technical -practices-committee _ . NACE Standard RP-01-75 Recommended Practice Control of Internal Corrosion in Steel Pipelines and Piping Systems ‘This National Assocation of Corrosion Engineers Standard impli» consensus of those individual aan eeeprtentally concerned with this document, its scope, and provisions. This Standard is verre to ed tne manufacturer, the consumer, and the ganeral public. Its acceptance does not in any Imepect preclude anyone, whether he has adopted the for not, from manufacturing, rvsting, purcharing, of using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this reer NAGE Stawdards are subject to periodic review, and the user is cautioned to obtain the Inter edition, CAUTIONARY NOTICE: This NACE Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time without cessrvotce NACE requires that action be taken to reafirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard oo Peet ‘hon two yours from the date of initial publication. Purchasers of NACE Standsrds may receive aarteat information on al Standards by writing to NACE Publications Department, 1440 South Creek Dr Houston, Texas 77084 Approved December, 1974 National Assocation of Corrosion Engineers "¥440 South Creek Dr. Houston, Texas 77084 71991892-0535 Copyright 1975, National Association of Corrosion EngineersContents General 7 Definitions 2. ee Structure Design ss g09 Corrosion Detection and Measurement Methods for Controlling Intemal Corrosion 5. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corrosion RECOMMENDED PRACTICE. Control of Internal Corrosion in Steel Pipelines and Piping Systems Control Methods Seer Operation and Maintenance of Internal Corrosion Control Systems .. Corrosion Control Records“The National Association of Corrosion Engineers issues this Standard in conformity to the best current technology regarding the specific subject. This Standard represents ‘inimum requirements and should in no way be inter preted as a restriction on the use of better procedures of raterils, Neither is this Standard intended to apply in all Tiger relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this Standard in specific instances. “This Standard may be used in whole or in part by any party without -rejudice if recognition of the source is included. ‘The National Association of Corrosion Engineers assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of thi Standard, ‘Nothing contained in this Standard of the National Associa tion of Corrosion Engineers is to be construed as grantin any right, by implication or otherwise, for manufacture sale, oF use in connection with any method, apparatus, ¢ product covered by Letters Patent, nor as indemnifying ¢ protecting anyone against liability for infringement ¢ Letters Patent. Foreword ‘The purpose of this NACE Standard (Recommended Practice) is to describe procedures and practices for achieving effective control of internal corrosion in steel pipe and piping systems in crude ol, refined products and a service. The major purpose of these corrosion control prscices is 0 eliminate contamination of commodity by Powrosion product, thinning of pipe wall, pitting, hydrogen blistering, and stress corrosion cracking. This document Contains specific practices and preferences in regard 10 Control of internal corrosion in steel piping systems. This Recommended Practice does not designate practices for every specific situation because the complexity of pipeline jnputs and configurations preciudes standardizing all inter ral cortosion control practices. This document issued by NACE Group Committee * tn Underground Corrosion Control and was preparet NACE Unit Committee T-1OE (Intemal Corrosior Pipelines) composed. of corrosion consultants, corre crginesrs from oll and gas transmission and prod seepanies, gas distribution companies, chemical 1 fecteers, couting manufacturers and applicators, U. $ owes, National Bureau of Standards, and American F foun Tnstitute-Division of Production and Divisio Transportation.Section I L.1 This document presents recommended practices for the control of internal corrosion in steel pipelines and piping systems used to transport, gather, or distribute crude oil petroleum products, or gas. These practices are given under the following headings: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4; Definitions | Design Considerations Detecting Corrosion Problems in Piping Systems Methods for Controlling Internal Corrosion Methods for Evaluating Effectiveness of Prevention Methods Operation and Maintenance of Internal Corrosion Prevention Systems Internal Corrosion Records Section 5 Section 6 Section 7: Section 1.2 This Recommended Practice serves as 9 guide for establishing minimum requirements for control of internat corrosion in the following systems: (a) Crude Oil Gathering and Flow Lines Section 2: Commodity: The material being transported through 2 pipeline Corrosion: The deterioration of a material, usually a metal, due to a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its Cortosion Inhibitor: A. chemical compound, either organic, or inorganic, which when added to the commodity in the proper concentration and form controls or reduces Erosion-Corrosion: Deterioration of a surface can occur as the result of the abrasive action of moving fluids accelerated by the presence of solid particles or gas Section 3: St 341 Introduction 3.1.1 The purpose of this section is to provide design “Thow are definitions of terms uniquely used in this document Other definions can be found in the NACE Basic Corrosion Course Manual or NACE Publication RP-O1-69, General (b) Crude Oil Transmission (c) Hydrocarbon Products (a) Gas Gathering and Flow Lines (e) Gas Transmission (0 Gas Distribution 1.3 This Recommended Practice does not designate prac tices for every specific situation because the complexity of pipeline inputs and configurations precludes standardizing all internal corrosion control practices, 1.4 The provisions of the Recommended Practice should be applied under the direction of a competent corrosion, engineer, The term “Corrosion Engineer as used in this Recommended Practice, refers to 2 person, who, by reason bf his knowledge of the physical sciences and the principles. of engineering and mathematics acquired by professional education and related practical experience, is qualified to engage in the pifactice of internal corrosion control in crude oil, refined products and gas in steel pipelines and piping systems. Definitions* bubbles in suspension, When deterioration is further increased by corrosion. the term “erosion-corrosion”” is used, ron Count: The quantity of iron, usually expressed in parts per million of milligrams per liter, contained in a sample of the commodity which may be indicative of corrosive activity within the equipment that contained the commodity (see NACE Standard TM-01-72, Anti rust Properties of Petroleum Products Pipeline Car goes). Pigging: The operation of transporting a device or combi ration of devices (scraper, sphere, flexible or rigid plastic, etc.) through a pipeline for the purpose of cleaning, separation, or measurement, ucture Design considerations for the control of internal corrosion, ‘which apply principally to pipelines made of steel used to transport natural and manufactured gas, crude oil, and refined products. A corrosion specialist should be ‘consulted during pipeline design and construction. 3.1.2 If past experience has shown that the productsbeing transported, particularly in distribution systems are not corrosive to the piping system, these considers tions may not be incorporated in the design 3.2 Pipeline Design 3.2.4 Commodity Quality 32.1.1 The quality of the commodity to be transported should be determined. Examples of impurities From a corrosion standpoint are: (@) Bacteria () Carbon Dioxide (c) Chlorides (@) Hydrogen Sulfide (e) Organic Acids (0) Oxygen (g) Solids or Precipitates (h) Sulfur-Bearing Compounds (i) Water 3.2.4.2 Knowledge of the permissible impurity content and make-up allows predictions of the magnitude of harmful effects which might result from their presence. Principal harmful effects ‘which should be considered are: 3.2.1.2.1 Contamination of commodity by corrosion product. 3.2.1.2.2 Physical deterioration of the pipe as a result of thinning, pitting hydrogen blistering and embrittlement, or stress corrosion cracking. 3.2.13 If the specified quality of the com- modity is such that transportation will result in harmful corrosion of the pipeline system, coordi nation should be established with the supplier of the commodity. Additional treatment of the ‘commodity by the supplier cam sometimes re duce its corrosiveness, 3.2.1.4 The designer should consider the cost of additional treatment to reduce corrosivity of commodity in relation to the cost of other corrosion mitigation methods such as increased pigging, use of corrosion inhibitors. internal coating of the pipeline, or # combination of these methods. 3.2.1.5 Satisfactory performance of the design requites that the specified quality be maintained and that internal corrosion of the pipeline is minimal Flow Velocity 3.2.2.1 Design consideration should be given to control of flow velocity within a range which will minimize corrosion, The lower limit of the flow velocity range should be that velocity which will keep impurities suspended in the commodity, thereby minimizing accumulation of corrosive matter within the pipeline, The upper limit of the velocity range should be such that erosion-corrosion, cavitation or impinge- ment attack will be minimal, Intermittent Flow 3.2.3.1 Intermittent flow conditions should be avoided where possible, If operating criteria dictate the need for intermittent flow, design. consideration should be given to obtaining an operating velocity which will pick up and sweep away water or sediment that accumulates. in Jower places in the line during periods of no flow. 3.2.3.2 If water, sediment or other corrosive contaminants are expected to accumulate in the pipeline, design should include loading and receiving pigtraps. Operating procedures should be developed and implemented for adequate cleaning. Line Size Changes 3.2.4.1 Swedges should be designed to provide smooth hydraulic transition in line size, thereby eliminating pockets of flow velocity where cor rosive contaminants can collect 3.2.4.2 Dead ends associated with blind flanges stubs, laterals or tie-ins should be avoided ir design. {f they are necessary. blow-off, traps. 0 drains should be included in design so accumu lated corrosive contaminants can be periodically drawn off. Dehydration and Dewpoint Control 3.2.5.1 Whete the presence of deleteriou amounts of water in a commodity could caus harmful corrosion during transportation in th pipeline, dehydration of that commodity t reduce its water content to an acceptable lev should be considered. If reductions of the wate content alone will not control the expecte corrosion, other mitigation methods such ¢ pigging and/or inhibition may be used in cor junction with dehydration to provide adequat corrosion control Deseration 3.2.6.1 Where presence of oxygen in a cor modity can cause corrosion during transport4d tion in the pipeline, deaeration of that cont modity to reduce its oxygen content to an tioceptable level should be considered, The pipe line system should be designed to eliminate any far entry. If removal or reduction of oxygen lone will not control the expected corrosion, ‘other mitigation methods may be used in con- junction with deaeration 10 provide adequate corrosion control, 3.2.7 Chemicals 3.2.7.1 Where the addition of chemicals, such as Conosion inhibitors, oxygen scavengers, or bac- fereides will be used to mitigate corrosion, design should include provisions’ for injection facilities. Consideration should be given to instal lation of facilities necessary for adequate treat- ‘ment of the entire pipeline 3.2.8 Internal Coatings 3.2.8.1 Where a corrosion problem is antic pated, internal coatings may be considered. In Pome ‘cases, such applications leave the circum Introduction 41.1 This section deseribes methods of determining the. presence of internal corrosion in piping systems the degree to which it has progressed. and the eause of the corrosive condition. ‘Visual Inspection 42.1 If a piping system is opened, to allow visual access to the inside of the system, observations should be conducted by qualified personnel to determine the following : 42.1.1 Evidence of corrosion such as pit depth on internal pipe surfaces. Identify types of damage present. 4.2.1.2 Wall thickness in the most deeply cor roded areas if corrosion damage does exist 42.1.3 Circumferential and longitudinal extent of corrosion on the pipe surface, or any dis: cemible pattem of attack, 42.1.4 Position of the pipe with respect to the forizontal at the corroded section and with respect to the positions of adjacent pipe sec tions. ferential weld area bare, The use of additional corrosion mitigation methods such as chemical inhibitors is recommended for protection of these areas as well as bare areas resulting from coating holidays. 3.2.9 Monitoring Facilities 3.2.9.1 In design of pipelines handling corrosive ‘commodities, and especially where chemicals will be injected for purposes of corrosion con. trol, consideration should be given to installation of strategically located corrosion monitoring facilities for determining commodity corrosivity ‘and evaluating effectiveness of corrosion mitiga- tion methods used. Monitoring facilities may include pipe spools, commodity samplers, indine corrosion coupons, corrosion rate measuring probes, hydrogen probes, etc. Design may in Elude provisions for monitoring corrosion through the use of instrumented pigs. and the pipeline should be designed 10 permit free passage of these instrumented pigs. Design fea fures that should be considered include pipeline bends, valves, traps, ete ion 4: Corrosion Detection and Measurement AQAS Existence of deposits and corrosion under the deposits, Obtain a sample of the deposit for analysis, 4.3. Coupons and Probes 43.1 The use of properly located coupons and probes, can be an effective method for determining. the existence, rate, and type of internal corrosion. 43.1.1 Coupons and probes are installed in the commodity to simulate the internal surface exposed. 43.1.2 The exposure time for coupons and probes in the stream is based on the type of commodity, velocity ofits flow, objective of the survey, and the expected corrosion rates 43.1.3 Coupons or probe results will be more difficult to interpret when installed in systems where the commodity contains sufficient Tmounts of paraffineor other insoluble materials ‘which may deposit on the coupon. 43.1.4 Probes using various techniques of oper ‘tion and installation are used for periodic or continuous results, (Refer to NACE Publication 3D170 “Modesn Electrical Methods for Deter ‘mining Corrosion Rates”).44 Sampling and Chemical Analysis, 44.1 Representative samples should be taken when they can be used to determine the iron count, pH, and concentrations of significant corrosive constituents in the commodity and/or for performance tests, such 35, NACE TM.01-72 entitled “Antirust Properties of Petroleum Products Pipeline Cargoes.” 4.4.1.1 Samples should be taken only by experi enced personnel or by those who have been instructed in the proper procedures. 44,12 Clean valves, spigots, containers and sampling environment are necessary for taking dependable samples. 44.1.3 Uf liquid water is present in the system, analyses. may be made for carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, bacteria, acids, and other corrosive constituents. 44.1.4 Analyses to determine other undesirable compounds in the commodity, such as those which cause scaling and plugging, may be made periodically. 44.15 The frequency and comprehensiveness ‘of chemical analysis of any commodity should bbe determined by the variations and quantities of the commodities in the pipeline system, 48 Internal Inspection Tools, 4.5.1 Magnetic and electronic devices used 2+ sipetine pigs may be employed for detecting corrosion damage. 45.1.1 Correlation between corrosion indica: tons on the log and actual distanges on the ‘ground is vital to enable exact determination of corrosion sites 4.5.1.2 Verification by excavating is necessary because discrimination between internal and. external corrosion is uncertain from log indica- tions. 4.5.2 Mechanical calipering tools may te used by passing them through sections of pipeline. 4.6 Pressure Drop Measurements 4.6.1 Correlation of periodic pressure drop measure- ments across given segment of a pipeline can be extrapolied as roughness due to corrosion and/or deposits. Section S: Methods for Controlling Internal Corrosion 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 This section describes accepted practices for the control of internal corasion in steel pipelines and piping systems. 5.1.2 If past experience has shown that the products, being transported, particularly in distribution piping, fare not corrosive to the system, the operator may choose to reject some or all of these considerations. 5.2 Pigging 5.2.1 Pigs are used to improve and maintain internal pipe cleanliness by removing contaminants and de- posits within the pipe. Periodic line cleaning with pigs can be used in conjunction with other corrosion mitigation measures such as chemical inhibition, dehy- ration, etc, > =e corrosive situations which can be remedied at least in part by pigging include 5.2.1.1 Water and other fluids which settle out of the sorted commodity due to insufti- cient fluw velocity for entrainment, intermittent flow, pressure/temperature related solubility changes, etc. These fluids can contain oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, salts, acids, and other cosrosives. : 5.2.1.2 Loose sediment, including corrosion products, scale, sand, ditt, etc., which usually promote formation of local corrosion cells on the pipe’s bottom quadrant, especially in con junction with conditions in Section 5.2.1.1. 5.2.1.3 Corfosion products, wax, or other solid Geposits adhering to the pipe wall which can shield actively corroding areas, thereby limiting effectiveness of other corrosion mitigation ‘measures, such as chemical inhibition. 5.2.2 A variety of pig designs are available, with differing degrees of line cleaning capability. Some have springloaded steel knives, wire brushes, abrasive grit surfaces, etc,, for removal of adhering contaminants. Others are semi-rigid, non-metallic spheres. In addition, flexible foam pigs can traverse line pipe of different sizes and can pass through short radius bends. 5.2.3 The choice of pig type depends on the follow. ing:a. Ability of pig to remove contaminants pres- ent b, Cost Ability to traverse pipe segment 4. Compatibility of materials of construction with commodity e. Feasibility of its use from an operations standpoint £, Presence of other films or coatings 5.3 Removal of Corrosive Constituents From the Com- modity 5.3.4 Dehydration of the commodity being trans ported can be used when water is present in amounts sufficient to cause corrosion problems. 5.3.1.1 Free water associated with crude oil and products may be removed by settling out at Storage locations or by using water separators, coalescers, sand-filters, ete. 5.3.1.2 Water associated with gas can be re moved at various locations in the system by ‘water separators, by refrigeration, or by dehy- drators of various types (glycol, dry desiccant, ete). Dewpoint control can be used to prevent ‘water separation in the system. 5.3.2 Deteration can be used to remove oxygen in the ‘commodity. In conjunction with deaeration, the entice pipeline system should be searched for points where ait may enter or otherwise contact the commodity. Careful equipment design is important to ensure that air does not enter the system. 5.3.2.1 Oxygen scavenging chemicals, “such as alkaline sulfites, etc., or vacuum dezeration can be used to lower the oxygen content of the commodity to suitable levels. Effectiveness of ‘oxygen scavenging chemicals is often limited jn the presence of hydrogen sulfide. 5.3.3 Other corrosive constituents, such as acidic gases, organic acids, etc., can be removed from the commodity by various means to minimize commodity corrasivity 5.4 Corrosion Inhibition 5.4.1 Addition of corrosion inhibitors should be con- Sidezed as a corrosion mitigation measure when trans- porting corrosive commodities. Chapter 9 “Funda- Frentals of Inhibitors” in the NACE Basic Corrosion Course and “Corrosion Inhibition” edited by C. C. Nathan are valuable references for the use of corrosion inhibitors. 5.4.2. Numerous types and formulations of corrosion jnhibitors are commercially available, each with various 5S chemical, physical, and handling characteristics making them suitable for certain applications. 5.4.3 Of foremost importance in choosing a vorrosion inhibitor is a firm understanding of the corrosion problem and its cause. Choice will further depend on cost-effectiveness, compatibility with commodity and other additives, ease of handling and injection, and possible adverse effects on downstream process S44 Laboratory tests, field tests, industry experience, and inhibitor manufacturer's recommendations can be useful for screening inhibitors as to their effectiveness, degree of solubility, compatibility, required injection rates, etc 5.45 To inccease inhibitor effectiveness, consideration should be given to use of other corrosion mitigation procedures, such as pigging, dehydration, etc., in conjunction with the inhibition program. Internal Coating or Lining 5.5.1 Internal coating of pipelines provides a physical barrier between the steel and the corrosive commodity being transported and should be considered as an internal corrosion control measure. Internal coating may also be considered for selected areas, such as in station manifold piping or small diameter gathering lines, where it is not feasible or economical to use other corrosion control measures. 5.5.2 The coating should have suitable resistance t0 attack by the commodity as well as any contaminants. ‘corrosives, or inhibitors (additives) associated with it and must be compatible with the commodity so that the commodity's quality is not adversely affected. 5.5.3 Coatings and linings such as epoxies, cement ot concrete, plastics, metallic compounds, ete., can be ‘used for selected applications. 5.54 Internal coating can be accomplished joint-by- joint at 2 coating plant or by coating entire line Segments in-place. Regardless of where coated, the coating performance is dependent on obtaining suitable pipe cleaning and surface preparation and use of proper application procedures. 5.5.5 Plant applied internal coatings can be electrically inspected; however, verification of in-place coating integrity is not usually feasible, Spot checks by cutting ‘coupons or removing test spools are often used for this purpose, Where a holiday-free coating cannot be guaranteed and agressive corrosive service is antici- pated, additional corrosion mitigation measures, such 4s inhibition, may be required to control internal corrosion adequately.Section 6: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corrosion Control Methods 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 This section recommends means for determining the effectiveness of corrosion control in a pipeline system, 6.2. Coupons and Probes (See also Section 4.3) 6.2.1 Coupons and probes can be used to determine the effectiveness of corrosion control methods em- ployed. 6.2.2 Coupons and probes should be logically posi- tioned at suitable control points within the system to provide meaningful corrosion related measurements, 6.2.3 Coupons and probes that are used should provide representative and reproducible measurements for the particular application, 6.2.4 Coupon or probe results can be useful for determining time related changes in corrosive condi- tions. Emphasis would be placed on relative rather than absolute values. 6.3 Chemical and Performance Methods (See also Se 44) 63.1 Commodity sampling should be at regular inter- vals to determine a change in the corrosive medium being transported in the pipeline system. 6.3.1.1 Iron counts can be erratic in. spite of care exercised in obtaining samples; therefore, the overall average of values from several differ- ‘ent samples usually results in a better evaluation of system protection, 6.3.1.2 Consideration must be given to. the possible presence of iron in the commodity being transported. If this is the case, the iron counts may not be significant until the amount of jron in the commodity has been determined. 6.3.1.3 Large amounts of water or the presence of icon sulfides transported with the commodity lessen the reliability of using iron count for determining protection effectiveness. 6.4 Visual Inspection (See also Section 4.2) 6.4.1 Visual inspection of solid contaminants may be used to monitor protection effectiveness. 6.4.2 Changes in volume or weight of corrosion products removed from filters and traps can indicate variations in corrosion prevention. 6.5 Physical Methods 6.5.1 Periodic monitoring (magnetic, electronic, ultra- sonic, radiographic, or caliper type surveys) may be helpful on some piping systems. 65.1.1 Adequate knowledge of the diameter, length, joint type, age, and location of the piping system is necessary to determine the appropriate method to be used. . 6:5.1.2 Subsequent measurements should be made at the same location. 6.5.2 Pressure drop measurements on the same seg ment of pipeline can be used to monitor the effective ness of the corrosion control program. Section 7: Operation and Maintenance of Intemal Corrosion Control Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 This section provides practices for operation and ‘maintenance of internal corrosion prevention systems, 7.2 Pigging (See also Section 5.2) 7.2.1. Any pig inserted into a pipeline should be clean and in good repair. 7.2.2 Pigaing frequency should be adequate to remove contaminants before internal pipe damage occurs due to corrosion, 7.2.3 Routine observations should be made of type and amount of contaminants removed to evaluate efficiency of pigging. Changes should be made in pig type and frequency used to accomplish desired pipe cleanliness. 7.2.4 Seasonal changes may be required in pigging frequency or type of pigs used. Lower temperatures during winter months may require removal of water or wax which might result in freezing, plugging, or corrosion problems. 7.25 Metallic or abrasive pigs should not be used ininternally coated pipe. Line cleaning usually can be accomplished with nonmetallic pigs. 7,3 Inhibitor Treatment oF Injection (See also Section 5.4) 7.3.1 Inhibition can usually be accomplished by one of two general methods: batch (intermittent) treat ment or continuous injection. 73.1.1 Batch treatment normally entails pump- ing a slug of inhibitor solution through the line Frequency of the treatment is governed by the remaining effectiveness of the inhibitor after 2 specified amount of commodity has been moved hough the line 7.3.1.2 Continuous injection consists of con stant addition of a specific proportion of inhibi- tor to the commodity being transported through the pipeline, 7.3.2 Injection facilities vary in design and operation, In general, the installation includes the following (a) Inhibitor storage vessel (b) Injector (pump, nozzle, etc.) (o) Measurement device (meter, calibrated sight lass, ete.) (4) Flow controller (needle valve, ete.~the con trol ean be built into the injector (e) Connection to the pipeline (1) Associated piping and electrical and control hook-ups 7.3.2.1 Injector designs as simple as gravity Feed injectors and the more complex proportioning chemical injection pumps and venturi injectors can be used successfully. Adjustable capacity, positive displacement chemical pumps are widely used in liquid pipeline systems. 73.2.2 Atomization of inhibitor to produce a fine mist or fog in gas pipelines can be achieved by properly designed nozzles or venturis. The ventuti throat should be sized to attain gas ‘movement at the highest practical (sonic) veloc ity, 7.3.23 Care must be exercised in location of such systems, particularly in disteibution piping, so that flow-born mist will not adversely affect the operations of pilot operated regulatory systems, 7.3.24 Materials of construction for the equip- ‘ment should be suitable for continuous servic contact with the inhibitor. Plain carbon steel or stainless steels should be suitable in most appli cations. Stainless steel should be considered for small diameter piping or tubing where’ even minor rusting could cause plugging or make pumping of more viscous liquids difficult. When handling nitrogen-based inhibitors (amines, amides, nitrites, ete.), copper or copper-base alloys should be avoided because stress corrosion cracking might result, Nonmetallic seal and packing materials should be checked for compat- ‘bility with the inhibitor formulation. 7.3.3 Points of injection should be chosen to provide maximum benefit in the pipeline system. Injection on the suction side of pumps takes advantage of pump turbulence to promote mixing of inhibitor with fluid, Injection through a tube into the center of the pipeline also aids mixing. When a venturi is used, installation in 1 smaller diameter by-pass is preferred because gas flow at high velocity can be maintained more easily. 7.3.4 Premixing or dilution of the inhibitor can improve handling and promote more rapid dissolution, especially between immiscible phases. Viscous inhibi- tors can be diluted with a compatible, miscible hydrocarbon carrier to decrease viscosity, making pumping easier and metering more accurate, especially At low usage rates, Premixing water before injection areatly facilitates mixing of inhibitor with line water. 7.4 Internal Coating 7.4.1 If an intemally coated pipeline is opened, the coating should be inspected. Damaged areas should be suitably repaired, if at all feasible, to maintain overall coating integrity. If coating damage is too widespread ‘or repair is otherwise not feasible, supplemental mitiga- tion measures should be considered if the severity of anticipated corrosion of exposed pipe warrants. Section 8: Corrosion Control Records 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 This section describes a system of corrosion control records which can be used to document data pertinent to the design, installation, operation, mainte- nance, and effectiveness of intemal corrosion control measures. 8.2 Relative to design considerations, the following should be recorded:8.2.1 Analysis of commodity including impurity con- “ent. 8.2.2 Physical design consideration including pipe size, wall thickness, grade, flow velocity, line size changes, internal coating, and type, etc 8.2.3 Considerations for treatment such as dehydra- tion, deseration, chemicals, internal coatings, and monitoring facilities, ete 8.3 Relative to detecting, controlling, evaluating corrosion problems, and operations maintenance, the following should be recorded: 8.3.1 Visual inspections by qualified personviel ingha- Serer errr erin e apie opened ny 8.3.2 Inspection and tests of probes, coupons, and citer tonitring devices sch as samples, chemial ee an ree eee tion tool runs. 8.3.3 Pig suns including date, type pig, and amounts of ‘water and solids removed by locations. 8.3.4 Name and quantity of inhibitors used. 8.3.5 Leak and failure records. Printed in USA 8