Cambio Climtico

Ing. Pedro Tinoco

S
 La Tierra:
su Sistema Climtico

S
Qu factores
determinan el clima de la
Tierra?
SISTEMA
COMPLEJO
1.ATMSFERA
2.SUPERFICIE
TERRESTRE
3.HIELO Y NIEVE
4.OCEANOS Y OTROS
CUERPOS DE AGUA
5.SERES VIVOS
La ATMSFERA y el Clima

S La ATMSFERA:
S Es el el componente ms evidente
para caracterizar el clima

S El CLIMA
S Algunos lo definen como Estado del
Tiempo promedio
Clima y Estado del Tiempo

Estado del Tiempo Clima

S Temperatura
S Promedio
S Variacin

S Precipitacin Pluvial

S Vientos
S Direccin
S Intensidad
Clima y Estado del Tiempo

Estado del Tiempo Clima

 El Sistema Climtico
Evoluciona

S Influencias para la evolucin del

sistema climtico
1. Dinmicas Internas naturales

2. Cambios en Factores Externos

S (Forzamientos Externos)
Forzamientos
Externos
Erupciones
VOLCNICAS
Forzamientos
Externos
Variaciones
SOLARES
Forzamientos
Externos
Variaciones
ANTROPOG-
NICAS de la
composicin
de la
atmosfera
Cmo influye el SOL en
el sistema climtico?
La radicin
del Sol
La radiacin del
Sol proporciona
la ENERGA al
sistema
climtico.
Se puede cambiar el
balance de la radiacin
solar de la Tierra?
 Cambios en el balance de
la radiacin solar
1. Cambios en la radiacin solar recibida
1. Cambios en la rbita de la Tierra
2. Cambios en el Sol

2. Cambios en la fraccin de la radicacin solar reflejada,

llamada ALBEDO
1. Cambios en la cubierta de NUBES
2. Cambios en la VEGETACIN
3. Cambios en las PARTCULAS ATMOSFRICAS

3. Cambios en la radiacin de onda larga (longwave)

reflejada de la Tierra de regreso al espacio
1. Cambios en la concentracin de los Gases de Efecto
Invernadero (GHG)
 1370 Watts, por m2 por segundo,
en el lmite de la atmsfera;
342 Watts* (25%) llegan a la superficie.
 1370 Watts, por m2 por segundo,
en el lmite de la atmsfera;
107 Watts* (30%) se reflejan al espacio.
1370 Watts, por m2 por segundo,
en el lmite de la atmsfera;
235 Watts* se absorben.
 Balance de energa

Outgoing Longwave
Radiation (OLR) is the energy
radiating from the Earth as
infrared radiation at low energy
to Space.

OLR is electromagnetic
radiation emitted from Earth
and its atmosphere out to
space in the form of thermal
radiation. The flux of energy
transported by outgoing
longwave radiation is measured
in W/m.
 Longwave and Shortwave
Radiation
1. Everything that has a temperature gives off
electromagnetic radiation (light).

2. The sun is extremely hot and has a lot of energy to

give, so it gives off shortwave radiation because
shortwave radiation contains higher amounts of
energy

3. The earth is much cooler, but still emits radiation.

4. Earths radiation is emitted as longwave because

longwave radiation contains a smaller amount of
energy.
 Energa de la radiacin

1.Shortwave radiation (visible light)

contains a lot of energy

2.Longwave radiation (infrared light)

contains less energy than shortwave
radiation (shortwave radiation has a
shorter wavelength than longwave
radation).
 Energa solar

1.Solar energy enters our atmosphere

as shortwave radiation in the form of
ultraviolet (UV) rays (the ones that
give us sunburn) and visible light.

2.The sun emits shortwave radiation

because it is extremely hot and has a
lot of energy to give off.
 Energa emitida por la
Tierra

1.Once in the Earths atmosphere, clouds

and the surface absorb the solar energy.

2.The ground heats up and re-emits

energy as longwave radiation in the
form of infrared rays.

3.Earth emits longwave radiation because

Earth is cooler than the sun and has less
energy available to give off.
La temperatura promedio
de la Tierra: 14 C

S Por qu?

S Por la presencia de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero

(GHG).

S Cmo?

S Actan como una cubierta parcial de la radiacin de

onda larga (longwave) que emite la superficie terrestre
.
S . o mejor conocido como EFECTO INVERNADERO.
Gases de Efecto Invernadero
(GHG) naturales

S Los GHG ms importantes: S Otros gases de la atmsfera

que no contribuyen al
1. VAPOR DE AGUA efecto invernadero:

2. DIOXIDO DE CARBONO 1. NITRGENO

2. OXGENO
 Gases de Efecto
Invernadero (GHG)
La Tierra es una esfera
 Ice Albedo feedback

1. Ice-albedo feedback (or snow-albedo feedback) is a positive

feedback climate process.

2. A change in the area of snow-covered land, ice caps, glaciers or

sea ice alters the albedo.

3. This change in albedo acts to reinforce the initial alteration in ice

area.
1. Cooling tends to increase ice cover and hence the albedo,
reducing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to
more cooling.
2. Conversely, warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence
the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed,
leading to more warming.[1]
 Ice Albedo feedback

1. The effect also applies on the small scale to snow-covered

surfaces.
1. A small amount of snow melt exposes darker ground which
absorbs more radiation, leading to more snowmelt.

2. The effect has mostly been discussed in terms of the recent trend
of declining Arctic sea ice.

3. Internal feedback processes may also potentially occur

1. as land ice melts and causes eustatic (global change in sea
level) sea level rise,
2. and also potentially induces earthquakes as a result of
isostatic (equilibrium within Earth's crust) rebound, which
further acts to disrupt glaciers, ice shelves, etc.
Ice Albedo feedback
La Tierra es una canica azul
flotando en el espacio.