A 1c question formation 2 Where do you live? Did you go out lastnight? 44 What are they talking about? Whereis she from? 6 Could you tel me where this bus goes? Do you know if e's coming? 1 To make questions with modal verbs and with tenses ‘where there isan auailiary verb (Be, have et.) invert the subject and the modal / auxiliary verb. 2 With the present and past simple, add do / does or did before the subject. 3. We often use negative questions to show surprise or when you expect somebody to agree with you, auxiliary verbs [TA Do you speak French? | "A Vilmake the dinner 5 A You dida't lock the door! AA Silvia isnt coming. 1 in short answers, instead of answering just Yes/ No doesn’ (ike dlogs) negative verb. present perfect (simple and continuous) present perfect imple: have! has + past participle T Can you drive! Why are you crying? 53 Why didnt you like the film? Isn't this a beautiful place? 5 Who lives in this house” How many peoplecame to the par B Yes,1do. Quitewell 2 Ilike dogs, but my husband doesnt im’s coming, but Anni B Willyou? Thats great! Tack it I promise. is coming I've jst spoken to her. 6 You won't forget, will you? Your wife can speak Italia Use auliary verbs (do, have, et.) or modal verbs (can, must et.) 2 to avoid repeating the main verb / verb phase, e.g, Fike dogs but my husband 83 with soand neither to say that something is the same. Use so+ subject auxiliary with a positive ver, and neither (or nor} + subject + auxliary with a 4 fave is fllowed by a preposition, the preposition comes tthe nd of the question, eg, What are you aling about? NOT About whet reson taling? + We fen just use the question word and the preposition, eg. A Tr thirking. B What about? 5 When sro what/ which ei the subjetof the question, dont ase do did eg, Who wrote thst NOT Who di- writes? 6 Us inde qestons when you want aaa sion ns more polite ay. Where das shelve? (rect) Could you tell me where shelve? (indie) + Inindrct questions the order is sebjet + vec. Gan yo tellme where it if NOT Ganeyouel-me here fi + Don't use do din the second part af the question. + Yau can we for whether afer Can you tel mie Doyo kro eg. Can you tell me f] whether he’s at homer 4 to-make ‘cho questions, to show interes. 5 to show emphasis in a postive sentence. With 3 A Loved the film, B Sodid | the present / past simple, add do / does (did AA havent finished yet. B Neither have befare the main verb, With other auxiliaries He's a doctor and gos his wife. stress the ausiiary verb. 4A Livent toa paychic yesterday. B Did yout 6 to make question tags. Use a positive question tag with # negative verb and a negative question tag with a positive verb. + Question tags are often used simply to ask another person to agree with you, eg. IPS a tnce day, oni? In this case the question tag is sid with aling intonation, ie. the voice goes down. + Question tags can also be used to check something you think is true, e She’ a ‘painter, st she? Tn this case the question tag fs suid with rising intonation, asin a normal yes/no question, can't she? present perfect continuous: have/ has + been-+ verb + -ing 1 Fe been to Austra, Have you ever broken rari 2 Weve} phoned the doco Telrad fused soy hc the best book ve ever read Ins the ft ime weve done this 4 My ster’ had baby Look, Fv ety Sige, 5 tvekmown het since was cl Shes ad the jb ford month 6 How many of is books have you ea? Shes been out ie this wes ‘ae the presen perfect simple Tata aboutpsespeieees when you don say when somthing haps. 2 wih ed us a ye 3 ith supeaties nd he rs cond, st ge 4 for fined scons (no tine pete) which are Sas none ny ht et 5 wth Hw lng? and for since with non-cton ete ot oul ee necro Form, cg hang, non Hee) to say that ‘Smethg sated the pas and ail ue now 6 when we ay / ask how mc? many weve done Ur how et we ave dane somthing upto 0 3 TT How long have you been feeling lke thist Pve been working here for ‘neo months 2 haven't been sleeping well recently, Its heen raining on and off all day. 3 T've been shopping all morning. 'm exhausted. A Take your shoes oft They're filthy. B Yes, know. Pve been working in the garden, ‘Use the present perfect continuous 1 with How long? and for/ since with action verbs to say that an action started in the past and i tll hippening nov. 2 for repeated actions, especially with atime expression, eg. all day, recently 3 for continuous actions which have just finished (but which have present results) present perfect simple or continuous? T We've lived / We've been living inthis town since 1980. ‘We've been living in a rented flat forthe last tvo months 2 We've painted the kitchen, We've been painting the kitchen. 1 With How ong...?and for! since you can often use the present perfect simple or continuous, However, we often prefer the present perfect continuous for shorter, more temporary actions. 2 The present perfect simple emphasizes the completion of an action painting is finished). The present perfect continuous emphasizes the continuation of an action (= the painting is probably not finished). the1A a Order the words to make questions. friend known long best have How you your How long have you known your best friend? b you messages send ever text Do party was a time you to the When last went if Could bank here a you me near tell is there dinner usually Who the cooks shopping do going Who like you with at don't weekend you What doing the like car to would What you kind like buy of bead Complete the questions. ‘Where — did you goon holiday lst year? (you / go) 1 How often __ exercise? (you / do) 2 Who Crime and Punishment? (write) 3 Could you tell me how much 2 (this book / cost) 4 What —____at the end of the film? (happen) ‘your trip to Paris last weekend? (you / enjoy) 6 What kind of music (Tim / usually listen to) 7 Who Mia's handbag? (steal) 8 Do you know when — 7 (the swimming pool / open) 9 Where your boyftiend tonight? (you / meet) 10 Can you remember where 2 (she / live) 8 you time concert know finishes Do what the 1B a Complete the mini-dialogues with an auxiliary. A You didn't remember to buy cofiee. 1A Its cold today, — ive 2 A So you didn’t go to the meeting? BI ‘go to the meeting, but I left early ‘A What did you think of the film? B Tom liked, it but I A [wouldn't like to be famous. ‘A. Emma doesn’t like me. B She like you. She thinks you're very nice. A Sarah's had a baby. B shet I didn’t know she was pregnant! {A Will your boyfriend be at the party? B No,he He's away this week. 8 A [can't come tonight B you? Why not? B Yes it's freezing, thought it was awful B Neither B I id _. 1 in the cupboatd. ’b Complete the conversation with auxiliary verbs. A Youle Tom’ sister, arenit you? B Yes,1! _ A esa great club,? 7 B Yes,it? ‘But I dont like the music much, A 4 you? Hove itt B Really? 5 you been here before? 1 A No, Is B Neither? 1 A Soyou® go out much, then? B Well, 1? 40 out, but I 19 goto clubs very often. A OTM Hove clubbing, B Pdlove a drink. A Sol T. Let's go to the bar. 1c Circle the correct form of the verb. Tick (¥) if both are correct, ’b- Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or continuous, Have you ever (tried)/ been trying caviar? T've bought __ a new car. Do you like it? (buy) 1 She’ lived | She's boe living here for years 1 We Jack and Ann for years. (know) 2 Your boss has phoned hasbeen phoning ree tienes this morning! 2 You look hot. 2 (you / run) 3 The kids are echausted because they've played / they've been playing 3 Rose Ther homework so she cant outside all day. 0 out. (not do) 4 He hast’t seen | He hasn't been seeing the new James Bond film yet 4 Did you know 2 They lve in 5 I've never met I've never been meeting his wife. Have you? Torquay now. (they / move) 6 We've studied | We've been studying English al ou lives. 5 How long together? Five months? 7 ve tidied | I've been tidying the garage all afternoon. I've (Daisy and Adam 7 go out) nearly finished. 61 time to cook dinner Shall we get 8 He'llbe here soon, He' ust lef! He's just ben leaving work. 3 pizza? (not have) 9. How long have you had have you Been having your car? 7 We for hours. think we're los. 10 Oh no! Someone has broken has been breaking the window. (wall) 8 iy chocolates? There are only a Mutinom wonw.oup.com/elt/englishfile/upper-intermediate few left! (you / eat) 1332A. adjectives as nouns, adjective order speci groups of people nationalities i The poor are geting pooter and the rich are getting riche. 1 The Rnglish are famous for dnking i: The Datch make ‘The gvcnmant noc the unemployed wonder chesen he Cine vented pape. 2 The Arensinians ners hs aga The Gres newer exon | * YOUR te = some aes sl sbou plc ous Nc Ageninians invented he tango The Grech wry arnt |” psc. he yg he Hid the hres hl 3 The Tarks drink alot of offs, The Poles play alot of besketbal. | try he sick These expressions ae always pal 1 You can we se with the nationality adjectives which endin ch _one,ones oe Dont add sto these words of use them wilhout the 2 Nationality words which end in =an and a few others, eg. Greck and Thai re both adjectives and nouns. To talk abot the people cee ieee] from that country use a plural noun ending in -. + When we dou want to repeta noun after an adjective 3 Some nationalities have special noun forthe people which is because tie already clear what we ae talking about, we diet fom the aero. Pah = act, Poles nou, the ate + ovens) + oes pra. ‘Ty tallcabout the people you can either use the adjective or the gascerive order + plural noun ei the Poli or the Pls ati eet 'A Which one would you like? B The red one, please ‘Two ice creams, pleas. Big ones. We've goa lovely old atage jus ould Bat, She as ong bas Thoughts beat aan eater bl ‘A. With any nationality, you can also use the adjective peopl Pe recat ‘A Totalk about one person from a country you can use aan “adjective sone 1 ‘alapanse man woman person an Engshman | Englvora 1 Baglah person, NOT esepancse angle. 2 an lian, Greek, 3 aTirk a Pole et + You can put more than one adjective before a noun (often two and occasionally three). These adjectives go in a particular order, eg. NOT aerellovelycotiage, *+ Opinion adjectives, eg. heautfl, nce, lovey, usually go before fact adjectives, eg big, ol, round there is more than one fat adjective, they go inthis. size|age | shape stye| colour /pattern| nationality|materal noun big new! long [pink srped Ualion [alk Lcarf 2B _ narrative tenses: past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous narrative tenses past perfect simple 1 We arrived atthe airport and checked in pean 2 We were having dinner wien the plane hit some turbulence. She was crying because 3 When we arzved at the airport we suddenly realized that we had left one of the suitcases in the txi.| | hed been resding + 4 Weld been fying for about two hours when the captain told us to fasten our seat bels ‘ery sad book p_becaummrewensiyingininveomercrried weather | tha ett eanhinnaee 1 Use the paat simple to talk about consecutive actions in the past, iz forthe mein events ina story, | the film, because shed 2 Use the pat continous (was/ were+ verb-+ ng) to desctbea longer continuous pastacion,,” |_feedthebeok. | ‘which was in progress when another action happened ees 3 Use the past perfect (had + past participle) ota about the ‘eslier pas, things which aie ie eoticias happened belore the main efent) oo ee 4. Use the past perfect continuous (liad been + verb + -ing) to talk about a longer continuous action perfect simple emphasizes that was going on before the main events happened. Non-action verbs are not normally used in the the completion of an activity past continuous 2C adverbs and adverbial phrases [71 Tdontunderstand you when you speak quey The diver was seriously injured] 4 Adverbs of degre which describe how much 2 Inever have brea He's vay something dane o to mod an act) 3 They'l be her son It rained all day yesterday. + evenly mardi, en tre se with 4 ve nearly finished. Were incredibly ted. He works alot adjectives and adverbs and go before them. infortunately, we arrived half an hour lat. we should leave a 2 rea mie pers scene Ve erie pal 5 Unfortunately, hal an hour late Lally we should eave at 10.00, | * muhand a rare often se + Adverbs can describe an action (he walled slowly) or modify adjectives or ther + ale abt canbe wed wih adects or vrs crabs (since copra heyorls wry hd) They can caberbeone’” eg’ Fin abated Sk deqee ith ie aaron woud (often ora pte [one awe oy Cree eres Ee aies 1 Adverts of manner (how somebody des something usualy go afer the ver or” option) unl go she belong ofa semence Pree, However wil pase vets ticy uly pon mid poston bebrethe | grea Othe! Seems coten acess me 4 Rie tar a iach dary, obvi appre ee 2: Abert easly bo be ein ein es eT 2. Nos other adver o in mid-poson B sometimes ual normaly an goat the beginning of sentence oo ets need ton more mimes She dd stot pode 15 Adverbs of time usualy goat the end of a sentence or danse2A a Rewrite the underlined phrase using the + an adjective. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 2B 4. Put the verb in brackets in the past perfect simple (had done) ‘The people who live in Spain go to bed very late. ‘The people who had injuties were taken to hospital ‘The system of reading for people who can't see is called Braille ‘The people from France enjoy eating good food. “Anurse’ job is to look aftr the people who aren't well [think the people from Switzerland are very punctual. ‘The worst season for people without a home is winter. ‘There isa discount for students and people without a job or continuous (ad been doing). If you think both are possible, use the continuous form, His English was very good. He ‘been learning it for five years, (learn) My feet were aching. We She went to the police, because someone bag. (steal) ‘The streets were wet. It She got to work late because she __ an accident oon the way. (have) almost didn't recognize him. He ____ alot since ast saw him. (change) ‘They were very red. They all morning but they any sun cream. (sunbathe, not put on) [could see from their faces that my parents (argue) Jess had a bandage on her arm. She off her bike the day before. (fll) the Spanish ‘The people from the Netherlands are very good at languages. for hours. (queue) her all morning. (rain) CC CUIEU aL Le Write the adjectives in brackets in the right place. a big carpark (empty) a big empty carpark an attractive man (young) dirty shoes (old) a leather jacket (purple / stylish) a tall woman (thin) a sandy beach (long) anew floor (lovely wooden) a smart suit (talian) beautiful eyes (big / dark) 9 an old dog (black /eiendly) Circle the correct verb form. Meg and Liam McGowan (got)/ were getting a nasty surprise when they thad checked in were checking in at Heathrow aizport yesterday with their baby Shaun. They *had won] won three free plan tickets to Rome ina competition and they *were looking forward | had been loking forward to ther trip for months. But, unfortunately, they Shad been frgeting had forgotten to get a passport for their son and so Shaun couldn't fly Luckily they Shad arrived} were arriving very easly for their flight so they still ha time to do something about i, They Shad ru / ran to the police station in ‘the airport to apply for an emergency passport. Meg was going / went with Shaun to the photo machine while iar Sha filled in was filling inthe forms ‘The passport was ready in an hour, 50 they Shurried ! were hurrying back to check-in and finally "caught / Ihad caught thie Bight. x @ Underline the adverb(s) or adverbial phrase(s) and correct, the sentences which are wrong, r We're going to be unfortunately late. X Unfortunately, we're going t0 be late, We rarely goto bed before 11.30. She likes very much the theatre. Dave was late for work yesterday. Immediately the ambulance arrived, They go usually jogging after work. 1 was extremely tired last night. ‘They won easily the match because they played brilliantly | forgot your birthday almost. ‘We luckily had taken an umbrella She always eats healthily. He's been apparently sacked b Put the adverbs in brackets in the normal position in these sentences. Sagi very Ti ont speakfgood English. (sadly, very) The building was damaged inthe fre. (badly last week) ‘We need to do something. (obviously, quickly) Ben is at his friend’s house. (oien, in the evening) ‘She walked out and she didn’t say goodbye. (ust, even) He drives fast. (always, extremely) She danced at the ballet. (beautifully, last night) She wasn't injured when she fll (luckily, seriously) He broke his leg when he was skiing. (apparently, neatly) My father sleeps inthe afternoon, (usually, abit) ELVTD muttizom — wrwoup.com/et/englishfile/upper-intermediate3A 3B 3c passive (all forms), it is said that. the passive (al forms) Marderers are usually sentenced i The tial ‘My car has been stolen, Jim was arrested last month. The We saw that one ofthe windows h The prisoner will be released next present simple present continaous present perfect past simple past continuous past perfect Future infinitive with to infinitive without ro gerund People used to be imprisoned for ‘You can be fined for parking on a He paid a fine to avoid being sent he is thought to. ‘being held at the moment. sma was being rebuilt when it was set on fire. ‘The verdict is going to be given tomorrow. + Use the pasive when you want 0 talk about am action but you are not so interested in Saying who or what does / did the action. TF you also want to mention the person oF thing that did th action (the agent), use by, (9g, Prsonsertences are decided by juaes. However, in the majority of passive sentences the agent fs not mentioned. (life imprisonment. .ad been broken, month. stealing bead, yellow line to jail itis said that... he is thought fo... ee active They say thatthe company may lose. People think that prices will go wp. People say the man i in his 40s. tie thought 2 ‘The man is future perfect and future continuous future perfect: will have + past participle Pa Its said that the company may close ‘The police believe he as lef the country. He is believed to have left th This formal structure is wed expecially in news reports and on TV withthe verbs know ll, understand, epor expec say and think It rmakes the information sound more impersonal. You can use Iris said, believed te + thar + clause. You can use He, The man, etc. (ie. the suibjet of the clause) + is sai eleved, et. + 10+ infinitive (eg, 10 be) or perfect infinitive (eg. to have been), that prices will go up. said t bein his 40s. ountry. ature continuous: will be-+ verb + -ing TiVhave finished the article by Friday, s0 TW email yo ‘They'll have buile the new terminal in six months time. wathen) [Dont phone between 7.00 and 8.0 ewe Tbe aving supper tem ‘This ime next week P'lbe lying on the beach. + Use the future perfect to say something willbe finished before a cectain time in the future + This tense is fequently used with the time expressions by” Sazurday | March | 2050, et. or in two weeks / months, ee + By ta time expresio 8 months oF in si month time, zero conditional If you want to be fit, you Rave to do exercise every day. If your muscles ache every dey, you are Ifyou haven't been to London, you have use i+ present simple, andthe present simple inthe oth + You can also use the present continuous or present pecfect. first conditional the latest. With i, you can sayin ly doing 100 m d + Use the future continuous to say that an action will be in progress ata certain time in the future AL We sometimes use the future continuous, like the present ‘continuous, to talk about things which are already planned for decided, eg. Pi he going othe supermarket later. conditionals and future time clauses (with all present and future forms) + Totalk about something which is always true or always happens asa result of something else, et claus, in either cause future time clauses If the photos are good, Fllsend them to you. Til I you're not going, I'm not going to go either If Thaven’t come back by 9.00, start dinner without me Pilhave finished in an hour if you don’t disturb me, tm + You can use any present tense inthe iflause (present simple, continuous or perfect) and any future form (wil, going to, future perfect, fur continuous) oF an imperative in the other clause. We'll probably be watching the Cup Final when you arrive Were not Take your umbrella in case Ti take a jacket i is cold 1 sake a jacket in casei cold be ready as soon as Pve had a shower. ing to go out until the rain has stopped. 7 not going to work overtime unless I get pald, ‘When you are taking about the fature, use a present tense after time expressions, eg. as 00m as, wher, until unless, before, after and in case. This can be any present tense, e.g present simple, present continuous, present perfec. Wie use in case when we da something inorder to be ready for Future tuations / problems. Compare the use of ifand in case T won't take one if ts not cold I take a jacket anyway because it might be col3A a Revit the sentences in the pasive (without by... ‘The police caught the burglar immediately ‘The burglar was caught immediately. Grammar BANK 1b Rephrase the sentences to make them more formal, People think the murderer isa woman. is thought thatthe murderer isa woman. ‘The murderer is shought to be a woman 1 Police closed the road after the accident. | The road... 2 Somebody has stolen my handbag, My handbag, 1 Police believe the burglar isa local man. 3 The painters are painting my house. My house... Ie. The burglar... 4 They'll hold a meeting tomorrow. ‘A meeting, 2 People say the muggers are very dangerous. 5 The inspector fined them for travelling | They.. I. ‘The muggers... without a ticket 3. Police think the robber entered through an open window. 66 The police can arrest you for drink-driving. | You. It ‘The robber. Miranda thinks someone was following her last night. ‘They had Sold the house ive years are | The house, 3B ‘4 Complete the sentences using the future perfect or future continuous. The film starts at 7.00.1 will arrive atthe cinema at 7.15. ‘When Tarveat the cinema, the fim nil have started. (tart) 1 The plane to Paris takes off at 9.00 and lands at 10.30. Miranda thinks she.. Police say the murderer has disappeared. ia ‘The murderer. Lawyers expect that the trial will last three weeks. uw The tril b Complete the dialogue with verbs in the future ‘continuous or future perfect. ‘A Well, it looks like the weather’ going tobe diferent in the 22nd century. B What do you mean? : ‘a eat ‘A Wal they say we Ube having much higher have 3100 tey sis) Sabra eee ager ea By the end ofthis yeas __ €2a00.(oue) STEMS WE achisuindhire and | work 3 Tea home at 730 Te takes an hou to die to work leanne ee | ae {L800 tomorrow | to work. (eve) emu of therein the sa level They ay the number of 4: Our menting start at 200 and fnshes a 330, Som end wena themidaleat | double You can't ring me at 230 because we the century oo, even more people > move Reoehieeae tices king wine —— ew 5 Samis paying fr his cat, Theat payment isin November. © blgger by then Cn you imagine the alice ee pen fin November dont think there willbe a problem with the trafic = a (pay) Petrol? by then anyway, so nobody will | run out cir last exam is on May 31st. ‘have a car. Someone *__ anew method of | invent By the end of May they "ther cxams tranporso we? eedtaniar | deve (Gish) poweed care or omating 3C a Circe the correct form. ‘b Complete the sentence with a time expression from the list. Don't worry, Rob (will have passed! has passed after asseonas fore if imcase(x2) unless until when oo 2 Saad ni mado 1 IF Pm not ein Two eng better Tiel you —acsoanas_ 1 get back from my holiday tomorrows in going 0g othe doctor 1 Het going to pac his suitcase he goes tobe 2 Kerry wor be going dc goo work net ae en eal obaat week ier children are i acute ae 5 Doniteall Chloe now Is ight odck she a es ba le btn the bay. Rabie opener ee Tmmetingan od end —_ {go to London oe Mall you Find oo my resus If we'e lucky, well have sold / we've sold our house by Christmas, Ifplants aren't watered, they die will have died. ELE Muitinom — wowoup.comjelt/englshtle/upperintermediate _______ I'm te tomorrow, start the meeting without me. Lily will have packed some sandwiches ‘They'll be playing in the park we get hungry. it gets dark}A unreal conditionals second conditional selene: f+ past simple, would/ would infinitive Tifthere was ir inthis oth, would be very dificult to ecape. Irwouldat live inthe couse 1 didatthave sc 2 Ifyou were maldag so mich nos, could concentrate beter 3 Af were you, Pd make Fy wear a elmet when he's lng 1 Use second conditional sentences o alk bout hypothetical or improbable satis inte presen / future. 2 Inthe ifn you can alo se the pas continuous Inthe ater clase you can se could ot igh instead of would If jou wert making 0 mach nel euld concentrate beter, 4. With he verb eyou can use aor were fr hand hein Ue flue, f he was / wee here, he would know that oda, Howcoe, in conditonals beginning If mere you. to ive advice lay we mere third conditional sentences: f+ past perfect woul wouldnt have secondo third ondtonal? + past participle T Ifyou studied more, you would probably pass T Ifyou had studied more, you woul have done beter in the eas theexam Trwouldnt have ben ate 1 hada overlept 2 Ifyou had studied more, you would probably 2 He would ave did the hadi? een wearing a elmet Ihave passed the exam, aE ey bad esr yo weve oung, Hae mig nee safe ise + Compare the two conditionals. 1 = You don't study 1 We se third conditional sentences to alk about a hypothe past, enough You need to study mowe.2 = You dda. tution and a consequence Study enough 0 you fle. 2. Vou can louse the pat perfect continous inthe fclaue Yousan wee (Bega swe dud bdo Could have oc ight have instead of would have la the ober date oe ee present fate consequence, eg He woul Be [velised fe had red as xa 1B past modals st] might) can. +have+ pas patple should + have + pst patcple 1 Conus ave passed the xan. im sre I got all the answers igh Tes my lk [howl hve oll you ear You must have seen something You wer thee when the abbey happened. |_| that she was coming 2 Somebody mighthave stolen yout walt when you wee geting off thetan. | | We've gone the wrong way We should’t He il hit artved. might natave given hin the right dreaons. hve tirne et tthe elie ight 3 They eanhave gone tobe yet 1 only ten loc heer tein conan pee + Ue souls have «past partie say | they ca Sto da that souncbody dint do the ight thing + Uae mt may igh a oul + have = past partcpe wo make + You can ate ought have as an alerative eduction or epecclte about pat atone to'should have eg ough fo have ald 1 Use must have when you are almost sure that something happened or was true. ‘you earlier, Bi Te opposite of must haves ca have NOT ms hve 2 Uke might! ay have when you think i posible that something happened frat tro, You cam lo could have wh this meaning, eg They cou have Solon your welt when ou were geting of the tran 2 Use cat have when you are almost sure something did't happen o that itis Impostble You can also We col have IC verbs of the senses look fee sel sound taste i T She looks tired. That smells good! Tiae jeans dot fel comfortable. 2 He Took likes father. Thi atrial fet ke lke This tastes ket, not cof. 5 She looks as if she's een crying It stella someting’ burning. It sounds as if training 1 ie ok fet. adjective 2. Use lok ee + i nun (Bi fat can lo mean‘ want | woud do fal Heong ont = Ink vant to go out 3 bok fk e+ if ae + You can use like or as though instead of as ifeg 1) sounds like | as though is ain,4A a Complete with a suitable form of the verb in brackets. Ithe hadnt broken his eg, e would have played, (not break) 1 you a present if fd known it was your birthday. (buy) neighbours were like. (know) 10 Ifshe ‘mote sociable, she'd have more friends. (be) 1 2 Ifyou to bed eatlier, ou wouldn't have been so tired. (go) 3 1_______yousome money if had any. (lend) air someone’ wallet, Pd keop it. (find) 5 Joe wouldn't have crashed ifhe —__ so fast. (not drive) 6 We would havea dog if we in the county. (live) 7 you looked after the plants, they (not die) 8 You the news if you'd been watching the TV. (hear) 9 They woulda’t have bought the flat if they what the b 2 6 Pea Ls Complete using a second or third conditional, I didn’t wait another minute, I dida’t see you, IfT'd waited another minute, I would have seen you, Luke missed the train. He was late forthe interview. If Luke hadn't missed the train, Rebecca drinks too much coffe. She sleeps badly at night. If Rebecca didn't drink so much coffee. Ik started snowing. We didn't reach the top of the mountain If it hadn't started snowing... Millie dida't buy the jacket. She didn't have enough money. Millie would have bought the jacket if... I don't drive to work. There's 30 much tra Td drive to work if... Matt doesn’t speak German fluently. He wont get the job. If Matt spoke German fluently, ... 4B Respond to the first sentence using should / shouldn’s kave a Rewirite the bold sentence sentence with must / might a (ot) J can’t + have + ver. Tim sure I left my umbrella at home. | con't have it now. Tmust have left my uml at home. 1 Pmsure Ben has read my email. sent it yesterday 1 Holl’ crying, Perhaps she’s had an argument with her boyfriend. im sure Sam and Ginny havent got lost They had a map. You saw Elle yesterday? Tha’ impossible, She was in bed with Perhaps John didn't hear you. You know he's bit deaf 'm sure Lucy has bought anew car. saw her driving a Mercedes! Pm sure Alex wasnt very ill He was only off for one day. 3 4 avecbinthelist buy eat go (x2) invite learn save ‘A Soe isin bed with a stomach ache. B She shouldn't have eaten. so much chocolate cake. ‘A We couldn't understand anybody in Pais B You some French before you went. A Tom told me his phone number but I've forgotten it B You iton your mobile phone. ‘A Rob was late because there was so much traffic, B He by car. The train is much faster, ‘A. Amanda was rude to everyone at my party. B You ‘her She's always like that. ‘A Thaven’t got any money left after going shopping yesterday. B You ‘0 many shoes, Did you need three pairs? 8 They did't come to our party. Maybe they didnt receive 4 You look realy ted boiioninan B Tknow.| ______ toed eater. 4c a Circle the correct form. Match the two halves of the sentence. Your boyfriend looks Took Hk) a rugby player: 1 That group sounds ike F A her mother 1 Youive gone completely white You look / look as ifyou've 2 Those boys look B completely seen a ghost! out of tune 2. What’ for dinner? It mls) smell like delicious! 3. She looks ike very soft 3. Ithink John and Megan have asived. That sounds / sounds ike 4 That guitar sounds D someone has been their ca smoking in here. 4. Have you ever tried frog’ lps? Apparently they tastelke/ taste 5, He looks as if E really sweet. as if chicken. : 6 Your car sounds asif F REM, Are you OK? You sound! sound a ifyoutve got a cold. 7 You ier jackse bee ci 6 Can you pat the heating on? It feels felslike really colin here. dicing bers. 7 You lok lok lite realy happy: Docs that mean you got thejob? “This apple tastes HE its been overcooked, 8 Your new bag fel/ els ike real leather. ¢ kendall on 9 Lets throw this mill away. It tastes / tastes ikea bit strange: ii Porpehimetem: MET keene 10 Can you close the window? It smells! smells as ifsomeone Tarek does sehiriig Cleat 11. This rie tastes as if K hes ran marathon, ELD Multizom — worw.oup.com/elt/englishfile/upper-intermediate5A gerunds and infinitives ‘erbs followed bythe gerund and verbs ollawed bythe infinitive T enjoy listening to muse. couldn't help laughing 2 want to speak to you, They cas afford to buy anew cat 3. Itmight rain tonight. I would rather eatin than go out tonight — + When one verb follows anather the first verb determines the form of the second. This cam be the gerund (verb + ing) or the infinitive (with or without fo) | Use the gerund after certain verbs and expressions, eg. admit, avoid, ca't help, can't star, carry on, deny, enjoy. fay, fish, ge up, keep on, maine, involve, rund, miss postpone, practise, ris, sop, suggest. 2 Use the infinitive (ith to) after certain verbs and expressions, eg. agree, ‘appear, beable ro, can‘ afford, cat wait, decide, expect, happen, have (got), help, earn, manage offer, plan, pretend, promise reise, seem, teach, tend, threaten, wan, woul like. 3. Use the infinitive (without to) after modal verbs, ¢g. ca, nay, might, must should, had beter, would rather, and after the verbs make and et ‘tn the passive, makes followed bythe infinitive with Compare My] boss maker ws work hard At school ne were made to Wear a union AA Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or infinitive (with to) with no change of meaning, eg. begin, star, continue tke lors has and pefercanaluo he wed wih ter, but te gerund is tore common wien you sealing general. andthe inate when | ou tac about a speci occas, Compare ie ng Gn genera. like 1 go skiing in February or March (speci) verbs that can be followed by either gerund or infinitive with a change of meaning Tock the door ging to Venice asa child. 2 Sorry, I forgot to do it Til never forget seeing the Taj Mahal. 3 [tried to open the window: ‘Try calling Miriam on her mobile 4. You need to clean the cat. The cat needs cleaning, + Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or infinitive (with 20) with a change of meaning. 1 Remember + infinitive = you remember frst then you do something. Remember + gerund = you do something then you remember it 2 Forget + infinitive = you didn't remember to cdo something, Forget + gerund = you did something and you won't forget it. It is more ‘common in the negative 23. Thy+ infinitive = make an effort to do something. Try + gerund = experiment to see iffsomething works. 4 Need + gerund is a passive construction, eg, The car neds cleaning = The car needs to be'cleaned. NOT ads 0-daen 5B used to, be used to, get used to sed to/ didnt wse t+ nf be used to/ get used to + gerund T used to drink Five cups of coffe a day, but now Tonly drink ea 1 Carlos has lived in London for years. He's When Ilived in France as chil T used to have croissants for breakfs. used to driving onthe left 1 didn't recognize im, le didnt use to have a beard Tm not used to slecping with a duvet. 've —————————r ee ________] aliays slept nith blankets + Use wad 0 / adr se to + infinitive to alk aboot past habits or repeated 2 A Tean't get ured to working at night. [fel actions o situations states which have changed, tired athe ime ee ene ___ ‘ A. sei 0 doestt exist in the present tense. For present habits, use usualy + Don siorer Vacilscce geciweita it) the present simple eg Tusualy walk to work NOT Foeto-wnle‘ework| 1 Use be used to + gerund to tak about a new + You can albo use would to reer to repeated actions in the past. When I Ibed situation which is now familiar or less strange. jn Franceasa chit woul always eat croissants or breast But you cant use 2 Use get ase to + gerund to talk sbout anew vould with non-action verbs. NOT Fakahtrecogie him: Hewouddethaveg situation which is becoming familiar or les strange eo + You can" use the infinitive air be/ get used NOT Hes used 0 drive on theleft 5C reporting verbs structures after reporting verbs + Alc speci reporting verb, there are thre diferent grammatical patterns. 1 ade offered to dive me to the airport Two infinitive 2+ person-+ t+ infinitne [3+ ing form | promised not tell anybody. ‘advise apologize for 2 "Thedoctor advised me to have rest. ote es eset {persuaded my siternotto go outwith George. | | 82 (no) todo convince ‘admit (no doing Insp ae are promise somthing encourage fot iodo lame dor someting ‘The police accused Karl of stealing the car. a peer te + ‘To report what other people have said, you can use remind recommend ‘say or a specific verb, e.g, ‘Tl drive you to the tell ~ meee vam sages Se eer + Innegatv sentences, use the negative infinitive (nr te) o the negative to the pany. getund (not being) eg. He reminded me not tobe lat. She regrested mot going5A a Complete with the gerund or infinitive of a verb from the list. all notcome do get go goout know talk tidy wait work T suggested calling a taxi so we woulda be late. 1 1 Tm exhausted! I don’t fancy tonight. 2 Ifyou carry on youl have to leave the room. 3 Wed better some shopping if we want to cook tonight. 4 Tm very impatient. I can’t stand in queues 5 She tends angry when people disagree with her 6 My parents used to make me my room every morning, 7 Vd rather tonight. need to stady. B Tart wait ‘on holiday! 9 I don't mind late tonight ican leave early tomorrow. 10 Do you happen her phone number? 5B a Right (V) or wrong (%)? Correct the wrong phrases. She isnt used to have a big dinner in the evening. X ir used to having 1 Nowadays use to go to bed eary 2. When we visited our friends in London we couldn't get used to drink tea with breakfast. Sorry, Pm not used to staying up so late. 'm usually in bed by micinight. 4 There used to be a cifema in our village, but it closed down three years ago. Paul used to having a beard when he was younger. AA T don’t think I could work at night. B I’snot so bad. [use toit now. id you used to wear a uniform at your school? b 3 CCC UIEUaC ZL LG Circle the correct form, Your hair needs (ig! 1 eu,’ really long! Ti never forget see seing the Grand Canyon for the first time. He needs to cll) calling the helpline. His computer has crashed. 3 Have you tried 1 read / reading a book to help you sleep? must have my keys somewhere. ean remember to lok locking the door this morning We ran home because we had forgotten 10 turn turning the oven of Their house needed to paint / painting so they called the painters. Did you remember to send sending your sister a card? It’s her birthday today We tried to learn / learning to ski last winter but we were hopeless! Complete with used 1, be wsed ta, or get used to and the verb in brackets, He's Spanish so he ‘used to driving on the right. (drive) 1 When Nathan started his first job, he coulda at6am. (get up) 2 Ifyou want to lose weight, then youl have to les. eat) 3 I don't ike having dinner at 10.00 ~ meal so late, (not /have) 4 When we were children we all day playing football in the park. (spend) 5 Jasmine has been a nurse all her ie so she nights. (work) 6 Fvenever wor glases before, but have to them. (wear) 7 Lida’ recognize you! You Jong hair, did't you? (have) 8 Amelia isan only child. She her things. (not / share) 5c ‘Complete with the gerund or infinitive of the verb in brackets. ‘They advised me — 1 Jamie insisted on 2 Lauren agreed weekend. (go out) 3 Twarned Jane night. (not walk) 4 Jacob admitted handbag. (steal) 5 The doctor advised Lily (give up) 6 Our boss persuaded Megan ‘company. (not leave) 7 Freya accused me of 8 Lapologized to Evie for birthday. (not remember) b to hy — a new eat (buy) for the meal. (pey) with him at the through the park at the womans cof. the her pen. (take) her ELE muitinom —ww.oup.comyet/engisile/upperintermediate ‘Complete using a reporting verb from the list and the verb in brackets deny invite offer remind refuse suggest threaten She said to me, Pl take you to the station. She fered to fake (take) me tothe station. Ryan said, ‘Le’ go for a walk ls a beautiful day? Ryan (g0) for a walk 2 ‘I wont eat the vegetables; said my daughter My daughter (cat) the vegetables. Sam’s neighbour told him, ‘l call the police if you have any more parties? Sams neighbour (call) the police ithe had any more parties. ‘The children said, We did not write on the wall” ‘The children —___ (write) on the wall. Simon said to me, ‘Would you like to have dinner with me on Friday night?” Simon (have) dinner with him on Friday night. ‘Molly said to Jack, ‘Don't forget to goto the dentist? Molly (g0) to the dentist.6A articles basic rules: a/ amt the, no article Institutions (church, hospital school, et.) My fathers hospital. They are building anew hospital in my town T My neighbour has just bought dog. ‘The dogis an Alsatian, He got into the car and drove to the ‘Town Hall Wah pron ch, coo opt and wives te don't use an arile when you are thinking about the institution and the normal purpose itis used it for. IT you are just thinking about the building, use aor the. ‘geographical names 2 Men are better at parking than women. don't like sport or classical music, | I stayed at home last weekend. 1 Use a/ an when you mention somebody # something for the first time or say who { what somebody / something is Use the when is clear who I what somebody / something is eg ithas been ‘mentioned before or its unique). : 2 Don't use an article to speak in general ‘with plural and uncountable nouns, or in phrases like at home work, go home /t2 bed, next} last (week), ec 6B uncountable and plural nouns uncountable nouns 3 from is used for building bridges. 5 The National Ga 1 The weather was terrible, but at least there wasn't much traffic. ‘The scenery i beautiful here but its spoiled by all the rubbish people leave, 2 We hought some new furniture forthe garden. That’ a lovey piece of furniture need to buy a new iron. My old one’s broken. 1 Tusa isin North A 2 Selfridges, one of London's biggest department stores, is in Oxford Street. 3 Lake Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro are both in Africa. 4 The River Danube flows into the Black Sea ‘and the British Museum are London tourist attractions ‘We don't normally use he with ‘most countries, continents, regions ending with the name of a country / continent, eg. North America, South East Asi, islands, states, provinces, towns aod cities (exceptions: the USA, the UK) United Kingdom, the Netherlands the Czech Republic). roads, streets, parks, shops, and restaurants (exceptions: motorways and nem roads, the M6, the A25) individual mountains and lakes ‘We normally use the with ‘mountain ranges, rivers, eas, canals, deserts, and island groups. the names of theatres, cinems, hotels, galleries, and museums, plural and collective nouns 1 Your clothes ae ithy! Puta pair ‘of some clan trousers on. 2 Our staff are very efficient T Arms guns, ete), belongings clothes, manriers outskirts, scssors, 6c 1 The following nouns are always uncountable: behaviour, trafic, weather, accommodation, heath, progres, scenery, rubbish, work politics (and other words ending ince. athletics, conor) + They always ned a singular ver, they ant have plurals, and they cart be used with a a 2 These nounsare also uncountable: funiture, information, advice, homework, research, news, duck, bread, toast, luggage, equipment. Use a pec oft talk about an individ ite, 3 Some nouns can be ether countable or uncountable, ut the meaning changes, eg. ion = the metal, an ron = the thing dsed to press clothes. Other examples glass business paper, ih, trousers) shors ae plural nouns with no singular. They need a plural verb and can't be used with aan + Tethey consist of two parts, ¢, scissors, trousers, shorts they can be used with « pair ofr some 2 Crew, police, staffate collective nouns and refer to'a group of people. They time, pace, quantifies: al every et at, T Allsnials nes ood. Al ult contais niga {All the animals his 200 ook sa ‘Ta animals al looked sd 2 Berybodiy is bere Everything is very expensive 3 Mos people live neti Most of the people in his clas ave women. 4 hits othr and most of come to class every week S Erery room has a bathroom. I work every Yi aor l f e+ plural or uncountable noun ‘All=ingeerh al of the= specie ‘ean Ge sed before min vr (and ater Be. 2 ‘ila’ bets tot sn, Use everthing everybody Ningola ver vert sey expense 2 Use moto sy the major. Most ~ genera Mast of eae 4 Weoten use all/ most of an objet pronoun, lof mot of the all yo at of fe 5. Use evry gua counible noun to meal of group. A veya + te expresions Evy dy = Monday (ota Aly =e ec at 1 Isthere any mill Sorry, there ino milk There fant any (rile) ‘Use no-+a noun and a Fl verb, or any + noun + [=] verb to refer to need a plural verb, no, none, any 2 Isthere any food? No, none. / Ther is none. But none of ws are hung 3 Come any weekend! Anyone can come. avo quantity Aycan also be ded Wao 2 noob. ‘Use none shor answers, witha! verb to eer 0 2eo quantity. You cat also use nore= of pronoun / noun. ‘Use any anid amying anyone ete) and verb to mean it docs mater when, who, et both, nether either 1 Both Pierre and Marie Corie were scents Netber Petre nor Maic was / were aware of the dangers of radiation | Marie Curie wanted wo study ether pics or mathematics In the end she studied both subject at the Sorbonne in Paris. 2 She and her husband both won Nobel prizes 3 Neither of them realized how dangerous radium was. ‘Use bothers and tier to alkaboa vo peopl, things, actions ste oth Aand By cthr™~A ory neiter= not A and not ‘sea | ver, The ver lar with th, and ther singer or pls with ether Wien eo testo cane can ao be ed bee We often use both / either / neither + of + object pronoun, eg, us, homete or +f the + noun.