FOR FURTHER READING Cross-reference Table between problem number in 4D. Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics . | and equivalent problem number in this book. ‘The subjects of special functions of mathematical physies, Stunm-Liouville ote i is devoted to two-dimensional potential problems with many examples and nice pictures ofthe equipotentials and stream lines. LE theory the solution of ordinary ferential equations, tyergsomei ontons es [es] SS SE Ss | the ae covered In many book auch " number | edition | number | edition edition | number | edition (A) Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press, 2nd ed. SS Soe ae a rane i . 1970 ry af ae A a 92s | 9s 1410 (DK) — Ennery and Kryzwicki, Mathematics for Physicists, Haper-Row, 1967. us] 0320) gu |) de wa (MW) Mathews and Watker, ‘Mathematical Methods of Physis, Benjamin, ea ca wan rbot we | aa tea | 103 (WW) Whittaker and Watson, Modern Analysis, Cambridge Pees, 1980. | ‘ peale ea (MF) Morse and Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics, McGraw-Hill, leads = 1953, 7 Sturm-Liouville theory = A, p. 424449; DK, 286-288; MW, Ch. 9; MF, p. | : non | s Diecast Equations snglr points, ete. — A, p. 387-408; DK, p29 u G MB, p. 523-576, and p. 667674; WW, p. 194-210, . a Mypegeomerie fantlons = Dk 903-308; MR, p41; WW, 281-20, 5 hy Legendre functions — A, Ch. 12; MF, p. 593-600 and p. 1325~1328;MW, Ch, iB “WW, p. 3552965, (abo ‘Waion, Beas Functions, Canbidye Pres | 5 : Vowmnsh Des! Funeton, Benham, + sho sonprtenive bode te > “ a} cay eal) | 1 58 { ry 3 Conformal mepping and the we of complex vcbles for two dimensional | Wy si9 , potential problems: i a Jeans, p,261=286. | "yy 2 Maxwell, Vol, 1, chapter Xt, eo a w Mone abd Fess, Va 1p. 443-483; Vol2p 1215-122, Ds om ‘goo! litle mathematic book on the sje L.Bleberbachy“Confomal | » 6a ' Mapping", Chelsea Publ. Co.,N.Y. 1964, i 6 [33 |. smite e415 to-4.31 (p 79-108) good dicusons with abundant w ot | os - exanpe (Sythe, “State aed Dyan etsy) S |e let Reem teat Conformal transformations: 2 suo} 38 645 94 3 3 ‘H, Kober, Dictionary of Conformal representations, Dover, 1957 — 200 | ' 3 oo as] on his | bites of examples often fam aerodynamic, bat ith nary anlar one ~ an | 340 69 7 ws i from electrostatics, ¢.g.p. 117; Schwar-Christollel transformations are | aa | aut se | oe a | iss treated in Prt IV, p, 141168, with numerous examples. | iw) he | 5 role wa | ba E, Durand, Electosttique et Magnctostatque, Masion, Pais, 953-Ch. X 2 |Delta (Dirac) functions: Lighthill, MJ. “Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Function” Mathematical cigorous treatment. PAM, Dirac, “The Principles of Quantum Mechanics” 3rd ed, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1947, p. 60, |. Halperin and L, Schwartz, “Introduction to the Theory of Distributions", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1952. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING at the end of each chapter in Jackson are also resources of reference on special topics. Landau and Liftshitz, “The Classical Theory of Fields” Landau and Liftshitz, “Electrodynamics of Continuous Media" Landay and Lifisita's books are very concise and cover physically significant theoretical topics backedup with cleat mathematical formalism, Lorrain and Corsion, "Electromagnetic Fields and Waves" (a good elementary {tex0) It gives clear physical concepts in simple language and mathematics. It is good for readers with weaker background in this subject. Panofsky and Philips, "Classical Electricity and Magnetism” ‘Smythe, “Static and Dynamic Electricity”. It is more mathematical and classical than Jackson's and is a good source of problems and illustrative examples, Sommerfeld, “Electrodynamics” Stratton, “Eleciromagnetle Theory”. The book used mks (rationalized) rather ‘than esu in Jackson's, It is a great lielp in solving problems and clarify some ‘concepts by reading explanations from another angle. Jackson, J.D., “Classical Electrodynamics (Ist ed.) Since over 90% of the problems in this work come from Ist ed, of Jackson's book, all notations and. Units follow the convention in the book and equations (quoted by the rnumber in the text) are referted to, so it Is an inevitable reference. The ‘naterals covered in “Classical Electrodynamics" especialy the 2nd edition are contemporary subjects in Electrodynamics, i INTRODUCTION Since certain branches of mathematics are more fluently used in classical electro- dynamics, a short list of the more often used functions and mathematics should be presented before we discuss the solutions of the problems, Vector and tensor analysis are prequsite because electric and magnetic fickis are vector fields which can be derived either from seala or vector potential. ‘The gradient, divergence, curl and Laplace's operator form the mathematical backbone of electricity and magnetism, The solutions of potential are usually ‘epresented by expansions in orthogonal of which coefficients of the expan- sion can be obtained by making use of the orthogonality properties, Fourier series expansion is one of the type. Suitable coordinates should be chosen for particular symmetry of the problem. Although it may be advantagcous to know ‘liptical coordinates and generalized coordinates, they do not appeat often in this book, Dirac delta function is often used to describe the location of discrete charge instead of charge distribution in integration, Complex plane for con formal mapping, residue integration In retarded solution due to finite velocity flight and short duration of the souree, and Green's functions are some of the special or general approaches to obtain potential. Classical Electrodynamics by Jackson gives a general discussion of mathematies whenever itis required, which 4s often sufficient to handle the problems. . ‘The emphasis of the summary is primarily on the methods in solving the problems. The first part discusses electrostatics and magnetostaics. The tech- ‘niques of solving electrostatic problems In ths book are:~ (1) Coulomb's law: It is a basic approach but is not convenient, Fagk EO= 2, ERB ofa we Dué to the vector quantity of F and E, most of the probleme are solved by the potenti concern. (2) otemas~ For electrostatic cae: ¥ x E = 0, hence the eet fei intensity E can be expresed in terms of potential = @ Potential Isa salar quant, 10 the superpsidon fs the saae sum of individual contribution ‘of each of the sources or charge Alstdbutions. Several methods are uied in ptental problems, such (9) Gauss law:~ It is 2 generat consdetation of a closed surface and charge dstrbution inside the enclosed volume. The iategal form of (Gauss iw iS4ndq;_ifq's are inside V, Fifa = : 0 ifno charge is enclosed. andthe equivalent diferental fom i CCC VB =4ag "Fora simple problem, if a Gaussian surface is constructed according to physical geometry of the problem, then the problem Is solved. Otherwise, Gauss law gives Laplace's equation (¥* @ =0) of Polson’s equation (V* @ = —4 79), which serves as the starting point of most of the problems. The Laplace operator is geometry Aependent, The special functions associated with coordinate systems ¢ shown asthe following: () Cartesian Coordinates ---othogonal expansions of sine and cosine functions. (i) Cylindrical Coordinates -- Bessel function (1g) (Ui) Spherical Coordinates --- Legendre polynomial (Pp), associated Legendre polynomial (P), spherical harmonies (Ym) and spherial esse function Gy), LU x LUT n (b) -_Multipote expansion ---is the most often used method in electro: atic and electrodynamic problems, By ditect Taylor's series expan. y sion of the potential @, gives monopole (2), dipole (dipole moment and quadrupole (quadrupole moment and the higher terms in x’ or higher multipole moments, (©) Green's function G(R, ¥) — It is also a general method to obtain solution for potential, It is deduced from Green's theorem, SOP Oe xf My 28 as By replacing © (potential) for ¢ and G (Green's function) for y, then, FO =f 9G CRR Hs 7 $10 2.2922 02) 22099) aye Wo ae Green's function depends only %' (the displacement vector from the ” origin to, the charge distribution) and x (the displacement vector ye from the origin to the point of observation). Using the boundary mW v @) “ conditions to eliminate one of the terms in the square brakeets (Le, Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition), itis equivalent to {he potential of unit charge and is symmetrical wth respect to ¥ and (that is interchanging X and Toes not alter the overall effect of the potential). Method of image — It simplifies the problem to a great extent, hhowever its application is limited to a simple geometries of the problems such asa charge and an infinte constant potential conduc ing plate; two parallel conducting plates, with charge in betwe charge und a sphere with constant potential or added charge ele, ‘The images (magnitudes and positions) simulate the same boundary conditions specified by the conducting plane, sphere etc. afte theit ‘removals, However the potential so calculated is good for the region where the aetual charge(s) isfure situsted and is bound by the con- ‘ducting plates; sphere etc, In the teatment beyond this region, care should be taken, This happens when diclectsie problems are in concern. The potential inside and outside of the dielectric medium ate intersting, Method of inversion ~ It is 4 particular ease of Schwarz transfor ‘mation, The more general Ueatment of using complex varlbles in conformal mapping originates from Green's funtion where F (XX) satisfies the Laplice's equation V"F = 0, For smann boundary condition, the F(R, 5) an be interpreted as external charge distribution Yo “satisfy the boundary ‘condition, ‘he method of image illustates that F (&, %) ean be replaced physically by image charges. On the other hand. for Dirichlet pro- Biem with conductor, he potential U (&, Z) due to the Induced surface charge distibution on the conductor, is given by F (2). For regular two dimensional geometry, this type of problems is more convenient to be solved by Iansfornation, because F 5) satisfies the Laplace's equation,In complex plane, z = x + jy = re! wad the equivalence of U is - W where W = U + jVBoth U and V ate real and ae called Conjugate An illustration is given In problem 2.12 by modifying an example form Symthe, Functions. The vitues of complex transformation i best demonstrated in Schwate ane - formation which permits te interioc of the polygon In plane tobe tramonmed Mw 2 Wy jav to the real axis of the 2, plane and their relation is given by the complex deriva: ae "Gx oe ee Wo au a ) oe Tay ay KB, oto Gofn)—1 : IW Is analytic, then Cauchy-Riemann equations must be satisfied. where K's a complex constant and an and By sre eal andy ay 4 ” BU av, au . ax ay} ox ay Zplane - ‘The families of curves U (x,y) = enistant and V. x, y) = constant are orthogonal ‘They can be interpreted as equipotentials and the lines of force in electrostatic problems. The introduction of transformation in the complex plane (conformal transformation) gives the freedom of alternation of the magnitude of angles and length (o reduce the problem to a trivially simple form. Conjugate functions are very useful in two dimensional problems, (for example Infinite parallel cylinders which can be expanded {o infinite radius so that they become planes; or shrink to zero radius thus becoming line charges), ‘The expression W for those problems can be written as wong whichis derived from more general expression We=¥ qin ex) {here 2s the position of the linear charge with charge density 0. The problem 's to consider the equipotentals generated by two equal and opposite linesr charge 0 = 1 at y =a and o =-1 at ¥ = a. The conjuate functions U and Vo ao Serome 22+ (yma coth U) = 2? exch? : and | (x=acot VF +y? =? cose!V : “ : { . vil - EL LERLwere rere reer Cae 1 For a particular case, one vertex at the origin, 2, = 2 = (re /®)n, this represents the problem of two seminfinite conducting planes intersecting at the org at an angle ¢. The conformal transformation unfolds the conducting planes to an angle % such that the problem becomes aa infiatie condctig plane at a given potential, The solution i tv ay aah = (ool) Z plane (x= cos #and y= rin), enh 23/20 by transformationsz, = 2 = el)" such that np = m2; Uy = const=y, = esin2g Vi = const =x; = eos2y N= 2/3; Uy S const =y, =12/3 sin 2/39 Vireo = yer? crag J plane Vi =x) = const Z plane U_ = const = rsin29 = (7605 9) (rsin §) = 99 (oa for equipotent) = y* const. U = const =12/3 sin 2/39 = G2 ty") (ay 22K) =k! V:G8 +y2) (x? = y? + 4K) 23K where K and K' are constants case For two parallel conducting surfaces with a separation 1 in between, itis re presented asa strip of with 1 along the x axis in the 2 plane (interest at x = e or & at an angle B, = 0.) Under the transformation the stip is unfolded to the upper half plane in 2, plane. Set, = O and mp the pot of intersection at the origin , =O, then da/d2, = K @s)~¥ or2 King +Ky The radial lines 0 = constant are transformed to horizontal line ¥ = constant and the semi-ciecles with r, lines (lines of force) of lent 214; 5 (equipotential) = const, ate transformed to vertical 1, More examples are given in problem 2.13 and Case 3 Another important case is when B == and K = {inversion in which the conjugate function is fixed + I gives the expressions for Went so a0; With the potential P09) = 20 where a is the radius of the sphere of inversion (or eile of inversion). The ‘radius of inversion is determined by the given geometry of the problem. Mathe- ‘matically the results are the same as those from the problem that a charge placed ln front of a conducting sphere (by image method: r= a" fr, q° = ~I/ (rq) ], ‘but the physical nature of image method and inversion method is very different, xi CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Electrostaties Ml @) In static equilibrium, E inside a conductor must be zero. A Gaussian surface Js constructed just under the surface of the conductor E«0 ;9-B-0-4n9 ke g=O inside the Gaussian surface, (©) Construct a Gaussian surface inside the conductor just under the surface Since there is no cleciric eld inside the conductor. External field induces charges on the outer surface only and the electric field terminates at the outer surface, Boute™ 9 If there are charges inside the hollow canductor the charges would induce ‘equal and opposite charges on the intria sur ‘ace of the hollow conductor such that it encloses no net charges. There is no E eld inside the conductor, but the ‘excess charges of the same sign and quantity distributed on the outer surface, which produces electri field. The electric fic d does not depend on the disti- bution of charges inside the hollow conduc.or, but on the geometry of the hollow conductor. Fem ae -Byeeneca? ma € eS L he L ie yy. 1 Le 0 b pe v cat By 400 If AYE, then £, has tangential Component which means that the surfuce charges must be disturbed, This contradicts the static equilibrlum eon- dition. So'E, must be normal to the surface of the conductor, iz (@) Assuming we can consider each plate separately: z AE Fa gy= SX (evenly distributed on two surfaces) E, and Ey must be parallel or antiparallel and. normal to the conducting surfaces c . SION 1 Region I: Taking the direction of E, as t 7 positive, we can write L on EEE (upper sign is for same sign charges andthe lower, pp) AjandA, are amiparle. p= 95,2 S059 oe O)Resion oj» B= (Ee (aia 748) or a) (It snot a function of thickness nor separation between the plates. When ai =: =Q Semative mehoays (@) Translational invariance in (x,y) directions makes surface charge densities, constant in (x,y). Define densities on the four surfaces as shown in fig, with oft dao otto With p(x) = p(2) independent of x andy, the electrostatic potential © can only depend on z Hence there is only a component of electric fied, With a Gaussian volume as shown above, we have $8-nas= Pe Because ofthe dependence only upon z we find that this result does not. depend on the separation L, @x = aerofendsx (of'+ of) (0) As far as outside the slabs are concerned We can imagine L-+0 or rather, thatthe space between the slabs is filled with conductor. Then we have one slab of gly yxot thickness t=, + ty + L, with charge density gt on left face and o® on sight face, with gt 4 of = a, +03. If we put ot yo" the left field El and the right field ER are unequal, If we view the slab from behind the page, the role of left" and “right” axe interchanged (equivalent to 2 -+-2). This asymmetrical situation Is perfectly possible, for example, witha dilectricl slab, but fora conducting slab the charge will flow in sucha way as to make ot =o” (© Applying Gaus: aw, or by insepection, there is no dependence of any of the results on ty, ty oF L, a1 =Q . Wehave of =-ok, of =of = 24% (2) Special ease of oy therefor, of =f =0 of=a=Q, feu 2-0 ; 13 (1. (@) Conducting sephere e ] | © Bro rea | @) UBL = gi? roa @w) By, ana rea.(See when bud © 5229 comtintente) 1 2 constant > fe Thenforr a, Bh) «Q¢ey - | BG sAdas, ngs t 1 (b) Conducting sphere: GB Bnaee[fferartan srsse i ) Conducting NEL =.Qr/a? ' 9+ Speen eC sober, We EAR Arca 0 7 © SC, 5, Q=44Ce st 2a (ee g = LDL Bey 9m am GB betta oa fff ere annenasee : ype Gyrsa Fie Airketen so em (ee > ar forn= 42 gadnke E: e A s forn=-2 z. ! Dy Conducting rh Gr>t BQ: ? ee - where Q is the total charge in the sphere. pale , “Alternative method: i op “ Gauss’ Law, , FERS = 40s 90x (@) When r=0, has a singularity at : : . 0, - for a sphere of radius r and a sphere rand 10 We ifn) =~4 mq5(1) oot a spherically symmetric 9 (x) becomes 5 jn . Ieisinterpretéd as» point charges situates at =O - E()= tt fre a(r)ae eee with a magaitude of 4.14 4} . l 7 F JY Hall 9 have total charge Q and are confined to ¢ a all cats give G0 vor4e (0 5 E(r)= Qi? (r>a ()* Oe (r> a), By spherical cordate if ‘. “Se dL L w L bL bv L L L Bs Le 5 i e a - - i views de® a2 eter ete 88 Bag Mr aae®t 7 wk cE ono ‘The charge dtebution continous 7 except a0, Wiha rusimumn value aL ‘The charge density decay exponentially. The total orbital electronic charge Q =f e@av=-49 for ethae- ay Or f,e@ava-49 [re wa S00) na te. thee charg que and oppo othe ft elton rg ofthe som, tr = 0, which is the nucleus, TS (ee) (2) Two flat plates: 9 = 4 nod; AV=4 nod; Clk BW "ae (b) Two concentric spheres: The electric field between the conductors is 2-9, a) ay = 0-99 7 (€) Two concentric eylinders: By Gauss Je weseo: ave e eee ay IE (d)is left forthe reader. Toy dcosdsee0 dD # sect YV,, and ¥ ate potentials due to conductor No, 1 and No. 2 respectively. wis [ot edea {Yue ant a are - vie m2) Ves aN (2) a = wi (2) c= A per unit eng (4t0 (2) 7 (a) Fused charges on each conductor Q Here energy density W is used and the potenti difference is ealeuated from the general formulawe av VEL = dno san = fae ars ve fi ee=anae ‘The electrostatic energy: west fitte 1 2 Fe (4407 (Aer Fats «Lay (0 Spat pater cone tr 8)» 9 wet S Sp srt $2 (b-2) 6)" V= Q(b-a)(aby ; welLov inder capacitor, | [3] = 20 Cu cytiner epactor, tii 20 ay peat pate) 204 W (cytindsical cap) oe 7 tee TS (ry (2) Fixed charges on each conductor (i) Paralled plates: ‘Assume thatthe mechanical ores and the electrical force are balance aml weitds . 1 Bay is clectrostaic energy for separation x. Suppose x is decreased by dx (where E Iskept constant and volume decreases) = _ mn awe Bade lm ay Bae Energy lost by the field must go into work agznst the mechanical forces holding plates apart, - .l BmisZtA 220 _ ie dW= Fmdkx: oy Ade Fm! i x I Fel (2) Pact cylinders: From the rents of Problem (6) capam(X yy" aV= Q[48n(%)]} a i W = 5 C(avy’ =2.Q%In ($) Fefunit length =_2Q* (@ i chargefunt length) ()Fixed potential: 1 is the same as part (3). Since the argumentsis different, so the details are shown, (1) Paral plates AV=-ER Lavra. or x It the plates move closer by dx, Wag HRY COVER. AAs the volume decreases with x, the field increases as I/x2 and hence dW is actual ly increasing. The inereased charge ag =~ A (avy dx is being moved through AV. Hence the battery is doing work ai =sQ(av) = TA CaVytax® 2dWpyeluce xvwrrrrreee re SAS CONS = ey tent 26M, OMS iat rat Mp Wogan ra * Mpeg * Weta EW against Fon a (a a Wem rs (@y sbattution of & = vs ) 2a 4 lBimt = (Fel = (GW Paralel cylinders w= natn 758 = 4d me (Ey 02S QO cavy; Raves (4m Sy) * oes Mrs. @ x But work s done by battery by moving charge through circuit to increase Q on wires (cylinders) is charge/unit length 19 (rey Consider 0G) = Bees +10 Since charge free space is concerned the firs term vanishes, For the second term 9g Bon vena Boa s-nase [F- fox (By divergence theorem); GBs an9(x) ‘Buti given that a charge fe space is considered, therefore, the second term is zeae Saree woe Rite au ofthe (x) ERT sphere concerned += mean value of the potentiat Gaus theorem for infinitesimal area element da Andy Badeardg; (Bl= 4200 J e Ri Rad0 dd, At the center of da where the two curvatures intersect, n can be expressed in terms of Ry and Ry 38:~ ee (eat ‘The sear potent dt vlume E17) ad sce charge density is aan m2) ec) = 2x xe (1) BilloLikewise, the potential at x duc to a differen charge distribution 9, per unit volume and a, per unit surface area is Green's reciprocity theorem states that La aDenr fo Dorarfecs Hesrf ozo, a Multiply Eq(1) by % (3%) dx and integrate, We get, a SrOuDer Sf) UGE rey, fra Got) erae i (4) ‘Similarly, multiplying Eq(1) by 04 (x) da and integrating we get JOH oR d0= f/4OHUE gery + Sf LB seas (5) Eq(4) + Eq(5), we have SoCs, Berx+ foo are fi 2, Gres RW HLS BOPE « $A ro eeyae Since the primed varibles of the righthand side is dummy. we obtain Someone SOR ouRaa = fino A+ [eGo ua (6) Which is the verification of Green's reciprocity theorem (Eq(3)) Note: Ifthe electse eld is due solely to n charged conductors (Le, the charge ‘must reside on the surface so that g'sare equal 2er0), then Eq(3) reduces to Efe Cydae 8 fa Goan ” ‘where the subScript ion the integrabindicates thit the integration is over the il! ‘conductor only. But a conductor isan equipotential, “ne —_————__ then Eg(7) becomes Bytefovtxraa= 2 Jacireaos, o Eta = Ba, ‘where q stands forthe total charge on the "conductor. The physical meening of this is thatthe electric energy ofa system with part ofthe charge to produce Potential at cach point ofthe space in concer Interacting with the remaining charge willbe equivalent to that ithe charge that produces the potential ‘becomes the charge interaction andthe other as potential, haz C18) Proof of Thomson's theorem: us gi Sige ay ‘The variation of electrostatic energy sue de SEs tee A foe) 18s +f 2500 ‘The frst term vanishes for the inte ration over the surface bounded these charge surfaces is larges (€80~ 3, while S~e with r+) suase-oftedease offs [LNGy ey =059-9(1)5q -4250 “1.Qisconstant, therefore, 5 Q=0 es 5U=Q50 ‘Theextremumis BU=Q 3 E59,=0 Hence the theorem is proved. 13 (rts) ‘The energy U before the introduction of the insulated conductor ued iBrave +f 1E Pav 4 vinsiae Bry outide where Hand E° are electic fed inside and outside of the closed the condtiting surface. After inserting the conductor, the energy veers, By Gaus’ aw y « P=dyp since inserting sn isolated conductor does not ‘change the total charge the electric field outside isthe sume in both cases. ie pav- fee +t Bay thie Troe ofthe cortviet Br [U" must be greater than U', for Ui the energy calculated forall surfaces for ‘hich the energy is. minimum. But, es u-u"s 1 fiz Puy 5 ere Which is postive and definite therefore, U>U" 4, the energy is lowered by introducing the uncharge conductor into the closed volume, alternative method: Let surface charge density on S; be o (x) such that inthe absence ‘of S, the surface; is an equipotential. When S, isintroduced with no net charge, each surface included S,) ha an added charg density o, “4 such tat all surfaces are equipotentils again. The potential in space inthe absence of Sis (x) and in is presence is 9+ 50 (x) usd fidorex U+5U= 2 /19(9+50) Rex whee Vev-y, therefore, J, fivorens HLivo ron ‘The st erm vanishes becnuse by Greens identity LTE Tear5ews = [i959 POH +KO+ 80) OM as ou FLiteorens fretenex ae Siloererx + FIG) Fes sqe a) ar V(4)=-45(6 2), buts g=0 since there is no variation in the volume charge density and 8p vanishes the enclosed surface is large, ‘The frst two teem in Eq( is negative and definite therefore, the energy is lowered by introdueing the uncharge conductor into the volume, Tae Tay mia) = ha exp Lh (xt ty? a? Deena) = Tes ene [+ san oy? 124) | As a-+0, only the length element (dx) is relevant. ‘Thus, for general orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system with a oy (p= Com, (aw +a ve Ww anddudvaw and Ox TTT (UNWare defined as postive), we have ex) ty ep [oaks ATE GH Got 8) se asap OP ogg tye ENCE Then we use| 5 (0x) = 5(x) 8 (x=x) = UVWS (unr) 8 (v7) SQW) LIS (#13) (a) x)= -& (r =] © Q 9)* ge 5-8) Uniform surface charge density. _ Check: axfedax-Sia feud Gag © 2+ charge/nit length 1 ap "eee ny cee HERZ 569-0) © "Locate the disc in 2=0 plane at the origin. 9 (x)= 2,5(2)0(R-9) Horx>0 where 0 (x)= & oforx <0 @ ‘Check: ‘The simplest way so consider 5(2)*5 (rcos)= 150-2) ‘Thus the expression in (c) is transformed into 900)" Ser 00R-9)6(2)* De 46 (os eyacn-n a= fomex= fan fi dr od = Sef ae fideo) £2 rae = 5(coxd) OR 1)Using spherical polar co-ordinates with the 2 axis passing through q and q'- Since 9+ Is not a function of ¥, we obtain CHAPTER 2 Boundary - Value Problems in Electrostatics, I DE RAY 1 Q) (0) The poten st point 24) | . ae 4 | Subsite O= 1/2 andre, onthe conducting plane whee aT | 4 isthe radius on the plane with the ovina the cele a. @) becomes: where, = VIF HIE; 2 VETO TE | a ce a é O°" Fag ea AGa-E)t4ee a-(99)#-470 (b) By Coulomb's Law of force between its image. Induced Surface Charge density, a Fe Gy & Gié (©) The charge of the sing wtith a radius 9 from the origin ijust . | (@-2x942) Since the componetns that parallel to the conducting plane cancel one another, the force will be along the zdireetion only. ; _fMlO22 40). Pehrog co « Fe facet se deo. f (epod co « “18 +19(a) The work required 10 bring the charge from the point d to infinity By substitution, Eq (1) becomes 0)" 4 (appa renee) | TET” TTI CR CO ‘ This is true bot ® inside and outside of the grounded conducting sphere. ae /i2monnay = 209 ¢7 fe anogo ‘The electrostatic potential energy is negative, This is not the electrostatic potent . an Ta 2 ar coh lt energy ofthe system cage puss plane, the avon begat a inne ae located tthe poenist zero Ife had «conduct The solulon for is evack Treat only forthe replon => Obut not for <0, ¢ na Ica, ait is for q inside the sphere, this ives [r= a] == 4° We 2 = (4.803 x 107% ony? HOP ev and O aq” Gan xt0 » TI en erg =A Ge | Oe ae Pot = 36er. Which isthe expected result Ift'>a, asit would be for q outside the sphere, |r'= a= 4 ge eee ttn) wag! Thus, we see that by using the absolute value ip the integrand we et the ex: Pected result both for r'>a and for r'0 cp =C gnirx <0” ‘This result could be derived by inspection from the fact that half ofthe lines of {force from an isolated point harge cross any infinite plane surface that does not ass through the charge, Unless we can sum the series before integrating, we ean not compute the charge on just one plate since all the terms in out sum ate of the form ‘9/2 and there is no way in which the terms can be ordered s0 that the series converges in any conventional sense. If we palc the terms before summing, we could get the result —q for either plate and 2e70 for the other, * but this is clearly an legitimate conclusion. The situation is much worse than {in the case of (1), since if we rearrange the two series of (1) by picking the terms Jn an order such that the absolute value of the coefficient ofa in term involving x x'never decrease, the series will converge to the proper, unique value, But for the series after integration using (7) the series do not converge because na terms 80 to zero,"If we wish to determine the total charge on BOTH plates, the problem again gets easy. By Eq(7), the source point at x’ contributes the charge =q to the sum of the two integrals, besause for n=0 the numerator of the fist ‘etm in the braces has the sime sign in Eq(4) and in Eq(S). For all other image source points, ie. for all other n and for the second terms in each brace, the signs of the two terms are opposite and when the integrals over the two terms are added they are, by Eq(7), 2er0, Thus the sum becomes, otal =QyAQ_=-a 404040 ag 24 U2 (2) The Green's function COX Dirichlet’s problem which specifies, the boundary condition at the surface: Cox V"Oforx <0, Wis given that wt z=0 and 2 = % oF {i eylindrical coordinate is used, the Green's function so derived should not have F(K,x). O89)" ae + ; 29° TFT gg tow Tea Vahey gy TE ‘The second teem is the conteibution from the image acy an be blofgtege ta wage eye “m.(0) The integral expression for potential is stay 99.9.0" ae eee 0d ee) GP FED gg conpeanpar 7 60 (©)alongthe x ais Le, 9-0, #0622 J SL tages dg'te "VU hea The same problem discussed in chapter 3 section 3,12, the potenti i given as (0.2) taney (@)at a large distance (#7 +24 >> 32) 4 2 Te arab reaper 9 ‘Since ( p2+22)> a, the denominator of the integrand can bo expanded'as OC 9.9.2) 1 3) 97-2904 Tee Tae Team P Grea (1-G) 2a eo 4 1S(9 229: Geonght B (ga +n vit La saat at Meee ay Oagray aT 28 ‘The result (c) is modified by setting a2 >>a then the expansion is asthe following:~ ° ZI ev [teed tee Ce OVO Cosa Vigag wt) C=O While the result of the expansion in part (4) can be written along the z axis would bok» =O) wei. oe 2 ‘These two expressions agree, 3 (Theda chreson heuer of tess o°= 2 Bend ‘The xcongoent ofthe foc po nt we f= (240 "cu, hero th toll orc ating onthe hemisphere: a= Dea? fo? J+ coxosinains (8) addition with charge onthe sphere, the surface charge dently equal to masta o= LE, cow + ara? The force acting onthe hemisphere (along the z oe other components cancelled out by symmetry) is EL = 208 f* {2 62 coxssinndody tnd for the other hemisphere 2.26 (4. By image method we obtain the potential In the region between the 1wo parallel plates be 1EM(c-29/) cost ‘The frst term is due to the uniform parallel field alone while the second term is the potential due to the boss ‘The charge density on the boss 1 ae, A Fe Be loa” ag leo ‘The charge density on the parallel plates with zero potential eoanet Zt) % ay a 7 S -30- (©) The total charge on the boss: Q= [1 ana? sindods BE? fr 28a (0 se (6) Let us complete the image of the sphere. It becomes a conducting sphere of radius a and an infinite’ plane dividing the sphere into two hemispheres. Xt becomes 4 problem of four point charges of magnltue of q, ~sa/dan/d and —q, - : 8 a wat eae (FR = 21dcos0yF ; aq + 29 AFAR + BaPreoaU]AYT * HH FATT = a4 cc030 /8)> ‘The charge distribution 2¢ ae ar be Let?) 5 1 . 1 } an GFF takes” GFE - 2adeosoy The total charge Q: Wi gsinddd = -q{} - 0 ado malt Nore | Eee “Ble .‘The magnitude and the, postion ofthe image charge are shown inthe Fig (3) is image is also a line charge. Let the potential due tothe line charge be 6, The total poentisl 6), B24 812-2 (rip eta 9} oe, AU the surface of the eylinder there are certain conditions rust he satisfied ie. (1) O->R and 97 >> R) and a dipole term ‘The surface charge density: For Rib=4 ft totie pevou pole. snilt 6, athesufne be 2 Ink wen tbe pen = 1G laa) 22 tn RR VERO TTR Tob VPtR -TiReod | a G (ux) =2 En i t By Ditichiet’s condition and 9(x)= O i, thee is no charge inthe eylinder, acne won tar edo -obed a on TEs 33.urrd oor ¢ -2(0% =) DG + DF aabeoad 8 al ‘Taking unit length of the cylinder, dx’ =bd@ and the angle O is the angle between the point charge and the point where the potential is calculated. In ‘general the charge may not be along one of the axis then © would be (@ ~ 6") ‘where O'is the angle subtended from the axis tothe lie joining the charge. Then wwe can show tee 0(6,0)= 7 roen ween" » Using the result in pat (a), we ean waite on Mi fre __ OAV PaO? Da Mena FBEADbreos(O=O) * De ay A+ OF -DbreoslOnO) Ms fe_@ =A) 0 tel eRe Furs Cab =D} From the integration table we have: tx sears _atanx2-+b © at bsinx vant tater tye! BL ® nln tant tan’ Rey oan’ ad () For the first term: (applying ( 1 )) , Ma@te?) sao an 4 (eee aIHAO™) sae Boy 2 et OL ea 012-20 1 Bat e t+ Yano pen) Me anes (OEP) e0U0/2 be 1 (OP) tand/2 = Ibe ay Oa tae be tan "Lett be tan 6/2 and tan(a/2 -0/2)= coi0/2* If A)? +A) Le een ge OOD mn (b? =) =(b? FP + abF? -2be(d? +P YIU] 1 cos 21 cos therefore, (©) Calculate the surface charge density on each half of the eylin surface isnot closed, Suppose the whole surfuce of potential is @ then VO(r,0)=4 70 where o is the surface charge density, Fortlfor thesurace [94,00 * 20 YieVa 4 Ma gues + an 2 " G 2b cow) ag veen= 5 “35.When 0 is in the interval ~m/2+0 <0 <#/2-00,then cosO=+,0 's inserted because ofthe fact that the two halves are separated by a small ‘ap. This helps the physical interpretation of the problem, For if @ = x/2or =m/2,0 {s infinite, That is meaningless. The distribution dépends on the separation asthe boundary conditions, When the angle isin the interval m/2 +40 <0 <3 x/2-0 0, the charge distribution is negative. (@) IF the potential in the region is bound by the cylinder and inifinity, let us telnvestigate the general expression P= FL sca aen. $9039 28.45 In general the fest term is not zero sinc lee the space concerned Includes some charge HO L9H 07G (KRIK + L (2 =v? )ua" . DOR ae L007 SE cor) The electrostatic potential everywhere in space: (inside the sphere (6.0.0) = constant =V 236. (li) when b< + <* we can replace the sphere by a point charge situated at the center of the sphere to replace the origin of sphere with a potential @ at the surface, © (60 .p) =Vole (evo) he - ‘The problem is equivalent to a sphere with ground potential and a point charge (q=Vb) at the center of the sphere. Under inversion, a sphere of zer0 potential becomes a sphere of zero potential #=0; 0°(0,0,8)=0; O16, 0,9)= K al cR or Let brace We obtain, A i a reavR rl 4 (The inversion ofa sphere withthe center of inversion inde the conducting sphere tsa sphere either inside the Inversion sphere or + sphere wih the gen Sphere (tally enclosed in tor pt in and prt out This wel if one wishes to change the boundary conditions of physical problem. We ean reduce 2 polnt charg ine «conducting pers fo jst conducting sper. 2.10 Given: the surface-charge density 0 K(a? = (k=const) diverges at ra; there is line charge around the edge of disc. Ifa charge Q is put on the dis, Qf odank 2" FQ Ge PY Rrra = mk $260 AUG 8) whence Q*2 ska from which k Q/(2 12), therefore 0 Q/(2aviF=#), Notice that the dise has been considered infniely thn (an onesided) so that the total charge is to be found by integrating over only one face ofthe dsc. ‘The potential inside the discs const, andi given by V=(# Q)/(2a) = constant on the dise To obtain an inverted surface at zero potential we subtract this value from the potential at all points; we have. “37r » y lula inthe plane 80" Co Tad a, ,Jotine dae Ir-n) 2a" On inversion, for a radius and center of inversion as shown in the Fi of the dise transforms into another circle with center at the edge Fone (RE eM? =12), and radius a = aR?/la? ‘The potential transforms as 9 Foo, s0 that the region which was at zero potential, will stil be at dero potential, the region outside the transformed circlé wil be an equipotential, grounded surface, for example, a grounded conducting plate. Th into the dise wil have a potential ~ 2 . ARE ge eg aE en - Therefore, for r inside the inverted circle, By moving the center of inversion, r=O, specified by to, the vector to the center of the dise, we can obtain the potential of the infinite grounded conducting plane with a point charge (S82 a any poim insite.) (©) The surfaedensty wil transform acording 10 oo ra 0.9) {o obisn a nit positive point charge at the center, et (€) The more general problem of inversion of a disc is obtained by considering the center of inversion to be off the plane ofthe disc. The invese of the plane of ‘the disc is in our ease a sphere passing through the point o. Thus, the dise will be transformed into a portion of this sphere. The remainder of the sphere an be made to,be an equipotentsl, grounded surface by choosing an tppro- priate constant for @(e). An unit point charge will be obtained, asin ‘art (), in the hollow portion of the sphere: ‘392at (2.13) 16V addeuth ly, (e-2/2 ‘ 29 = A Sete A slg) sn 8,9) (0) The average potential of the walls =2V/6=0.333 V. At the center 2. a2, a2) (0/2, 2/2, 9/2) = 18M. BECDEME DEY toy Fn MAG) a 1 cosh(VE #2) 2 * Seosh(VTSaIa) * Teas TEA) ye ot x Fea AC RTD * Seesaw °° ‘The boundary conditions: ‘The first term=0.2143836, 2nd term= 0,0092821, 3rd term=0,0002835, 4th a) =O.8=V; ()283, 0#V; term 0,0002658, and the Sth term=0.0000281. The potential at the center 20333349 V, which else" tothe average poten If more term of the (3) x=O.and xea,%=0; (4) y=0 and yaa, =0. series are cummulated, we obtain the exact answer which is 1/3. We ut the Foul seis to ave the prob. And the expansion tha sss (0) The sure charge deny onthe sure 2a the above boundary conditions can be written as, at : OKI a) == “a5 FE yea (aya) =, & sn(yxsin(,y) [Am cosh(rmn(e-a/2))} 16V 348 pms f7mA(@2012)] Fm” fin cosh Crna) sin (qs (By YI where a, =maa, B,=09/b and Yq" VAT FRFTE andthe coeficiente 0, ‘nfo ty mio Se may vein (aa) Seryose rs 2 pul Vand re suey a fol V . ‘vs cot “ev, ‘Then we add two problems together, ie, 2) problem 2.11 with V= i (Vi + ‘nbn Amn €°88(Yqyq 8/2)sin(@,,x)sin(fhy) = FmincoshC, a7) Va) and b) »_4v . WEY) eamitrggay 18H snd ; Thus Aw = _t6v, ¥mncosh(ymn a/2) The potential + everywhere inside the cube 240.wT x xX i y y r 20 fn sinh(2a/2) sf, sing 9) Ava, AVp-V1) = 2 Bn sin Cyn 22) sna x00 ¥) Hence 9 an nt ‘The complete solution is thus Ry = laesch Ul ; Ry = Iaesch Ul and D=a(Leoth U, 1 leoth Us|) ‘The lower sign is shown in diagram A and the upper sig, in disgram B. The general expression for capacitance / length ¢= of(U; ~ Uy). e921 8 Ln cogsniaynaee¥y ional = y.ysthtamatera)) +8 Vd name fa) } ‘The value of the potential at the center of the cube is as before with v=¥ (VI+ v2), 212 (9.4) Problem: Determine the capacitance per unit length of two cylinders radii Ry and Re with their axes ata distance D and the respective potentials of the cylinders are U and Us : ‘The two dimensional conjugate functions: We ln ((@+jaV(2-ja)}= 2 cor (e/a) (1) 28 + (y-acoth U) =a exch? @ (x-aeot V) ty? =a? ese? V @ Bq (2) and (3) are equations for circles, The families of circles interseet ortho- gonally. Eq (2) indicates equipotentials and Eq (3), line of force, The expression fon the right hand side is the radius. With the axes of the cylinders are on the y axis, we have 24. ‘The problem is solved if the expression U, =U, is obtained as a function of Ry Ry and D. (Ieoth Uy 1 Leoth Us)? eos Uy cosh Uy | Tsinh U, sinh Uy T 2 Ry? 252( £08 (Us # Ue) Fins = ¥(Lcosh U; # + leosh Uy? +222 Tsiah Uy sinh Ry? + Ry? £2RLR cosh (Uy -Us) DP RE -RE Uy -Us = cou “te DERERE, U; CoRR = feosh?(eDEZRE-RE Co foot ey ee 23) With the aid of a Schwarz transformation, find the potential and field distri- Dutions atthe fringes of two semi-infinite parallel plates ata distance inbetween, “43.Solution on page 10, the discussion shows the potential and field of two infinite parallel plates. In that illustration we consider that the two plates meet at infin- lty and 80. For two semi-infinite plates (diagram A) it seems that there are a lot of simularities, but the Schwarz transformation is much different. ere ‘The lines of force in the case of two infinite parallel plates are confined in between the two plates, but in the case of two semiininte plates, the lines of force originate (terminate) on both surfaces ofeach plate. This means that we want to -map the complete x plane to the upper half 2 plane. The Itick is to insert a fictitious vertex to complete the quadrangle, however the space of interest isthe complement of the quadrangle AKBG. If K and G are extended {o infinity, then AK.will be equivalent tothe acg: AG, to afg;BK, bdg and DG, beg. With this lint; "B, * Ba * By * 2m and B =O.) Hence from Eq(14), we have, are [eat Awa, =+1,Bay=1, K+a;=0 and Gray =e such thatthe whole z plane is transformed to the upper 2, plane equiporentiat WO « ccinat ir Racer 09M "Celta 1D Baga EO recta JEM aay ok feng ZA} K oA Zea 21:Z=0+j0 ey Tr FO; R=KD aswel cont Kurtis) wee: xtet, £ tenz,- 12h y in Z plane: (in 2 plane: Ved /m = const) 9 E (26-1 a9) forjlryl<1 + Since r,3sin 26, >1: .1f sin2@, isthe dominated term, yad daany, (on the outs wutaces of the plate) ‘Similar analysis can be made for the expression of line of force (in2 plarer constant). The result ofthe transformation is shown in diagram D. Equipotentiat Line of force ore “4524 With the aid of a Schwarz tranformation, find the potential and field distibut- fons in the region between two right angle conducting wedges shown in the figure. oy Solution 4In diagram B, inside the quadrangle isthe interested space with P and R extend ed to infinity. In doing so this figure becomes the given Figuié in the problem diagram: in the problem) By Schwarz tranformation, PQRS is expanded to the upper half 2 plane. ; 44 Sr kMe-ay" wi tie Pr=Bs=0; t= Zs y= a) = 0; ay By FO pag oh dz Ke +12 ay HG-0) Gly -e=F Zak! AL ee, wk! (tL, + a eET Vari anlage =H" Inte, + VET=B) + joel ?ME eg" 46 ve Dayeee 4d nectizeono & Ure Ge)4K"s09p;x"«aK-3) Baten athy KD eK" sa4 22+) Gr) | xr = B)G+ ib) 7 é 22 QADGD (fo, VAT) jin LVEET) yo CDG >= 2S) (@) Find the.Green function for an electrostatic potential problem inthe half Space z>-0 with Neumann boundary conitions at 2°0 (and at infinity ) (©) If the eects field By at 2H0 is a constant Eo inside a circle ofradusa and ero outside, find an integral expression for the potential at an arbitrary polnt. (©) Find expressions for the potential andthe electri field on the ais ofthe circle as functions of 2, (€) Find an expression for the potential at large distance (analogous tothe result oF text problem 24(8)) (@) Neumann problem, to determine the Green function for an electrostatic Potential in the half space (z: 0). The Newman problem specified in Eq(1.46) with (@), = 0. oss 86y xe £38 cya where a, 2y 9 on 3ou = 9 ons je he tL where Z=6'! Onbex)* ier tee MERE Ca 8x) and T= ote) “47. ‘| | i | Gy Oatz=0 For x on s (the plane 240) we have 5 "SUES ETT Tey code eye B= we have Hapdet 18 28, a6 on = oforg> a ofor >a ineagy 2.6,0) oF aF-2 gy 'coNe-o) FT For the problem ofa disc with charge density Es of ¢, put $= 0 for convenience, . Kee Es ps . “ahve erred) _ VOTRE pa Put a 499" ree ay a= lsindependent 1 VETTE pcp mene var areE T _ ae (ea (pra yren Mdcora=t, dt= tina da therefore oz) f* & sda iy at NOE Try fia Terre This Is nt sigoieany better than the exigalintepel (©) Potential and field on the anis (Le. 9 =0).. 9(0,2)= Ee f* ge-28 ee. ghee EVIE 2 “Var Fa! (on the axis only) 48. For lage 2, (0,2) ~ Foa? (22): and_—_Ey(Q,2) > Eas? (222) ‘These appear tobe those ofa localized charge dstbution of total charge (Ea?/2). (@) Potential at large distances, but not on the z axis, Le. ( 9? +2%) >> a? qiedeq? 2p pew yte ay CPP ey Orbe aT? 27 Tom Vary oe [ts GEESE 3(2_9 g’cosp’ - 97)? ete, Thus Ey * org ot fag? 299 ‘cosp’- 97 Oo De erage sta i+ yr aro ares Fay SCT ay Ey 4 Gat atest) } aatee agree aCe ‘This has the same goneral appearance asthe result of the Diichlet problem, 2 For 9 0,we find Ugat get 11s easy to check that ee ee expansion of 02)* ELV TG oi) frompart(o. z Eat 0O.2)= Ero [Note that the Neumann problem has a Green 2>0. function that is even in 2! This means that the Neumann problem for 2 >0 with Ez specified jucface of at z=O+ is equivalent tothe problem of the poten eae tial in all space (2 >0 and z <0 ) |for a surface charge enity of 9°, 9 = ALP) on the Ee__ plane 2=0, asllustrated for our ae prob “lem shown in the diagram, “49J r oa a ri 246 (2.0 mint 2. coup-gye ty Mead y x z . WL Gp c0s-99 + arg Me Gy 2G +49) ‘Use aline charge with density 1° at 9” asimagefor T at 9°. r Potential is : onl-49 v 1 C9. (4-6°) #2 chat) +2 vIn 2 + constant _ a5 y » Ls Gs 86-09-45 cono-9)# = 28 cong 9) 7 where For gr-reo check that G gives zero sufficiently rupidly that there ro R= 9% 49-2 99 'cos(9-9") + eno contribution from’ "-ree surface. Compute 3G. and evaluate at i Rt apte o-t-2 9 9"c06-#9 or aand ge av yy pe z Pe, (6-9 )-a? +a geos(p ~ , | { 307 BE GUT BT Taag couse HEH? 49 cole 4-3? #2 eonle-4)} V1) Because of iogrithm we must have “1°==T_ in onder to have even the posibility ey . j of getting the surface =a 1 have zero potential. Thus, yaaa yr = rfl RZ + cons] ac 2a? g/g? 91-2979 “eos) eo ipa Gp)e Ffs (LPB eo) yf Now we consider €(2,(9-6°)) (1-27 /(9 ge0s) - 97, 9°(1 =28° (a9 eos) (1 9) 90s) y if “8 json eCaF y 79 Frcons-g) gig = p= Mea pense o id ‘To give the argument unity (without putting "= 9°) we choose XS and the appropriate constant ie. const =In ( 9“/a*). . Then, with T= 1 ‘The behavior us,1/@ means that lim, fda (x21 falls oftas R Y inorder to get the Green's function, el IF yer i ty gt qtemtee . a8 R-+e and gives no contribution to surface integral RA GG. 95 9,6 )=In [AS SATE cot -t (©) Capacitance of two eyinders: Take cylinder #1 as surface where ©*0. Then ) : a UWE 9-2 8 geons put charge Q on# 2 cylinder. ty TN eee , it 2 CEG tle oF, = Li, dads’ 00) GK.) 049 2 oe Tike ¢= 2 sth lowe apoxinton..nilrm ow te sue. i Note that fr either a or $=, Go, as required, Lt payepayen 1 paryg . — Check for 9-4 the dffemnetial ofthe Green function is SE aap FH" se0" Olax D= EP HCC 8: 9.99 o 97-38 )( 97 “al + atle- oP 1* + negligible dx 4n8(9-69 . Gon (LICE A pete g Pay (Stree 7 ena ie pend team ye which satisfy the B.C. explicitly. a 9-97 = 238 (1 -e0s) me 2492 - 29? a a ein. + £7 Int. ~, . © Gein (LL 87492 = 2a? 9/ 9cos] 9 Coan? "an fe Wl - co is For a7 >> age Grin CSP aay gay 97-297 9 cos) EE ad “StePATOL + (2) Derive Poisson's integral forthe two-dimensional problem of the potential siven on the surface ofa cylinder of radius a. ate gt p?-at g “cos - G(9.65 97.89 =In Core ga <2 B9 “cost -9) ac | 2 =) UTat+ 97-5 gc ‘The potential inside the cylinder is Oe weed Levee eset) wih 26, OF! 9 {rom the line above, this gives a9 ot 0 0099S With (a+b, 60) this is the answer to Problem 2.8 (a). To obtain 2.8 (d) we ‘ole that the normal derivative is opposite. We thus put (a? = 9?)-+( 9-22) Inthe above final result to get the answer forthe external problem, %) TPO) erage = be lee " i 8). LEON ty 9 tow NH ple YD FiVOX, hag Cor 3b vcou-a) ives Poisson's integral of Problem 2.8 (a). +52 24g. ‘Two flat thin conducting plates with straight edges and seminfinlte in extent are in the same plane with their edges a distance 2a apart, Both plates are at zero Potential. Above the plates at longer distance than ais uniform electric field Ep directed normally towards the plates, as indicated inthe sketch, () Treating the potential s two dimensinal, show that the Schwarz — Christoffel {transformation which maps this configuration in the z-plane into the upper half woplane with A at w=-e Bat w=l,Cat w=0, Dat w=0, Eat wal, and Fat weed ae 2 (ut im (6) From the boundaty conditions determine the potential 6(x.). (©) Determine the charge density —0(x) on the top and bottom of the plates. (6) In the gap (in the plane of the plates) find the normal and tangential com- ponents ofthe electric fed, (©) On the opposite sie from the applied field, determine the potential andthe electric fed far from the gap. Show that the magnitude ofthe eld falls off as the inverse square of the distance from the gap and determine the coefficient of Gey (9 Consider two line charges and -\. , located in the gap just above and below the plane of the plates. Let their separation be p/d, where p isa dipole ‘moment per unit length. Determine the potenti of the two line charges (in the absence of the plates) in the limit > efor fixed p. Compare the potental with he result of part (¢). What is the strength of the equivalent two-dimensional dipole that gives the same asymptotic field as the slot of width 2a with a ‘uniform field Ee above it? ‘Two flat thin conducting plates with straight edges and semlinfinite in extent are in the same plane with their edges a distance 2a apart, Both plates ae at ze:0 potential. A uniform electric field Eo is directed normally towards the plates, () Schwarz-Christoffel transformation, we begin with the identification of the points A... Fwith points in the w.plane: zplane A Bc D E F woplane: ~~ -l 0 0 Ho te -53-eerrrecro. Circuit of polygon is in the order A..F. yo AtBangle a AtCandD a AE: a re aragwe ‘To determine 2, and A we examine several points: AUB 2s -a® 2,4 AC-2) MED ge a= 2+ AC2) ‘Therefore the transformation is nae y dL aedee ly (@) Inzeplane we have €(X,y)-> Eyy fory >> a and/or [x1 >>, ne EF Jn w plane we have whole rel axe at zero potent, The transformation it such that fr lane w, wo 2yfa-Thus ulform vrieal Ein thew plane Le. Fw) fea solution that satis the requirement of uniform field fr lrg Im w= 2a, in the z plane and stfies boundary condition on rel axit in w-plne. Com pacionof @Gxy)-rE,y forlagey detemines C=a,6,/2, Potential (x,y) is real part of ies etqwek Fe)=- Ee wa), where2=-5 (w+ =) websVEG We ean solve for w(2): Mt aye; w?, 2a +120 +54 Choice of signs depends on whether Im z 5° 0. For large real z above the plates we know that F-+ -iE,2, while below the plates, F + 0, FO) =1-2 et Va) t= ANT) sane orbow te ae (Note that we could use just upper sign if we ae careful in defining. (2? -22)¥ 1nd keep track ofits phase as we go around the branch points, z= + a) Potential is Re F(2) = , an explicit expression, applies for above plates, BE obea) = Sey 6 Be mG? + tiny 89h ay 5 Ba Gut eat oy)? 4 anty? ah Tt gE GE oat oy) ety | snl tan (o)Charge density: one |e] reas pte) (upper sgn for top, lower for bottom) Se VFpecay the usual (2-3) integrable cepa. Onhebaan ste ort Daeg - Ec yan (The normal and tangential components ofthe elected, at y=O, a6 ax’ ‘Near z=a on both sides, o->~ Ixlea: Bye Integy wee Faure (siViR Gof VI voxo)=- Be - 7 Cocky equtement low ust wae +35.= -@URy)=+0@ Vian == ate] | 5 ' By in gap is just ¥ of the field far away. In fact tis average of the fields far ay on her sof he plates, For Ix1>a,y = 0) we have “Ex 0 and Ey = Fae Ba peop For lal>aye or, Byo- Beak) (© Far from gap(121>> 2) below the plates: 2 woos evan ete are) Ey, #Cy)E, we) BE Coy Ey, 2B 180.0" Tag Grad = EE ya Th) Feldswe Exe Pt, bye TE Eat 1 See ee ener eet © rhe cage as gesting s oarin( = y amy R eoty 2). 2 wee 1 Bye With d= pit, oe ot __ Comparison with (e) gives pot Note that the direction ofthe dipole is into the “ield-ree” region, =56. 2.19 (*2.16) {Simple proof using symmetry and linear superposition: «+ (1) Consider one side at potential V, all other sides at zer0 potential, Then the potential at the center is (0) = AV, where Nisa constant depending perhaps ‘on the geometry. @ Now consider all sides at their different potentials V,. Because of the symmetry of the polyhedron, linear superposition gives (0) = AV Va #22 tVQ) (3) If we choose all VieV, then we know from the general properties of Laplace's ‘equation that the potential atthe conter (or anywhere inside) ls V, Thus V=A(n¥) or A= Hn. (i) Proof using physical meaning of the Gieen function ‘The solution to the Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation is Now, what isthe physical meaningat = z¥ 290%) » G(x is the potential at point x’ inside thepolyehdron for a unit point charge at the origin and all surfaces of the polyhedron at zero potential, This means that 1 2600.) isthe surface charge density induced on the faces of the poly an an hedron by the unit charge at the origin. The integral of this surface charge ‘over the whole surface of the polyhedron must be equal to -1. But by sym metry, each face of the polyhedron must be equally contributed ifthe unit point charg isa the center. Hence 1 26(0.x) Ge an grein and 6248. ¥4 257rrr COCCEEC CEC eee EC CHAPTER 3 Boundary - Value Problems in Electrostatics, I 3403.8) (@) Since the potential Is specified at the surface of the sphere the potential inside ‘the sphere can be expressed in general form 92 BE tent eBeg PN] Veg (0. 9) Since there is no charge atthe center of the sphere, therefore B,,,=0. After alittle ‘modifications, the expression becomes 2 Zé 266.0, E3. olAtm “EI%pq( O19) 09) i8 0.9) ‘The spheriea! harmonic part B(0,¥)is (0,9) = V(O-<# I: It can be shown that all the coefficient, Ag. must be zero and all A,,, with =modd integers should also vanish, L 1VTE AV Gy Bt paral 7 MIS AR aye ee eat Agave $ fe Tella OV By Byala . sey ee Eon AS ao tev SE Bene Seat, ‘Therefore, the expansion of the potential up to @=3is:— -58. 906.0,9)= Vn (4) sino Laing 2° (-1f sin( 2 -y]+ CD? HR sin 20x Ln 2) "8" 1) Bsn ( HE apy EP Hes e0e99 1) (sing BC sin (AE : + (Ep Zain? o (anc 36)- 8 1)Pan22E - 39) #1 Physically the problem depends very much on g and in fact, or every, 9/9 the Potent! changes sign, So, m=0 terms must vanish that is Age=0 , For the ease > 1, the potential is symmetrical with respect to the origin and also with respect ‘Zanis, This iniplies that the parity should be even, PY (0 9) = (DE Yoo (O 4) therefore Remrodd must be zero ako, (b) For the special eate net: A The potential expansion of the potential becomes:— 46.0.0) CE) ants 2-3 ounseoto-1 15 mn Osng + 20 si? Ob? QL 4.0.4.) 1f we perform a transformation of rotation with respect to x axis, we obtain at ooa)=V(F ? Py (cos 0) +, 32 G0 ‘The problem exhibits azimuthal symmetry, fo) ab andasrb, 00,0 [Age + Bor} pgfeos 0) (1) The boundary conditions are For 0 <0 Ey eer Peel ne eo Co8 a) Per Peon) A circular disk of radius R with a fixed potential Y is shown in the diagram. K ORE where K is the proportionality constart to be evaluated. K canbe calculated. by coniderng the potential slong the Z axis OCF Z)= kl 9/24 sin Forr=2=Q. (r= 0)= We kl therefore, we can make usg.of the symmetrical solution $(r=z) and the general solution for the potential at any point in space is obtained by multiplying Pg(cos 0) to the {uh term in the series of expansion, +64. ZTE. then Rie tan (0/2) and 0 2 tan" Lato be coe ‘(t= 2) Py(cosd) = (2V/x) tan*(R/1)P, , (6050) a) ‘There ae two sels representation of ae tanget ant Ry a Ryg Co® rye Neate RD Renee Oe eat BaF EG Goro (On the other hand, the general solution for azimuthal symetele problem: 60 (forR¢ . " wey crt ON Ee mT ‘This agrees with the case that (r, 0 = n/2)=V(R >), because a common term coi canbe fitoried out inal the odd Legend polyoma When 9 72 the summation vanishes al ogethr, and gies #00" 9/2)" V. OE Patei(cos0) 35 (35) =P) pv 0.6) dn" 0 eR area 0)9E Seale — @) To show the equivalence of Eq(1) and Eq(2) of the Interior problem of a hollow spher potential V(0",¢.) on the surface itis neces sary to demonstrate Eq(1) and Eq(2) are the potential if the interior of the spherical shell of inner radius a, For the exterior problem from B9(2.25) we have “65 $40.9)AATF cq et ‘ ‘ y 2808-22) , 06°10" ®@ an 1 aeat-taxcon) 7 For theater prolem 20) VO,9) and xby , then a=), vo.ayae 09 OO sm @) where cos 7 = cosdcow+ sindsindéos(8-9. On the other hand a general solution for a boundary-value problem is given in Eq(3.61) me For interior problem r—r 0, Dj must beset fo 210, At ra, the potential, Inknowa, 0 tat Par aoe reVOer= EE oc, a Yom O78) {is opposit sign. Replace (2,0) by sh f EE lant * Dane Oyen 6.0) By Bq (3.58) Coats Agent L890 6) V0 9) ES pam in) @ Therefore, Ox) = BB [Eq(1) and Eq(2) are the potentials inthe interior ofthe spherical shell of radius a, By substitution the explicit expression of Agy in Eq(4), we obtain eho . POD LALEE Via) Yon. 0V OVER 49 Comparing Bq(3) and Eq(4"), we notice that to show their equivalence, it is sulflelent to prove we see =ZEvin CHE OE (5) Let's consider the left hand side of E9(S) as an arbitrary function expanded in spherical harmonic as given in Eq(3.58) =m gk 00.0 Ge pares” Ba, ene =sanyt ae -F)K 9) Fun 180 Y6 (0.0) Grog Bu, yt 288 a GEES a Then, [Fay GI, From (3.125), the Green's function with a*0, b=a,e=¢* and r=, the expression, ‘can be written a5, Lethe age LN ¥eindO" Pein OP) L On x4 set By substitution to Eq (7), we obtain Fm" ag SF ytin(O0) ar =D, 0.0) We have shown that the coefficient Fgmderived from g(0,@) in Eq(6) Indeed agrees with that of Ea(5), 36 (3.8) fe ‘The boundary conditions () Z=0; =o. Q) ZL; =0. = vid. 2) @) p= =V(9,2). ‘Assuming the potential can be waitten as 9.8) =R(2) Q(G)Z() 7” The suitable general solutions for these functions 2(z) = Bsin(kz)# Acos(kz); QC) = Csinm + Deosm; Rg) = Flm(ke ) + GKm(k9) Since it contains no charge inside the eylindet, @ must be Pnite everywhere inside the circular cylinder. , G= 0. From the boundary condition (1), A= wehave k= na/L. and from the boundary condition (2), + 99.8.2) E tn( Fa )sin C7 2) (Byygt. mg + Ayyye 08:9). -67-From the boundary condition (3), ie, @ = b V(6.2)* ZI) in HZ) (Bin mb + Asa oc0H). wa pinay a Hence gt a ONG. Diem ain FE, = A gy 2 RG tT eng aL, (2 ‘The boundary conditions are: Vfor-n/2-<9 > b and z= ‘where n=28+1, And L/2, We need sin(nsz/L) Ava CE) J stain AE 2) cot mpodudg . tn a =( 9 fey ar* aus CUP CI® (ape ow Eyeayy Pg ape ryGErTy yy? Dee [p+ 104] ct =a: t+ = tan“*(1)= 9/4.) Dp 3 +S -1/7+ 1/9...) = tan (1) = 9/4, ‘We are thus left with the sum over m or p HnnoC 8 14s t/2)* Ax COE (£904 coxlcate 1] ‘This series is to be compared with the answer to problem 2.8 (b), Notice CAPZIO et apie Rel BOSE) Re Ea 2) Paps Consider sy BL Fama + S30 -2y az tr The stn -2) 86228 L(-1ynzm =-t0(1 +2) Thus tom ot ye gn (itt Bae dO = F 802)-scDle --Lan(t ‘Since the potential is prportional to the real part of the series, we want the argument (phase) of the argument ofthe log. LIZ, 141 9 feel _(b-Vsing) +19 cons T=iZ 1-iSpoel® (6 sind)-1 geass = bing tain? 9- 92 0s?4 +1269 cons (+9 sing} + 9 Fcostg L4iz stad = Ee ewe (itr aE oy ‘The potenti thus B06 9,4, 172)=2E an (fea y in agreement with Prob. 2.8(b). -69.3a (3.09) 0 We need to show that VX J,(yq"") is an orthogonal complete set, a, fa) Ry v, x ply bot sides by x4J,(¥yq X/8) and integrate from Oto 2, and after some simplifications, we obtain hae LEXF Oy MDI) dx = 0 Since V%I,(¥4q3/) isan orthogonal function and L280 A1 VO ygxidixe 2 19), Yon So any aclirary function fx) can be expanded in terms of J,(yyq xa) as © 10) Fans ory, ala) and, Ay = 40) 3 yg 18) dx MB Rom) for (xB (ox) de= 4 1-2 yeas where now a= Yen Ben, ‘The problem of an infinite thin plane sheet of grounded (®=0 )[eonducting ‘material with a hole (radius a) init, Ifthe hole Is filled with a disk of same ‘material at @=V, The boundary conditions are O=V. IfZ=0, oaalg (1-4) Solve Laplace's equation subject to these boundary conditions. (a) Here we want the potential to go to zero as |z1-+e. The potential should not depend on ¢ Hence the appropriate form of the solution in cylindrical coordinates is, ww (2G Z)= SP ACCT 9 yak. Q) If we require boundary conditions stated in Se viresa : 3 FEA a tke (OES @) Let us multiply both sides by] J,(K’q) and integrate next overyg By the Bq(3.112) we get -10- PAu I= IIS Jee OY “ Now, by B4(3.87) 1970, (kap) thx, © where 2, isany one of J,,N,,Hy; we see that with v= 1, 4»=#, x 1 soncceyd «Lycos ca FpEMea Me = FLEE Ce WKeNdg = Zoe) Thus A(R) = Val (Ka) © Henee, OC 9 #2)" Va Sen! Chg DJ, Ckadak @ (b) Obiain the solution when 9=0. J,(0)= | by Eq(3.89) 90,6,2)= Va sell 5, (kayak ‘This.is a Laplace transform, In Magnus and Oberhettinger,p 131, item 4 we find 8 table of Laplace transforms, from which NOOO N ETE Gaia ) rer (© Obtain the solution when 9=3 = kt PCa H2)=Vasy "4, Gs), (a) dk ‘This Laplace transform can be looked! up in the Bateman (ables of In Magnus and OberhettingerP 132, 10 get Ga $:2) = Vek. pt? 208080. dat Hobie LY Ear wie ee ts oY. pane atta eas . 4 T=K7sin Y panrseraam ay EN par w PVT Rai go SON pon 904.9,2) 2% [£09 -0-e8) KOI 40 ~ Diels podem — e¢aye= st gay 2 ax The Greens functions used Sa ven. OYeq 0. ate af Cece EF Yalu (0.6) 1 get Ly Beomea (241) [F=(albyos | eGR” pee me© ean abtpee 1 og NEON Oe CET gga Bae ete test and ALLO te OP sera (es ee) Since th roblem is independent of, .,m=0, _the spherical harmonies an be expressed in terms of Legendre polynomial, The integration in Eq(1) consists of two terms. One is with respect to rg and the other, r > Then the signcand;can be dropped out. After rearrangement, the potential becomes oe Atv x (sr pteoryan van pet Pla READ jon gegen) Let x bea/b, then 2e+1 IVE J." Pf(cos 0) sin ow Gl on ox x (Lada )P4(cos0) VE DEG SS roo) 3G 59] Ps(6080) +...) When be so x0, the expression becomes eeaney Ch oS reney+ 202 rons EE Ersoy. When 2-0 (therefore x +0 alto) then the expression becomes b YPPs(cos0) +... ave Byetyprceoe yet HOES = GG Puce p+, ‘Then the two results gree with thot in problem 32 ee 2. . 3. (3-19) A line charge of length 2d with total charge Qis placed in a grounded conducting sphere withthe inner radius b > d as shown in the diagram. (@) The potential everywhere inside the spher cal shel: Hs LOG, a0x- 1907 Sa ae Since the surface is grounded we consider only the first term, The charge density and the Green's function areas the following: ME*Y | 5(c00 0°=1) +8(c08 0"+ 19] 8 yf. £ / axyean BE Wall Oy pQ (9) 01 SO aes OG ED GR) = 5 FEF (e008 "=1) +8(6000"41)) E Paleo) Py (cou) (ts Spina ana” F Peloos? Fy (Cos) 1s = crea . AE Coe 1) EOL Gg gs 1 1-H tat? re fry ene aes oy ctyees Geyer EAU OT geal All the Rodd terms vanish (,Pg(1)+P91)), but the summation gives {wo troublesome terms ie. when £0 and t=2, These two tems can be obtained by separate integration, Although the above expresion can be further simplified, itis eft in this form for discussion in part (¢) arate 2 2622) aan ee (Sd? -3)-05 tect a (se 2) +20F py(os0) (Gyn yee y elal Caper Up apathy sey ne. el eyeay 2-1) a 7+ 3 a -B.PEELE boa ra ~ ? ; . r y L ) y L \ * im L L uv v v (0) The surface charge density induced on the shell 140, ee ao vy sar pons os. b(sd?-3)2u4 eee SE py (cos0) { 2b8e(2) 1 +h), " 1 FED MG” lareyaTeS) . suf FE s43 yb pun, (Gaya eG) (©) The potential @ obtained in (a) isnot realy seen to be zero at rb which |s one of the boundary conditions but if we let -—»b and d = b, itis obvious (rb, d=b)= 0, In the limits of db, the potential] becomes 2° e a) ary(cor0) (EE gaara (ta(S)-2¢ oho oy SEED yan wyfenoy (114 EI) a 2) ya “Givi! ql Pagel) and the surface cherge density A (tb 68 9 Geos » ona RMSE oo, eos0) [208002 + bse - 3b 248 + Bar, (cone) LOUD 4 yp 2P 423 gy ® punt FE arapeors) CED + vig aH GG Although it may be thought thatthe wire shrinks to a point charge at the center, the problem does no ive such a solution, ~ SitGGw covey Le(aeeoe JT Hage g0e 9k. Neap 1 Meanbeshown 2 = S7 STD Coe gC Meds pu $e ST Lote e nee therfore, 89 = 9 = ST KIO ® Pg (9 ak ()To obtain £4(3) ofthis section, we corider 14. = ipechita’s integral (= £7 I,,(k @)dk and k= £7 50k) de Yewice, EGG, x)*-AE (9 - 996(4-6)6(2-2) and use the retin Ge, G(x x92 EFL OF fa cg qe Hg C22) EK. rust be well defined and must bea function both inside and outside of the cylinder, &m must be well bahaved at z~+e and 2-0, Lost) AC HED ED) «fH, way do 242 2 Fl . @) ‘therefore, the total Green’s function C629 E LP IA 9 Ibe g MOPED $1. (ka) Jako’) et Mes “ax (3 BF ew /* (© tmeylndsical coordinate, wo can express 1 1 R=R1 ¥ oP4p"2-29p tos (6~ #)e(e-2')> ‘Substitute the above value in the result (b)and take the limit when 9’-+ 0, ¢’-+ 0. and2’ +0, lim 1 D pm Ge gtd PPE IEE ran fee Him ETc O94 Gace Ue 9 perk 2? goo nee eo therefor, imtd=#) ie 84,8 im D8 30 ie ne sim Ese (eg Ver KO a TIT gale 18.Now we can integrate on both sides of the lst expression with respect to @ from © todnand divide then by 2n,the LH.S, will emain unchanged for we obviously have (2m) £3"ap= 1: Thus, Lue em , THE Pad l ay MOM SO 9 EM oo wo Gmina sol h 2S Ck ge KEK LTE Sob (K8 Uy (OVEMUK = 17159 pa(O)er*dk But UO), ten 7eetee fet k9 jak From part (b) we know that 1 VETS veee-8) Ge = Edel 9s cope oneMeX) (4) Text ‘Alt from the fest pat 000 2 eMart, oO ‘Itwe replace 9 *in(5) by R= 9249-29 0"co89, then wehaveon the LHS. thelnverse distance 1x-x'I* with 2"= O and 6°= 0, that isjust Ea(4) with 20 and ¢'=0. Wehave, o TTS COW TT Tea Con ae TU ELEMEE dots te 8)1, 0089 0k ‘Comparison of the right-hand sides of the above two equations (which must hold forall values of 2) yields: IRV GTF TFET gg 7eHHH)= E ol AY Ck 9), Ck 07) Consider the following expression bebe EP ODE wy tke) ‘Taking t= ie!® ak 90008. 8, cP 3,,0ko ) ) 16 (@ From E9(6), we votain an integral representation of the Bessel function: Jy (x)= al pre conbingag We begin by multiplying Eq(6) by e!™, integrating w.r. between O and 2 and dividing then by 2" 1 ang etn hae i Pe pelote mays te 9) Recalling that orthogonality property of the exponential) sh sinlontapn a, wecan waite i site cmb Pp Ig(K 9) =I Ak 9) Putting =m (dummy eter) Jpg() [2reaconbindys, where x ke SBC uh f We have to choose a potential €(x)such that it satlsfes ‘he boundary conditions and it isthe solution of the following equations ez, ] greke=0 a) @Q L Pantano @) pine ‘The boundary conditions For, 220; ° ¢(x)=0. a a 221; (x)= 0 sin(kL) = 0 ork=(na)/t < Bea Ox)=0. PO =E Aga OP sin) fa FF) Fe TAMER C1 (A)) The Laplacian of 6:- Vor Aruat OM sin( SE) £( 9) 46 x=) where . f= My FES) Cy AE) K, (AEM) -K,, (82 1 (AER) TOT L TT i ty any BAB ye (BM (MEY) (ARS, + pnd TE HK 9 Ky hg SPY) 7Hp pn EE) hE, FB -1,FyK, Ey) ‘Making use of the orthogonality properties, multiplying both sides by mes) and sin @E2) and with the limits $e and 9 ¢ we obtain 4 sn“L) Ama” aa ts Gp) ence ant IgE) ex LES smh Pain sin OE rier sy EEE) EEE x, cy, tty ‘Same as the previous part, we take the modified Bessel function for the art, We choose the solution in the following form HOD * EEE Ag ein Pain EE 3, Amal After simplifications, the Laplacian of # canbe written as VOD AE Ags MPPs HE), (Amal (HE = 8(0-9°)56-9)50-2 and EI Eaton ine ace dg shin T aCe dy , Omg 99 Aaah E geen PAF nL Mle Sal 8 HC 48 (225 +1 Ga) 1 an #08 Re 0 @ 9-91 (k,,9) sinh(s,.2) sink, (L=2)} (4) From the boundary coi tion we have J, (k,,a)=0 implies k,=Xma/a_ where Ym is a root of J,,= 0. Notice +10, 1 Hove , P= n(x, x Dey ae wag tae VOR Aen) and J, is solution of the following differential equation “18. #R, 1 aR Tia Vegan a cimOrO =p eR aah {Ama song a Xma' tiny + Sto 230 ah AB 12, a} He sinh BCL 25] Since we have z< and 2» , the integration for 2 must be confined ina mall ‘region around 2 where the pont charge i. Multiply the expetsion by e168) and Ju(%""9) the coetficent A, can be obtained by thelr orthogonality pio erty 4 hoe Ady 2!) 90 Sinn) em) Taine al, = mad’ eet g g m-th, Ameen, imal een oan Pak ttt, anna) asin te Lea) (Gi) We expand the series that represent the potential in terms of modified Bessel Function O(a) EE MEPs, Ck, BACK, 9>) where Ya(k2«) and Ya(k@:) are functions to be determined to satlaly the boundary conditions and these must be some combination of Im and Ky, for @ < g° andi requites to be finite at the origin for @'> 9°, Yi(k 90) BI, (ko) Va(k 9) * Cl, (keg,) #DK,,(k9,) rz) km TT) sin) any + ky ‘The series expansion can be readily cedueed to the form obtained in part () by the relationship inh), CEL) MAL) TT 1Goma) 23 a Kenta) sinn( Kem(L-45)) gaa Ke sah Kem) ‘The extra summation in past (ii) is.necessary since is requized to satisly ‘the boundary conditions, k in Jm (kg ) and in sin(kz) cannot be predetermined. 19.n the cate (i) and (i), the k in Im (K @ )Isaseriee K= E22. in which there Xn may be one or several k=" equivalent tok =" inthe sine function, (Aternative method) This problem requires the Uetermination of the Green function fr a cylindrical box of radius 93 and ends at 2-0 and zL, the potential ofthe box being 2210, ‘There isa unit point charge at 9°,0°,2” inside the Box. (@) Let us divide the box into two sections by a plane 22’ thovgh the point charge, General functions that satisfy Laplace's eqn, in thy two halves, the ‘boundary conditions over the surfaces of the box, and allow the possibilty of expanding arbitrary functions over the plane z=2’ are by Eq (3.108): For0 9" andE'the field for 9<9'.Then by considering Gauss’ theorem applic ‘to integrals over two surfaces 9 =Ste,e+0, ‘we see that (eB) = 8-6966-29 2. a two dimensional Dirac §-function (times 4n), XL Fgg( 9g E96 2 PGE 99112) ‘The square bracket of Eqn(12) yields upon expansion Bg Pe EC BE MARS CEB a CMR) (ED OD eg Kg FERED EY hg TY Ky OED EL FEE Ky EN AEE ody FEE EE DK, EL) } ‘We can rewrite the last expression as follows: (ee, AECL (By (4 CHER y= (AE EU nCEY Oy FK, AE) (13) +The quantiiy inside the curly bracket on the right hand side of Eq(13) is a ‘Wronskian, which is not hard-to evaluate from the differential eqn; this Wronsk lan is also given in the “Handbook of Mathematical Functions” by Abramowits and Stegun 9.6.15 on page 375.1 is: W (1,02). Ky(2)) "Ip, “Kyle # (4) * Therefore, Eqn.(13) becomes - i, am Code biy Gy. Substitution of Eq(14) into Eq (12) yes at once ne inGg AE CH) yeaa : (8p Bp] "BE Anat FT, : 1 as F.0(9-96 0-2) ey Multiplying both sides of Eq(15) by e™™sin(An/L) and integrating over the +82. ee volume of the eylinder defined by: O< 2 0 isthe nel term: 262), 1 (0) ae 70 tt AL OM sin (BE OA, G (®) | Connection with conformal mapping of the type F(z) = 24: With the convention that ReF(2) = U (xy) ithe potential that FQ) gave a potential, @=U= A @Msind$ and that if we required @*0 forall g at 9=B wecould choose MI=nm (n=l, 2, + This meant that the analytic function, iawia phe (x= geld FQ) With real coefficients An, satisfies the requirements of giving @*0 for 90,0 And so represents a solution to the potential problem posed. The real part of F(2) is just exactly the solution found by solving the differential equations. ‘The magnitude ofthe electric field is given by (0 we have the expansion, 60.0.9)" 25 (Py c00)4 AE 4 (0:0) Fee] Mf aO,nd qa? = Q is fixed, then only the first term survives and we have 5. 4)= 29, lim, 6,0, 9)= =, (cos 0) Complete solution for a <+ 0, qa® + Q, only "he n=I term survives, For0 < b. In any event, the added Potential inside the sphere must sity Laplace's equation, Thus the exlea potential must be ofthe frm, 80 0,0) =F (Agel + Byr-®)Pg (cor 0) But since the origin is included and the added potential is finite there By O forall 2. ‘The total potential is therefore (fora ) -th(kes) sinh (k (La )] Ae emamery and Ya( tn) «Aiba se ete ‘With the helps of E9(9.112) or its equivalent in problem 3.12), We find OnE sTakelmes, (eo) 0 (al 97.642) WGmE seems cay ok yo Cala 42) = -4nb(e-2) 6(9-p6L 220. Multiplying by eS, (k ¢) gg df and integrating, we obtain Ie SSA IA KOC “KW 8.82 = -4nB(z-z)e O'S (kg) Ths, Sworn = -2ke FF, 98-2) Werthus write #(2/ 9 °,9',2)=2ke"™*Y (ke Wr (ze)¥a(z) and have (EE-® ) [Hie ¥a e)] =-8(@-2), Since we hav ready ound Ya Ya We are able to write down the whole Green function CO, 6,219.6, 2E_/ Daan, 0, eee eat Me Ny “oleYa19 (e316, ‘Thosolution for the Dirichlet problem is given by Eq( 44): V pr ayy grag (26 gale FOS, 989 EE no ‘We need. BG asinn(he) ay coshtkz) =k BET ae vo Ke) 2 Since Integration overd picks out the m0 tem inthe expansion of of G, we find H9.2)2% 220 J Tak Jo(eg PERERA y+ 9g gsc 7 1 pt cpaee 84, (tay = Co tee Ra Gadax= Hes (ra) = 2, (a) Tus 9A) # Va 7d (ha) ccs RCD (©) we lt 2-0 we find #9 ,0) = Va Jak Jy (ka)Ho( Ko ) 9,0) =V fxd (x)0(@ w/a) ‘This integral isa discontinuous integral of Weber and Schofheitlin, See Watson, “Bessel Functions”, p398, especially the results on p 406, The answer is o 1 o4 (L>>a), Firs ofall, because ofthe oscillations in J)(ka) the Important values ofkare k <~1/a. If L/a > 1, then for the range of z to be considered, we find sinh a(L=2) bo gang (Lee) 2 Fin CRE) Tey 1 (The only dangerous part ofthis approximation is fork <<. But these (0,2) # Va Jak Js (ha) ‘(ty 3 and tabblo ethene) The astin 192+ Tsthus @(0,x)aVa S"Gko™™ (ka). Thiam beinepted (via Laplace transform tables) to give MOad=VEN- Zee] ‘The answer is reasonable because neat z * L, the potenti I should be small, S320 CTT _ (2) For the grounded plane at =0 the Green function is So rdizi 959 278 2E sdk elm -O95, (ko) I, Ck g Yann (kzg)e“M (By image method, starting with the expansion. ‘of problem 3.12(b) of the text.) The capacitance of a disc of radius , located in the plane z= d, has a variational representation: [iL = Lea Les0(x) 62, x9 0(3) ¢ To(x) da } where 0(x) sa tral representation for the ch denslty on the disc, Assuming ™ 0(@), we find fe H(t wg thdy LE 9.002 )Jo(ko ) dg fe TR ea dE (0) We ist ssume that o( )= 1. Then we obtain sfangea yon =f 78nd = yan 48) o=0 1 Ie IRedg => 4 cy gent Ee AO |If'we could find a simple form for the Laplace transformof y(t), we would be finished, Unfortunately, it doesn’t seem to exist. We look at the limiting cases. We use the relationship given in Watson, p. 403, Eq(2) Ke (cued: S51 and 20-1 mt a 44H 216 4 QAO. RIE Re . ‘The exact value for ths limit: A beter desctiption of charge description is “33.SR ee a a SS ) on ra 2 om aphgs intent 91 SE 9 7g ae fo 8 TRieet Ad by substiuton to Eq), we have Ug de FTIR et) SERB a LSet certain hy te 1 a a thr TS 2 ar 7108 1 ed NY) 44 (oe a ‘This Is the-exact value ofthe capacitance of a dite of area wR? located a distance tom a wounded plantn the it of agg Heid (Ea =o but o= | previouly astumed, aROE=4n or E =4/R? y— gayn? = |. Using Laplace transform: eco IF aaa ‘Thuswe have, 81” R, R a Baws TOC] Forg/R<1... tan-*(R/d)n/2-d/R +d /382)...5 a aa) Ry +H ocd Fe twa) Si Ry +B soc dy ; ieBustad reds ee CHAPTER 4 Multipoles, Electrostatics of Macroscopic Media Dielectric “aa The'multipole moment tobe computed is given by the expresion . am * Lal hich becomes fora point charge St” 9 i OF) wo (2) The multipole moment of the whole system is then cicero = ea yp (12,0) + ¥,, (912, #12) * son an “Yen(H2s2)-Yeul-E 2} @) Yom 08) = Ap Pf (608 2)™® ‘Thus Eq(2) becomes Since San = 98a FCO) LI + AI CE He YM) G) Form=0 oreven the above expiesion vanishes For m=1 or oild, Eq (3) becomes er AARON HH 14 aah PCO) Ze ‘With the expression (0) expanded, we have Gu 2VT abt M1 Hota) 13S oe Gm wy where S¢meeven. : We already know that m is odd then & must be odd, therefore Eq() is valid for ‘odd and m odd and +m = even, that is iy "202A gg A(-1 MORIA, a ©‘The lowest two sets of nonvanishing multipole moments are: we 4 . au VE ances ane VB aac 49: - aoe ¥ Braque, x (©) Applying Eq(1) from part (2) we get for this quadrupole in * 98% 45 (0,0) + 984 G0(n, 0) Hence VET (myer ‘The problem is symmetrical with respect to the origin and is $ independent, therefore, only & even and m=0 terms exist. Since the total charge Is zoro, the 2=0 should vanish | | Forks ods, Gaye For is even oye VHT ca rr “The lowest two sets of nonvanishing poments:— . 1 2, 7 2 aw HG on tag VE Ct -6) (©) Thin uniformly charged circular disc Of radius a and total charge , the multi- pole moments to be computed are: San * LX pa (O89 Ba(x ax Ger) ‘The charge density ~~ OC) x + 0 dat For is odd aga For Beven 2g “2n42 -96- ‘The problem gives ant charg q therefore 1=0 terms exist is symmetri ca with repet tothe on and independent of # . Only Istven and m=O tama he amin ome na ee JET GEM ad yas, Ie Ya GD! The lowest two sets of nonvanishing moments: = eb YE See Tar sag Van * 8 (@) The multipole expansion of part (b) and kept the lowest term YemOo) at Map O 2865 eta 1 9) 4B pte HY, (08) foe") (©) It we calculate directly trom Coulomb's Law the exact potential for (b) in the xy planes 2 ays =A reason =Berreap. ‘therefore, the results from pat (4) and (e) apres > [a4 Ja [304 0G) 64s fear pas [a2 [sare (>) [4.05 |-2.2 |1.07 ‘The case r< aisnot included. 7.COCOCECOEE 4.2 (406) ‘The electric field (cylindrical symmetric) interacts with the nucleus with gradient (2E4/2z)o along the 2 axis at the nucleus gives quadrupole ‘moment Q, Since the electric field does not arise from local charge, therefore, Vso or In cylindrical coordinates ae ae ore art az” ° AAs the electric field is cylindrical symmetric, then 240 = 0, and the quadrupole Qui = Qua =~ 4 Oss under the given conditions (@) The energy of the quadrupole interaction is wee “e (0 Gee + Qs Gy (@) The gradient of the electric fleld id if itis & hydrogen atom in the electric EB a te oe Epa aa x (©) In nuclear physics, the deformity of a nucleus is often indicated by the existence of quadrupole moments. This partis illustration a= byez? ye@ex Bt VO-P Re (2a ~ 9?) ¢daz ‘where 2a and 2b are the major and the minor axis of the lipsoid. Therefore, the fractional difference (a — b)/r & O.l 43 (43> 7 we ‘The expression for the localized charge density is given -98- a Ga a7 sin? 0 ) with sin? = 2(1 = ey eB ayer 1 ie 9(F)

b 3 (8,9) = —E,sing + E Eyo-™ sin mp @) From the condon of contnaty (and «22. at edoundan we obtain following ets Aga™ ~! = e@Bqa™~! — Cya™ ®= 1) Aas = Bya™ + Cyar™ «(@, ~ cib"*) = @mo™ =! = Gp ™)e (m>1) = Bb + ce Eqgb"™ = Bab™ + Cab - (n>) ‘The four homogencous equations for m #1, indicate that all the coeicients of m #1 vanish the potentials of different replons O(a, 6) = AEabee sing “We ep 2100, 9) 9 CHE OE ng (8, 9) = = E,g'sing - eo eee sing Z-- 2%, 1a Theclecticfielt: E* - ete - Zaye we have Zz Abe Be Be eT Pap lin olg + cow eg] z 2biE, a? Be TBE {let DEF (- Jingég +1e+n), F(e- D leos 89) +101CECCECE ~CC COCCCEC }-@22@-1 Men pe hT Sgt, cca EX van, 08 (@) The sketch of line of force (For the case b = 2a): 1 is hard to discuss the problem quantitatively but it ean be roughly, sketched the lines of force with the knowledge of ¢; > € or ¢, > a 408.0) * TAS ing . ing) EP DI~P(e~ HO 1(8,¢) = (— 2 Ee sing) FI) -- vi -) 93,9) * ~ Easing + BED. ing BES Put point charge on z axis at x= 0, y=0,2= d, We write & as sum of point charge in the absence of the dielectelc sphere, plus a non-singular potential ‘caused by the presence of the sphere. @n : -102- eS where, (for a The &= 0 terms in & iszero, Thus we get =103-= @ eater wo ak Her Melon — a F, Gaeer Pe om) oe ater mp8, CE Wage T Patcory + This is-the potentiat of an uncharged conducting sphere floating freely (unground) in the presence of a point charge. wey fe (@)_ Find E everywhere between spheres ‘The problem has azymuthal symmetry $0 that the general solution in region (1) and) are oi E payetspige CY Bgl unre Bia 1 xPp (608 0) “@ <<) and © #!2 <6 < /2) 965 0)= Eldan + wher OY) ae peat - x Pa (cos 0) | Seb BR S0 From the bové results, itis obviously Ayg = 0 and Big = 0 for all & Hence if isto be non-zero it cannot depend on. Then must be inde- pendent of @ and only &= 0 term appear. +104 ACF) = At ay hae) wr x density oy andl ay on inner sphere. We have implicitly assumed thatthe charges 2Q were put after havin bulleup the configure tion given in the prob added charge Applying Gauss aw tothe dielectric surface, we get Dire) = Anna") Dy = (ro ay", E, = (aro, ame Similarly, (€- 1. 01 93) Dy = (ro, a). Ey = (Anay athit But tangential is continuous (Langential E isin our esse raal E) ity royale) = (Axon af? “The ast equation holds forall such that aByg ‘where q is the charge and <1? > isthe mean aquare radius of the charge distsibution. In general, for some initial choice of origin, Weg * Og Show that it 1 always posible to shift the origin 20 that 4. > vanishes, provided the dipole moment is non-zero and the "-Motal charge vanishes, What about if the dipole moment vanishes, but the total charge q does not? What if neither charge nor dipole ‘moment vanishes? related to the (9) The general Cagtesian mulipoe is = £8 20K) (meag (Gethapewith various traces subtracted to make Qa, g transform tensor of proper rank). : If origin is shifted by a vector we have X-+% =< —4, Then L7 FORD [Xx g = SORE) [ey ~* a8, oo Qa, 6... , unless all lower order multipole 2) pa). ag S OXR) Cagey .) Tw Gy moment Yak” (©) Quadrupole moments: Ogg = 3. 9 xqxgi? Qag =F 8 Oxgty — 18g) dx asf >eDserex Shift of origin: D>+D = f9(x where p =f 9 xd°x charge. Define yx = DDE Batq , f= q <1>. The equation then reads a ~ 2a | <7> | coxd +< 1? > =0, The question is whether this can be satisfied for some real positive a and | cos® | <1, < Therootsare a= || co VIT co — , ‘The argument of the square root must be positive for some { cos) | <1. This equites | P >< 1 >, or BP >qD= 4g , If this condition isnot satisfied tis impossible to make D’ 0, . (Note that because of parity or time-reversa, “elementary particles or nuclei can have even elect and odd magnetic ‘multipole, but none other, Thus particles do not have electric dipole moments.) If a conductor or semiconductor has current lowing in it because of an applied electric field and a transverse magnetic field is applied, there develops. 4 component of electric feld in the dicection orthogonal to both current flow ‘and magnetic field, resulting in a voltage difference between the sides of the conductor, This phenomenon is known as the Hall effec. @ ® ® Use the known properties of electromagnetic fields under rotations and spatial reflections to show that for anisotropic medium the generalization of Ohm's law, correct to second order in the magnetic field, must have the form, . E-%F+RGxD+ywl+aG-DA where @ is the resistivity in the absence of the magnetic field and R is called Hal's constant, What about the requirements of time-reveral invariance? With no magnetic field, E = 9.7 is a statement of Ohm's law. With B applied, we seck general form, linea in but upto second onder in B, ‘order in B, for E, The unstated assumption is that quantities like %, are replaced by fonctions of BB, which when expanded in Tyla’ series ive rise to term like B, (B + BY but not |B | J. “Me» Unear in: BisaX 1a lvector BX Tis only polar vector possible G+BTang GDS General formis E = (964,58 +B) I+ ROXI+0,08 HB (®) Under time reversal, thi generalized Ohm's law does not remain invariant, Infact it changes into Es -@. +08 BT + RGxd)-aG:5 ‘The Hall effect term does not change sign, but the others all do, This ‘eflects the physical fact that Ohm's law describes the Irreversible con- version of energy from e m fields into mechanical motion (heat), Under such circumstances it is incorrect to require time-reversal invariance of the generalized Ohm's law. Quadratic in Bi “1d. « CHAPTER 5 7 Magnetostatics Isa Since the contribution to the field at % due to the current element at 3 is given to be °F a) with P28 =, the total 8) -tyatxd@ By the generalized Stokes theorem (of Lass “Vector and Tensor Analysis, p 112, Eq 174), BGO = Sf lin x Ia o where'J’ operates on X and jz,dS = dS is connected with the positive sense of traversal around the boundaty of the surface by the usual convention of Stokes law. By the usual transformation formula EXD XT Y - TCX D 1) ‘hich holds for the 7 operator in Cartesian Coordinate (provided changes in order do not affect the terms on which operates i. only on 2, not on). eet 1 - 7 BG) = Ls 1, xv 1 xpas - -4y9 Gi, es stig yas Hence, Be oad () ‘whereV operates on 3 VEG = 2 = ~V~ x) () TETTT wt 1 ad ve pet =o [o} as Jong a #0. Now, Tedd _ cose Fgh 208 oan 5 where Oi the angle between 4 and, and 4 the sold angle subtended by dS. Th, BQ) = -tvsan=-tyo ® where is the solid angle subtended at X by the complete circuit, oe Let 63 be aw infinitesimal displacement of the loop. This infinitesimal displacement changes ‘the solid angle formed by the closed loop and subtended at P, a@aes tb 4 where (4X 6%) is the equivalent change in oa = -5r.¢ BRR @ut-va= ae @ +R) (where 2 isthe distance from the center of the loop to the point of observation and R is the radius of the circular loop) m4. 2nleosd Ose ‘The total contribution of N turnsfunit length at point P along the 2 axis (note: L= Rand) QeN1 EL - 0s cosd sectO RAO f poeenet) : 7 By c X46 Ree? 0 ats = EM (oss, + cours) (©) For the case that the point of observation is near the axis and near the center of the solenoid: Ina?) core Bee (2 For the contribution of one loop = By snd + By cow - Lp —taa——_1 ‘The total radial component of the magnetic field at Pis Bima? 22 N coud sind acer ae 7 ¢ ° = Sins Nz cos) sind (oes tent of tgton 2s sis fom the dpa. oy = SME CH) Goh he sppontan . sind = 9/7 6 = U2 and cos 1) 3p canbe found by use of the equation Y + B= 0 close tothe center of the solenoid. 3 1 ang so etd ony +t Bee VB ap OM ta apo “US.But By = 0 because of the axial symmetry, then, 1a ab, set a Now, Sn Sesiggaar th SST I the solenoid length is such that L >> a (a being the radius of the solenoid) and zis not close to ether end, then 0, and 03 are both small angles and can be ealulied approximately by at eo Taz + ° Tae Keeping only the quadratic terms in the series expansion of cos, and cosda we obtain cow + co, = 1 +t 7 (cay? + 24 Tear aye therefore, aay 2 ENE faa (aunt +2) (aya -271) aD, BENE 22 oz € Tene =2 7 W92eN tat Z ear ® + Haney Tay = 2] Comparing equations (1) and (2) we obtain, 2 192eNat Z A \ vay Oh) or - ga I92eNla?Z 9 Lap Oy doe TS i cae Final, By (©) “AL te’ end of @ tong solenoid, we “have 0; ~ O° and cos, = L((L? + a?) & 1° From the résult in part (a), the z component of the magnetic fel 5 oye at . For one loop the radial component at the end of the solonoid is -16- Lat a a Hind 6080 Ty Dar ody ’ ‘The contribution of the whole solenoid B becomes Intent az. * © 8 @ratezeneyh 1% = _dnaten 1 _ 0 © Te@rayrenpy “r) INS) (Wor L>> a) Bs > ‘The system can be replaced by'two wires, A and B, of radii a and b, res pectively, a shown In the figute, Both wires carty the same current density J 5 as that of the original wire, w The current on the wire B is of op posite sense, while the current on the Wire A is of the same sense as that in the original wire, According tothe super- position as before, Using Ampere's liw we find that the induction By due to i the current on the wire A Is afta wy ores « ote bat ‘Qe (a? — b*) Whore we have used the relation 1 : Jeeta ots teen If or) In the rectangular coordinate system, as shown in the figure, the vector induction By becomes Bh pte a ry © We have assumed that the curtent in A is directed into the paper, Similarly, we can get the expression for By produced by the current in the wite B. By fore >a @ - therefore, i = forr Sa a sue1 ( t AXTELL TT by = elo * Fae @oBy for = JRO b © ° ‘and the vector induction By is . - x x-e Be oes hgh + ‘The actual magentic field Bis sum of B, and By. Be 5 +d, vere Bo GE Tes Bo gies STR In elon > a: j= el = tt yg Hore Bao) CT TSN GTYE ESE? feet Iniherepon b but r — 4 Rilhg p= Rta kae Abe Tweet ener tay pat : Fae 100) = aT GET where inthe lst step we have made se ofthe fact that .G/2) = V7 Ths, By (0,2) = EL mar 560) > This problem is solved by frst consider Ing one of the current carting loop a B field source and the other loop inter acts withthe fled with a particular orientation Le. the plane of the loop is + in the xz plane. The general solution is obtained by multiplication of Legendre polynomial to theresul a it was done in problems in chapter 3. Netyex ax Bax i t c S(TG-D-E- Hex For the pacticilar cate, the second loop isin xz plane, we have T= J 8 16 (y)5(¢ —b) where J = + + therefore the second term vantihes. -120- Qala 2 Crane att a ea Ee INTT Fan 1 (6050) w dale Senna gett, ZO ra@ri rea) PReE Pane 1 (6050) 5.6029) If the total charge in the sphere is,Q, then the surface charge density 9 = QW ra?) and the current density J can be written a8 pf . Qe aa T = GIS hi con yoe ~ any Using the relationship of 1x = —J g sing’ and Jy = Jp cosp’ and set ¢'= O,we + an expand Ag in terms of spherieal harmonics, oy, it ft dees 2 att he Mh tanvtenr F76(0 ~a) dr dg'd cost” ‘The vector potential inside of the sphere (re * ¢ andr, = a) is Kip Qe ' Fie SE sino 5&9 ‘while the potential outside of the sphere (r¢* a and 1) = r) is Kou ; Qw oy Rous SS sina (4 &y ‘The components of the magnetic field is obtained as : (sind Ag) = 1a Qu 200 3 sind 30 3 Similarly the magnetic field outside of the sphere is Bou = (S25 Geos, ky “1coctG c - » r y vy ve L BP ¥ y 5.7 (548) We require potentials . outside the eyinder ¢ > b 4m within the cylinder a b , (Aerbcosto + Bar Since from symmetry that # (r, 0) = (r, the potential must be of the form, a= reo + ESE costo, 2+ EAE cow ‘The first term gives the uniform field, H = 8 = Bat lurge distances, that is it satisfies B.C. (i). For the inner regions the potential must be ace =F Gyt + 28 SF>I, the inner field — 5, becomes a poee wa) - ‘The ratio of the magotudes of B on the cylinder axis to By is then pec Be na- 3) 4 Thus, opieR = —logrent +og10 (—F] ‘oF Forat/p? = 0.5 and 0.1, the results is tabulated as the following: ory o® assyirroric SOLUTION s[sntoi] ,| [so ~iog eR | © 100 | 2,000 i3sis | -} 200 | 23010 6526 | | an 500 | 2771 ve? | 400..) 2.6021 1.9537 | 7| 500") 3.6990 20506 | $| 600 | 27782 dias |= ‘700 | 23451 2iser | 3 800 | 29031 23507 || 900°] 2.9582 23058 1000 | 3.0000 23516 | Torii Within the material of the cylinder, the magnetic ux density By, = From Eq(4) HV by m= Oy e080 + 2 cos ‘Thus, by Eq(1) 18, =A y04 40, +A) aby -104- Tatas Tiassa, The exact forms of fy = f(a, b, Bs) and 71 *74(3,, Bo) are given in Eq(7) “ ‘The potential outside the eylinder is by Eq(3) . = Ber cosd +“ cose a B= He Bi. [ cose, —sinoey 14-5 come, + + sindey ‘The field outside i thus: : ane Be H= B+ Sh (conde, + sintty } APPENDIX : From (2 ~ i) and using Eq(5) and Eq(6) So sat : et E, - trabesinga =F — yt s 2 yesinto bas bart PB try — ab) Eq (2 ~ i) can be written, ~@,pt + = Bebsing + E28 opt + Byesnte = a psia +E - SE esineo Bo = ¢ = Bib or ay ~~ 7 dB, Eq(2 ~ iv) can be explicitly written: = e-1 _ 2), Ss _ Lav HE, Gon BEET) cn = — Bacon +E EPL conto 2-7 _ we» , Bae) cose = Gee" eet yer a + ub? Bh, — wy = — Bob? Fialy tom 25 @~ ti) z co 3 w= 1 _ 7 E apet-teaw = te gett tem oa F gent! ey eot bean ae wth — um - a8 = 0 12srrnrrrrrroeroec|g v TUT 5.8 (1-9) (@)__ Using analog of image method in electrostatics, the vector potential in region (1) contains two terms: RG) = Lg eG on © where 3° (%") is the image current density with coordinates (x,y,~2), In region {@) there is mo current density, but the current density in region lis educed in magnitude and denoted by J*, Reet ete RO tite ex ® ‘Applying the voundary conditions at 2 = 0 (ie. Bix = HBax3 By = uBayi Buz = Bzz), the following relationship can be obtained 2a, Are 9Aa — PA) 2 (Bae = Pv) Ge) 7 WG = ae) wu c2hax_ 2Aae ap 4) = (fhay, _ Bax Gz - © Le Since the differentiations refer to unprimed system while the integration of the vector, potential refer jo-the primed system. So the differentiation can be taken inside the.iniegral, The following equations are obtained at -2 = 0 from equation (3), (4Y'and (5) respectively, + Get WE) -y)- Oy - wy #0. Ge — Mw) f= Gat = wt) @ = = 0. Oy #3) =F) OW =) Ok tI y= Since thee equations hold for arbitrary x1y/ and 2 s_the coeff, must nit BAS iG wat Os BAS ST) y Covedi wet . ee + ti nd) Ie Bh I ye oye Peg wie oe Te +16. (2) Case 1, The plane of the loop is /] to the face of the slab: sing image current density method, we have re (tet t 1 wat? ‘a? + 4d7) 6 (( Expand the éompoinente of magnetic Meld due to the wire loop eaerying current in terms of Legendre Polynomials 22S Cent geet Ba hy a qaeet Pan | (cos) 2 Tg CUMGnt OH a ae, Lt So EST EI ae Pan oon) Sine 1p 1410 boil By md Dp hrfre cae ane wo components oe fore, = 2 1 2, Fo Sly Ded?x and Fy 2 Sp Ugdx, Hence ae waive at? (yan aCe 2 qreaayhtt —ahat Cue po Gt aay Pat Fy 2 ne Trea) WP wrt es Merry eat? 2d wt tae (n+l)! Grady Pans Jar ae ) (0) Cas 2 the plane of te loop i perpendicular to te fae of the sb, 10 appropate to ie sind coordinate an the sees expusion for the loop in problem 5.4 Poe Bee Psi eer HL) ae nel 1G ) Jp = 15 (2) (0-24 cosy 5 Vateoty— Oa) )Le tps = FEE ah yy he“¥ ls) (BCP ~ 2sor . BT eae Ga ) dx = Sra? A Ep Peak TERS ay a. at where xt ih Bri? a? ~ - . ° EE AEE) hy 0a BK, oak (provided K?< 1, where E(K,¢) is the complete elliptic integral of second kind) (©) When 4 >> a, we keep only the lowest power term of (a/d) From (a) an 2 ” Fo nee EE & Pans i) = 0 mnt (60) PEARS ap a pe Ky ow Fidsinede = 0 Using other method to calculate the forces when 4 >> a: Here itis nore convenient to use Cartesian coordinates. From Eq(5.69) 6 Fs GV) = GB) fora dots. For the orlentation (a, the real loop has m ==" in the zivection. -128- ‘The B due to the image loop at the center of the real loop is in the, direc tion and has a magnitude (from Eq(S.41) ) By Hence = 3mm 'y =O, av Tere? For the orientation (b), B ean image loop is in same direction as m but is Fyn Fy = 0, half as large as Be above S10 (S-0 In a uniformly magnetized medium all the internal currents cancel out, The H field can be thought af formed by a layer of equi valent “pole charge” located on the magne tic pole faces in the same manner as an clectrostaiefield would be formed by electele charges so placed. Since we are only interested in the field along the z axis. Any arbitrary point P along the z axis is chosen as shown. in the diagram. The pole confined in the ring radius + is dgqy My 2a de where Me is also the surface pole density, Because of the symmetry of the problem, we hhave only the axial component given by =Mo2eezdr 21Me aL STea ant Hs com 1) Similarly for the other pole face and the total magnetic Neld inside of the cylinder Mig HH, = =ftMe cote t co a FF ‘The magnetic field outside along the z axis is. Holl = He (H_+ H,) = — 2M (1 ~ cosa) +2 Ma(1 ~ coss) Notice the sign is different, because the angle a and f now are in the same quadrant while their polarity i opposite cost _— cost T oH = 4 Me ( ) “129aAAwaAaaas y LULECE LEE 4 ‘which is positive since itis directed upward. In {cee space B= given expression is also for B field outside the cylinder, while inside the eylinder We use the following equation He B- 4M or B= T+ anh, ‘The B field inside and outside of the inside: B= A+ anit indrieal magnets ace: Be wit outside: inside outside of} a} a} aa} af sa} a |e 0.51 |-0.15 -0.07|-o.15]-051) / | 7 B the corresponding term + 4 Me 0.28| 0.09 Stcarive Posirive, say (518) ‘This problem is not solved properly. Correct answer was not obtained, ‘but here presents 1wo approaches for discussion sake. From Eq(5.12) = t1TGy x Bones First approach 11 is given that there is no macroscopie current, therefore, “(x)= Ty (x) = e('x Mi) wh Sx Hm ani x Hh o -130- B= fe x sy x Uoge x= - f BON KE x Mids By vector identity Wx EX nip SOT) On Fi # Uist NUE CT (We anviy (8 iy = BMT) LMG He aM | ‘This expression would wot lead to the ans approach: Using the sme techneque as macroscopic force over the volume is in any vious manner, Seed the test tsection $8.7), The Be ype x dix sex a (iS) = C= Sai # Ties Ni) = BiG =H vx ui x fi Brom Eg(t), B fst os espeessed Bs deme dy whece y is an urbiteary scalar function, IF y is determined by he ot (MB - Ween =o shew = ss Niwas iw But this expression is incorrect by a a ive sig (b) Replacing B by Ii in Ft J we have Fe ge x dix sins Sf FX WX Mpahs any PX UAT Bipats Bur (MX My = 0 therefore, JP Mya x = SEP Nas 512 () Tostww fi 1iwPx=0 in a magnetostatic I space localized distribution of perman mt magnetization, §,GFlue = fash + fo dan =f Deiax = anf he Mats space Take B= 4aM! + Vp (where @ is arbiuary sealar satistis 7X Vp = O.Then the expression can be redueed to. “ie= LRG bes = J oBeds = 0, am space SU td x = 0 eae Aulspace (©) Consider a distrib oscopie dipole n of permanent magnetization, as summation of ES U>5-NC immo > +H ‘The variation of the magnetostatic energy is Swe fd= s6M-fl(whereM= N) but Aod , ans Loi - ob) We tities — 78 tie sal space integraiton) From the result in part (a), the second term vanish ! " Wee siete’ ST ~ 6 First method: From the problem 5.11, the Fore Fe 5% MBax . where i the magnetic induction, and " “ from problem 5.10, we have B= wii = anit SESE, UF the cylinder i very tig, B Sarit) Assuming & is constant through out the cross-section. Beas sharia x= ~ 2M Ak where K is the unit vector along the axis of thé eylinder and As the cross sectional area, The negative sign shows that is an attractive force, Second Method: The problem that we are asked to do includes an infinitely permeable plane surface. The boundary covidition is that at the surface of a conductor, 2132. i=] FF] Ee Ta eo = mao Tay ky tor and we ean simplify the problem by inserting images. Since we are more familiar with the electrical case, we first replace the actual problem, shown in Fig. 1, ‘by the equivalent electrostatic situations shown in Fig 2, 3, and 4. In Fig. 4 we have replacethe polarization by the effective surface charge, = P. The mirror symmetry of Fig. 3 and 4 ensures thatthe lines of force are ‘rormal to the plane when they eross i; hence, the right hand half of Fig, and 4 gives the total field (of interest) in the actual problem, Since we know that the forces can be computed in terms of the stresses in the fields and that these Stresses are numerically equal in the electrical and magnetic cates, we see that We get the same forces in all cases. The forces act across a thin layer of vacuum the end of the cylinder: accordingly, we need not distinguish between BLT, E or B here, 1 Lis very long, the ficlds due to layers of charge at a distance L from the plane will be negligible; we nced to consider only the two layers £ 0 separated by an infinitesimal distance. 2ne and the force per unit area is 270 = 2nP? the total force of attraction is aM? IC the area is A= wat, IF] = 20 AM? = 2na? Mt Some of the steps in method 1 are in a way not well justified, (@) Method 1 ‘The force due to the magnetic field and magnetization which is uniform and along the z axis Fes @-¥bex where B= Vx X and from Eq(5.107) Xa) = se a“ o 1 ; 1 where ah See Tk-8T " VOFO Tree Me MM ", But, M is constant and along 2 axis, therefore, x 2133 CleCOCCCCOH. ccccecccce Re aa Lit ve +9" = 2a¥ cosy + (x — L)? Fe araLit (25 @x Re ex = 2a LM sf aa + 0 ° 2 VETS $F = Da cosy + @ tL) bea A tame pT pee Leo) et 2 aM Tit oF 00 oe Thao an 2e0! cose + Id tn ER sepa are tet a ertige ant kegel ing ds oma cos 2x = 2 cos? x ~ 1, we change variable of the integration. (1+ covpidy eg ” cos* Bu Fs — amin? {2k ~ mk fsbo (a f os £Vi= 8 cost | Let @ be (n/2 — f) FI2_sin? 0 46 m/2_sin? 040 - svatnr {a f Ss - we La ino i= KE sin 0 0 (4) = B(K) K(k _ tie & Second method. (@)__ The electronstatic analog of the given problemas shown in Fig. 2, S17) GSE Fee fro So ° ko it polarized eylinder with its Oe end apiast an infiately pernable or tnfintely conducting plane, Ts can be wacked out by contldcring the problem shown in Fg 3 wih inage, where the medan pune 809 symmely, at 210 potential, The magoelé equivalent of this problems Shown ia'Fip. 4, Sill further equtalent probleny are gered. by replacing F by the equalen charge denaly =~ @'¢ Bane the srg charge = B+ oc epacingM by the equlaleteurettccut Hand Toure = MX’; these are shown in Figs, S and 6, -134. ‘The force required in each ease is foree exerted tw the lett by the fields generated in the left loop on the right loop, Try the problem of Fi and use the result of Prob, (5.4) (b) for the vector potential of a ring of width di at 2y at 2 point (2, 2) on the right il vids ag cian = SHMCME My Recker 20 (Ka (ke) (1) er we Ka share gon 4 ao onion with he Ks in the answer given in she text The magnetic field produced by the ring bas a 8-cem 4 By=(0X day DaMd nf dk RemME™ 4d thar tk), CD Now set € = 4 and find Wy = J) dy We vbtain. By ta) = SmM So dk feb e MEET Chay]? (3) The force produced by this field on a ving of width de at ¢ which i earty ing the effeetive current Medz and has the circumference 2x. is, by Eq(5.7) ao . Meln UF = TE ConatgX Byiy) = Gara f dk(e Ye HOEY, (ay? 4) L Thus, Fo = (UF isin the , direction and hus the snitude ee ereme 6 eh ete ma U5) From Y.L, Luke “Integrals of Bessel Functions” pp 314-313, we get wo go hk je ALEK) = Ke") 1 PS cura AEBS MH Lg where oP 2h M+ da? Inthe notation of the book we have, “135.F 4 ee AT SE when d= b om and : a 4a * . Ks Gorges ft when a= 2b © ‘Thys; F araune (X00 = EA _ Keb =H » ©) Fork >>a ~ k > Qa; ky > aL and m2 a Ke = + BE nto ao Similacly, way £28 aaron 5 KO) EW) an KG) = Eu) ae ae, (A= nat, the cross sectional area ofthe cylinder.) 55 ‘A long, hollow right circular cylinder of inner radius a and outer radius 6 is magne “tized with a uniform magnetization M_ per Pendicular to “the cylinder axis. Find D ‘everywhere, that’ is, in the three regions. = Note: M is constant, the material does not have a permeabitity Hin the ofdinary sense. Solution This problem ean be sold in serra ways a) by dict integration except tat care-mutl be taken oc we hve am nf eyingee The solution snot iit st we recognize tat problems wth mapelzaton ean be saved snalogouly to problems with lecre polation. Thee sight Aiterence, namely whereas for an electie plazaton P ve tg We T= 71 av ‘Vv. fora magnetization Mi, we can define a scalar potential - +16. Together with the nonvanishing m, we have B= oth — uo¥. vm (f Section 10.3 Hausers textbook). Now.forany = Mk, We have Moa av Yas ae ae STF TT av’ where we recognize J Te“ "e5 as the magnetic salar potential of 8 uniform magnetic charge distribution Qqy = 1 within the eylinder."The Scalar potential of a uniform eylindrical distribution is (ef problem (5.10) of Hauser's text) yee Lf Rio, 98 “Tp he ger Hence for the wsiform magnetized cylinder we find wn fe o>R + So cow, 9 R a M 1 - i -% cosseg +L Msinoey)= 12H, 9 >a) (@) Pendulum initially’ has’ amplitude 0s, niierefore in small oscillation * approximation, Pe = mo, whereo() = omax = 6 3 tman * tests my and Kegan ® EUnet nn vrai we vie go? = wh Lt? -140- As the dise swings to and fro it sees an effective Ut) that, averaged over 'he dis appears as shown in the sketch (diagram 2). The time tis Bt & 2aly, The triangular shape can be viewed as roughly one half eycle of a sine wave, Therefore the effestve frequency to be used in the: power loss ormular of PR G@ wets ey caer Ste The energy loss per cycle of oscillation of the pendulum is We Px 2x at This loss occurs once each period, += 2n/ase, If the loss is small, we can white ae Ww ir EE where B= Sn (ris the velocity of the pendulum at the bottom). Conservation of energy thus gives the secular equation of motion: td ayty a Me ee Pont mtg apm) opt gp Ee ea av = oB*ma*d Bae Ge) u ‘The pendulum is therefore brought to rest in time, Comments: L, Clearly the numerical coefficient cannot be trusted, 2. One point that needs checking is the replacement of the irlangular shape pulses to upper sine curve, There are sharp corners present and one can ‘make a Fourier series decomposition to check. ole| ‘This section (chapter 6 to 10) deals with time varying fields and their applications. The ts lectromagnetic field unveils various areas in electromagnetism such as radiation, wave propagation, electromagnetic interactions and bulk motion of conducting medium (magnetohy drodynamics), One of the differences between the time-varying fields and the static fields is that the electric and magnetic fields are coupled. The Maxwel’s equations stated in Eq(1) ate the four fundamental equations of electromagnetism Involving space and time derivatives of E and Bi, the charge density 9 and the ccurent density J. ‘Maxwell's equations (differential form) Coulomb's Law : 9 ‘Ampere’s Law wo Fanaday's Law Absence of free magnetic monopole: V+ B= 0 In sing these pra ferential eqitins, we have 2 fw semas:— (Q) Uncoupling ® and A: ‘The scalar (®) and the vector (A) potentials ate coupled. For example, the Fananys tw ve =e -L 24 py Loree gage varstomaton G~Reva: #2021 Bvter gn 2M), we ca expres on ‘em separately ino two Inhomogeneous wave equations. ~ LPO. ong aw VR- LAL Tg ve-s at 4mg and V?A ett co! @) (2) The time-varying effects of the source at a distant point of observation (Retaided potential: Taking Into account the finite velocity of propagation of electric tnd magnetic fields. The potential at a distance r from the source responds only to the time-variation of the source (either in intensity or in disteibution) at the previous time t4c/e). The potential must be modified as Hee ay ma R= Lp LCD oy 196, tt of. e (Or we write the wave equation ss: 2. vy - 1 EY = anny @ W represents elther @ or X in q(2) and the solution in terms of Green's funetion is WRN L6 RE CAR) Ova © and_in turn, the Green's function subjected to (1) GeO. everywhere for USA and (2) G represents outgoing wave for «>t" becomes. sos BZ 1k -¥] By sitting t0 (0), the seared sation v 1) = / MOM gy 4s equivalent to those stated in (2). xn ©) Wave progations in a medium: ‘The solution of the wave equation In Eq(4) as Plane wave ——— w= A RE tot (W)Gireuar eylindriest wave Ya ota Vg aig) ett ; 95a mgt eae SAN the lowes for 8 > a and Pak nes BE The ae prope slog x as at 8 Js the azimuth angle. (UD Sph cal wave VG e) = BRC) Ygm(0, where (0) = A Jee (ke) + Be Nes whe) Gey and Nagy ae Bessel functions, but more customary ex: pressed in teonis of spherical Besel, Neumann and Hankel functions frst and second kind, jx), ny(x) and hg! 2%). (4) When a wave propagates thraugh more than one medium, 213(At the interface between two media: Continuity of Y(potentiat), Dyn (noemal component of electric, displacement ahd magnetic Induction) and E, Hy (tangents component of electsc Held intensity and magnetic field intensity.) Hen Valaexe) = VaCxex.) + EE) x a= 0, By-Byy- A = 4 rovvbut if there is no free surface charge then @,-B,) + n= 0, (0) tf the other medium forms the wall of the pipe in which eleto- imagnelle wave prope, ia problem of wave gue. However Ione of the ends is cle, thant prota a any () Conducting walls waveguides (i). Dist wave gudes (id) Resonant caves TM wive ——— Transverse magnetic wave charttaand by the tbeence of longiuded component of b= He a8, ‘The above equallon shows thatthe fed deed fom tens ‘verse component of the cloctric field intensity E. TE wave =--— Transvene elecine wave chaactenled by the absent of lonpuaal component of E Ba- fe xi TEM ~~~~ that is only the transversed components of both E B do not vanish, ‘The significant questions in wave guides are (J) how isthe + ‘energy transmitted; (2) what is the attenuation slong the wave suide; and (3) what frequencies are allowed? The general design of a wave guide isto obtain the highest efficiency and the lowest energy loss. in. other words, the choice of geometry, material of the wave guide walls and inside the wave guide Is €0 confine the energy travels along the axis of the wave guide but not perpendi- cular to it, For some applications, the wave guide walls (usually metallic) ate not necesary. The dielectic wave guide uses the ‘boundary condition of normal B continuous condition and e, > 6. The normal E neatly vanisheF oside the wave gulde, but in practice the dielectric for low frequency does not satisfy the above mentioned condition €, > ¢,. 2144 (4) ‘There are several special forms of Dirac delta function that say be useful in solving problems in these few: chapters (@) a ring of charge of radius a’ and total charge Q inside a rounded conducting sphere (page 82), 2@)= 3 5 (3) 5 (ced). («uniform tne charge of length 2b and total charg Q inde grounded conducting sphere of radius b (page 83), 2G) = 2 [5 (cost) + 6(coa"+1)). (ii) clreular toop of radius a carrying a cureent I (page 141), =I 5(ra) Sg n16(out) MED. (Gv) the Dirac delta function used in time-varying feld and retard ed solution can be found in Chapter 6 (pp. 183-188), (9) a centerfed linear antenna along the 2 axis (p. 278), IG) = Tain AL ~ 12950) 60)8. ‘The contents In chapter 10 of the text Is not suffilent for solving the problems. It i definitely necessary to refer to the references and suggested reading of this chapter. In solving these problems, sometimes certain physical conditions or concepts are assumed. The two terms used In the Plasma problems need a word of explanation; “fluid” means an ensemble of ‘mobile electrons; and ‘ion’ means heavier positively charged nuclel and are assumed to be “stationary”. They serve as the background positive-charge distribution, The electrons are subjected only to the macroscople Nuctuations that may be taken as harmonic oscillation, Some variables may have intial values, in such cases, separate the variable into two parts. For exemple, Initially a static magnetic induction has a value of Bo: then, the expression for magnetic induction as a function of time and postion can be written BG) = By + Be AR T-wt) READING REFERENCES: (1) Wave guides: Feynman, Vol. 2 typical breezy qualitative physical discussion Lorrain and Corson, Chapter 13. Many typical cases with simple mathe. ‘matical analysis, no resonant cavities. Borgnis and Paps, “Encyclopaedia of Physics", Vol. XVI, Springer , 1968. 2145.corre tre rer @ @ w © © M ® ‘The problem of finite conductivity and degenerate modes is treated in Collin, Sect. 5.3. It is based on the paper by Papadopoulos, Quart, JMech, and Appl. Math. 7, 325 (1954) ‘The earth and ionosphere asa giant resonant cavity (Schumann resonances): ‘Schumann, Z, Naturforschung 72, 149, 250 (1952) — proposal » Balser and Wagner, Nature 188, 638 (1960) ~ first reliable observation Fora survey, see the paper by Galejs, Nat, Bur. Standards 69D, 1043 (1965) ++ Wait (p.1057) and Rycroft (p.1071) ofthe same journal cited above, Nonlocal effects in conductors and superconductors: A. B. Pippard, Reports on Progress in Physics, 33, 176 (1960). Aticles by Pippard and M. Tinkham in the’ 1961 Les Houches Summer ‘School volume, “Low-Temperature Physics”, ed. C. De Witt, B. Dreyfus, P. G, de Gennes. Pippard’s contribution, called Dynamics of Conduction Electrons, also exists as a separate book. Effective Dipole Moments of ‘Small Apertures: Lord, Rayleigh, Phil, Mag, XLIV, 28 (1897), reprinted in his Sclentific Papers, Vol V; 305, HLA. Bethe, Phys, Rev. 66, 163 . 8. B. Cohn, Proc. J.RE, 39, 1416 (1951); 40, 1069 (1952) experimental measurement of Pepe and met Use of Stokes parameters in astophysical studies of pulsa Wampler, Scargle and Miller, Astrophys. J. Letters 157, L 1 (1969) = optical Graham, Lyne, Smith, Nature 225, 526 (7 Feb. 1970) —: Campbell, Heiles, Rankin, Nature 225, $27 (7 Feb. 1970) Blue sky: Leonardo DaVinci (1500), translated from his notebooks, items 300~ 302, p237ff, Vol. 1 of Jean Paul Richter, The Literary Works of Leonardo Da Vinel, 3d ed, Phaidon, Léndon, 1970. 1. ‘Tyndall, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (Londen), Vol 36, 343 (1878) Lord Rayleigh, Phil. Mag. XLI, 107, 274 (1871); XLVI, 375 (1899). For critical opalescence (Einstein Smoluchowski formula) ———— see Rosenfeld, Theory of Electrons, chapter V, Sect 6. +146. 6a CHAPTER 6 ‘Time Varying Fields, Maxwell's Equations (@ Show that for a system of current carrying elements in empy space the total energy in the magnetic Held is We aesyty ar sarx’ LQG) = where J(X) is the current density. From Eq (6, 17), W = (2e)"JTG) Rex and from £9532), a@e 1 @x', TG) in the former is the current © ex density in the element concerned while F(R") in the latter E the current density that creates the eld, We fame foe TTC denotes (b) If the current configuration consists of clteuits carrying curtents lay Tay +++ tn show that the energy ean be expressed as, woud un 3 2 Mgt ‘Exhibit integeal expressions for the self inductances (Li) and the mutual inductances (Mj). Definite =a Ws a $F eS = My (fori #) oer (ort =i) sia.Si : Gt pte, =p Pie Ez Milly 5 Inthe cond term sine My * Mj, here Fy M4) = 2 EE My (le) a factor of 2 cancels out the factor % in front of the summation) 62 The magietie field ofan infinitely ot tong, stright, conducting wite can A) hte by eying Ape y 4 law Fxhe Joni shed =H, But $ Hdl = anoH therfore, Flows = 2 6,5 (4a) © Inside the conducting wire, we have Flin = 22 gees ( yy tn PAPE | « aiaely a = lc Pet et ain) na, We sat Parl 442m) | nde =149.‘The integration over the cross-section of wire #1 gives the same thing with a in place of b. The required self inductance per unit length of the double wire is therefore, abe b+ andy Syed + ring) =f 1 +2in-y) 63 (@) From the result of problem 6.1 Wek PL On theotherhand Wc fi Baran LE fB2a>x [2} Consider the cosxil cable of finite thickness as shown in the diogram. Region 1: (Bt = 22 (magnitude of magnetic s file) energy per unit length W, = (ul4)/ (40%) Region 2: |B] = HEL, wy tlt in(oiay Revlon St IBY = 28+ (1 (=), ae we to aap Region 4: |B] = 0, Wy ¥°0, 3c bt 4@ = By therefore the self inductance : y= Meth w Bae fh gray ee Lhe vache ind — -150- © For hollow inner conductor, same argument as the previous part region Sand 4: BO, W4,s=0. Region 1: iy = Jat ae fat ygay wo tai - 3) Here Wa, are equivalent to the corresponding regions. ‘Therefore the self inductance: Pty stac® ef way py tab | Sa P-ge wy wy! If we consider very thin conducting material, then in part (a) the éon- tuibution from region 3 is negligible; similarly ceylon 1 and 3 will have very small contributions, Fis. Fiat ‘The coefficient of mutual inductance is given by the expression meg ¢ Sd o ag lam! Fig. 1 above exhibits the same side of the loops. Now, from Fig. 2 and 1, we have Rls Vaea @ “ISL‘The angle formed by the extensions (dotted lines in Fig. 2) of dh, and ay is vig i also the angle between the radi a and b. + From Fig. 2 we have st = a! + b2— 2abcosy, hence q(2) becomes, iH | = [42 #28 +62 2ab cosy J @ Since dl, =bdy and { dy = xa E9(1) becomes with the help of Eq(3) © wet cong dy Nusa $$ qanareh Sti 1 b cose ee oN [etal +08 Tabap] = 2mab P™___cospdy oO Ta aaa ° Setting yp = n= 2y © We can show after a litte bit of trigonometry that $989 = Asintes — 1, © We hive os [d+ at 4 bt dabsintw + 200] = [ (4+ Grb)!) = dabsintes )* (e+ WU Hemere® gy where . a 4 es aFGF © We ean rewrite Eq(4) with the help of Eq(7) and Eq(8) as follows = 2mb_ F__Qsinteo — 1) 240) Mee So eB Gail fae aatol™ oy ‘The integrand “of Eq(9) is an even function; also noting! that [a2 + (aso) ]% = [4ab] "Yk, We can write Eq(9) a8 follows a +182. wa = Hee F_Osre = 4, Uy e [=k sint ay We must transform Eq(10) to the form given in the text, We have 2eintes = 1 = Histo tAsinty —it =1¢ L1L kaso ay 1 (1 Rasintw) atl =esinty) +28 . K#(1 —k?sinea)™ — tient ed (aah. at a1-Wanays) G-Weaint ay | Trina , ar Substitution of Eq(11) into Eq(10) yields: vy tf Tio t Bamana as} a Mia» 20D" {2-40 2008) o We shall next work out an approximation to the value of Eq(13), for the case when the distance d between the centers of the loops is small compared to the radii, that is for d << a, b and ab. We therefore take 25% ant both sma Oy ‘Thon k is neatly equal to 1, and we find for E(K) the approximate value fF cosudw = 1; K, however, becomes ininty for k = 1. To find an approximate value for K when k © 1, we frst change w (Ca ~ «), and split up K into the two parts — 4p? as OTittete eS ‘Where 0, is chosen so that co? is very great compared with 1-k2 but very small ‘compared with 1. We can then for a fist approximation replace costa in the first term by 1 - = - Vi

 +.

 

is better, however, to leave this in the
form,

GO>= anf Re) — Bar VeG xy) +L x Qygl” BRK)
Son 0> = gafR-%n) — Be VG 7a) £8 Od ao
Consider now the second term above and perform an average.

 = DaialR-%,-%
E,Vinl RF, Hd
= Zain IRR) Hy HGH +. a
Note that because of the pretence of Yq we need to keep ony two tems

jn order to obtain a quantity involving molecule intemnal coordinates quad-
‘atically (ie. up to quadrupole). Consider

B= 26%, thectore Mee rg a1
Pa® Bahia therefore <2 = 2 ain @

Oe
Rp * 32 Gime Ging
9
4Q" os ee
PE 3E G Wide Ging + Rinading]
From Equation (1) and (2), and looking at a'® component, we have:

 

Et - ey ety at
<@>, ~ CPI ,) ~ FVGina FE) 3g

afi a gio
“He leew

Define the molecular magnetic dipole moment:

2 iney
y
y,

Cee Cee

(

C

Since it is desirable to. get total time derivative, rather than time deriva
tives multiplied by f, ete, we consider

IE Ro © Fy FRO)

Then of G0 = Sar = eu:
d af pm, ar_.aoly ind OF
EG Ces)" GM Cop 2 Serato

We thus can write the average current of the nt" molecule as
, ete. und adding in the
"fee electronic current, averaged, we get

|

|

i

7 TGN% = Eg oR H+ Bah 6G-Z)>

cept an

al Pte Fg CL
FelOx

 

J 6(x=a,)

 

Ly a 0!
16 fe Bain, Pda ag ~ Ce

We define the macroscopienquantities:

cunens TG0 = Eg aC + PesieGZy>

 

ization: FG%,1) = 

=166-

+..

 

 

Quadrupole Density: Qyg =
‘Magnetization: Ho 
‘Then the a! component of the averaged microscopic eurent can be written
 1g

0
Ue this subtuted on RUS of Fx B- LIE = 4  and com
pared with the mactoscopie equation, x - 138 «4 we and

Fa tile <2 yx thy sR R)>-$ F< BOB R>

(©) The ong caie where the added terms ar significant for bulk motion,
Then vy > lor all, and

BAW styl Gotha lw om Boley, O-B,
Fert E- Ga F so nt FP BB,

         

‘This is the non-relativistic approximation to the exact telativistie expression
of Minkowski's eectrodynamies of media in motion,

 

oa

An ideal cieular parallel plate capacitor is connected to a current source

 

4 shown in the sketch. The current is I(1) = Locoswt. Calculate the electeie
and magnetic flelds between the plates to second order (Iwo terms of an
expansion). Neglect fringing Hels.This problem is discussed in great detail in Feynman's “Lectures in Physics"
Vot Ill pp 32. The space between the circular plates is purely electric in
the case of D.C, to both electric and Inagnetic in the ease of A.C. The pro
duction of time varying E field induces a B field and vice versa. It can be
easily seen (rom Ampere’s law and Faraday's aw.

 

4a ree)
eae VxEt Ca

For slowly varied sinusoidal electric field we have (First approximation)

    

Ey = Ey itt where By Is 2 constant
As the frequeney increases, the Ampere’ law leads to Wx = LE. _ $7
and if there fe no ertent the ast ter dropped out, The integral of the
magnete fal around the ph indieatdin the dagam is equal to the
time rate of change of elect Tux through the are divided by

Lasgy
pafhaw

 

 

Beat

#

1-0 (First order approximation of B)

“The clectic field in turn produces an electic ld fy from Faradays laws
$0, at + i SB

Only the ends of the closed line integral contribute 2h E3(1)
th Eg =—- Land sq ar

    

 

 

EQ) =~ SPB, eet

Lote
ae) bo

 

therefore,
Similarly,

=E, FE,

   

2 dwt? phot o
3, = - ate

= By +B; = HOt Bele eae
Baby +B, = EE pyclot (yee

For higher frequencies the calculations should be carsied out for higher terms “

nd consequently, both the electric and magnetic fields are expressed in series
expansion,

GIS (6.9)

any = Mg

 

 

 

 

svimat : aren, = lea,

   

 

 

 

 

 

J First order and second order
7 sx at 4 3 a2 g (1.28
} vow *. va
>=
£5 iM, Ally
(@) We and Woy l ee e+e = Se
Loh aon A 20 OB gas 1 SEH,
Wee she Gleb exe 2. an Se oan (1 SESE)
Bo Pag Bex) = ed witty
tat Bo wa ae
1 Appa = deg 2
Wn * oq flOyhox = Fh 0

Since E, and B ate expanded to the second power of «a, the ot term
bined by dquirng E, and By ate Incorrect The cortetion can be 1

through the second approximation of the current (Instead of I(t) = Ige"™)
The aetusl input curtent can be calulted from the total charge on the

pate 1= £2 = “aq whoa sue cae dey on he pe

 

 

 

os = te et

4a ae nto! ' 4ch )
werefore, 2 total charge = Q* 2m fig jena
theref the total charge = Q = 2 fo (eyaue we)

 

The better expression for the input current, is

lo (1 - SF)

 

and We, can be watten in terms of I instead.of 1,

Pa wa wat

 

= PhO By Bey
= pus (neglecting the wo and higher terms)
1109AAA Eee

un

oe

vu

on Oat a,

=o

ClCEEEEEECEE

eee

Similarly, i 7
: was UES oy, 28,
act 12
fe é
The reactance is X= TE Wy Wy) # 4 (HS Ee SE)

K
Comparison sot 2 sives
aston with X= wb ~ eg

co,
This ge hereto feu Sig

 

 

‘This comparés fave
of Ja(x). E

By th og # 24052, found fom the Fist soot

 

616

A dielectric sphere of dielectric constant ¢ and’ radius a is located at
the origin, There is a uniform applied electric field E, in the x direction,
‘The sphere rotates with an angular velocity «o about the z axis, Show that
there isa magnetic, eld H = — yey" where

  

 

   

BM = 0 except possibly at the
surface.

Bgp = Ax 0 @-1)
Bigg = Ax Rog = ax 6x9

= Aa sind cosd cosgs(r-a)

= JE Med [va + Yay]

-170-

 

 

 

oye Auer
Far A
tn AD
“En tet Bia 5 Mom (Oo#) S¥bm (Yann * Ya,n1] a

STE EE ag + Maal = Ba E satooitcng.

 

Forr >a a . *
Oye EAP ay 2
Fort 
a

AG) = Ase gw ized) g 5, orm
*) 1 (1 +c0s0) * sind id r ¥

(&) BV xX. with y= Ag = 0,

 

 

Oz. ta Le
KK = a ay indy) b+ (= LZ AY Deg
rr gre = EE 2 (enim) = £ ty Coombe no

o

We can compute the ux of B through the
loop of radius Rsind by spanning loop, by
spherical cap. Then for cosd >0, f Brn da
= 2rg(l-0
44mg; cos <0bo -
r
y
y
ia [CHAPTER 7
rd Plane Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Propagation
y be
yout
am iacrs LE
ax 11 (0) Pe
(6) = Ne? = w(x, 0); The normaization fetor N= xe ip teeta =
. salxt © wale r
Am = Dor tee tax © ay coe (METAS fF axis
lo for alxl>ts
Awe «38 ate
wl (0? +4 (ke — k)?) e
[a +4 (ke — HY] wt" alias 1
laGeoyp = lx! .
Vr — + Thenormatiaion fico; N= /8
1A) Pox fe
- 2 Caner 3a (malxp
. a moor
2 . °
wtean, ake E> fay v0 = Feder aty
dem gags
Ox "Va xB XG
Vr Aw Ps 3
y aaxep .
- . 1146 +
a . V5.
ai
uP ae ee a a
1 1S) tro Re [{kI/Ee PJ and at
. where n, and n, are refractive ind ices for the respective mec
5
a
OE le K I %
* ‘We have to calculate the ratio of magnitude of the square of electric field,
ol Assuming that an incident wave comes from the left and a teflected wave
(oxyi= 10a? + (ak)? 602 ‘travelling to the right and in the medium number 2 of thickness d the wave is
: : the resultant of superposition of two waves traveling in opposite dtetions, and
Axbk = ag VE AV OT i in the third medium, only a transmitted wave travelling (o the left, This assump-
i tion does not lose generality. In fact i i the observed consequences in Ihe
© N forixia forlx|>a Ej= Eeke-ter he a Ei
5 2 Meaium 1 : 4 r
Oy 7 a LaF Eerie Be ye Exe
Ep = res syria tat 1
Medium 2{ .
: By = EB (ip gat prereset
as
= “— i fF : sc E =f dist tat -  Bxt
i Mediums { & = E he EAE iy
sin? [ (0k) a} 1 ‘The boundary conditions:—
aw IAG mae = oe s awh
arc a Br GK? By continuous—-—— {e, (Ej +E) +m] = 0 w
Ok ot fain Aftke~ Kalk +00, B, continuous (K, X44, XE-Te x Eg] -H=0@)
dear => 4 ; | E, continuous ———— (E+E, +Eq] Xt = 0
. Lee
continuous ———— [1 (&, x B+ XE) ~
H,cont (SG x6 +h xE)- 2
For: simplicity, we consider only the, xm = 0
‘case when the incident beam is normal Solving these equations, we obtianed, 1
Z tothe interface. The Poynting ux ae (-™
ar Be sixe-tiad g,; gyre OO es rney,
U * bre B " Zz
Re ((H+ KIB [2] (BIG Bd + By Bye
LE see ¥ une 5 -— a
Since, # and 8 ace paral, therefore it "yal Bay By liked
1+) 04B) + By By ett
“7, can be written as a mt 7m) a 0 mm)
“176. “im.¥ ett g,
Be
@

 

 

TG Bye + C+ )a + Byeriae
"Let ry be ratio (1 7 warty 2 ©
a a

‘The coefficient of reflection for fnedium 1,

 

 

Ratt tts? + 2ratscoidnd Gt ta)" Snaafassi ind
Vt 2tyatas cos2kad + 113? ya? “o + falas)? —.4riaraasin?ky d
‘The coefficient of rection for medium 3, R=
4 1
Tignseoigdetas 'Cemind@ tala)”
7 4 1
(FF riatas) = Strataa tind "+ aging + mole)
‘The transmission ;— .

 

Re

 

et should notice that there are two forms of the results (i.e. one with
nd the other with sine in the expression, but they are identical),

   

   

 

2n
Coe ts oye 1, ne 2, mye 3, where ye SE Cor ky = mle)
pa Ht 1Seon(sdole) fp 96
TIS + 1S cos (idw/ey | 7” TIS 15 cos dae)
16 = 15 sin?@nda) " 8

64 = 5 sin? (2ndPa) * Gh IS sin® @adina)

Case 2: n= 3, y= 2,” n= 1, The cesults are the same as case 1,
Case 3:ny= 2, mgr 4, mye 1,

53 ~ 45 cos(Bdwle) 5 32

 

 

RTT @em (dary | 7" TCH Saar ORaTD)
= 164 180s Qnty) | 53 ~ 45 cos(Sdule)

144+ 180 sin (nd?aa) TSLIT = 45 €08 (Bdw/e)
(@) For no reflected wave with frequency

“"(0va tas)? = 4evitay sia*(2nd/hy)
(+tiatas)a ~ 4tyaras sin’ (kad?)

“178

 

therefore, the

 

imum occurs when the second term fe maximum Li
when Gray) * 9/2 (ihe lowest tem) of &= 2

 

 

Re nar ° Wn tas hme Vin
va l.cAsE >
ou

 

OR a ae

 

73

  

‘Two plane semi-infinite slabs of the same uniform, isotropic, non-
permeable, losless dielectric with index of refraction n as shown in the Fig.
with an alr gap of width d

 

(@) The tatio of tansmitted power and the ratio of reflected power to the
Incident power:
Polarization Is perpendicular to the plane of incidence. The boundary

 

 

conditions
Bete = B+ Eo o
(= 8) = (EE et - 8) ®

cost

 

 

By olka eine #65050) p lkaCasine + eons) ©
yg (esni + de08s)
yf eltaGaaine + ds0nn) _ py yrika(aaine + deoss)

 

 

) By ett sini d cos)

 

‘Similar to the method used in problem 7.2, we obtained
= lO sus — or) + ost r= aco peta uine + dent g
> Gore + neon} ~ (corr ~ncosi)teMiia@iint ear)
secteuGusint+ dong
* Goan + neosijfer Ba CHAE + FeOH (oop -— pos RAO ATT

 

“179Let A (conr + neoti), B= (cosr—neasi), C= neosreosi
Altea Ge sin id con
LCE

ceil (kr sn ~ ka ns 4 (hy eos = kaon)

 

cag,
Be AP a piellka Grain +d cone)

‘The ratio of power transmitted to the incident power is just the ratio of
the Poynting vectors:

SE: tect

   

Sot Ey! “ATER = TAPS cos Tig (esin + deos
The ratio of reflected power tote ratio 2B? (1~ end (eine dco
aa ky 4 2B eat ”
ASDA" 2A? Dood (snr cos)

    

CCase It Polarization parallel to the plane of
Incidence,
Boundary conditions: At z = 0,

(E81) = St eB) 6)

  

 

(Bte= Let +E) ©
Moved .
EyelkiGesin’ + eos
cont

 

[eyrelkatesinr ed eoin — gyrgethaGesinrsdeosn) (7)

o Ljepetnteinr door y gyogetacinr acon) @y
The ratio of transmitted power to incident power i

ye 16 (ncosi cos)?

Se (neosr + cosi)® + 2(n¥ cos — cos? i)? c0s(2k3 €2) + (ncos — cos
where

 

 

be 48 (ncosi ns
> ecoer cos Pe GGE = HE) (acoer = eon eh HB)

 

gy = Loti ntensty eo (e052 + cost emihat
"OT (e088 + cos ME + (neosr — cone ab
and Gesinr + dons); by = (xsini + deosi)

=180-

 

and the ration of reflected power to incident power:

8

Son (Cosi + m cose)" (Cosi — mcost)*+2 (corti — n¥e0s*r) os (2kaea)

() when the incident angle is greater than the extical angle is, the cosine is
surely imaginary

     

cor = 1

  

where f and @ are real, then,
ca(x sine + deost) y gokaBdelkax

The rai of Ey to Ey squared:
pp x Wet atest (= 26-2AFS cos 2g an otha)
Ee | (16+ m cos i) ~ (if — ncosi)*e2ka (-Ba + Taxyp
7a

‘The nature of reflection and refraction in a conducting
emarkably from that in non-conducting medium. The pro
are now defined as

 

 

  

 

we lob

 

@ et e+ San,

The boundary conditions are:

ka= ay + iD

(hx Bek xB -Rx By -w 0
(E+E - By xa =0
(Ch x B+ ky x 8) - (x Ep] x= 0

where k= Ja? +B, el¥

-181-

1 (oos"r ~ n? cos?1)%+ (costi + n? cose)? ~ 2(cos4i = nests) cost hae)cceeceeceececcecece cece ce CC OOO

 

moe re ey 4

ay
wo fe ise - 18
Soe eee to the Interface, the above second and

 

‘The amplitude | A [P=

  

where A is expressed in
amplitude tothe, inset amplitude,

AF is the ratio of the reftected
fs the phase. It can be shown that

 

Addo at ge

 

at + Yar + By air .
ob hat = Ba 1
(@ + a3)? + By’ Verna) the
sh — sing = > |, For 2 >> 1,

 

then we have

“Rete

 

 

 

4o 2w

= 7eS
+24 2VToo mee

 

 

we 6 = esi

 

7s
Incident normally on the conducting surface, the electromagnetic field in
these media (u = ¢ = 1) are:
ee Medium 1:

Bye Eyektt= lot,

 

Eye Eyeribie tat,
Medium 2:

Bg = (Este + Eyreritarye= lat

   

mum 3 as Bert — geet
k

By = Byeikit~ tor ty Bg,

For good conductor ky = (1 +i) Y2ROH

2 ke od ey 7
3 Te Md TE Gwe pie iven

 

Solving these equation at z = 0 and z= d, we obtained the following relation-
ships with boundary condition Dy and Dy and Fiy and Ey are continuous at
the boundaries

Bye PHDG+ +0 —p (1+ peritad

(+ pF - C= pp tad Ls
ad B= 4ertt pes
Cre pene
ee 10+) Viroe denn,

1 +6) +(1— 8) (1+ pen 2%
(say = GaP e
Abe = 0 @=yune)
Ca - ape Ht

‘Then the expression can be reduced to

therefore, By =

 

 

183.& a0puce Altemative method
BR (@) Wemay follow the procedure of problem (7.2). Let
EE 4e7Nertkady x B= Eyenloty
EE, (en) + (tdendA) Es
aid Ec +E, selkE (<0)
Here there is an extra term ¢ © where d is the thickness of the second y *
medium, , ( + 1, God
Ei «0 and Eye * 1 Let kb the ware recor ia ew and ath condutr, By Ea (779)
lea to sy there fs one medium #0 there is no reflection nor refraction fe qty VEO. yyy VDE
and transmission is 100%, Keep ary © Cae)
dee, oka Dan ‘The corresponding magnetic Held ae
For d=, 0 SP mw Boo =
This fs jst the solution fora semiinfinte slab of good conductor. He Be perio where By i given by
PEE ota a 1-226 6 Bx for good eondueton Byoltt = yt erika @a
= pep 2 ek Te ay (E sope Bev, 6 = oe
Te teh slg oax ! pre ODL S 0h ae 0-0 b= Tras
. 2 whore this isnot that in section 7.8 of the tex, but i the quantity
ents
= oe - used in the statement of the problem. We observe that 161 << 1.
(EF MIB = 1418) Cy — @TH6 + Tia) . Continuity of B, E at 2 = 0, d,
. 32(Repyer24l6 : E+E = B+ By o
2 L= 207818 cos (24/6) + e- 4408 1
a om EB, - B= (, - Ei’) Q
“very small hickne", eis ofthe order of unity. Re B= 10-* 8S
. : Eyed + pyerik dw Bycltd ®
Toe ¢ a ; ;
= A (eyed Byerly o Bye w
Wa 0.6065, 0.3679 0.8776 — 0.4734 a
va[" 03619 [0.1383 | 05403 | = 13628 wire = 1064) ZEEE go Gay Lan ntydeton of
3/4 0.2231 0.0498 0.0704 ~ 2.0025
T 01353 0.0183 0.0000 2.5026 Equations (3) and (4) give
a
“186 “185.x errr

x3+w~tY

Was

Y

 

o-<

 

 

 

together with Eq (1) and 2)
i ist Jeet
E+ Ee z [Ut Ae (1 —peAJe © B= [cha + fshrje ©

 

   

 

 

iwd iw
By = Bye UHDA-C—HeNET Eyal gah + chal By
Hence,
“eg Be, CONN BAARY) ~ 5 lah ca)
HE T
(cosh + sinh) + 5 (inh + Bosna)
eB 1)sinn 2 @ ange)
7. apes U4 BF sin” Ceo - Coe
ae @—1)(1—e-™%
oe "OE -0- MAD
. Op ar
a (cr ee eI

wean wile ~
=U -pG-e%

  

 

. Cae) + Gt A
we, a ey meager
EE, B [eosha + hd] + [sinhd+Bcoshd]
a ape per de-iodle

Ej” “Beoshd+ (+f) sinhd (1-29) 4 261 +20)
One could as well write

Bate)

By Ge) F MFT)
@) For d = 0, X= 0, We have:

  

 

a5 expected,
Ford +, X+(1- i), e 2h + 0
B&B 1-8 & &

1 8" %

   

 

For d+ e, the transmission should be zero, the reflection should be less
than 1 because of ohmic losses,

(© For d not too small

= 161 Lee

Nectar. + OW)

 

16(Rep)? [1 —i Pew H4/5
e728 (605 24 sisi 2 y
1 =e 60605 F visa FF
32 (Re pew 24/6
1+ en 4dlB _ 2626/6 oop ( 24
3

   
  

3ax id" where we have made use of the fact that
oe DO)
heb OP

 

and Jem XpP= en 24/6

—FrSketch lop T, Rep = 10°,

 

 

beg = p02 x 10%) ~ 24 tee

“Very small thickness"means d=6 or less,
ay ™%

 

“4 res xiot em

-187-has poles ato = te ~ fe, €> 0, but Is regular for m > 0, Since v>0
or # #0 and since n(w) is regulat for n > 0, the quantity 2/(a + 1) is
also cegular there. And the exponential Is regulat for all finite values of
‘the real parameters, x and t. Thus, we can apply Cauchy's theorem tothe
the contour C: n= 0,-R< ES+R,f? + 4? =R?,4>O and get

 

tn ny lelaa-etie
9° oF Lariat owrey @

 

We notice that as R -+ 409, the integral along the real axis in Eq(2)
approaches Er(x, 1) as R “> e, Convergence is good because of the
co in the denominator as long as x > 0 and v > 0.

rLANE yn ‘Therefore, what we must prove Is that if
x-t>0

then the integral along the semicircular are

in Eq(3) goes to zero, Let us write

ne ltatin

a Hr where both a and yx tend to zero a8 |e» >
©. Then the integrand along the are becomes,

(ince

 

—— ete
Po were? 7 REE + OG/RD)

L(+ UD) At sgoc Ly itatteay-ctl/egontacteey~ tle CE Huxle
1 ROR
1+ d@+H)
‘We now see that Ifthe exponent factors main fie, since the length
of the arc is #R, the 1/R? factor dominates and the integral along the
are, and hence the integral slong the axis, tends fo zero as R goes to
‘The tach etl) ~ ele Ge
«ls bounded and can cause no trouble. I'x ct >O, we ean always iad an
R large.enough to make a small enough that x(I # a) — et >0 (ifa> 0,
there i, of course, no problem). Hence,
pret +@)~ et) gy
Sinee n> On the are Filly
e+ impale gobnle g~imuxle

 

 

must be considered, The second factor has unit absolute value, but the
factor ev tual
could cause trouble for & ** —R.

Hence, we must impose the further condition that jt goes to"2er0
fast enough as | co] ~ o that | fu | is bounded on the arc. With this condi
tion we have the required result. It is to be noticed that this problem
has been omitted in the second edition,

192

 

 

19 From Eq (7.93) in the text
ra

shows that a is only real when w >
2p, but it is purely imaginary when
2p > w. It is desirable to look for the
relationship between the real and the
Imaginary parts of the refractive index,
‘The refractive index can be represented a8

a(w)= 1+ fwd

 

where F(w) vanishes as w > %, which satisfies the given condition that
phat «

dn ee meet HON ow igfn(ese) = 1)

(u)=1
Le mee tO ome

   

Making use of Caushy Principal value notation we have
nw) = 1
° Lona

  

deo = info(we) = 1]

Waite the refractive index in the form of real and imaginary parts as
‘n(wa) = n’(w) + in”(w) and since n(w) = (ck(cs)] /v which is an odd function
with respect to « (& (a) isan even function)

in (Go) tin") = 1] = Pf ODA guy

sta) 12h PAD aus

   

oe or'w) yy
(@) = 1+ arte. as
Similarly,

sw) = 4 dot K

 

(© “It is more convenient to discuss part (¢) first, In classical model the
index of refraction is based on a collection of damped electronic oscillators,

193.equations show that the transversality of E and H fields, The transverse

r component ean be obtained from Eq(9) and, the solution for E and Hae
the same, 90 nut) is chosen to represent E and H, ux) is a function of
r coordinates and time, If the vasables are separable then
r # Ge) = fr60K()
2 Substituting to Eq(), it becomes
~ 19 ¢ 1 of | 4nobty
pineyenees Aub og
- hoe "Fh ae cae
; therefore, the general solution
ne
y HOG) = ye Fd we HE [ACunel™ + BGpem A]
r jin the medium which is homogeneous, isotropic and with a refractive index
of n (eo), k must satisfy the following conditions:
r
« 2 4 Ano = oe
r oe Cle) Tr (iw) = -

kee fei nd ke Baw a)

Pro) Ts Faccion [Aer Zn cory
©) aGs, tis cea, Le G1) = HG,
FT” duseieot [AMC OK Be(aye HERMON

therefore,

   

 

Fre 1 a (ay $S me 4 eye mee

r
yr
r

1 Is hard to show n(-w) = n*(q) from the above equality, however if we
start with Eq(10),

ways fer Ee ana ant) = Je Ee nu

© OD Pag ave [A(e) + B66))

and

 

MED he Mwert[A) - B(W)]

wo 3x ko

 

10.9 - iy eed) Pag fsor aw
By Fourier transform, we have ie ue
Ba roe Lae won + toy EO

=190-

COO C0

 

78

(@ Attong plane wave train whose frequency is exactly we incident normally
at C= 0 on a semi-infinite dielectric with refractive index n(w}. The
boundary conditions

() tangential electric Held: u(O, t).= 0 (Je™* sinest
(i) normal derivative of the B field:

B00) = 9(9 S20) ene

 

and
AC 1m tet ie auay
fo! PT LHe {00.0 F Srey Id
AC) __ 1 ewen(us) ~ i*n(u) #134 n(or)
Md Bel Vie une) Te= ie) ak]
LF genet, om) = snes) — ibn (wn) eS OMe
NOt) ae L due ey wana) ((e= i)? + ak]

c2en(w) ~ a? (us) + enone)
+ “On(a)Ile=luy? +a]
(©) Causality. tt is convenient to introduce separate symbols for the real and

Imaginary parts of wand n.

web tin

nevt
Weare asked to prove that i
(@_n(e) is analytic inc, regular for n> 0
(i) # Oly > (we do not seem to need this i we have v > 0),

(il) a tas ini forn > (We seem to need (Rew, Im n)
bounded a |n|-++2 for n > 0)

then the transmitted wave

wo

 

Ex 0 it xe >.0
with he fullexpression forthe wansnited waves:
a agiatataneetiie

HOO" 37 oe) flere MO

1K may not be necessary to take n >0 in these conditions; 9 > O may be
adequate. If we consider the integral of Eq(!), the transmitted wave
when w is complex, we see that

fost (wt igy

-191-