Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Por J Romero
Derechos Reservados
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Marcas Privadas
Flex es una marca privada de Motorola. Todas las citas y apndices de este documento son propiedad de su autor. Otros productos y nombres mencionados aqu, son
marcas privadas o nombres privados propiedad de sus respectivas compaas.
Clculo de antenas
Frmulas y Conceptos para el diseo de Antenas
Este seminario expone las frmulas que sustentan el diseo de las antenas
receptoras y transmisoras ms comunes. A travs de una redaccin sencilla,
de fcil lectura, le presenta al lector la descripcin de los principios que
sustentan la radiacin electromagntica presente en los elementos de las
antenas.
En este documento podr encontrar los diseos de las antenas ms utilizadas
en la transmisin y recepcin de datos, excepto las parablicas.
Usted Aprender
Qu es un campo electromagntico
Cmo funciona una antena Marconi
Distribucin de cargas en la antena
Longitud de onda
Clculos de longitud de los elementos de la antena
Ataque de antena
Armnicos de frecuencia
Tipos de Antenas
Acople de Impedancias
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en el espectro de
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El Espectro Electromagntico
Las ondas electromagnticas, se propagan a la velocidad de la luz. Estas ondas
transportan energa y cantidad de movimiento desde una fuente hasta un
receptor. En 1887, Hertz logr generar y captar con xito una onda
electromagntica de radio-frecuencias, predichas por Maxwell.
En la actualidad se sabe que hay distintas ondas electromagnticas que pueden
diferenciarse por su frecuencia y longitud de onda (trmino que ser explicado
posteriormente en este documento)
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El Campo electromagntico
Una onda electromagntica est conformada por variaciones de un campo
electromagntico. Es ahora cuando cave explicar este campo. electromagntico.
Como su nombre lo indica, existe en este tipo de campo la interaccin de uno
elctrico y uno magntico.
La presencia de estos dos campos crea un campo electromagntico. En este
campo, la variacin de las ondas magnticas y las elctricas tienen un desfase
de 90, esto se debe a que uno de ellos aparece antes que el otro.
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Tomando
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Longitud de Onda
Como el tiempo de cada ciclo es el inverso de su frecuencia, este tiempo es: T=
1/F y su mitad: T= 1/2F; si la velocidad de desplazamiento es C entonces la
distancia recorrida es: L= C/2F.
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polaridad de antena.
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Antena Yagi
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Antena Yagi
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Conceptos (Apndice)
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User Benefits
The FLEX Protocol offers users the traditional advantages of paging, along with the long battery
life and reliability afforded by FLEX technology. In addition, it gives users the confidence of
knowing that it is used globally as a worldwide standard, is an evolving technology that provides
the latest in consumer services, and is available in a wide range of products and services - both
from Motorola, creator of the FLEX Protocol, as well as from other manufacturers of FLEX
technology-based products.
The FLEX Protocol enables paging speeds up to 6400 bits per second (bps). This is achieved
through multiplexing up to four data streams into one 6400 bps transmission. Each data stream,
or phase, operates independently and pagers may decode multiple phases or a single phase; a
single-phase pager may be less costly and operate with longer battery life.
The FLEX Protocol offers the highest channel capacity of any paging protocol in the world today.
The FLEX Protocol supports up to five billion individual addresses and over 600,000 numeric
pagers per channel (based on a call rate of 0.25 calls/hour at 100 percent airtime efficiency).
Higher capacity allows carriers to add more subscribers to existing channels resulting in the
lowest system cost per delivered bit and lowest system cost per user of any paging protocol.
With FLEX technology, numeric, alphanumeric and information services can be efficiently mixed.
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The FLEX Protocol is a fully synchronous multi-speed signaling code that is optimized for
throughput, efficiency and flexibility. With its greater reliability, FLEX technology offers improved
page delivery. This means that heavy traffic-hour delays are minimized, thus reducing or
eliminating redials into the paging terminal and subsequent over-the-air re-transmissions. Not
only does this lead to increased customer satisfaction, but also ensures more efficient use of
infrastructure resources such as telephone inputs and air time.
The FLEX Protocol is designed to run concurrently with existing paging systems worldwide and is
equally effective alone or when mixed with existing codes. An existing POCSAG system that is
not fully loaded can be migrated to the FLEX Protocol, initially using only 3.1 percent of the
channel air time. The FLEX Protocol supports from 5,000 (1600 bps operation) to 20,000 (6400
bps operation) numeric subscribers within this 3.1 percent airtime. A FLEX Protocol-based
system can run at 1600, 3200 or 6400 bps to enable service providers to match their system
capacity to market requirements. The FLEX Protocol also allows for the dynamic alteration of
transmission speeds to match traffic patterns.
FLEX technology gives pager users exceptional protection against signal fading, which translates
to improved page reliability for all paging services, especially alphanumeric and information
services. When there is a variation in signal strength, the FLEX Protocol is able to withstand a 10
ms fade at all speeds and still accurately decode the information. The FLEX Protocol improves
reliability through checksum validations (an error detection mechanism); message numbering
which allows for missed message retrieval; and positive end of message control (by specifying
the length of a message).
In pagers that utilize the synchronous FLEX Protocol, a battery can last more than five times
longer than in pagers running on POCSAG. The pager works in tandem with the transmitting
station and searches for its cap code only a fraction of the time, therefore saving power. This
improved battery life allows the use of smaller batteries, thus enabling the design of smaller,
uniquely shaped pagers.
For more information about Motorola's Flex technology, look for them on the World Wide Web.
(WWW.Motorola.com)
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there is the ability to telephone nearly every large ship wherever it may be on the
globe.
Commercial radiotelephony linking North America with Europe was opened in 1927,
and with South America three years later. In 1935 the first telephone call was made
around the world, using a combination of wire and radio circuits.
Until 1936, all American transatlantic telephone communication had to be routed
through England. In that year, a direct radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris.
Telephone connection by radio and cable is now accessible with 187 foreign points.
Heinrich Hertz/Radar
Hertz lived from 1857 to 1894 and was the first to demonstrate experimentally the
production and detection of Maxwell's waves. This discovery lead directly to the
invention of radio.
Guglielmo Marconi/Telegraphy
The Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi, repeated Hertz's experiments and eventually
succeeded in getting secondary sparks over a distance of 30 feet (nine meters).
Guglielmo Marconi
In 1886, Guglielmo Marconi obtained his first patent.
Guglielmo Marconi
In 1897, the British Ministry of Posts gave Marconi money and technicians to
continue his experiments.
Marconi Archives
A collection of articles about Marconi and radio.
Guglielmo Marconi
Pictorial essay on Guglielmo Marconi.
Guglielmo Marconi
In 1895, Marconi built the equipment that transmitted electrical signals through the
air, which created the beginning of telegraphy or radio - National Inventors Hall of
Fame.
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Nikola Tesla
Inventions related to radio (the Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent in 1943
in favor of Tesla) X-rays, the vacuum tube amplifier.
Lee De Forest
Deforest invented space telegraphy, the triode amplifier and the Audion. In the early
1900s, the great requirement for further development of radio was an efficient and
delicate detector of electromagnetic radiation. Lee De Forest provided that detector.
It made it possible to amplify the radio frequency signal picked up by the antenna
before application to the receiver detector; thus, much weaker signals could be
utilized than had previously been possible.
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