LIMITES

L+ f (x)

L

L

a a a+

lim f ( x )=L , >0 , >0 , 0<|xa|< |f ( x )L|<

x a

Dominio: a , a+ |x a|<

L , L+ |f ( x )L|<

vecindad o
Rango: emtorno con centro
( a , L ) yradio ( , )

Despejando el valor absoluto

{a< x < a+
|xa|< < xa< x a ,a+

|f ( x )L|< { <f ( x )L< f L , L+

L <f ( x )< L+
( x)

Despejando que lim 2 x 4=2 , Hallar en funcina .

x 3

hipo tesis

i > 0 , >0 , 0<|

x3|< |
2 x42|<

ii Partir de la tesis

|2 x42|<
|2 x6|<

2| x3|<

|x3|<
2

iii Igualando =
2

2
x 3
Demostrar que lim =1, Hallar en funcin a
x 0 3

| |
2
x 3
>0 , >0 , 0<|x|< +1 <
3

| x23+3
3
< |
||
2
x
<
3

|x 2|
<
3

2
|x| <3

|x|< 3

= 3

2
Hallar , lim x =4
x 2

>0 , >0 , 0<|x2|< |x 24|<

|x 24|<

|( x+ 2 ) (x2)|<
5|x2|<

|x2|<
5

=
5

Hallar , lim x 24=5

x 3

>0 , >0 , 0<|x3|< |x 245|<

|x 29|<

|( x+ 3 ) (x3)|<

7|x3|<

|x3|<
7

=
7

Hallar , lim 2 x +1=15

x 7

>0 , >0 , 0<|x7|< |2 x+ 115|<

|2 x14|<

2| x7|<

|x7|<
2

=
2
 1 6
Hallar , lim 2 x =
x
1 5 5
2

1
2 | | | 1 6
>0 , >0 , 0< x + < 2 x + <
5 5 |
|2 x+1|<

| 12|<
2 x+

|x + 12|< 2

=
2

2
Hallar , lim 2 x 3 x+ 1=10
x 3

>0 , >0 , 0<|x3|< |2 x2 3 x +110|<

|2 x2 3 x 9|<

|( 2 x+3 ) (x3)|<

11|x3|<

|x3|<
11

=
11

x2
Hallar , lim 1 =1
x 0 2

>0 , >0 , 0<|x|< 1 | x2

2 |
1 <
 | |
2
x
<
2

|x 2|
<
|2|

|x 2|
<
2

|x|< 2

= 2

Hallar , lim x 3 + x 22 x=140

x 5

>0 , >0 , 0<|x5|< |x 3+ x2 2 x140|<

|x 3+ x2 2 x140|<

|( x 2 +6 x+ 28 ) (x5)|<

119|x5|<

|x5|<
119

=
119

LIMITE DE FUNCIONES QUE CONTIENEN RAICES CUADRADAS

Necesariamente se trabaja con el dominio de la raz cuadrada

Ejemplo:

y= 2 x1
1 1
[
2 x 1 0 x D f = ; +
2 2

2
y= 9x 2 9x 0 ( x+ 3 ) ( x 3 ) 0 Df =[ 3 ; 3 ]
 y= 1x5 2 x1 1x 0 2 x1 0 Df = [ ]
1
2
;1

1
x 1x
2

Demostrar que :lim 1+x=0

x 1

f (x )= 1+ x 1+ x 0 D f =[ 1 ; +

x1

>0 , >0 , 0<|x +1|< x [ 1 ; + |1+ x|<

| 1+ x|<

|1+ x|<

|1+ x|< 2

= 2

Demostrar que :lim 5+ 5 x=10

x 5

f (x )=5+ 5 x 5 x 0 D f =[ 0 ; +

x0

>0 , >0 , 0<|x5|< x [ 0 ; + |5+ 5 x10|<

1) | 5 x 5|< 2) 5 x0

|
( 5 x5) ( 55 xx +5+5 )|< 5 x 0

| |5 x25
5 x +5
< 5 x +5 5

5|x5|
| | 1
5 x +5
<
1

5 x+ 5 5
1
3) |x5|<

1 1
|x5|( )( )
5 x+5 5

1 1
|x5|( )(5)( )(5)
5 x+5 5

1
5|x5|( )
5 x+5

1 1
Demostrar que :lim =
x4 x+2 4

f (x )= x x 0 D f = [ 0; +

>0 , >0 , 0<|x4|< x [ 0; +

| 1 1
<
x +2 4 |
1) | 1 1
<
x +2 4 | 2) x0

4 x2
4 ( x+ 2) x0
<

| (2 x )(2+ x)
4 ( x +2)(2+ x)
<
| x+2 2

| 4x
4 ( x +2)
2
|
< 2
( x+2) 22

|4x| 1 1 1
( )( )<
( x+2) 4
2 2
4 ( x +2)

3) |x4|<
 1 1
|x4|( )( )
( x +2)
2
4

1 1 1 1
|x4|( )( )( )( )( )
( x +2) 4 4 4
2

1 1
|x4|( )( )
( x +2)
2
16

=16

Demostrar que : lim 4x 2= 3

x 1

f (x )= 4x 2 4x 2 0 Df =[ 2; 2 ]

>0 , >0 , 0<|x1|< x [2; 2 ] | 4x 2 3|<

1) |
( 4x 3)(
2

4x 2 + 3 |
4x 2 + 3 ) < 2)
2
4x 0

| 4 x23
4x 2+ 3
<
| 4x 2 0

| 1x 2
4x 2+ 3
<
| 4x 2+ 3 3

|1x||1+ x| 1 1
<
| 4x + 3|
2
4x + 3 3
2

1 1 1
(|1x||1+ x|)
( 4x 2 + 3)< ;|1+ x|=3
4x + 3 3
2

3) |x1|<

1 1
|x1|( )( )
4x + 3 3
2
 1 1
|x1|( )(3)( 3)( )( )
4x + 3
2
3

1 3
|x1|( )(3)( )
4x + 3
2
3

=
3
3

Demostrar que :lim 3 x=3 a

x a

>0 , >0 , 0<|xa|< |3 x3 a|<

1) |3 x3 a|< 2) Trabajamos con el denominador

| |
3 3 3 2 2
( x a)( 3
x2 + ax + a2 3 3
3 3

x2 +3 ax +3 a2
) <
3
x + ax + a +
2 3
3 a

a
2
(2) (2)
2 2
1 3 3
|( x ) ( a ) |( ( )
x+ + a 2
a a
(2)
3 3 3 3
3 3
)<
x + ax +3 a2
3 2 3
2

2 3
1 3
3 a2
( 3 3
x 2 + ax+ a2
3
) |xa|<
( 3 x+
2
a
+) 4

3 2

3) ( 3 x+
2
a
0 ) 4)

1 4
|xa|( 2
)<( 3
)
3 a2
3

( x+ 2a ) + 3 4a
3 2
3

2 3 3

x+ +
3
3 a2 3 a2
( 3 a
2 ) 4 4

1 4
|xa|( 2
)( 3
)
3 a2
3
x+ +
3 2

( 3 a 3 a
2 ) 4
 1 4
2
3
3
3 a2
3 a2 3 a2
3
x+ +
3

( 3 a
2 ) 4
=
4

PROPIEDADES DE LIMITES

f (x) =L2 lim si L1 =L2(limite nico)

lim f (x) =L1 y lim
x x0 x x0

Sea f y g funciones R ,T q, x R se cumple :

1.f ( x ) g(x)

f ( x )= lim g( x )
x x 0
2. lim f ( x )=L y lim g ( x )=M L M lim
x x 0 x x0 x x 0

Teorema del Sandwich.-

Sean : f , g y h funciones reales tal que cumplen condiciones siguientes

f ( x )= lim g( x )=L lim h( x )=L

x x0 x x0
1.Si f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) x R y lim
x x0

Sean f y g funciones reales , tal que cumplen :

Si : lim f (x )=L y lim g( x )=M ; x R

x x0 x x 0

f (x )= kL ; k R
kf ( x )= k lim
x x0
lim
x x0

lim f ( x ) g( x )= lim f ( x ) lim g (x )=L+ M

x x 0 x x0 x x0

f
( ( x ) . g( x ) )= lim f ( x ) . lim g( x ) =L . M
x x0 x x0
lim
x x0
 lim n f (x )= n lim f ( x )=n L ; para n par L 0 , y para n impar L R

x x 0 x x0

lim f
f ( x ) x x ( x ) L
lim = = ; M0
0

x x g( x )
0
lim g (x ) M
x x0

ALGUNAS FORMAS INDETERMINADAS

0 a 0
; ; ; 1 ; 0 ; ; ; 0
0 0

Si al calcular los limites aparecen alguna de estas formas indeterminadas; se hace uso de otros procesos o
artificios, con la finalidad de evitar la indeterminacin.

x1
Ejemplo :1 lim
x 3 x 3 x2

x1
lim
x . xx 2
2
x 3

x 1
lim 2
x 3 x ( x1 )

1 1 1
lim = =
x 3 x 2 32 9

2 lim x 252
x 3 2x
2
3

lim x2 52 ( x 25+ 2 )
x 3 2 x6 x 25+ 2
3

2
x 9 1
lim ( 2 )
x 3 2(x3) x 5+2
3

(x 3)( x +3) 1
lim ( 2 )
x 3 2( x3) x 5+2
3
 ( x+ 3)
lim
x 3 2( x 25+ 2)
3

3( x +3) 3(3+3) 18 9
lim = = =
x 3 2 x 5+ 4
2
2 3 5+ 4
2 8 4

3 lim x 2 + x +11
x0 x

lim x2 + x +11 ( x 2 + x+ 1+ 1 )
x 0 x x 2 + x+ 1+ 1

x 2+ x 1
lim ( 2 )
x 0 x x + x+1+1

x .(x +1) 1
lim ( 2 )
x 0 x x + x +1+1

( x +1) (0+1) 1
lim = =
x 0 x + x +1+1 0 + 0+1+ 1
2 2 2

x 216
4 lim
x 4 x 4

(x 4)(x +4 )
lim
x4 x4

lim x + 4=4+ 4=8

x4

2
x 81
5 lim
x9 x9

( x 9)(x+ 9)
lim
x 9 x9

lim x +9=9+9=18
x 9
 x3
6 lim
x 3 x 29

x3
lim
x 3 (x 3)( x +3)

1 1 1
lim = =
x 3 (x +3) (3+3) 6

2
x +29 x30
7 lim
x 1 x1

( x +30)( x1)
lim
x 1 x1

lim x +30=( 1 )+ 30=31

x 1

2 x 2+2 x40
8 lim
x 5 x +5

(2 x8)( x+5)
lim
x 5 x +5

lim 2 x8=2 (5 )8=18

x 5

Limites que tienden a cero en funciones polinmicas, se divide entre el menor

exponente.

4 x +8 x 2
1 lim
x 0 3 x 2+2 x

4 x +8 x 2
x
lim 2
x 0 3 x + 2 x

4 +8 x 4+8 (0) 4
lim = = =2
x 0 3 x +2 3 ( 0 )+ 2 2

2
3 x8 x
2 lim
x 0 2+3 x
 3 x8 x 2
x
lim
x 0 2+3 x
x

38 x 38(0) 3 3
lim = = = =0
x 0 2 2 + 3
+3 +3
x 0

3+ 2 x
3 lim
x 0 9 x3 +4 x 2

3+2 x
x
lim 3 2
x 0 9 x + 4 x

3 3
+2 +2
x 0 + 2
lim = = = =
2
x 0 9 x + 4 x
2
9(0 )+4 (0) 0 0

Limites que tienden al infinito, se divide entre el mayor exponente.

4 x3 +8 x 2
1 lim
x 3 x 3+2 x

3 2
4 x +8x
3
x
lim 3
x 3 x +2 x
3
x

8 8
4+ 4+
x 4 +0 4
lim = = =
x 2 2 3+ 0 3
3+ 2 3+ 2
x

2 x +3
2 lim
x 4 x3 x 2

2 x +3
x3
lim 3 2
x 4 x +x

x3
 2 3 2 3
2
+ 3 +
x x 2 3 0+0 0
lim = = = =0
x 1 1 4+ 0 4
4+ 4+
x

3 x 38 x 2
3 lim
x 3 x +2

3 x 38 x 2
x3
lim
x 3 x +2
x3

8 8
3 3
x 30 3
lim = = = =
x 3 2 3 2 0+0 0
+ +
x 2 x 3 2 3

LIMITES LATERALES:

a Limite latreal por laderecha b Limite latreal por laizquierda

f (x) = y f (x) = y

l l

L L

x0 x x x0

,
x x+
0 f ( x ) =L > 0, > 0T q | xx 0|< |f ( x ) L|<

a lim

x> 0
 ,
x x
0 f (x)=L > 0, > 0T q | xx 0|< |f ( x ) L|<

b lim

x< 0

x x
0 f ( x ) =L2 lim f ( x ) =L L1=L2 =L
x x 0
x x +
0 f ( x ) =L1 y lim

Si lim