Frmules de Relativitat General 1

1 Varietats diferenciables Formes diferencials

Camp de vectors 1
T[ij] = (Tij Tji )
2!
d dx  i
dx i

~v = = v i (x) i , v i (x) = 1
d d p xi d S[ijk] =
3!
(Sijk + Sjki + Skij Sjik Sikj Skji )

Claudtor de Lie : pforma: Tensor tipus (0, p) antisimtric: i1 ...ip [i1 ...ip ]

[~v , w] ~ (f )) w
~ (f ) = ~v (w ~ (~v (f )) , f C Producte exterior
~ = v i i wj wi i v j


[~v , w] j = , = (1)
pq

Tensors Representaci en base

p q 1 1
T Tensor tipus (p, q): T : (V ) (V ) R
= i ...i i1 ip , = j1 ...jq j1 jq
p! 1 p q!
i ...i
Tj11...jqp = T i1 , . . . , ip , ~ei1 , . . . , ~eiq


1
= [i ...i j ...j ] i1 ip j1 jq
p! q! 1 p 1 q
T = T i1 ip ~ej1 ~ejq



(p + q)!
k1 ...kp+q = [i1 ...ip j1 ...jq ]
Producte tensorial p! q!
p0 q0
S Tensor tipus (p0 , q 0 ): S : (V ) (V ) R Producte interior
i1 ...i i1 ...i 1
(T S)j1 ...jp+p
0 i ...i
= Tj11...jqp Sj1 ...jpq0 ,
0
f (T S) = f (T)S+Tf (S) (i~v ) = (~v , , . . . , ) = i ...i v i1 i2 ip
q+q 0 (p 1)! 1 p

Bases Dual de Hodge (?)

Vectors: {~ei } = {i } Tp  T i1 ...ip = T [i1 ...ip ] , Si1 ...ip = S[i1 ...ip ]
Covectors 1-formes: i = dxi Tp

1
(? T )j1 ...jnp = (? T )ip+1 ...in = i ...i i ...i T i1 ...ip
x i p! 1 p p+1 n
j (~ei ) = xi,j = ji
xj j1 ...jnp i ...in 1
(? S) = (? S) p+1 = i1 ...ip ip+1 ...in Si1 ...ip
p h q h p!
i0 ...i0
i0k i Y i
i ...i
Y jk
Tj 01...j 0p = 1 i
j 0 Tj11...jqp ?
(u v) = ~u ~v , (R3 )
1 q k k
k=1 k=1

Smbol de Levi-Civitta
Mtrica
1 i1 ,...in
i1 ...in = i1 ...in , i1 ...in = f i1 ...in i1 ...in = 
g = gij i j = ~ei e~j i j , gij = ~ei ~ej f
gij g ik = jk , v i = gij v j , ~ = gij v i v j = vj wj
~v w i1 ...in i1 ...in = n! ,
[i i ]
i1 ...in j1 ...jn = n! j11 . . . jnn = ji11 ...in
...jn

ds2 = gij dxi dxj , g0 = T g i1 ...ik ik+1 ...in i1 ...ik jk+1 ...jn = k! (n k)! jk+1
k+1 [i i ]
. . . jnn = k! jk+1 n i ...i
k+1 ...jn

Derivada de Lie Determinants i canvi de base

n n
  Y
kik 1 Y
i1 ...ip k i1 ...ip i1 ...ip k i1 ...ip
(~u T)j1 ...jq = u Tj1 ...jq ,k + Tkj2 ...jq u,j1 + + Tj1 ...jq1 k u,jq k det (A) =  i1 ...in A =  
i ...i j ...j Ai k j k
n! 1 n 1 n
  k=1 k=1
ki2 ...ip i1 i1 ...ip1 k ip
Tj1 ...j q
u,k + + T j1 ...jq u,k
0
f = f det()

~u f = ~u (f ) , ~u~v = [~u, ~v ] , ~u = v i j i + i i v j dxi

Forma volum mtric
Propietats: Sigui g mtrica base (cannica) tal que gij = ij .
~u ( (~v )) = (~u ) (~v ) + (~u~v )
0 0 0 0

~u df = d~u f , a~u = a~u , [~u,~v] = [~u , ~v ]

g = 1 1 n n

= 1 n = det (g) dx1 dxn

p 0 0

Transport de Lie: ~u~v = 0

T invariant sota un camp ~u si ~u T = 0. Derivada exterior
Si T g, ~u s un camp de vectors de Killing (~uk ). 1
d = j i1 ...ip dxj dxi1 dxip
p!
Equaci de Killing:
d + = d + d , d = d + (1) d
p




n(n + 1)
d d = 0 , d (f ) = dff , d f dg = df dg
k
~u g = 0 = u gij,k + gkj uk,i + gik uk,j = 0, max(~uk ) =


2
Frmules de Relativitat General 2

Aplicacions de la derivada exterior a R3 3 Principi deq. i eqs. dEinstein

~ ~v = ? dv , ~ ~v dx1 dx2 dx3 = d (?~v )
 
Tensor denergia-moment: T = 0

Postulats
Integraci en varietats
dL = g dx dx , dT g dx dx
q q
=
Z Z Z
= i1 ...ip dxi1 dxip = (~e1 , . . . , ~ep ) dx1 . . . dxp
Tensor dEinstein
U
1
Canvi de base:
R
0 =
R
|det ()| Gij = Rij gij R , G = R , i Gij = 0 , G = 8T
2
0

Lagrangi: L = gij ddx ddx

i j

Teoremes dStokes i de Gauss

Z Z Z Z
4 Simetria esfrica: col.lapse i FFNN
d = , d (? ~ ) = ?

~
Mtrica dSchwarzschild
 
2M 1
ds2 = 1 dt 2 + dr2 + r2 d2 + r2 sin2 d2
2 Conexions i derivada covariant r 1 2M
r

Derivada covariant Dinmica

i
(~x ~y ) = xj j y i xj y i;j g u u = 1 , g k k = 0 , = ka u
u0 E , ko E , u3 L , k3 L , v = cte
 
i ...i i ...i li ...i i i ...i l
k Tj11...jqp = Tj11...jqp,k + ilk1 Tj12...jqp + + lkp Tj11...jqp1 Eobs = g p u
 
i ...i i ...ip
lj1 k Tlj12 ...jpq + + ljq k Tj11...jq1 l Trajectries

dr
2 !
L2
  
2 2M
= E 1 1+ 2
~x ( (y)) = (~x ) (~y ) + ~x ~y d r r
~x (f~y ) = (~x f ) ~y + f (~x ~y )
dr
2
2M L2
  
~x (t) = E2 1
= ~x (t)
d r r2
f~x+g~y = f ~x ~z + g~y ~z
Mnims estables

Connexi simtrica 2M 2

s
Mr 1 L2 12M 2
L2 = , E 2 = r
, r= 1 1
~y ~x ~x ~y = ~x ~y , ~x = xk k i + k i xk 1 3M
r 1 3M
r
2M L2
Connexi mtrica: g = 0 = g = 0
1 er/4M
p r
Coordenades de Kruskal-Szekeres: A = 2M
Smbols de Christoffel: kij = 12 g km (gmi,j + gmj,i gji,m )
   
t t
X = A cosh , T = A sinh
4M 4M
Transport paral.lel: ~v ~u = 0 = ddu + kij ddx uj = 0
k i

32M 3 r/2M
ds2 = e dT 2 + dX 2 + r2 d2 + r2 sin2 d2


Geodsiques: ~v ~v = 0 = ddx2 + kij ddx ddx = 0
2 k i j
r

Tensors de curvatura Lmit newtoni: ds2 = (1 2)dt2 + dx2 + dy2 + dz 2

Tensor de Riemann: R(~x, ~y ) [~x , ~y ] [~x,~y] M
dt ' d ,
 i
v   1 ' v 0 
 
= , p  , |0 |  |i | ,
R+z
~ei , ~ej ~ek [~ei ,~ej ] ~ek = Rlkij
 

n2 (n2 1)
Rlkij = lkj,i lki,j + m l m l
kj mi ki mj , max(R) =
12
Rlk(ij) = 0 , Rl[kij] = 0 , Rlk[ij;m] = 0 , Rijkl = gim Rmjkl

Rijkl = g im Rmjkl , R(ij)km = 0 , Rij(km) = 0

Tensor i escalar de Ricci

1
Rik = Rmimk , R = g ik Rik , R = R
2