpretation. Overbalanced pressure and total invasion time were
from records in drilling and completion operations.

The proposed model calculated a ltrate-invasion depth of 4.2 ft (or an

invasion radius of 4.2 0.328 4.528 ft). Well-test analysis gave a skin factor of
18.8 and a reservoir permeability of 16
md. Applying the Hawkins (1956) skin-factor formula, we can calculate the
Validation of the Proposed Model With Field Data invasion radius, which was 4.8 ft. The absolute error is 0.272 ft, and the relative
error is 5.6%. The difference can result from reservoir heterogeneity, inaccurate
The mud and mudcake properties, reservoir-rock and uid properties, wellbore
pressure drop during the invasion, inaccurate relative permeabilities, variation of
geometry, and drilling parameters of a well drilled
mud properties along the wellbore, inaccurate mudcake thickness, and any
deviation from the aforementioned assumptions. Therefore, the proposed model
gives reasonable results. Fig. 13 shows overbalanced pressure and the
calculated ltrate-invasion depth at different invasion times.

1 Relative Permeabilites vs. Filtrate Saturation 1

0.9 0.9
k rf
0.8 0.8
k ro
0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
Relative Permeability (fraction)

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0 0.1 0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Filtrate Saturation (fraction)

Table 3 The input data for ltrate invasion in a well drilled in the South China Sea.
Fig. 12Relative permeabilities of reservoir oil and ltrate.

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 Overbalanced Pressure and Filtrate-Invasion Depth at Different Invasion Times Q f total ltrate-invasion volume
500 4.5 4
Q sp-lab spurt loss in lter-press test
480
Q sp-well spurt loss in wellbore
460 3.5 3
q f ltrate-ow rate
440
q f- av average ltrate-invasion rate
Overbalanced Pressure (psi)
420
q f- invasion ltrate-invasion rate

Filtrate-Invasion Depth (ft)

2.5 2
400
Overbalanced pressure vs. Invasion time q f- invasion1 ltrate-invasion rate at Stage 1
380 Filtrate-invasion depth vs. Invasion time
1.5 1
q f- invasion2 ltrate-invasion rate at Stage 2
360
q o oil-ow rate
340
q t total ltrate-invasion rate from water-based mud
320 0.5 0
100 10 1 r radius from wellbore
300
r e radius of reservoir outer boundary
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Invasion Time (hours)
r f ltrate-front position in a radial reservoir system
r s radius of damaged zone
Fig. 13Overbalanced pressure and the calculated ltrate-invasion depth vs. invasion time. r Sf position of any ltrate saturation in a radial reser-
voir system
r w wellbore radius
s skin factor
Conclusions S f ltrate saturation
t time
The following conclusions have resulted from this work:
t 1 time to establish constant mudcake thickness, or
The model developed in this study estimates the ltration distribution along
time period of Stage 1
the radius from the wellbore wall to the outerboundary of the invasion zone.
t 2 total invasion time
l f ltrate viscosity
The ltrate does not completely displace the original reservoir uid away from
l o oil viscosity
near-wellbore regions. In other words, the displacement is not a piston-like
D p pressure drop
process. The calculated invasion is deeper than that of a 100% displacement
D p formation pressure drop through formation
process.
D p mc pressure drop through mudcake
The ltrate-invasion volume after mudcake thickness become constant is more
D t time interval
signicant than those of spurt loss and mudcake buildup. Therefore, major
D r radius increment
effort should focus on reducing invasion at constant mudcake thickness.
q f ltrate density
/ porosity
The reduction of formation permeability caused by invasion reduces the
ltrate-invasion rate. Impairment as a result of damage can limit damage and
may even be desirable in the nearwellbore region.
Acknowledgments
The proposed model cannot be applied to a heterogeneous reservoir. In the The authors are grateful to the Petroleum Engineering Department at the
case of low-permeability reservoirs, one should take into account capillary University of North Dakota. This research is supported in part by the US
pressure, as in Eq. 14. Ignoring it may lead to unacceptable results. Department of Energy under award number DEFC26-08NT0005643 and the
North Dakota Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
(EPSCoR) Program under award number EPS-0814442.

FutureWork
The capillary pressure plays an important role in affecting ltrate invasion,
especially in shale/tight reservoirs. Future work should focus on
quantication of ltrate invasion with capillary pressure effects.
We should conduct experiments and develop guidelines to calibrate the
proposed model to each specic well.
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Richardson, Texas:
SPE Textbook Series.
Kegang Ling is an assistant professor in petroleum engineering at the University of North Dakota.
His research interests are in the area of production optimization. Ling holds a BS degree in
geology from the China University of Petroleum and an MS degree from University of Louisiana
at Lafayette and a PhD degree from Texas A&M University, both in petroleum engineering.
He Zhang previously worked for Schlumberger. Zhang has more than 10 years of research and
working experience. He has published more than 30 technical papers, and he also serves as an
associate editor and reviewer for multiple journals. Zhang holds BS degrees in chemistry and
computer application from University of Science and Technology of China, and a PhD degree in
petroleum engineering from Texas A&M University.
Zheng Shen is a petroleum engineer at Weatherford. His research interests are production
optimization and wellbore modeling. Shen has published more than 18 research papers. He
serves as a technical editor for multiple Journals. Shen received 2013 outstanding technical
editor recognition for
Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources and 2014 outstanding technical-editor
recognition for SPE Production & Operations. He holds a PhD degree from Texas A&M University
in petroleum engineering.
Ali Ghalambor is the Technical Adviser at the Oil Center Research International. He earned BS
and MS degrees in petroleum engineering from University of Southwestern Louisiana and a PhD
degree from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Ghalambor has more than 35
years of industrial and academic experience. He held engineering and supervisory positions at
Tenneco Oil Company, Amerada Hess Corporation, and Occidental Research Corporation, and
is a retired American Petroleum Institute Endowed Professor and Head of the Department of
Petroleum Engineering at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Ghalambor has authored or
coauthored 13 books and manuals and more than 170 technical articles published in various
journals and conference proceedings. He is an SPE Distinguished Member and the recipient of
many of its national and international awards, including the Production and Operations Award.
Ghalambor served on the SPE International Board as its Director for Central & Southeastern
North America Region, chairperson of the SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on
Formation Damage Control, associate editor of SPE Production & Operations,
and chair or member of many SPE committees and conferences. He is a registered Professional
Engineer in the State of Texas.
Guoqing Han is an associate professor at China University of Petroleum, Beijing. He has
expertise in several fields, including artificial-lift design, flow assurance, and reservoir simulation,
in which he has extensive experience in teaching and research. Han has published more than 20
technical papers. He holds BSc and MSc degrees in process automation and production
engineering, respectively, from China University of Petroleum, Shandong. Han also holds a PhD
degree in petroleum engineering fromChina University of Petroleum, Beijing.
March 2015 SPE Drilling & Completion
Jun He is a graduate student at the University of North Dakota. His research interests are in the
area of reserves evaluation and reservoir characterization. He holds a BS degree in geology from
Southwest Petroleum University, an MS degree in petroleum engineering from China University
of Petroleum, and an MS degree in geology from the University of North Dakota.
Peng Pei is a research engineer at the Institute of Energy Studies, University of North Dakota. He
holds a PhD degree in geological engineering and an MS degree in mechanical engineering,
both from the University of North Dakota. Pei also holds a BS degree in mechanical engineering
from North China Electrical Power University. His research area focuses on energy-related rock
mechanics.

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