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Serie de Taylor
Serie de Taylor
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Serie de Taylor 2
f n1 z
R n x x a n1
n 1!
Remark (1) Para el caso especial n 0, si sustituimos x b y z c en la Frmula de
Taylor , obtenemos:
fb fa fcb a
Este resultado es el Teorema del valor medio.
Remark La expresin for R n x es conocida como la forma de Lagrange del trmino
residual
En la aplicacin de la frmula de Taylor, la siguiente ecuacin es a menudo
muy til:
n
lim x 0 Para cada nmero real x
n n!
Series de Maclaurin importantes son
Maclaurin Series Interval of Convergence
1
1x
x n 1 x x 2 x 3 . . . 1, 1
n0
ex xn
n!
1 x
1!
x2
2!
x3
3!
. . . ,
n0
1 n 2n1!
2n1
x3 x5 x7
sin x x
x 3!
5!
7!
. . . ,
n0
1 n 2n!
2n x2 x4 x6
cos x x
1 2!
4!
6!
. . . ,
n0
tan 1 x 1 n 2n1
2n1
x3 x5 x7
x
x 3
5
7
. . . 1, 1
n0
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Serie de Taylor 3
For Taylor series, enter the number of terms and the point of expansion in the
Series dialog box. To find the Taylor series of ln x expanded about x 1, choose
Powers Series. In the dialog box, select the desired number of terms and expand
about the point x 1.
Power Series
ln x x 1 1
2
x 1 2 1
3
x 1 3 1
4
x 1 4 O x 1 5
x 1 1
2
x 1 2 1
3
x 1 3 1
4
x 1 4
1
y
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
sin x x 1
6
x 3 O x 5
x 1 1
2
x 1 1
8
x 1 2 1
16
x 1 3 5
128
x 1 4 O x 1 5
2 4 5
csc x 1 1
2
x 1
2
5
24
x 1
2
O x 1
2
2 sin 2 x 2x 2 2
3
x 4 O x 6
1 cos 2x 2x 2 2
3
x 4 O x 5
Maclaurin Series
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Serie de Taylor 4
f n 0 n
n!
x
n0
where f n 0 indicates the nth derivative of f evaluated at 0.
The O x 9 term indicates that all the remaining terms in the series contain at
least x 9 as a factor. (In fact, the truncation error is of order x 10 in this case.) The
odd powers of x have coefficients 0.
Plot 2D provides an excellent visual comparison between a function and an
approximating polynomial.
Plot 2D Rectangular
sin x , 1 1 x 2 1 x 4
x 6 120
Plot 2D Rectangular
sin x , 1 1 x 2 1 x 4
x 6 120
y 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x
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Serie de Taylor 5
tan 1 x x 1
3
x3 1
5
x5 1
7
x7 1
9
x 9 Ox 10
sin 2 x x 2 1
3
x4 2
45
x6 1
315
x 8 Ox 10
ex 1 x 1
2
x2 1
6
x3 1
24
x4 1
120
x5 1
720
x 6 Ox 7
sin x x 1
6
x3 1
120
x5 1
5040
x7 1
362880
x 9 Ox 10
e x sin x x x 2 1
3
x3 1
30
x5 1
90
x 6 Ox 7
x 1
3
x3 1
30
x5 x2 1
90
x6 1
360
x7 1
2880
x9 1
14400
x 10
1
14400
x 10 1
2880
x9 1
360
x7 1
90
x6 1
30
x5 1
3
x3 x2 x
Taylor Series
The Maclaurin series is a special case of the more general Taylor series. The
Taylor series of f expanded about x a is given by
n
f n!a x a n
n0
and hence is expanded in powers of x a.
For Taylor series, enter the number of terms and the point of expansion in the
Series dialog box. To find the Taylor series of ln x expanded about x 1, choose
Powers Series. In the dialog box, select the desired number of terms and expand
about the point x 1.
Power Series
ln x x 1 1
2
x 1 2 1
3
x 1 3 1
4
x 1 4 O x 1 5
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Serie de Taylor 6
following figure.
Plot 2D Rectangular
ln x
x 1 1
2
x 1 2 1
3
x 1 3 1
4
x 1 4
1
y
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
sin x x 1
6
x 3 O x 5
x 1 1
2
x 1 1
8
x 1 2 1
16
x 1 3 5
128
x 1 4 O x 1 5
2 4 5
csc x 1 1
2
x 1
2
5
24
x 1
2
O x 1
2
2 sin 2 x 2x 2 2
3
x 4 O x 6
1 cos 2x 2x 2 2
3
x 4 O x 5
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Serie de Taylor 7
50
y
40
30
20
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x
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Serie de Taylor 8
lim 1 x 1 x 3 1 x 5 1 x7 0
x0 2 24 720 40 320
-2
-3
-4
-5
Clculo de integrales:
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Serie de Taylor 9
2
e x 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x 6 1 x 8 1 x 10 O x 12
2 6 24 120
2
e x dx 1 x 2 2 x 4 6 x 6 24 x 8 120
1 1 1 1 x 10 dx
2
e x dx x 13 x 3 10 1 x 5 1 x 7 1 x 9 1 x 11
42 216 1320
Se puede observar los resultados numricos asociados a cada integral
definida,los cuales son bastante cercanos, el primero obtenido mediante el SWP
y el segundo mediante la aproximacin empleada.
0.6 e x dx 0. 383 93 0. 680 50
2
0.6 1 x 2 12 x 4 16 x 6 24
1 x 8 1 x 10 dx 0. 680 49
120
Ahora bien, esta aproximacin ser mejor o peor segn el intervalo en donde
estemos integrando.
2
e x , 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x 6 1 x 8 1 x 10
2 6 24 120
3
y
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x
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Serie de Taylor 10
80
y
60
40
20
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
x
dy
ex x
dx
ex 1 x 1 x2 1 x3 1 x4 O x5
2 6 24
dy dy
1 x 1 x2 1 x3 1 x4 x 1 1 x2 1 x3 1 x4
dx 2 6 24 dx 2 6 24
dy 1 2 x 6 x 24 x dx
1 2 1 3 1 4
y x 1 x 3 1 x 4 1 x 5
6 24 120
dy 2
e x x dy x e x dx y x e x
dx 2
aunque la apariencia de ambos resultados es diferente, veamos qu tan
cercana es una funcin de la otra.
x 2 e x , x 1 x 3 1 x 4 1 x 5
2 6 24 120
20
y
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
x
-10
-20
-30
-40
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Serie de Taylor 11
sin 2 x x 2 1
3
x4 2
45
x6 1
315
x 8 Ox 10
ex 1 x 1
2
x2 1
6
x3 1
24
x4 1
120
x5 1
720
x 6 Ox 7
sin x x 1
6
x3 1
120
x5 1
5040
x7 1
362880
x 9 sin x Ox 10
e x sin x x x 2 1
3
x3 1
30
x5 1
90
x 6 Ox 7
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Serie de Taylor 12
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