CERRADURA

W= {( )
A 0 : A
0 0 }
W= ( A0 00) ( B0 00)
,

W= ( A0 00) ( B0 00)
+ W= ( A+ B
0+ 0
0+0
0+0 ) W= ( A+0 B 00)

EV 1: Dados los elementos en u,v,w de V tenemos que

(u+v)+w=u+(v+w)

A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1 n

Sea A=
( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
) ( , B=
B21 B 22 B 2n
. . .
Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn
) y C=

C 11 C 12 C 1 n

( C 21C 22 C 2 n
. . .
C m 1C m2 C mn
)
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B11 B 12 B 1 n C 11 C 12 C 1 n

A+(B+C)=
( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
) (
+ ...
)(
B 21 B 22 B 2 n + C 21C 22 C 2 n
...
Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn Cm 1 Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11+C 11 B 12+C 12 B 1 n+C 1 n

( )(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n + B 21+C 21 B22+C 22 B 2 n+C 2 n
. . . . . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn B m1+C m2 B m2+C m 2 B mn+C mn
)
 A 11+ B11 +C 11 A 12+B 12+C 12 A 1n+ B 1 n+C 1 n

( A 21+ B 21+C 21 A 22+ B 22+C 22 A 2 n+B 2 n+C 2 n

. . .
Am 1+ Bm 1+Cm 2 Am 2+ Bm 2+Cm 2 Amn+ Bmn+ Cmn
)

(
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1n C 11 C 12 C 1n

(A+B)+C= . . . )(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n + B 21 B 22 B 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn
) (
+
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11+ B 11 A 12+ B 12 A 1 n+ B 1 n C 11 C 12 C 1n

( A 21+ B 21 A 22+ B 22 A 2n+ A 2 n

...
Am 1+ Bm 2 Am 2+ Bm 2 Amn+ Bmn
) ( +
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11+ B11 +C 11 A 12+B 12+C 12 A 1n+ B 1 n+C 1 n

( A 21+ B 21+C 21 A 22+ B 22+C 22 A 2 n+B 2 n+C 2 n

. . .
Am 1+ Bm 1+Cm 2 Am 2+ Bm 2+Cm 2 Amn+ Bmn+ Cmn
)
EV 2: Hay un elemento de V, denotado por 0, tal que
0+u=u+0=u

00 A1A 2
( )(00 + A3 A 4
) = (0+0+ AA 31 0+0+ AA 24) = ( AA 13 AA 24 )
A1 A2 00
( ) ( )
A3 A 4

+ 00

= ( AA 1+ 0 A 2+0
3+0 A 4 +0 ) = ( AA 13 AA 24)

EV3: Dado un elemento de u en V, hay un elemento u

en V tal que u+(-u)=0
 (00 00) W

( A0 00) + (A0 00) = ( A+0+0( A0+) 0+0

0 ) = (00 00)

EV 4: Para todos los elementos u, v de V tenemos

u+v=v+u

A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1n

Sea A=
( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
) y B=
( B 21 B 22 B 2 n
. . .
B m1 B m 2 B mn
)
Por ende

A 11+ B 11 A 12+ B 12 A 1 n+ B 1 n

A+B=
( A 21+ B 21 A 22+ B 22 A 2n+ A 2 n
...
Am 1+ Bm 2 Am 2+ Bm 2 Amn+ Bmn
)
A+B=B+A para cualquiera de dos nmeros reales a y b

B 11+ A 11 B12+ A 12 B 1 n+ B 1n

( B 21+ A 21 B 22+ A 22 B 2 n+ A 22
. . .
Bm 1+ Am 1 Bm 2+ Am 2 Bmn +Bmn
) = B+A

EV 5: Si C es un nmero, entonces c(u+v)=cu+cv

) (
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B11 B 12 B 1 n C 11 C 12 C 1 n

A(C+B)=
( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
... )(
B 21 B 22 B 2 n + C 21C 22 C 2 n
...
Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn Cm 1 Cm 2 Cmn
)
 A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11+C 11 B 12+C 12 B 1 n+C 1 n

( )(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n B 21+C 21 B22+C 22 B 2 n+C 2 n
. . . . . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn Bm 1+Cm 2 Bm 2+Cm 2 Bmn +Cmn
)
A 11B 11+ A 11C 11 A 12B 12+ A 12C 12 A 1 nB1 n+ A 1 nC 1 n

( A 21B 21+ A 21C 21 A 22B 22+ A 22C 22 A 2 nB 2 n+ A 1nC 2 n

. . .
Am 1Bm 1+ Am 1Cm 2 Am 2Bm 2+ Am 2Cm 2 AmnBmn+ AmnCmn
)
AC+BC=

A 11B 11+ A 11C 11 A 12B 12+ A 12C 12 A 1 nB1 n+ A 1 nC 1 n

( A 21B 21+ A 21C 21 A 22B 22+ A 22C 22 A 2 nB 2 n+ A 1nC 2 n

. . .
Am 1Bm 1+ Am 1Cm 2 Am 2Bm 2+ Am 2Cm 2 AmnBmn+ AmnCmn
)
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11+C 11 B 12+C 12 B 1 n+C 1 n

( )(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n B 21+C 21 B22+C 22 B 2 n+C 2 n
. . . . . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn Bm 1+Cm 2 Bm 2+Cm 2 Bmn +Cmn
)
EV 6: Si a,b son dos nmeros, entones (a+b)v=av+bv

(
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1n C 11 C 12 C 1n

(A+B) C= . . .
)(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n + B 21 B 22 B 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn
) (
*
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11+ B 11 A 12+ B 12 A 1 n+ B 1 n C 11 C 12 C 1n

( A 21+ B 21 A 22+ B 22 A 2n+ A 2 n

...
Am 1+ Bm 2 Am 2+ Bm 2 Amn+ Bmn
) (
*
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
 B 11C 11+ A 11C 11 B 12C 12+ A 12C 12 B 1 nC 1n+ A 1 nC 1 n

( B21C 2 1+ A 21C 2 1 B 22C 22+ A 22C 22 B 2nC 2 n+ A 2 nC 2 n

...
Bm 1C m 1+ A m2C m1 Bm 2C m 2+ A m2C m2 BmnC mn+ A mnC m n
)
AC+AB=

B 11C 11+ A 11C 11 B 12C 12+ A 12C 12 B 1nC 1 n+ A 1 nC 1n

( B 21C 21+ A 21C 21 B 22C 22+ A 22C 22 B 2 nC 2n+ A 2nC 2 n

. . .
Bm 1Cm 1+ Am 2Cm 1 Bm 2Cm 2+ Am 2Cm 2 BmnCmn+ AmnCmn
)
(
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1n C 11 C 12 C 1n

. . . )(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n + B 21 B 22 B 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn
) (*
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
EV 7: Si a,b son dos nmeros, entonces (ab)v=a(bv)

A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1 n

Sea A=
( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
) ( , B=
B21 B 22 B 2n
. . .
Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn
) y C=

C 11 C 12 C 1n

( C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B 11 B 12 B 1 n C 11 C 12 C 1n

(AB)C=
( . . . )(
A 21 A 22 A 2 n B21 B 22 B 2n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn
) ( *
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
 A 11B11 A 12B 12 A 1 nB1 n C 11 C 12 C 1n

( A 21B 21 A 22B 22 A 2 nA 2 n
. . .
Am 1Bm 2 Am 2Bm 2 AmnBmn
) ( *
C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11B 11C 11 A 12B 12C 12 A 1 nB 1nC 1 n

( A 21B21C 21 A 22B 22C 22 A 2 nB 2 nC 2 n

...
Am 1Bm 1Cm 2 Am 2Bm 2Cm 2 AmnBmnCmn
)
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B11 B 12 B 1 n C 11 C 12 C 1n

A(BC)=
( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
) (
* ...
)(
B 21 B 22 B 2 n C 21 C 22 C 2 n
. . .
Bm 1 Bm 2 Bmn Cm 1Cm 2 Cmn
)
A 11 A 12 A 1 n B11C 11 B 12C 12 B 1nC 1 n

( A 21 A 22 A 2 n
. . .
Am 1 Am 2 Amn
) (
*
B 21C 21 B 22C 22 B 2 nC 2 n
...
Bm 1Cm 2 Bm 2Cm 2 BmnCmn
)
A 11B 11C 11 A 12B 12C 12 A 1 nB 1nC 1 n

( A 21B21C 21 A 22B 22C 22 A 2 nB 2 nC 2 n

...
Am 1Bm 1Cm 2 Am 2Bm 2Cm 2 AmnBmnCmn
)
EV 8: Para todo u en v, tenemos 1*U=U

(11 11) * ( A0 00) ,= (1A 10

1010 ) = ( A0 00) ,