ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 7 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading Prepared by the ‘Task Committee on Structural Loadings of the Committee on Electrical Transmission Structures of the Committee on Analysis and Design of Structures of the Structural Division ‘of the American Society of Civil Engineers Published bythe ‘American Society of Civil Engineers 34S East a7th Set [New York, New Yor 10017-2398,wr pm oe sos ‘Seen ae testers tas Seeer acer omni rts Seppe teeon say Sanh Seetabe aren cote eaern Eeccra crams gan neces Staged eenepumianemcentrs tn Seevesee wont loa gwen Spee proce Esmrah ceiaanuaes eaeteeterain ennai SS rey testa cee ea ee aes Shgeoe Ek wteaer a ierearetes Ege aceret ise acon Se eee Library of Congress Caaloging-n-Puiiaton Data sey ere ere mea ey “isa om mnemanate ooie atone ate ee eee Shee See v reaeaes mies lee tacit Mar gee ciense, eres 20002 iaivee seed a anna amare onatrnae Bears ccsganeme tne Has seaccnnamreales Se rea mage mantrione eee eee ‘ons So relrenes made mvs publication 10 ary specie caren ners am ohteeaneeeneaniee Se a Se csoeemeendcone onc ee {hs slormanon assumes al sabity sepa re (e'Uader ereumetence nt ating shine al ase aired mgerciaramtecee Secearasia ie Stam aires ae i tei ere a gone ipuelot eaeryarenty ROSREE Gimmie 1 © 1091 bythe Amaican Saciny fC Engines, {ia Congas catalog Caron: 20002 Nanuachred inthe Unie Sines of Aetca ] MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE (As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Commitee, Jay 1990, nd vised March 1935, February 1962, April 1982) A manual or report in this series consists ofan orderly presentation of facts on 4 particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations snd ap of these facts, It contains information usefal to the average engineer in hs everyday work, rather than the findings that may be useful anly occasionally oy rarely, Itis notin any sense a “standard,” however, nor is it oe ary conclusive a to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengincers. Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from 9 paper (which ‘expresses only one person’s observations or opinions), isthe workoo committee ‘or group seiectedtoassembleand expressinlormation onaspecifctonic, Nevwiog 2s practicable the conymitteis under the direction of one or taste of the Teele Divisions and Council, a the product evelved has been subjected orev by the Executive Committee ofthat Division or Council. Asa step in the process this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before the member othe ‘Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, which may steve asthe basis for improvement. When published, each work shows the names ofthe conuntices by which i was compiled and indicates claviy the several processes tig which it was compiled and indicates cleasy the several processes through which thas passed in review, in order that its merit may be definitely understood {February 1962 (and revised in Apri, 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish: ‘Aeris entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, to include the ‘Manuals published and authorized to date future Manuals of Profession Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice, all such Manual or Report ‘material ofthe Society would have been refereed ina manner approved by te Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, vith applcatie: slicussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering woud becorecutive and would be » continuation of present Manial numbers, ln some eae of sports of joint committes, bypassing of Jounral publistions may be sath, Heed.AV. ABLE* MANUALS AND REPORTS OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE 10” Technical Procedures for Cty Surveys 13 Filtering Materia for Sewage Treatment Pants H4Accommodation of Uiity Pint Within the Rights oF-Way of Urb Strets and Highways 31 Design of Cylindrical Concrete Shell Roofs 3B Cost Control and Accounting for Civil Engineers 5H. Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms 3 lations of Foreign Literature on Hydraulics 36 Wastewater estment Pant Bg 3% Design and Construction of Sonny and Storn Sewers 40 Chand Woternogerent 41 Powe Desig in Sela Gude and Commentary Design of Stators to Resist Nuc Weapon Ecs Report on Highway and Brie Surveys SS —Conslng Engineering A Cuide forthe Engagement of Eginscng Senaes 46 Report on Ppcine Location 4 Scketed Abstracts om Srctrl Applications of Past 4% Ushon Maning Guide Report on Sa Cra Harbors Suey of Coren Stature Research Guide forthe Design of Ste! Tanai Towers iter for Maintenance f Mallon Highway Sedimentation Engineering Guide to Employment Condon for Cl Engineers Sulsricetventigation for Deng sa Constr of Foundations of Buildings Management, Operation and Maintenance of rigaton and Drainage Syuene Structural Analysis and Design of Nur lan ais Computer Pricing Pract Granty Stary Ser Design ond Constrction Inexctry Manual on Compa Sem Enistng Somer Evation ar Rian Sirsctral Pasties Denn Manes anual on Enyincrng Surweying Constston Cnt Col Sota Msi Selection Manual Wind Tat Mate Sta of ngs ‘Aeration A Wonewater Treatment ces Sule n Wastewater Calecton and Tettent ystems Evapotrneptin a tmpton Hate Reyerenete ‘Agel Slit Assennent and Mangement ‘Design of Sct ransmasion Statues 7 Oualtyin the Comsrcted Peet“ Cue or Owner, Design, din Constrstre SSSQRataneegs Y xegeese BS 7% Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading ‘Numbers 12 3,4 5.6,7.89, 11,1218, 16, a m 36,384, an nef pint, Sp a get ng 8 = a PREFACE Jn memory of Gene M, Willie in recto of his many cntritatons “id continuous supput arn the preparation of this document During the past decade, substantia eot has goneinto improving meteor determining structural leads on transmission line structures, The Committe on Electrical Transmission Structures is charged withthe responsiblity o ‘valuate, and provideleading requirements transmission stractres-Thesnial results of ths effort were presented in a commit report tthe ASCE: Ana Convention and Exposition, San Fancico, Cai, on October 1984, ‘Comment eceived on the 1984 commie report were incorporated int ast rat guidelines, which were presented for eve and comment at the ASCs Sixth Annual Strctures Congress in Orlando, Ha. on Auguot 1 158) Thin dlocument, which incorporates comments receive noth the 1984 commitee ‘epost and the 1987 draft guidelines, was prepared by the Task Commit on Structural Loading ofthe Committe: on Elect! Transmssion Structures, ‘The recommendations presented herin are the consensus uf opi of the tosk committee members. While the subject matter of ths gue as tren ‘horoughly esearched, ts application shoul come ony ae sound engines indgment hasbeen ute ” " ‘The commitee wise to thank the poo review commit memburs for he {ssstanee and contbutions to this document Dan E.Jackinan (Chatman Robert E. Nickerson, Jery Tang, Paul A Tedesco, Dan, Thiemann, and Ci M. Wisi The asst of Aathony M- Dic Jes and Vern Wwe the preparation of this document also gratefully acknowledged aly, the omit i grateful forthe comments tecived from} Alen, Paul Ce Daniel Chapoton, Blas Channoum, Anand Goel, Robert Hartmann, Rott oop, EB. Jenkins, George usc, Richard Kravitz, SG. Krishonasmy, David Machugh, Marlo Meniove, Car! Ord, Ordean Oskvig, Robert Peter Fad Piano, Charles Werner, K James West, Robert Whapho, an James Walflcnainanatilridichioe iat tenho Task Commitee on Structural Landings Gary E, Bowles Kishor. Melita Clayton L. Clem Alain H.Peyrot Jerome G. Hanson Randall. Samson Leon Kempner, H Brian White John D. Mozer, Chairman Commitee on Eletial Transmission Structures Wiliam M, Ford Ronald E. Rane John D. Mozer Gene ML. Wilhoite Anthony M. DiGioin, Jr, Chairman i : t I TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION. SECTION 1 LOADISTRENGTH DESIGN FORMAT 1.0. TRODUCTION 11 SYSTEM, SUBSYSiNS, AND COMPONENTS 12 TYPESOF LOAD.IROBUCING EVENTS 124 Weather-loed Evens 122. Evens or Las of Given Rtarn Pod 123. Accitemal Events 124 Canstucton and Maintenance ents 13 LIMIT STATE DESIGN: TW lands and od is, 13.2 Component strengths. 133 LondandResnorte Fac Basign il: ToT LAtD Egtons. 1332 Suggested Lood Conon 1333 Lond Combinations. 14 RELIABILITY-DASED DESIGN. LAL Relabity slased LEED SELECTION OF LOAD FACTOR OW RETURN PERIOD SELECTION OF STRENGTH FACTOR STRUCTURE TESTING. SUMMARY OF LRFD PROCEDURES 3 i 7 a SECTION2 WEATHER-RELATED LOADS 20. INTRODUCTION 21 WINDFORCE 22. AIR DENSITY FACTOR.‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 23. BASIC WIND SPEED 23.1 Basic Wind Speed from ASCE7-85 23.2 Useof Local Wind Data, 24 TERRAIN FACTOR. 24.1 Exposure Categories 24.2 Effective Height... 25 GUST RESPONSE FACTOR 25.1. Equations and Notation 25.2. Wire Gust Response Facior 2.5.3 Suucture Gust Response Facto. 26 FORCE COEFFICIENT. 2.6.1 Factors influencing Force Coefficients. 26.1.1 Shapeand Size... 2612 Aspect Ratio 2613 Yawed Wind 26.14 Solidity 26.15 Shielding : 2.6.2 Recommended Force Coeilicients, i 26.2.1 Conductors and Ground Wires. 26.2.2 Lattced Truss Structures 2623 Lattced Truss Structures —Vawed Wind { 2624 PoleStructures 2.6.25 Members. 27.) Tornadoes 272 Wind infvenced by Topography ies ne Tee 2722 Moun and Hil. 3723 Vales 28 ICEANO WIND LOADING 281 Inkoduction 282 Catogonesofcng 283 Design Assumplios force Loading 284 Glave Lasding on Wits rcrnct 2841 Using Stati ee Data 2842 Using lee Map R43 Verte Loads i 2844 Combined Wind andice Loads. : 285-IeeBuldup on Structural Members 2BS1 Veral Loads 2852 Wind Lode 28, Unislased ic Loni 29 WIKETENSION 2.63 ‘Application of Wind Forces tothe Sieucures 27 TORNADOES AND WIND INFLUENCED BY TOrOGRAPY ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION3 SPECIAL LOADS. 20 BYMRODUCTION 0. 31 LONGITUDINAL LBS 321 Langu ond on in Sens Ba rg ar eae S121 ‘Nathod benign lst torBrte Wietoder 2 : aaa Method Soy Sasa Spend nee : gazy_ Mods itachi 22 Gaudrng : 33 cGNorRUCon AND ANNES $3 Geel 332 Gontacon aad S321 Sucre Bcalon : 3322 Condes Genders 923, Minensnce andes se Secu oad 3332, Grund wie, Cond 24 smeucttite VATION SECTION4 EXAMPLE... 40. INTRODUCTION .. 41 161-kV LATTICED ANGLE SUSPENSION STRUCTURE... | 4.1 ASCE Extreme Wind—Transverse 70 mph, Noes} A112 ASCE Extreme Wind a 3-Degree Yaw Angle (0 mph, No ie). 4.13 ASCE Extreme lee Plus Wind (Zone 10-inch Radia eo—28-mph Wind) vn 4.14 NESCMedium Load (4 ps on Yeinch le). 415 Tomado Resistance Load... 41.51 Transverse Wind Load on Tower 41.5.2 Longitudinal Wind Load on Tower... 4.1.6. Special Security Loading (ailure Containment Sei bres Gaurd Wien 41162. Broken Conductor. APPENDIX A REFERENCES... APPENDIX NOTATION AND Si CONVERSION FACTORS APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON RELIABILITY. BASED DISIGN.... APPENDIX AIR DENSITY FACTOR, “ a 4 5 4APPENDIX E APPENDIX APPENDIXG ‘APPENDIX H 4 [APPENDIX APPENDIX A APPENDIX K INDEX. ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS. CONVERSION OF WIND SPEED AVERAGING TIME. ne ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON STRUCTURE VIDRATION Secceniencnes EQUATIONS FOR GUST RESPONSE FACTORS SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORCE COEFFICIENTS. ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORM ICE LOADING, aula SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON LONGITUDINAL LOADS..... INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE FAILURES... ve nN Barkow Obie Boren redo INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Pevaling protice and mast state laws require that transmission fines be designed, a¢a minimum, to meet the egutements of pst or curent eins of ‘he Natal letra Sey Cale ESC 1990) The NESC spay intended cover elecricl features of transmission line Is current eof rls forthe Selection af loads and overload capacity factors doesnot have a consistent bass. Some designers fel thatthe NESC rules are to restrictive, whe thers ao design rita well above the NESC minimums In general, Individual wis ‘ten develop ther own i-house design procures or dtermining loads Based on responses toa ransmisin ine lading questionnaire (ASCE DR), sty sn rere show considera toe vartan amg tems than could be allbuted to varbiiy in envonmentaltod condos. Tr snapparent ico orn nthe interpretation o the NCSC rules Whi generates fel tht they are wel served by ne NESC and india veloped design procedures they sual ack the data to determine whether they ate overly conservative cr too vulnerable orthis ean, the ASCE Committe on Electra Transsion Sratureshas devoted a substantial effort to develop reality-based design guideline ov transmission tne stricta loadings. These guelines, which wer fis pre sented as a committe report (ASCE 1984) an later a raf for review and Comment (ASCE 987), cress the following needs: 1, fr uierm posession acs he Indy forthe xan of tons 2. fordtsign procedures that provide some rave mesure fit, fb 5: frprcedaestocompute design dr andl atta oh «, epcedurstocerdnethestengisf f orpocedures corn thestengs of various componetsinalinesytemto ‘vail imconitence over ine behavon 5. for praedarestht alo he tty tines over eit depeningon the Snporane of hence lta neon and 1 "tens in parentheses denote references sted in Appendix Atae the load and resistance factors ~ INTRODUCTION 6 forprocedures that ato some incentive for developing beter asl data bates for cline phenomenasudheswindandice, “This document presents detailed guidelines and procedures for developing transmission line structure loads. The he guideline give recommended values. Alerative methods not presented {his document are acceptable when uty companies have elabliched ‘ures fa determing sual Ibads bset on sony fens of sacetl “The fllowing paragraphs provie a brief overvew ofthese guidelines LOADISTRENGTH DESIGN FORMAT ‘This section introduces a reliability-based design methodology that forms the ‘sto framework forthe loading fudetines, Alon and tesanee att design (ERD) een fonnatis presented forthe design of any transmission structure, theranureand sees variability of loads are given along with detailed procedures for te selection of SSS reliability and cost of the line, The same design loads and load factors apply to structures made ofstel, reinforced concrete, wood, of other materials, the resistance factors dfering with material and component type. ‘One of the most important features of the LRED method described in this section i that it gives the designer knowledge of how much the reliability of transmission line component changes with different values of the load and resistance factors. Line and component reliability factors are introduced that allow the designer to selec load and resistance factors that will adjust the relative reliability by known amount. The ability to assign relative reliability values to various lines and components within a line isan extremely useful concept, ‘Although procedures for selecting resistance facors are given, this guide does ‘ot present specific information on strength of structures, In the future this information should be provided in design guides fr stellate, steel pole, wood pole, and concrete transmission line structures. WEATHER-RELATED LOADS wrelna “This section gives specific procedures and formulas for determining weather- ‘elated loadings on transmission line structures that can be used in the reliablity- based design methodology outlined in the previous section, Weatherrelated loads are associated with wind, ice, ora combination of wind and ie. In certain cases, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and local topography influence the ‘magnitude of weather-related loads. These influences are also described inthis section. Weather-related loads are sometimes referred to as “reliability-based” Toads (EC 198). inbiity-based design method is amena: sn ‘Srapmiet ble to the use of improved data wherevel available. When data are not available, ie amounteffect on the Drie yetews nrmooUCTION A base wind force formula applicable otransssion ines is presente. This formula aeons for wind characte, ach wind speed etn roughness, fd nr density at wel as for stricture an line carats, such fore ‘orlfient, gut eaponse factor, projected ars ofthe structureanstoverhesd Tne components, fhe snd forces recommended inthis section ave primarily based onthe provisions of ASCE Stanavd 788 (ASCE 1990), Where the vale deviate sores ofthe recommended vloes re indicated “Tis secon also provides a rational design approach sr ads and combined wind and fe londs An ie loaing map for the contiguous United States gen hat many bese incase where histor ata on cea 0%: Ioadingsare nol avaiable. Where more secu ice loding dats have been compiled fora speci uiity service area, those dla soul ake precedence over this ee loading na Bec ulies are urged to develop wind and ic lading citera established specially for thelr service areas based on historia meteorongl daa ore accretion modeling techniques that ae referenced in this gue. SPECIAL LOADS ‘This section ofthe guide presentsa detailed discussion on special loadings such 2s longitudinal ead constuction, and maintenance lnc line galloping, and ‘Strueture vibration. Longitudinal loadings may be the result of weather-related events, broken. ‘wires, orfllure of anauljacent structure and must be resisted to prevent cascading failures ofthe support stractuesin te line. For this eason, longitudinal loadings are sometimes referred oa “anicascading,” failure containment,” or "secutity" loads. Construction and maintenance loads must be specified to prevent struc ember overstresses during construction or maintenance operations that may cause serious injury to worker. For this reason, these loads are sometimes referred to as “saety” loads Although galing nse ibation do ot gnealy produce exene loadings on the structures, loads produced by galloping wites can damage erossarms, crossarm connections, and hardware. Furthermore, some stucture ‘member shapes are parculay susceptible to winindcedsibration and have fled in fague. Consequently, the designer must be aware othe poeta problems associated with these phenomena EXAMPLE. ‘This section presents a detailed numerical example of the loading computations ‘based on the procedures given inthe guide,} i 4 tRooucTiON APPENDIXES ‘The example section is followed by several appendixes that provide supplemen- talinformation on the various loading criteria given inthe main body ofthe guide, ‘The appendixes also include alist of references and notation used in the guide Finally, 2 summary of recommended procedures for the investigation of transmission line failures has been included in an appendix. tis believed thatthe industry will benefit from a better understanding ofthe sctual causes of failures, ‘which offen ate not determined. Thorough failure investigations will prove important information regarding future design criteria for transmission Tine structure loadings and strength, Section 1 LOAD/STRENGTH DESIGN FORMAT 1.0 INTRODUCTION sie cenfules Tobe elfecivein providing cost-effective and reliable designs for transmission line structures, this guide addresses the following needs: 3. Thue is ed forum posedires and definons cos the indus fhe Caiaflon af as. Th wl aia) commamenon been pop ‘ote intra ie dx (he camino ange tans intro etnonet ol he protean cmpasonc cheno dierent dsgn proces 2. Degen sh proveforan cepa minima ay lines Sgn nung ts lly whenever re eed. ha Sunline chub mre ote han aes nro ie a. Ste roca oromutngdeng dso ie ce Sl depend | > ode teats of he sporty sts: Laing gods sol rc nce els nthe epee ns wl ene llet of | DL and 40} (13.49) ‘8K, > eet of| DL and Ore} c1say LOADISTRENGTH DESIGN FORMAT 7 Security Requirement 4R,> elect of [ DLand SL} 039 Construction and Maintenance (Safety) ‘Wk > effet of | You(DL and CM) | 033) Code Loads 48, > effet of FLL] a3 where $a seegth (or eitnce of capac) ison. 6 kes nto aso ‘avahitesinmateral cmensions, workmanship athe uncerany nen Inthe equation used fo cluate Ry a8 «pedir the tw strength othe Component cn lo be used fo borin he sengte of emponents na Subsystems adjusting ht elataes, Procedures orstetng pare provid inthis gle; by = strength factor ose wh giated loads histor sto te bine fom te spproprnte code documents) k= he nomial stengihok the component Di the dend lds ey svights of bce wires, harden Insolator, and supporting sucures =the ead cor sped te lol ttt Qu unter conden. The lad factor can be adjusted ace or he {portance and possibly the length thetine Suggested aus are provided n tht gid; Gy = leas produced by the wind velosy Van romaine ole and wind that havea Sb-yae meten period Va andthe ee and wind combina tonsmay be detened rial metorlgital dno oained ra map auch a those presented erin. The wand ctetin fen that hh Produces the largest fond ee, The lands Oy ar loads on the wes ans ting iecty on the supporting sirctures The loads Gye ogee sth temperature, fet wire tenons The empeatute at which fess sh be actlateds that not ily torr a themed! the extreme year eve. The tensions ntum, fet theloadsonangle snd dented stucurs ard ye vertcal loads on l structure ype; Gye = oad ila o Oy dened cer ‘xcept that they have an RP-year sem period SL seca has sich a treason ods tha lest ina stare wih suficientes theconsegienesaaresfomreater eto aceenaevenssCM = sls produced by consrucion and maintenance operations tens the ond ator Eopled oa the leads n Eq, 133. oy should haves mili vl ot 3 ches where the CAM hands estan el dened, When the CE os sre “dymay” suc 0 owe asotted with mang wines ung singing. ‘elue of 2.0 is recommended LL legit hoda wich are any et of rinimem lig spect bylaw othe pets sece sen othe ne The most conmonof hee arethe NES st oaangs wit he appropiate NE ‘overload capacity factors (NESC 1990). Ey 131 for1 310) he desig equnton that controls relly for wether rated events Thelin slatcconsidered damage component casey he cterence of extreme wind or combinaons oe and wi 13.2 provides fats often Mealy te ntobtecotdeedin ET STS OALi GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES an ultimate or failure mit state. The purpose ofthe equation isnot o prevent loclizedl damage, but to prevent aur propagation. However, for simply, i imay be assumed that damage and ullmate lint states are identical With tal ervativeassumption, the same R, canbe sed inal ofthe design equations 1.3 consid the damage limi state a «component ram C&M lous Finaly, Eq 1.3-4is sted to emphasize that requtements fom govering codes shuld aways be considered, a a Tes emphasized that the load factor in 6g, 1.3-1a is applied tothe forces gxe nonumy ofthe excuston lit thet euenty ent in pblshed | fenmuig for fy and for difernes tenth coftent of vraion, COs © Theother pune eo optonay adjust the aby os component By the actor CREP values of be stength actor ante oained foe Toe et Forcomipencnts scl towersan steel or prestesed corte pol sutures designed according tthe ASCE an PCI pubetons (ASCE 18, 188, 190 © Petey ean be aman that hay a excatn t a the onge of10 fercontand COV, inthe range of to 20 percent. Therefore, om abe, GT forCRE = 1,6 = babior CRE = 2 and = O73 for CRE = For reinforced (nonprestressed) conte components designed actrding fo the cl procures (ACI 96), the AC stength fedacion aco tan busin | ti te actors ven Table. nts, the sme value of the ACL |____ Sesgth rection factors sould be used regal othe CRF since the ACT 1p Retomateady contain stength dering etfs the vou ones compo nent §5 "SForood pole structures, the statistical data in ANSI 5.3 (ANS! 1987) can be sed to determines value fr Re atthe perentexclaon lint using, C3 tn Append Che caresponsing stent factor cm hen te onl om neler, For foundation fc which statistical data are avaiable, Tobe 1.61 can be wed Forfoundaton for whichstatstial data are nova nominal segs and ‘TaBLe 16-1. Strength Factor ¢ to Adjust Reliability by Factor CRF ao ‘Strength Factor, & for COVE = CRF | Umit.e(%) | 10% percent | percent | 40 percent | 50 percent | o @ o @ © “8 t 1 S10 10 100 108 109 un t 0 os os oo a9 i 30 a6 O58 ost ors \ o oa O78 073 i) k 3 078 on 066 061 : 2 | sem ‘ons 87 ‘as 90 i 0 om 078 07s a7 f 20 ars on 086 8, | o a0 066 060 as E 30 ast ost a5 049, + | S010 os 076 077 7s 2 os os 04s, ast i 2 oss ast oss as t Lo 058 056 os oe Ls a7 os ow otSue GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES strength factors based on established practice can be used. In such cases, however, the reliability of the foundation relative to that of the supported structures unknown, ‘The LRFD format described herein is alsoapplicable to the mechanical design of sonductors (or ground wires). recommended nominal strength fora conductor {8 70 percentof ts rated ultimate tension capacity, T, (AAL1989}.R, = 0.707, isa conservative limit thal should prevent damage to the conductor and virtually efiminate the possibilty of ts rupture at that love, If Ry = 0.707, fy used for conductors or ground wies itis recommended tha he associated strength factor shalvays be taken as 1, These suggestions are not eeliability-based but represent cuneat practice, 1.7 STRUCTURE TESTING Proof testing ofa structure is often used to veily some aspects of the design, process. Wha s really demonstrated ina successful proof test isthe adequacy Of the analysis procedures used in calculating load effects (rom design loads, the adequacy of the strength design formulas, and the adequacy of the details. A roo! testi ated successful ifthe structure withstands without damage or failure (depending on the particular limit state considered) the following test loads: (OL+y Qadb or OL + Quy aay (OL + sty 7a) ‘rou (OL + Clans ars) Lh ara) These equations apply only forthe casein which the stent actor, ithe ‘some for all components of the structure. For other cases, an appropriate procedure, such as substructure testing, should be developed PPP 1.8 SUMMARY OF LRFD PROCEDURES ‘The flowchart in Fig, 18-1 summarizes the decisions and proceduees to be followed forthe design of a component according tothe reliablity-based LRED [procedures described in this section. To propery implement these pronsres, ‘the design loadings, which are base onthe selected line reliability factor as well ason other decisions, should be determined by the line designer and piven in te specications either as load tres or in tabular form. These specifications should also include the desired component reliability factors and/or the strength faclors to be used by the structure designer inthe design of the structures | LOADISTRENGTH DESIGN FORMAT 19 SELECT LINE RELIABILITY FACTOR, LRE (GRE notzlly equal ons ine preston) EFFECT OF CRF: Adj ria ofa OF ARE: Semper LP WHERE LRF2 1 | (OBTAIN LOAD FACTOR 7, OR LOAD RETURN PERIOD FROM TABLE 151 | DETERMINE DESIGN LOAD BRFECT QD IN EACH COMTONENT oc QB = EFRESr OF (BEmN™ S39] Bb QD = EFFECT OF [DL andSt 1 By 132 QD » EFFECT OF (yyy (Dt and CRM] By. 138 QD = EFFECT OF (LL) a. 134 ‘SELECT COMPONENT RELIABILITY FACTOR, CRF (CRF somali eqal'o 1) EFFECT OF CRE : Funher stu ebiiy of eomporent ty Feoe CRE ¥ OBTAIN STRENGTH FACTOR. FROM TABLE 16-1 ‘OR On tER SOURCE DESIGN COMPONENT WITH NOMINAL STRENGTH, Rwy suc THAT Ry > QD FIG, 1.8-1—Suminary of LRED Design ProceduresSection 2 WEATHER-RELATED LOADS 2.0 INTRODUCTION This section provides weather-related loads on tansmision tuctures. These are loads assocated wit win, ie, ora combination of wind anc. In cents Cees, temperature, atmosphere presi, andl topography iene the tmagitude of weaiherveloed loads, These influences hou be conaered ‘when appropriate Loads presented inthis section azeunfactored loads. These loads should be altpedby the ad factor, wher applica, as indcated in Section ' andard wind pressre formula applicable to transmiscion tne spre sented The wind peecures recommended ini section are primary ta the provisions of ASCE Standard 785 (ASCE 19808) which sy revi of ANSE Standard AS81982, Wherethe values deviate, sources recommended als areindiated ce and combination of wind loadings with ie are also esrb, The guide provides a basis for estnating the thickness of ce on conductors ad pod “es and the magnitude of wi pees forsombiaton wih es Stpplomentalntormaton on wn petd avers in, one cots sist sponse fctis, and ice lading given in the oppenlags, 2.1 WIND FORCE “The wind force acting on the surface of transmission line components can be determined by using the wind force formula, shown in Eq 2.1 Fe Q@urcca ea) ‘where ? = the wind force in the ditection of wind unless otherwise specie, in Pounds; V = the fastestmile design wind speed, in mph, which isgiven asoneof “ i WEATHER-RELATED LOADS 15 the following: (1) Vap associated with the RP-year retura period oF (2) Vos associated with the 50-year return period with the corresponding load to be ‘multiplied by the load factor from Table 1.-1 (This 50-year return period wind can be obtained from the map in Fig.2.3-1.),Z, = the terain factor, which modifies the basic wind speed for various heights 2 ind and for diferent ‘exposure categories (The values are tobe obtained from fq 2.41 or Table 2-1), (Q= the airdensity factor defined in Section 2.2; G = the gust respense fctr for ‘conductors, ground wires, and structures as specified in Section 2.5 C= the force coefficient values as recommended in Section 2.6 and A= the area pro jected on a plane normal to the wind direction, in square fet, The wind force calculated from Bq, 2.1-1 is based on the selection ofappropriote values of wind speed, terain factor, gust response factor, and force coelfient. ‘These parameters are discussed in subsequent sections. The wire tension corre- sponding othe wind lading shoud be ccuted using he empertr tha ‘most ikely to occur atthe tine of the extreme wind loading events 2.2 AIR DENSITY FACTOR The lr density factor, Q, converts the Kinetic energy of moving arin he potential energy of pressure. For wind peed in mpi and pressure im pt the Fecommended values: o-oonse ean ‘This values based on the speci weight ofsirat a Fatsea level. Forsomecase, the effets of temperature and elevation on the sir density facior moy ‘considered. Vator ofthis factor for other temperatures and lvation are ‘renin AppendixD. 2.3 BASIC WIND SPEED Inthe United Sates, the bsicwsnd speed ithe ses mile wind speed 3 fet (001m aboveground in atan open county erin an asst wha yea ‘elu period." The ststmilewind sped isdeine os theaverape speed fone Ie of ai psainga wind messuringnsrument anenometer Us. Naina Weather Service and mast ofthe US standard and caves use the fastest wind sped, 2.3.1 Basie Wind Speed from ASCE 7-88 ASCE Standard 7-88 (ASCE 1990b) gives basic wind speeds in the form of a ‘map, as shown in Figure 2.1. The map was assembled by the Subcommittee en “Return period (also termed mean recurrence interval) i the reciprocal of annual probability of occurrence6 \WEATHER-RELATED LOADS 7 Wind Loads of ANSI Commitee ASE, The aubconmitce used the resus of extreme vale analysis of annual fstestnile wind spect recon at 139 ‘eather stations publishes by Simis eta. 192) and Monte Calo simon reulls of hureane ston data published by Bats eta. (1980). analy ded wind sped valves thi ae normalized to fet (Im) aboveground, Tntand open tein exposure Cas defined in Secon 28) anda SO turn peti ‘There are certain regions inthe county, such a moustainous tan, where ‘opograpieetareeitin (cussed in Section 272) may cause sgafiesnt ‘atone of wind specs ove short stances, These vtiaions of wind spt snnotbe shown on map of smallacle. Spel wind regions designated on te nap (Figure 241 cuton the designer that the wind speed ay vary si Canty fa thee replons from toe shown onthe mapr The deegners sah ‘Ons focal meterolgl data in thse cases o etal design wl peed HE Somat wind rgion 2 “On the average, coy two hureanes affect the Alantic and Gl of Misico 5 foasaareas of the United Stotes annually, even though mare than eight tepca : storms and hurricanes ave spawned each year inthe tropics and Carian. A 8 tropical storm scesignate asa hurricane only when te sustained wind speed in g thestorm reaches 74 mph. Because relatively fe huricanes strike speci point 5 : 4 Srtwen nnd spent Conlu' ssepa slong the coastline, an adequate numberof hurricane wind speed recordings not available to statistically analyze the data. To develop hurricane design wit! speeds ona probabiisticbasis, Batts etal. (1980) used a Monte Carlo simulation of Inurrcanes striking the coastal regions lo generate husricane wind specs data, The ‘Aalanticand Gulf of Mexico coasilines were divided into discrete points spaced at ‘50 nautical miles. Thus the total coastline of2900 nautical miles ha 38 points. The ‘Monte Carlo simulation of hurricanes provided wind speed data at each ofthese points. These wind speed data were analyzed using a Type | Extreme Value probability distribution (Gumbel 1958) to obtain wind speed values ona prokabi- listicbasi, Hurricane wind speeds associated with the 50-year retum period are incarpo- tated in the design wind speed map of ASCE 7-88 (Figure 23-1) The hurricane winds are considered Io be similar to other winds for design purposes: i, the 100 hg AGSS° Note. vies ae atest sneade ot tntagoy € and se toned it a, 2 ines eg ou itn po cao sie en Associate, f {._ qanteonert wind spud prof, sa ster mind corns msc Fines are assumed to be the same a that of inland wind vgions in thecurent E | __ practice. Thebasi wind speeds forareasin Hawaiian Puerto Rico, whichare nol 1 | Rrownia figure 261,60 mph and98 mph apace, acrding ts ASCE 7-88 (ASCE 95) 2.89 Use of Local Wind Data tis possible to determine the basic wind speed using regional eather lated data far a speci location. The ASCE Siondard 7-8 (ACE I900H) provisions permit use of regional weather-related data provided the fllowing thie tea sremet: 1. Acceptable éxtrome-raue statistical analysis procedures have been empl in redoing the data FIG. 2.3:1—Besic Wn Soeede,i i 18 GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES 2. Considerations given tothelength of cord, ve data quality, nd tern exposure 3. Thetasic wind speed used is ot es than 70 mph, ng time, anemones hight, ‘The statistical analysis used by Simi et ol. (1979) to reduce the wind data for Figure 2.31 is based on an Extreme Type { distribution (Gumbel 1954). This statistical analysis procedure is well accepted and has been used by other investigators, [tis essential that the wind speed data are homogeneous and consistent for the statistical analysis, Simiu pat the fllowing restrictions on the data of each station tebe used for analysis (Church 1980) 1. Aimisimum of 10 years of date are avaiable forthe station 2. Wind speed recording instrument are lated in open and unobstructed areas. 3. Thehistory ofthe anemometer height is known. Designers are advised to use the ASCE Standard 7-88 (ASCE 19906) criteria and the restrictions mentioned eavlier onthe data to determine the besie wind speed foralocation irom the regional weather-related data. The conversion procedure (0 ‘obtain fastest mle wind speeds from wind speeds of clferent averaging times is sven in Appendix E 2.4 TERRAIN FACTOR The terrain factor, Zin Eq, 2.1 modifies the basic wind speed to acount for ferain and height effects. It is recognized that wind speed varies with height because of ground friction and that the amount of friction varies with ground roughness. The ground roughness is characterized by the various exposure categories described here. 24.1 Exposure Categories Three terrain roughness or exposure categories are recommended for use with this document and are specified in ASCE Standard 7-88 (ASCE 1990b) as follows: Exposure B: This exposure is classified as urban and suburban areas, wel ‘wooded ateas, or terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwelings or larger. Atypical view of terrain representative of Exposure Bis shown in Figure 24-1. Ibisnecessary that a distance of 1500 feet or 10 times the height of the structure, whichever is greater, be representative of Exposure B terrain before this exposure category ean be used for design. If this “riteria of distance isnot satisfied for a given direction atthe transmission line location, Exposure C should be used for wind in that direction, In the use of Exposure B, a question aises as to what i he largest distance of flat unobstructed terrain located in the middle ofa suburban azea permitted before the Exposure C category has to be used. A guideline i 600 feet or 10 times the height of the structure, whichever is smaller, asthe size of intermediate fat open country allowed for continued use of the'Exposure B category \WEATHER-FELATED LOADS 9 FIG, 24-1—Typien Terain Representative of Exposure B Exqusure C: This exposure is descibed 28 fat open county, farms, and sgassands, A typical view of tenain representative of Exposure C is shown In Figure2.43. Thsexposure category shold be sed whenever esrin dacs nt the descriptions ofthe ather exponae categories. It should be noted tht this exposure i representative of airport train, where most wind speed measur iments ae recorded Exposure D: This exposure is desorbed ap unobstructed costal areas ety exposed o wind flowing ver large bodies of water (Fgone 23), The Exposure B Category is intended tobe used for structures directly exposed to bodies of water and coastal beaches. Structures located away from beeches and having other structures or buldings between themselves and the bodies of water ae nol required tose ExposuzeD. Exposure D shouldbe used away Gom water up loa distance of 150 fest or 10 ies the height ofthe structure, whichever greater, for transmission lines that have unobsrited exposure to wind blowing over water Txposure Aas defined by ASCE Standard 7-88 (ASCE 990 not appropriate foc transmission line applications. Values ofthe erin actor, 2 aelsted in Table 2.41 for Exposure CatogvisSn cae a 2» GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES FIG. 24-2—Typiea! Terain Representative of Expusure C q WEATHER RELATED LOADS: a ‘TABLE 241. Terrain Factor, 2» Height above round level Expoture Expose =e 0) Ba Di 09) on m7 o 075 12, = 07 iB a, one 126 m os 18 = one ie oo a1 rey 00 35 im 0 36 us 10 im oe 120 1s Lao 200 108 La ‘Notes 1. Linear interpolation foe ntermedinte values of height =i acceptable 2 For values of Zy at heights (2) reaer than 20 feet, Eq. 2.41 can be wed, B,C, and D and for heights pt 200 fet aboveground. Fo eights grater than 20 fet Bg. 24-1 can be oe to deterain he ales of 2 2, a(? ) featsess ean The terrain factor, a5 defined in Eq. 2-41, i dependent on hight above: round, x the gradient neigh and the power lw often a The att Freight the elevation at which fe wind speed becomes constant The poweriaw coeticientacaounts forthe wid rail wi espect to igh Values forthe power-law coeciens and coresponding route! heights alvenin Table 22 forte iferent exposure otegores Eifects of tenain factor on wind fore forthe dfleeat tein exposure calegoriesare significant Ts essential thatthe appropiate expe calor be Selec afer eal review ofthe surrounding seri, Iioammee tat Exposure Che used unless he designerhas ably determined lat Exposure D'or Exposure D's inne appropriate, The eanser of the baie wind pod tetiven exposure categories shoud only be used with good engineering jay ment 24.2 Effective Height The effective height, fora conductor or ground wire is the height above the {round to the center of pressure ofthe wind load. The effective heights used for2 ‘GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES : 4 TABLE 24-2. Power Law Constants q ASCE 19900) Expose category . ice ‘a @ *o 8 aS 1209 ¢ 70 00 DB 100 70 selection ofa train factor, Z, (Table 2.41), and wive gust response factor, Gy (Figures 25-253) The effective height of a conductor and ground wire subjected to wind and \rind plus ices influenced by the blow-out swing ofthe wire: For the purpose of this guide, the effective height of the conductors can be approximated we the average height aboveground ofthe conductor attachment potas to the stractnne minus one-thied the sum of the insulator length (or suspension insulators only) and the sag of the conductors. The effective height of the ground wite ean Ce approximate asthe height aboveground ofthe ground wie attachment polnt ‘minus one-third the sag of the ground wire. The sag can be ascumed fe the of bare wire weight, zero wind, and everyday lemperatare, Thecfective height, =, ofthe support structures with tolal heights of200feetor {ess can be approximated as two-thirds of the total structure height abovegrounl Ths implying assumption will give a uniform terrain factor and wind sped ‘over the height of the structure. For steuctures taller than 200 fect, the tehere factor should vary over the height of the structure to represent the incesse in the ‘Wind speed with height aboveground, 28 GUST RESPONSE FACTOR The gust response factor accounts for the dynamic effets of gusts on the wind response of transmission line components, Ithas been recognized that gusts do ‘ot envelop the entire span between transmission structures and thet cone Feuetion reflecting the spatial extent of gusts should be included in the gust loading. However, the dynamic response of the wires and steuctures to tenet fuss may result in amplification of the wind loadings that teal to olleet the Satal reductions. Both of these effects have beer incorporated in the gust "esponse equations developed by Davenport (1978) and given in Appendix C. {should be noted that the gust response factors different than the gust factor, {ih is used by some elec uities in their wind lading cera The gust {actor isthe ratio of the gust wind speed at a specified short durtion, eg. 2 cons tothe mean wind speed measured over aspecified averaging tine, JDaminutes. The gust response factor, om the other hand ste ratio of te peck ust load eflect onthe structure or wires tothe mean load eect corresponding to Ne mean wind speed, Therefore, the gust factorisa multiplier of the pean WEATHER-RELATED LOADS 2 csp shamaeaa mg" tt Sun ina naceteneee enter Ce ened 25:1 Equations and Notation The ire (onductorand round wt) nd structure gust esponse ator, Gy and Gy respective nay be detemined om he flesing eens G,=07+198VR, G,=07+ 19 EVE, oi -oa® asa ene wie ase Ta 1 1 ess) iFoxs ia, ana whore =the efive height in feta defined jn Seton 2.42; =the sign wind spa. fet ft wires (contr sd groune wit) b= the totalstructureheghtinfet-anda, x and arewind patsmters given in Table G-lot Append The dervatln these muaionsisaso given n Append 2.5.2 Wire Gust Response Factor The wire gust response factor, Gy, fused in Eq, 21 for computing the ok aboveground; ® power-law coefficient for terain factor equation; y ~ load factor applied to weather-related loads Qu Year = load factor applied to construction and maintenance loads e = approximate coefficient for separation of the wire gnc -cuctune response terms in the general gust response factor equations, * = surlace drag coefficient; & Structure damping to critical damping ratio; & '= wire (conductor oF ground wire) aerodynamic damping t cial damping ratio; 7 on tandard deviation of component strength; oy «= standard deviation of random variable X; " ' specific weight of ar, in pounds per eubic oot; ” * the solidity ratio (y/A,) 6 Strength factor applied to nominal strength R, Su. = strength factor specitied with legislated loads; and, v = angle of yaw, in degrees, B.2 SI CONVERSION FACTORS Loot (ft) = 0.305 meter (m) Linch = 25.4 millimeters (on) 1 pound (b) = 4.45 Newtons (N) 1 ble = 14.6.Nim 1 iblsquare ft (psf) = 47.8 Pascals (Pa) (N/m?) {ib massicubic (pct) = 0.016 geanveubic centimeter (g/cc) | mile per hour (mph) = 0.45 metefsecond (evs) ‘Toconvert temperature, from F to" C, (°C) = [0 (F) - 32°F], Appendix C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN Cal GENERAL It has been the objective of line engineers for several decades to be able to calculate the actual probability orate of failure ofa transmission line asa function ofthe design loadings and other line parameters. fthe exact rate of failures were ‘known foreach strength level, then the present worth ofthe cost of future failures could be estimated. This cost could be combined with estimates ofthe cost of the ‘elated strength levels to produce an optimum design for the line structures. ‘Unfortunately, this objective seems tobe out of reach for several reasons, some ‘of whichare discussed in this appendix. Itis practical, however, toset oad values that represent reliability levels for lines and for different subsystems and compo nents withina line. In this guide, the relative reliability level oralineis defined by the line reliability factor (LRF) and the relative reliability level for subsystems or ‘components is given by the component reliability factor (CRF). Information on various reality. tase desi methods that have been pro: posed recently for transmission lines can be found in the following selected Feferences (Dagher 1985, EPRI 1987; Ghannoum and Orawsk 1987; Goodman, et al. 1983; Goodwin et al. 1979, 1983; IEC 1988; Krishnasamy 1987; Mozer etal. 1984; Peyrot and Dagher 1984; Write 985). C2 WEATHER-RELATED EVENTS AND. CORRESPONDING LOADS Erne weathered events an be characterize by heresy, sata cater andrateoocurencs.Foroamie hurcanewidsané sn may affect with linens large mumber of crutares during asingeoccrenee Ontheaher hand, alae summer dawn-draltor tora might only fect Single stucture, The spatial extents of wentherlated evens havea elect on the relabiltyof an entire ine simply because events of arger extent are more ” SUPPLEMENTAL INFORWATION ON RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN 75, likly to find weak struc than events of mle ls, he damage trom an extreme event of age eter maybe ret san tha na eet thetame neni bt smalerecet Wit egad thera of acu hee ‘stemore summer wind storms than buena restore. Therefore, hee a many opportuni ras ene ora fw rates am sla si Storms. Unles jin probbilty distduton of intensity, extent and. ae sown for westhenrated event, is impose fo compute an acre ‘ea foraline Data tosupport such in dstbutonsare tsa st the present time. The data thot are normaly availabe are exter weathered Ans at point. Berne of the ature af those data, ebiity ean only be established foriniidual components o subsystems a pont Teshoul be ealzed that data obtained at a point do nat inde more severe weatherslated evens thot might have sipped trough the network cording inne Anneli aijeteoa event otha many of these con be of higher intensity than predicted a singe oi. An tempt to dal th hs intensely complex pretem (Channoat and Oral 1987 ito conser as design lond verte, nl theSO.year etree wind and ce ‘ata puts ear ore ls overt ete egita ine Ug txteme variables ovr te ene length ofthe ine resin higher desig oa forlongertines. The method described inthis guide uses data collected ats pot but alows the designe to increase design Toads for longer lines tough assent ofthe iby ar 5). These fine egies inSecion C52. C21 Extreme Type I (Gumbel) Distribution for Weather-Related Events All recent proposals for reliability based design assume an Extreme Type f (Gum) distbution fo the largest annual wind velocity and the ages anual thickness these weather-related variables are denoted X with meaa mynd Standard deviation oy, thie cumltivedstibution function is given as 709 = exp (exp 0 Xn) cy in which a = (C,y(as) and = mg ~ (Cyl “The constants C and Cs depend on the numberof yeas (x) of observations and are given in Tabie 2-1. A simplified version of the Gumbel distribution is ‘obtained by neglecting the number of observations (ie., assuming that wis infinite). For that simplified version, Cy and Cy are always equal to 1.2826 and 0.5772, respectively. It statistical annual maximum wind or ice data are available (Le., my and oy ‘have been calculated), the cumulative probability, F(0, for an annual extreme wind ot ke thickness, X, i completely defined by Fa, C21. The cumulative probability for an exiteme wind orice event, Xgp, which has a retum period RP is defined by the equation:1 GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES TaBLE C21. Constants C, and Cin Equation C21 (Gumbel Distribution) ‘Number of yor sf obeevation: nf) cua co 10 ‘oo? ‘2 B 1006 5125 2» 1068 05236 B 10915 05500 » rn 5362 o aa D516 50 107 5485 = 12506 osm (22) Substituting Eq. C22 nto Eq. C.2-1 and solving for Xq, we obtain: Yar= m+ [-n[-n 0-5) ]-] (23) The load factor values in Table 15-1, which ate an approximation ofthe load eifects ratio, Qur/Qay, were calculated as the square of the ratio Xyg/Xay [or COV, = 0.20 (20 percent). The calculation is, therefore, exact for wind loads, which are proportional to the square ofthe wind velocity, when the COV of the \wind velocity 20 percent. Iis approximate forallice loads and for wind loads for Which the COV of the wind velocity isnot 20 percent. C22 Effect of Wind Dizection ‘The wind oad effect on a structureislargest when the wind blowin the critical lrection, which may or may not be perpendicular tothe line. When using Ea, 1.3+1 for wind, the designer usually assumes that Vy 0F Vay acts in the crtcal direction. However, the data used to establish Voy oF Vp (such a those used to establish the wind map in this guide) usually donot include wind direction. Asa result the loads determined with Eq, 1.31 are conservative, It has been deter- mined (Dagher 1985; Peyrot and Dagher 1984) that using wind data from all slrectiona 9 if they came only from te evtical direction increases 8 component ‘liability by a factor of approximately four, provided thatthe most eiical wind are not correlated with directional tendencies, C23 Effect of Span Use Due to standardization and a reduced number of structure types, many slructuresina lineare not used at heit maximum design spans. Therefore, actual ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON RELIABILITY-BASED ESIGN 77 loads experienced by supporting structures may be smaller than those predic! fon the basi ofthe design span. This effect is almost identical to that caused by wind direction, where the design is based on wind acting from the most ens direction tothe line, whereas the actual extreme wind may blow a an age an produce less severe loads. The fact that many structures are nol leaded as expected contributes toan increase in overall elaility (Channount andl Orswski 1987; White 1985). Therefore, itis conservative to ignore span use C3 COMPONENT STRENGTHS The strength RR of a component in place ina transmission ine, isa vandom vara witsmean sy standard deiaon yan coficent of vition COV, The computed o ated strength thatcompenent according ta design pu the manufacturer dataisasinglenumber,. Ihe probability aw af RRs knows, then the probability that RR does not eachR isthe exclusion imitofR, Clery, the exclusion limit of R, depends on how conservative the design formula or he rated strength is. That degree of conservatism should be laken into aout consistent reiablies arto be achieved among components. The design mth inthis guide makes use of theexclusionlimitof, (ora default value (or sl the sreng factor Consider two components wih the same COV a with ‘nominal strengths atthe | and'5 percent exclusion limit levee, respective I they ae tobe designed fore same reliability the component wih thet percent exclusion limit should be designed with a stenglht factor higher han the ‘component with the 5 percent excusion knit, Future standardization of published design strengths atthe’ percent exclasion limit isa desirable goal. Until such standardization isin elec, metalic or prestressed conerete components can be designed by assuming that all design formulas(AISC 1986; ASCE 1972, 1987, 1968, 18505; PCI 1983) are atthe percent exclusion limit. Nonprestressed concrete components can be designed according to ACI procedures (ACI 1985) using ACT strength factors IE stengthsitistial data are availble (mean strength Rand COV,), the strength at any exclusion nt can be ealeulated bythe formal 8 Rg (1 = KCOVe) cy ‘where the numerical values of kare listed in Table C:3-1. The values of kin table are based on alog-normal probability distribution for component strength, C4 REFERENCE RELIABILITY LEVEL Figure C41 shows annual probabilities of failure P, for a wide variety of components designed such that their e-percent strength exclusion limits are exactly equal tothe load Quy produced by a wind orice loading with a S0-yeat seturn period. For such components the line reliability factor, LRF,isequal one,| 78 GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES ‘TaBLe C3-1. Value of kin Fg. C3-1 — Vac ot br CORT vaiceey [a] aoe] aoe] ao] ame ajolwi|s |e | % or 288 269 2H 204 179 158, * $ ae | a | ie | is | ia | ie 1 a | io | im Jim | ts | ie 2 tm | i | is | is | ts | te 3 wo fous | te | ie | ie | ie 2 ie | i | ote | te | ie | te 2 am | om | ox | te | ce | be 5% om_| to | am | ow | ow | on co 02 5 Seo \ 2 5 s ae z as 5 002 g a z 001 10 0002 50 i 4 5 | 5 0 2 50, | EXCLUSION LIMIT, e (PERCENT) et FIG. C.4-1—Rataiity of Component Designed with Equation Ry = Qay ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON RELIABILTY-BASED DESIGN 79, ‘The probabilities are theoretical Aumbers; the only uncertinties considered are those described by the probability distributions ofthe strength (assumed log: normal and theloeding asuned Extreme Type) uit ema, neni thereturn period of the load Qin Figure C41 fom 30 yearstoRP years, wileause anelmost uniform downward translation ofall the curves, resulting ina reduction ofa tare robbie bythe same factor SOR Ifa "typical component” is arbitrary defined asa component with <0" = 10 percent, and for which Rs = Quy thenits probability offailureis1 percent a valve that canbe selected asthe "base” or "eference” probability of failure? Allother probabilities of failures can be given relative to P.. Relative reliabilities of ‘Components can be defined by the ratio P,P, While no significance should be attached to the fact that P, is theoretically equal to I percent, relative reliabilities , Pyare meaningful numbers that canbe used in design. C5 SELECTION OF LINE RELIABILITY FACTOR LRF ‘The line reliability factor provides the designer withthe opportunity to adjust, the reliability ofall the components inthe line above the reference level Pyby the factor LRF. Use of LRF = Binstead of LRF = 1 reduces the esk of failure for allthe components inthe line by a factor of 8. As shown in Table 15-1, use of LRF = § instead of LRF = 1 is equivalent to using loads with a 400-year return period instead of loads with a 50-year return period. Ithas been suggested that LRF = 8 {s the maximum value that could economically be justified. C5: Line Importance “The LRE should be based on joint considerations of line importance and length. ‘The importance ofa line depends on many factors, such as its voltage, ease of access uniqueness, being a sole link to supply a particular load, role in intercon: nected network, effect on costs of interruptions, et, C52 Line Length Forgiven mse srctures and spans the rei fata ne ses that ofa short line. There are simply more structues exposed and sete Hkehood of geting hit by an extreme weatberrelated event: Therefore, for 3 ve target ae eter rlabilty, component aielies should bs higher for fenger ins, thai, design loads fos longline should bearer than thse fr ‘Shr in, Langer design os canbe preted by asin for kn ns inngec URE thn fora short one, everyting ele beng equ. C6 SELECTION OF COMPONENT RELIABILITY FACTOR CRF ‘The component reliably factor, CRF, can be use! to cooedinate the strengths of various subsystems or components within a subsystem. It is sugested that if: ‘GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES i {he CRF for component A i twice as lage as that for component B, then there is sufficient probability that component Blals before component A. That probabil ity is about 90 percent (Ghannour and Orawskd 1987; White 1985). For example, CCREs of 1,2, and 4 applied to components A,B, and C, respectively, can be used ; toimplement the failure sequence A-B-C. Appendix D AIR DENSITY FACTOR ‘The air density factor (Q) converts kinetic energy of moving air into potential ‘energy of pressure. The value of Qean be determined from Eq, D1, Q= 1076 (wa) oy wher = pee weight fa in pt and g = gravitational celeron, 322 fuse Thecantn of 7sisa conversion ator oreo thebsicind sped inmph “he spec weight fasts wit fempersture and atmosphere pressure Table Di show yeluesof te sr densiflora fant of sr fempertues and pressure elevations above ses eve, The elit of meses tela humid i assumed neg. Therecommerded value otha dens factors bused onthe speieeight ofr ato Ft sen level The se of any ter value shld be bs on geod engineering jugment ‘TADLE D-l._Air Density Factor, Q (Brekke 1959) Hl a levation Above Sea Level cH 7 a o 2 @ @ ® ©) a a0 | Goes? | oanane | onmms | onmer | amar | anaes wm | comes | ows | ome | ono | somes | corzin 9 | comse | cores | oom | oooase | noeais | avant zo | oom | oomsr | coos» | aoozas | namo? | sons: ‘| oomee | oomsr | coos | avoars | nao | sooies | come | oovesr | ooo | amos | nooin | ooo | ooze | ox | coos | coo | aomse | oomin too | covers _| ooo | acoms | amon | acmrr | nomes Recommended value atatta sinha ARE lb Asim ‘CONVERSION OF WIND SPEED AVERAGING THE, & ‘The following procedure isan example of converting fastest mile wind speed toa twosecond gust speed, Step 1. Convert the fastes.mie wind speed Yo mean hourly wind sped Fur exam pe, fastest mile wind speed of 72mph verging tmeol Sscconds) 625 fines the mean hourly wind speed (Fig. E1). Thus, the equivalent mean hourly wind speed s57 mph. ee Se ee ee ema ame CONVERSION OF WIND SPEED speed, Hence, forthe example problem, the two-seond gustspeed is mph AVERAGING TIME Ris recognized that wind speed values for a given winds fon the averaging time. Shorter averaging time correspon Speed wl longer averaging time woul ve sal mind speed i hs aecesty fo olan equalet wind epee fam dient saree ee Conversion to ancter averaging tine can he accomplished wage Be shown in igure 1. This graph, prepared by Dut 180) gerbe eee probable masimum wind speed avenged ove ces is tnt speedor ExposareC. Knowing the vale fastest mie bate winders at defines the averaging ime the wind sped focan alerateasongig oe determined ase FIG, E-1—Wind Speed Conversion, Exjusive C 2 1008 reed record depend to a higher wind Tmo0eena biit sesh ibten ewan ncn Appendix F SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON STRUCTURE VIBRATION F.1 INTRODUCTION A transmission structure is designed to support a continuous system of s.snd Ms “MACDONALD, 1975 !oo (GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORCE COEFFICIENTS * TABLE 2-1, Continued Trou 124. Continued ¢ ae Tries. meh = sabres pe - iT. ot ten eee acd ee — | Cl lize — eaee 100 GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LNES SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORGE COEFROENTS {aD etta o ireooe crac ones " glace le ‘seuant = ina AY 06 aac j “eee comme mot seit ae oe t ! one <6.ecn0 1 “MACDONALD, 1075, : " 7 see ST ens en = mune se eb —Hfomsst— { : on se, ee fe cs east come. “ = ly wee o &. erence=e — (GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORCE COEFFICIENTS 108, Mi TAOUEH2-1, Continued ‘Tame H2-1. Continued TE ee os i oo an T . e rou, es = re Se Aras, mee = stone ‘peas108 GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES TAB H2-1,_ Continued bt ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORGE COEFFICIENTS 105, ‘Tasie H3-1. Aspect Ratio Correction ‘Aspect ao" (1) ‘Conetion eto) (2) 4 8 ‘Note: Aspect rato = Lt excep for members altace to the ground were aspect ratio = 2lqin im which Ly = rember length and # = member diameter or width Hl LATTICED TRUSS STRUCTURE FORCE COEFFICIENTS ‘The force coetfcens given in Tables 2.61 and2.62in Section 2.6 of his ide represent the recommended values for square-section and tiangola-secti fnticed structures having fat and round-shaped members, respectively. The fore coefcents in hese tbls, hich were laken deel from ASCE Standard 7-88 (ASCE 19900), account for the wind frees acing On the windward and leeward faces of the atic tower. Therefor, they are influenced by the soiity rato as defined by Eg, 2.62 in Section 2.61 ofthis guide. As the solidity ratio increases, the force coefficient is reduced due to the shielding eliect of the smernbes inthe windward oc(s) of the tower. Figures H1 through H.4-4 provide information from various other coves, standards and teats for force coefcents for aticed lowers with face on wind “These figures are fr towers having ether square or angular cross sections and comprised of lat-sided or round-setion members ares AS through 1.48 provide norman trom vaio cles an stata fo fre eelcents with yawed winds. These gues are fo tice tower structures having either square or eiangulr cros section, and comprised of flatsided or round-section members. Whitbreed (1560) has published other data relating to wind forces on ltced towers having a wie vail of shapes, solaity rats, and wind directions.‘te GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION UNES FORCE COEFFICIENT (Cy 9 ee Ca coe soLrorry Ravzo «$! FIG, H1.4-1—Force Cofcents for Square Seton Towers Having Flat-Sided Members ch Face On Wind ae arr ; 2 3.0 oe ie SE 3 2.0 ee mrtagn ass) 2 0.3 08 85 06 SOLIDITY RATIO (@) FIG, H.a-2—Force Coefficients for Square Section Tours Heving Ronnd-Secton Mem ‘as wil Fe: On Win ‘SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORCE COEFFICIENTS 107 aa esau. BD once we 65 es Le FORCE COEFFICIENT (Cp) > Bt 62 89 04 0.5 O86 SOLIDITY RATIO (@ FIG, H.4-3—Force Cosfciens for Equiateral Triangular Section Towers Having Flt Sided Memers with Wind Normal ta Face a .8.a ASCE, 901 2.8 pent gerraeast 1972) > sca FORCE COEFFICIENT (Cy? O20 01 02 O83 04 0.5 0.6 SOLIDITY RATIO (G) FIG. H.4-4 Force Coefcien for EquateralTriangular-Scton Toers Having Roun Section Members with Wind Normal to Face40 FORCE COEFFICIENT (Ce ‘GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES SOLIOITY RATIO «gy FIG. H.4.5—Force Cofcients for Square Section Towers Having Fla-Sded Members Lose E 3.0 B oe e B 1. oe ‘wil Dingonal Wind pom sta 0 81 02 83 04 OS OE SOLIOITY RATIO (Gy FIG, H4-6—Force Coefficients or Square-Sscton Tons Hating Rownd-Secton Men bers i Diagonal Wind sl 48 3.8 1.8 FORCE COEFFICIENT (Cy FIG, 47-4 4.0 3.8 2.0 FORCE COEFFICIENT (Cy? 1.0 2.8 FIG, H.4-8--Force Cosfients or Equlateral Triangular Section To SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON FORCE COEFFICIENTS 109 ar narra. 981,4972) FRWICEL ALES WY 65,1960) ~ @ 01 82 0.3 oA SOLIDITY RATIO 1 Force Coefficients for Equlteral Triangular Section Towers Hoi Fat- Sided Members with Wind ontoa Corner a5 2.6 ear oervatncost. 29721 Francecneces wv 65.1960) > SUPER = a @1 22 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 SOLIDITY RATIO (6) rs Having Rann Section Meniers with Wind toa Corner: ne Appendix I SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON ICE LOADING 1.1 THEORY AND CONDITIONS OF ICE FORMATION Ina general sense the meteorological parameters that influence the ype and amv ofc tht wil form are welt kos. Liuid water content of osae sod ‘nfl intensity (or feezng ra) contol the amount of water svat or he fermation, The typeof ie formed is determined by combinations of tapes ture, wind speeds drop size, and quit water content or ranfal inten Tee icing problem therefore can be dase ether by the meteorologilcontions that produce the formation of cor by the typeof ice that foe Te loner lscaton is used in the allowing prsgaphs since ts extremely Mapes forthe engnerto understand the meteordlope, topographical and these am conitions that result inthe various types of ng on tanaraion Ins 11. Precipitation Icing ‘This the most common cing mechanism andl can ocr in any ae subject treesng sm or diate. The eis ores when warn mst as ced ery subireeting denser ayer of ar at he ground sre. hs the warns abe se condenses ran falls tvough the colder i and fever on abcess ound. Thetrozendepontien cen gve” type of cehovng atgay eho 5 pounds per cubic ut (ped) Sines ki of wear cused bye acti usualy dean tlt more than day owe Glaze grows under the condition that ie inngerent ft greterthan fe teeing ate Because its necessary for exces water be pee fg te form on exposed suraces, ten the excess water my eee elegans distended shapes in acu procce, lage icecan be sen fotmon conde ina wide vanetyof shapes ranging ft te css, smooth olinaeglohents though crescents onthe winavard side adil: Hanging onthe Bolo lage egua protubrances spaced along the conductor nest ctor ls og tices devElopsase ay sooth yer onthe windward sacri mem cee ei Le SR SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON IGE LOADING m forming below horizontal members a the excess water flows to the bottom and drips of. The shape ofthe glaze is apparently dependent on a combination of factors, such as wind speed and variationsin wind speed, te angle te win low makes with the line, the turbulence ofthe flow, movement of the conductor, the ability ofthe conductor to rotate, small variations in air temperature, and stare duration. Since most ofthese factors vary from storm ta storm and even during thestorm, acylindsical shape of equivalent weightisnormally assure foe tosign Purposes. 112 In-Cloud icing, ‘As the name imple, this cng condition is caused by the impingement of supercooled water droplets fs cloud onthe conducorsor struc can oct in'mounainous areas where loads est above the Ireczng evel or in a superconed fog at lower elevations produced byw sabe air mass witha song temperate inversion, These conditons can pest or daysor mech. ‘Thetypeaficefomedby n-loudicing conditions isa inw” andcankave ena that range from 8 Yo 37 pe. Sal coud droplets inthe temperature ‘ange fom about "Fo 2" F wil eeze on impact, resting ina wt page ‘lepoat aed sot ime" wih a denity usualy less than 3 pt (ifn nd Lenvengnod 1973 Kraits and Levengood 1573) In thi cases the ope impingement rat es thon the frering ete. tage supercooled doud droplets inthe temperature range rom 2° F1030"F wil peal ree on impact reslingin-hara rime,” whith have densities up 057 po-In this cate, the impingement ate i equal to or rete than the tering teand sda med wn contig ar nile fomed. The clear itis ndetinguihable om the laze caused by ezing an Large concentrations of supercooled droplets are not cotunon in ambient temperatures below 3 At lower tempertaes ie crystals are ikly to form ‘These grow a the expense of te supercooled waer and gly remove teang condition, "The ase theory ofthe colectionefcieny of a eine perpendicular othe flow of supercooled droplets cared along by constant wind speed was develope (Langman Blodgett 194) fom studs conduct on Mt Wash ington. The collection efiieny isa function of the eyinder dame, droplet Site and wind speed. Mathers etme ofthe theory, based on 2ssump ons ofa amoothcyliader, constant drop sie, and lamina alow, dite decrease of callecionefiony a te overall meter incane Por 9 Wind speed and droplet sie is posible fo caleulate cra ners Beyond whic the droplets wl not impact onthe elindr andthe rime pest wnat grow. Many tines in natre,theconceptot aerial adiuscan beset {xis Ta envy in-loud icing condone, conductors ofciferent diameters a round wires fequenlyappeat to have the same inl over diameter. “The total amount of eloud ie depositedis dependent on wind sped, Since wind peed increases with heght aboveground, larger amounts of ce wl cur ‘nals fowers andthe conductors thal ate mounted on tale ower. The alse GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES

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