Operacion: Simple Sidecasting: Sidecasting Colada (Soltar El Material) Lateral

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61
OPERACION: SIMPLE SIDECASTING

Sidecasting = colada (soltar el material) lateral
X
2
3
60%
PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade
62
CORTE LATERAL SIMPLE: FASES Y SECUENCIA

(Simple Sidecasting)
Primer corte (key)
Corte principal
Exposed Coal Seam
Exposed Coal Seam
Spoil Peaks
Spoil Peaks
Toe
Toe
Crest
Crest
New
Highwall
New
Highwall
Old
Highwall
Old Highwall
Coal Seam
Removed
Plan View
Coal
Key Cut Spoit
Coal Seam
Removed Plan View
Spoil from
the Previous
Cut
Coal
Spoil from
the Previous
Cut
Key Cut Spoit
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63
Cun profundo
puedes cavar?
SPOIL A
CUT A
Qu tamao de
dragalina
necesitas?
D - OVERBURDEN DEPTH
DB - DEPTH OF BENCH
T - COAL THICKNESS
DC - DEPTH OF CUT
W - PIT WIDTH
DP - THICKNESS OF PARTING
64
DIAGRAMA DE RANGO (RANGE DIAGRAM)

OR
RF
A=Bx
SF
SWELL FACTOR
S
COAL DEPOSIT
SIMPLE SIDE CASTING RANGE DIAGRAM SHOWING RELEVANT

GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS
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65
SPOIL AREA
THE SPOIL AREA IS COMPOSED OF:
W.T
W.h
1 / 2 . w w / .2 . TAN
66
TALLER 7
El manto de carbn, uniforme y plano, tiene el espesor de
3 m.
El capa de estril tiene el espesor uniforme de 20 m.
El ngulo del talud de la capa de estril es 60. El ngulo
del talud de estril es 45.
El ancho del banco es 30 m con el centro de la draga
cavadora, ubicado a 15 m de la cresta del banco.
Define la longitud de la pluma de la draga excavadora
que necesitaras para remover este estril en operacin
simple sidecasting.
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67
TALLER 8.
LEY DE CORTE
68
LEY DE MINERAL
El valor medido de concentracin de mineral en la roca
Ejemplo: mena de cobre
Ley 0,4%: significa que un 0,4% del material es
cobre.
Dado que 1 t = 1000 kg, @ 0,4% de cobre, tenemos
4 kg de cobre en cada tonelada.
Cunto cobre por tonelada hay si se aplica la ley @
1,0%?
No todo ese cobre es recuperable.
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69
QUE ES QUE?
Mineral (mineral)
Material que contiene una concentracin de valor til
(oro, plata, cobre, nquel).
No sabemos si haremos dinero, si lo minamos.
Ore (mena)
Mineral que contiene suficiente concentracin como
para permitirnos ganar dinero.
Ejemplo: mena de cobre. El valor del cobre contenido
es menor que el costo de minera y procesamiento.
70
GRADE CUT-OFF (LEY DE CORTE)

Or cutoff grade?
Un pesimista
La ley en la cual el recurso mineral ya no puede ser

procesado con ganancias o
Un optimista
La mnima ley a la cual el recurso puede ser minado con

ganancias.
Una ley de quiebre (break-even)
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71
DEFINICION DE LEY DE CORTE
Se define el concepto de ley de corte como el contenido

de una sustancia de valor econmico fijado como valor
de referencia para definir un curso de accin.
Esta definicin es general y est destinada a satisfacer
las condiciones que se presentan en las diferentes
etapas del proceso de produccin; sea en la extraccin,
concentracin, fusin y/o refinacin de un mineral.
72
LEY DE CORTE
Se entiende por ley de corte marginal como aquella ley
que establece cundo un determinado material presenta
beneficio marginal nulo; en consecuencia, cualquier
material con una ley por sobre ella generar beneficio
marginal positivo y, por consiguiente, podr ser enviado
a proceso.
Beneficio marginal = Tmin*{ley*rec*(precio Cventa) Cproc.} = 0
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73
LEY DE CORTE
Existen diferentes escenarios dependiendo de la

cantidad de elementos y procesos involucrados, en los
cuales es necesario entender cmo la funcin de
beneficio marginal acta y, en consecuencia, cmo el
mineral debe ser seleccionado.
74
LEY DE CORTE
(UN EMENTO, UN PROCESO)
La variacin del beneficio por tonelada que se genera a
partir de ir incrementando la ley de cabeza del proceso
puede ser graficada de la siguiente forma:
Proc. Cost
($/t)
Profit
($/t)
MILL
En aquel punto donde la curva de

beneficio se hace cero, tendremos la
ley de corte marginal, que no es otra
que la expresada en la siguiente
ecuacin:
Grade
Mill
Cut-Off
Cproc
Ley de corte marginal = ----------------------------
Rec*(Precio - Cventa)
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75
CALCULO DE LA LEY DE CORTE

El grfico de la ley vs. el valor neto de la mena es una
lnea recta.
Necesitamos calcular el valor neto de la mena en dos
puntos:
1) Graficar la lnea de ley-ganancia.
2) Definir la ecuacin de esa lnea.
Ejemplo: considere un depsito de cobre.
76
TALLER 8: LEY DE CORTE

Define la ley de corte para la mina de cobre donde
El costo de minera (mena) es 2 $/t.
El costo de procesamiento (mena) es 6 $/t.
El costo de fundicin es 3 $/t (concentrado @ 30%
de Cu).
El costo de refinacin es 0,10 dlares por libra de
cobre.
El costo de ventas y otros costos son 0,05 dlares
por libra de cobre.
Asume el nivel promedio de recuperaciones y prdidas.
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77
TALLER 9.
LIMITE DEL TAJO
78
ECONOMIC OREBODY MODEL
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79
EXAMPLE OF INPUTS
Required at this point:
Topography and geographical features.
Ownership of the land, mineral rights, etc.
Other limits on pit boundaries (rrds, structures, etc.)
Inventory of environmental conditions & requirements.
Estimate of costs: mining, processing, smelting, selling,
etc.
Geological & geotechnical properties of material to be
mined.
80
STEP 2: OUTCOMES
1. Quantity, location and value of ore contained

within the deposit.
2. Cost of its removal.
3. Quantity, location and cost of removal of
other materials.
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81
MINE PLANNING:
3ND
STEP
Long Range mine plan (LRP)

In: economic model, mining restrictions (slopes,
mining widths, natural obstacles, other).
Out: Optimum (economic) pit limit.
82
FLOATING CONE (EXAMPLE)
-1 -1
-2
-1
-2
-1 -1 +1
+4 -2 -2
+7
+1 -3
-1
Stepped
cone
Mined
out pit
-1 -1
-1
-1
-1 +1 -1
-2
-2
+7
+4 -2
+1 -3
-2
45o slope
angle
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83
TALLER 9
Defina el lmite econmico del tajo para la seccin del
yacimiento mostrada en la diapositiva siguiente.
Use el mtodo de cono flotante (el cono positivo y el
cono negativo).
84
+2
+6
+1
+2
+3
+1
+1
+1
+8
+2
+4
+1
+3
+4
Los valores indicados son en miles de dlares.

Los bloques sin nmeros tienen el valor negativo de $ 2000.
Los taludes tienen la inclinacin de 45.
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85
TALLER 10.
LA VIDA DE LA MINA
86
MINE LIFE: OBJECTIVES

Optimize the NPV, IROR, Cash Flow, Payback.
Considerations:
Size of deposit: tonnage, working space.
Market demand, ability to sell the product.
Short life: high capital cost, commodity cycle, social
grounds.
Long life: small cash flow, deferment of profits,
market vulnerability.
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87
MINE LIFE
Optimize / maximize / minimize

The NPV, IROR, Cash Flow, Payback Period.
Maximize Present Value Ratio (PVR)
Ratio of NPV to initial capital investment.
There is a physical limit on the maximum production rate
Shape, form and properties of the orebody.
88
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
Size of deposit: tonnage, working space.
Market demand, ability to sell the product.
Short life:
High capital cost, commodity cycle, social grounds.
Long life:
Small cash flow, deferment of profits,
vulnerability.
market
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89
AS THE OREBODY GETS BIGGER

The available tonnes per vertical metre increase.
For a pit stripping ratios decrease.
For an U/G mine development efficiency increases.
Possible stope sizes get bigger (subject to geotechnical
constraints).
Lower-cost and
become feasible.
more
productive
mining
methods
The average capital investment per tonne decreases.

The physical limit of mine production increases.
The economiclally optimum mining rate increases.
90
AS THE MINING RATE GETS BIGGER

(for a given orebody)
Required capital investment increases.
Required working capital increases.
Fixed component of the operating cost is spread over
more tonnes.
Head grade to the mill decreases.
Control of the mining process often suffers.
Rate of waste production and disposal increases.
Potentially negative social and environmental impacts
increase.
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91
VERTICAL MINE ADVANCE

What is the Vertical Mine Advance?
Underground mines designed for advance rates of 40 to 50
vertical metres per year are most often successful.
Mines attempting rates of 60 vertical meters or more per
year are most likely to fail.
The failures are due to:
Over-capitalization of plant and inadequate advanced
development.
Inability to maintain intended gradeat an excessive
production rate.
Source: McCarthy, P. L. 2002. Setting Plant Capacity.
Proceedings: Metallurgical Plant Design and Operating
Strategies, The AIMM, Sydney.
92
HOW ARE THE RATES SET?

To satisfy economic criteria (return on investment)
and/or corporate goals.
Make sure that the orebody will sustain this rate!
To match installed capacity.
Conversion from surface to underground?
Using Rules of Thumb.
Taylors rule, vertical advancement rule.
Detailed studies involving scheduling to define the
physical limit and then derating it.
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GRADE RATE RELATIONSHIP

At a mining rate of 0.
Assuming that the exploration drilling is representative,
the head grade would be close to the average grade of
the above cutoff drill intercepts.
Using most selective mining methods: little grade change.
Hand cut-and-fill (U/G), or 1.0 m wide bucket on 60t
excavator, and assuming intensive grade control
(advance rate of vertical 30 m/year).
Using conventional approach: average grade change.
With the vertical advance rate of some 50 m/year.
Using largest equipment that can operate withing the mine:
Significant grade change.
94
MINE LIFE: TAYLORS RULE

(disseminated porphyry copper)
L = (1 +/- 0.2) x 6.5 x (t)1/4
L: mine life in years
t: deposit tonnage in millions of tons
Note: Include proven and probable reserves but not

possible on conjectural ore.
Source: Taylor H.K. 1986. Rates of Working Mines A
simple rule of Thumb. Transactions IMM, vol. 95, Oct.,
pp. A203-204.
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95
TATMANS RULE
(steeply deeping tabular deposits)
Annual production rate = (rate factor * rate multiplier)
Rate factor: metric tonnes per vertical meter
Rate multiplier: multiple of the rate factor
Rate multiplier
Deposit thickness, m Low risk Moderate risk
High risk
>5
< 20
20 to 50
> 50
> 70
5 to 10
< 50
50 to 70
> 30
< 30
30 to 70
> 70
Source: Tatman C.R. 2001. Production rate selection for

steeply dipping tabular deposits. Mining Engineering, vol.
52, pp. 10.
96
PRODUCTION RATE VARIATIONS

(empirical estimations)
Author
Rice
Wilson-A
Hover
Taylor
McCarthy
Smith
Wilson - B
Formula typer Annual production rate, t/year

Geometry
351,000
Size
387,300
Geometry
412,500
Size
426,100
Geometry
450,000
Size
462,300
Geometry
702,900
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PROBLEMS
NPV based methods show a bias towards large
production rates.
There are a number of Problematic deposits (rate
estimates).
Very deep deposits.
Steeply dipping tabular deposits.
Erratically mineralized deposits.
Multi vein deposits.
98
TALLER 10: VIDA DE LA MINA

Proponga la vida de la mina para el yacimiento de
cobre.
Tiene 12 millones de toneladas de la mena con ley
promedio de 1.2% de Cu.
El espesor promedio del yacimiento es 12 m.
Tenemos 200 000 toneladas por un metro de
profundidad de yacimiento.
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99
TALLER 11.
ANCHO DE LA VIA
100
DISEO DE CAMINOS DE TRANSPORTE

Diseados para seguridad
Ancho, curvas, peraltes, lneas de visual,
pendientes, salidas de vehculos, provisiones, etc.
Diseados para eficiencia
Ancho, curvas, peraltes, lneas de
resistencia al rodado, pendientes, etc.
visual,
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

Control de agua/polvo
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101
Lone 1
One-Half
venicle
wioth
12
24
Lone 4
Lone 3
Lone 2
12
12
12
42
60
70
ANCHO
FB
W=2(U+FA+FB+Z)+C
FA
FB
FA
Carga
FB
C=Z(U+FA+FB)/2
102
12
2
3
11
14
13
10
15
16
17
8
7
4
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Height to top of ROPS

4715 mm
15 ft 6 in 12
Overall Body Length
9830 mm
32 ft 3 in 13
Inside Body Length
6580 mm
21 ft 7 in
14
Overall Length
10 535 mm 34 ft 7 in
15
Wheelbase
4560 mm
15 ft
16
Rear Axle to Tail
3062 mm
10 ft 1 in
17
Ground Clearance
896 mm
2 ft 11 in
18
Dump Clearance
965 mm
3 ft 2 in
19
Loading Height Empty
4380 mm
14 ft 4 in 20
Inside Body Depth Max
1895 mm
6 ft 3 in
Overall Height Body Raised 10 325 mm 33 ft 11 in 21
Operating Width
Centerline Front Tire Width
Engine Guard Clearance
Overall Canopy Width
Outside Body Width
Inside Body Width
Front Canopy Height
Rear Axle Clearance
Centerline Rear Dual
Tire Width
Overall Tire Width
6494 mm
4050 mm
864 mm
6050 mm
5524 mm
5200 mm
5170 mm
880 mm
3576 mm
21 ft 4 in
13 ft 3 in
2 ft 10 in
19 ft 10 in
18 ft 2 in
17 ft 1 in
17 ft
2 ft 11 in
11 ft 9 in
5223 mm
17 ft 2 in
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103
TALLER 11: ANCHO DE LA VIA

Defina el ancho requerido de la va para los siguientes
camiones:
777F de Caterpillar
797F de Caterpillar
Tres camiones grandes de Komatsu
104
Dump truck width and haul road size
Ditch
Truck
width
Center
crearance (B)
Truck
width
Shoulder
(C)
Shoulder
(A)
Total
width
Model
630E
Truck width
6.65 m (2110)
730E
Truck width
7.25 m (239)
830E
Truck width
7.26 m (2310)
930E
Truck width
8.69 m (206)
Uphill shoulder ( c )
Speed km/h (MPH) Center clearance (B) Downhill shoulder (A)
m (ft.in)
m (ft.in)
m (ft.in)
20 (12.4)
30 (18.6)
40 (24.9)
20 (12.4)
30 (18.6)
40 (24.9)
20 (12.4)
30 (18.6)
40 (24.9)
20 (12.4)
30 (18.6)
40 (24.9)
3.5 (11.4)
4.0 (13.1)
4.5 (14.9)
3.5 (11.6)
4.0 (13.1)
4.5 (14.9)
3.5 (11.6)
4.0 (13.1)
4.5 (14.9)
4.0 (13.1)
4.5 (14.9)
5.0 (16.9)
3.5 (11.6)
4.5 (14.9)
4.5 (14.9)
4.0 (13.1)
5.0 (16.5)
5.0 (16.5)
4.0 (13.1)
5.0 ( 16.5)
5.0 ( 16.5)
4.0 (13.1)
5.0 (16.5)
5.0 (16.5)
2.5 (8.2)
2.5 (8.2)
3.0 (9.10)
2.5 (8.2)
2.5 (8.2)
3.0 (9.10)
2.5 (8.2)
2.5 (8.2)
3.0 (9.10)
2.5 (8.2)
2.5 (8.2)
3.0 (9.10)
Total road width

m (ft.in)
22.8 (74.10)
24.3 (79.9)
25.3 (83.0)
24.5 (80.5)
26.0 (85.4)
27.0 (88.7)
24.5 (80.5)
26.0 (85.4)
27.0 (88.7)
27.9 (91.6)
29.4 (96.6)
30.4 (99.9)
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Operacion: Simple Sidecasting: Sidecasting Colada (Soltar El Material) Lateral

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31

OPERACION: SIMPLE SIDECASTING

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

CORTE LATERAL SIMPLE: FASES Y SECUENCIA

Exposed Coal Seam

Key Cut Spoit

Key Cut Spoit

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

DIAGRAMA DE RANGO (RANGE DIAGRAM)

SIMPLE SIDE CASTING RANGE DIAGRAM SHOWING RELEVANT

THE SPOIL AREA IS COMPOSED OF:

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

GRADE CUT-OFF (LEY DE CORTE)

La ley en la cual el recurso mineral ya no puede ser

La mnima ley a la cual el recurso puede ser minado con

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

DEFINICION DE LEY DE CORTE

Se define el concepto de ley de corte como el contenido

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

Existen diferentes escenarios dependiendo de la

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

En aquel punto donde la curva de

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

CALCULO DE LA LEY DE CORTE

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

TALLER 8: LEY DE CORTE

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

ECONOMIC OREBODY MODEL

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

1. Quantity, location and value of ore contained

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

Long Range mine plan (LRP)

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

FLOATING CONE (EXAMPLE)

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

Los valores indicados son en miles de dlares.

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

MINE LIFE: OBJECTIVES

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

Optimize / maximize / minimize

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

AS THE OREBODY GETS BIGGER

The average capital investment per tonne decreases.

AS THE MINING RATE GETS BIGGER

VERTICAL MINE ADVANCE

HOW ARE THE RATES SET?

PhD Tadeusz S. Golosinski - Consultor Intercade

GRADE RATE RELATIONSHIP

MINE LIFE: TAYLORS RULE

Note: Include proven and probable reserves but not

Source: Tatman C.R. 2001. Production rate selection for

PRODUCTION RATE VARIATIONS

Formula typer Annual production rate, t/year