Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Celdas de MediaTensin
Tip o MINEX / G .I.S.E.L.A.
A isladas en SF6
Rated v o ltag e up to 24 kV
Rated current 630 A
6/2 008
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
CONTENIDO
CONTENTS
CONTENIDO................................................................. 3
CONTENTS ...................................................................... 3
APLICACIONES........................................................5
PERSONAL CALIF ICAD O ...............................................5
NOR M AS Y ESPECIF ICACIONES ....................................6
CONDICIONES DE OP ERACIN.....................................7
DATOS TCNICOS.........................................................1 4
MONTAJE........................................................................17
ASSEMBLY .................................................................... 17
OPERACIN ...................................................................25
OP ERATION................................................................... 25
P U E S T A E N M A R C H A ...................................................25
O P E R A C IN ...............................................................26
A P E R T U R A D E L C O M P A R T IM IE NT O D E C A B L E ...............26
OPERACIN D EL IN T ERRU PT OR ...................................27
OPERACIN D E L A PU ES T A A T IERRA ............................29
REEM PL AZ O D E L OS F U S IB L ES ........................................30
V E R IF IC A C I N D E CAB L E ............................................. 32
DESCRIP TION.................................................................. 8
SERVICIO.........................................................................37
SERVICING .................................................................... 37
MAINTENANCE ..........................................................37
EXCHANGE OF COMPONENTS .....................................37
W ASTE DISPOSAL......................................................37
CHECK THE INSULATING GAS PRESSURE .....................39
TROUBLE-SHOOTING .................................................. 41
AN E X O A.......................................................................... 42
APPENDIX A .................................................................. 42
AN E X O B.......................................................................... 44
APPENDIX B .................................................................. 44
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD
Safety Regulations
transporte
montaje
puesta en march a
operacin
mantenimiento
transport
assemb ly
setting to work
operation
maintenance job s
L a s instrucciones importantes d e segurid ad son id entificad as con los siguientes smb olos. El seguimiento
d e estas notas evita accid entes y d a os relacionad os
con celd as d e med ia tensin.
Important instructions such as safety notes are identified b y means of the following symb ols. Follow
these notes to avoid accidents and damage involving the medium voltage switchgear.
Ad vertencia d e voltaje!
Special Hints
especificaciones d e segurid ad ,
reglas para la prevencin d e accid entes,
ind icaciones y reglas reconocid as d e la tecnologa,
safety specifications,
accident prevention regulations,
guidelines and recognized rules of technology,
as well as all instructions and notes in these Operation and Assemb ly Instructions!
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Informacin Ge ne ral
General Information
Ap licacione s
Intended us e
A ppropriate
transport
and
correct
storing
P rofessional assemb ly and setting to work
A ccurate operation and maintenance through
qualified personnel
T he ob serv ation of this manual
T he compliance with the regulations for installation, operation and safety, v alid at site.
Personal Calificado
Qualified Staff
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
BGV A1 (VBG1)
BGV A3 (VBG4)
BGV-A1 (VBG1)
BGV-A3 (VBG4)
F ic h a d e la c eld a SF 6
General specifications
Electrical
systems
equipment
leaflet SF6 switchgear
Normas DIN/VDE
Standards
and
EN 50110-1
VDE 0671
P a rte 102
IEC 62271-102
VDE 0671
P a rte 200
IEC 62271-200
VDE 0670
P a rte 301
IEC 60265-1
VDE 0671
P a rte 105
VDE 0670
P a rte 1000
IEC 62271-105
IEC 6069 4
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
High-voltage
alternating
current switch-fuse combinations
Common specifications for
high-voltage switchgear and
controlgear standards.
Condiciones de Operacin
Normas
+60 C*
Valor ms bajo
-25 C
Lowest value
-25 C
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Descripcin
Description
A b ou t th is m a nu a l
D ue to reasons of clarity this manual does not contain all detailed information about all types of this
product. It also cannot consider every imaginable
case of installation or operation. D etails regarding
the technical design, as eg: technical data, secondary devices, diagrams please take from the order
documents.
L a c elda esta dentro del alc anc e del p rog reso tc nic o
su jeto a desarrollo p erm anente. E n la s p g in a s d e
este manual no se indica nada al respecto, por lo que
nos reserv amos el derech o de modificar los v alores y
dib ujos. T odas las dimensiones est n indicadas en mm.
The switchgear is within the scope of technical progress subject to a permanent development. As far
as nothing else is noted on the single pages of this
manual, the right of changes of the indicated values
and drawings is reserved. All dimensions are indicated in mm.
Telefono:
Phone:
5255 53 00 82 19
5255 53 00 82 19
www.driw isa.com .m x
e-mail: g tev entas@driw isa.com
w w w .d riw isa.com .m x
e-mail: g tev entas@ d riw isa.com
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
General
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
An ti- Bu r s t- Sy s te m (ABS)
The activation of the ABS is indicated with a yellow high-voltage flash in the front cover of the
switchgear.
L1
10
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Interfaz c ap ac itiv a
C a p a c itiv e Interfa c e
Antes de la verificacin:
R etire los tapones de proteccin.
Introduzca los indicadores de voltaje de acuerdo
a las indicaciones del fabricante y verifique la
la presencia de voltaje.
Despu s de la verificacin:
R etire los indicadores de voltaje.
D o not use any shorting plugs! The protective function of the declared breaking point
that limits voltage becomes invalid with the
use of shorting plugs.
Repetitive Test: In fix ed intervals with the abovementioned functional test and a predetermined operating voltage. (Last repeat/functional test see
marking on the coupling).
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
11
Measuring arrangement for the Repeat / F unctional T est according to IEC 61243-5, Section
5.26.2
Punto de medicin
Measuring point
Z
R
M edicin de circuito/
measuring circuit
Z = 36 M
IM 2,5 A* U /[3* (0,45U N)]
Bei U = U N folgt IM 3,2 A
at U = U N follows IM 3,2 A
Verificar la igualdad de fases
Para sistemas LR :
Consulte los instructivos correspondientes del
fabricante del equipo de medicin.
12
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Overview
Esquema general
9
12
8
11
13
6
3
10
7
5
L1
1
2
Celda de cable
Celda de trans fo rm ado r
T ap a del co m p artim iento de fu s ibles
Co m p artim iento de co nex i n a cables co n tap a
Entrada para accionar el interruptor
Entrada para acionar la puesta a tierra
Entrada p ara m edir v o ltaje cap acitiv o /
co m p araci n de fas es
8. P laca de dato s
9. E tiq u eta
10. D iag ram a m m ico co n indicado r de p o s ici n del
interruptor
11. M an m etro o ex plos or (o p cio nal)
12 . Indicado r de co rto -circu ito (o p cio nal)
13. In d ic a d o r d e l A B S (s lo e n c e ld a s M IN E X )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ca b le cubicle
T ra n s fo rm er cubicle
F us e co v er
C a ble co n n ectio n a rea w ith co v er
D riv e s o ck et fo r s w itch -d is co n n ecto r
D riv e s o ck et fo r g round ing s w itch
M ea s urin g s o ck ets fo r th e ca p a citiv e v o lta g e
tes t a n d th e p h a s e co m p a ris o n tes t
8. N a m ep la te
9. L a bel
10. M im ic d ia g ra m w ith s w itch p o s itio n
in d ica to r
11. M ano m eter o r s p ark p lu g (o p tio na l)
12. S h o rt circuit in d ica to r (o p c io n a l)
1 3 . D is p la y fo r A B S (o n ly w ith ty p e M IN E X )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
13
Datos tcnicos
T ec h n ic a l D a ta
Ra ted va lu es
12 kV
17,5 kV
24 kV
28/32 kV
38/45 kV
50/60kV
T ens in d e Im p uls o
Frecuencia
C o rriente N o m inal
M o d ulo d e C ab le
C o rriente M x im a
M o d ulo d e T rans fo rm ad o r
C o rriente d e co rta d uracio n
C o rriente P ico co rto circuito
M o d ulo d e C ab le
C o rriente P ico co rto circuito
M o d ulo d e T rans fo rm ad o r
C o rriente M ax . cierre co n falla
75/85 kV
95/110 kV 125/145 kV
50/60 Hz
Voltaje Nominal
630 A
Rated voltage
Rated power frequency withstand
voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand
voltage
Rated frequency
Rated current for cable cubicle
630 A
630 A
25 A
10A
63 kA
63 kA
20 kA
50 kA
50 kA
50kA ***
50 kA
40 kA
300 A
10A
IAC AF L 20kA 1s
IAC AF L R 20kA 1s
K lasse E3 / class E3
1000A
45ms
- 25C - + 60C*
* tem p eraturas am b ientes > 40C co ns id erar facto res d e red uccio n
** en co nex in s o lid a,utiliz and o fus ib les lim itad o res d e co rriente, la
co rriente no m inal d ep end e d e el fus ib le ins talad o .
*** C ap acid ad interrup tiv a d el fus ib le
14
200 A **
20 kA
25 kA
M IN EX / G .I.S .E.L .A
H V H RC fuses
Sicherungsbemessungsstrom [A]
Rated current of HRC Fuses
T ensi n nominal / Rated voltage
7,2 kV
12 kV
17,5 kV
e=292 mm
e=292 mm
e=442 mm
min/max.
min/max.
min/max.
50
16
10/16
10
75
20/25
16/20
10
100
20/25
16/20
16
125
32/40
20/25
16
160
32/40
25/32
20/25
200
50/63
32/40
20/25
250
50/63
40/50
32/40
315
80/100
50/63
32/40
400
80/100
50/63
40/50
500
100/160
63/80
50/63
630
125/200
80/100
50/63
800
160/200
100
80/100
1000
200
160 (e=442mm)
100/125
e = long itud del fusible /reference measure of the HRC fuse
P otencia nominal
del transformador /
Rated transformerpower
[kVA]
24 kV
e=442 mm
min/max.
6
6
10/16
10/16
16/20
16/20
20/25
25/32
32/40
40/63
40/63
63
63
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
15
Dimensiones y pesos
D-D
Kabelfeld
ca. 100kg
Transformatorfeld ca. 140kg
approx. 100 kg
approx. 140 kg
1300/1700
Gewichte:
C-C
L1
L2
633 / 233
455/855
L3
500
315
18
500
370
518
18
290
M a e= 292mm e= 442mm
95 95
35
185
553
703
335
485
95 95
157.5
16
a
b
195
P esos
12/24kV
36kV
Celda de Cable
Ca. 100kg
Ca. 210kg
Cable cubicle
Celda de Transformado r
Ca. 140kg
Ca. 300kg
Transformer cubicle
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
weights
Mo n taje
A s s em b ly
In s tr u c c io n e s d e s e g u r id a d p a r a tr a n s p o r te ,
m o n ta je , o p e r a c i n y m a n te n im ie n to
R esp ect the safety rules for the lifting and the
transp ort of the switchgear!
D e s c a rg a y tra n s p o rte
D is c h ar g e an d T r an s p o r t
For the lifting and the transp ort of the switchgear use lifting devices, load absorp tion devices and fixing devices with sufficient force.
O nly fix the fixation means on the p redisp osed
lifting devices.
D espu s de la descarga:
- Verifiq ue q ue las celdas no est n da adas.
- Verifiq ue q ue las celdas y los accesorios concuerden
con los docum entos de em barq ue.
D ocum ente y av ise de inm ediato los da os de transporte
a su transportista o a D riesch er y W ittjoh ann, S .A .
After discharge:
- Check the switchgear for damages.
- Control, if according to the delivery note
the accessories are comp lete.
D ocument and signal transp ort damages immediately
to the carrier and to D riesch er y W ittjoh ann, S .A .
MINEX / G .I.S.E.L.A
17
F ront
18
X =
number of cable cubicles x 3 1 5 mm
+ number of transformer cubicles x 3 7 0
mm - 7 0 mm
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Posicionamiento de la Celda
Necessary space
Espacio requerido
M edida "L"
M edida "T"
-
measure L
e= 292 mm:
e= 442 mm:
measure T
e = 292 mm T = 553 mm
e = 442 mm T = 703 mm
T = 553 mm
T = 703 mm
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
19
For the SF6 switchgear type G.I.S.E.L.A. the operating pressure of the burst disc is 250kPa (over pressure).
20
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Instalacin
-
Proceed as follows:
remove
the
cable
compartment
covers
(see page 26)
W ith a fixation directly into the concrete, drill
boreholes in the foundation and insert dowels.
Install the switchgear with a crane or a lifting carriage on the prepared place.
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
21
Connection
Sistema de conexin
Connection System
Cable Connection
Always observe the safety hints of this operating manual and the assembly instructions of
the used terminals.
- Sequence of Phases
L1 left hand
L2 center
L3 right hand
Secuencia de fases:
L1 izquierda
L2 en medio
L3 derecha
celda de cables/
cable cubicle
22
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
celda de transformador/
transformer cubicle
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
23
Fjese en la polaridad.
Todava no conecte los contactos auxiliares.
2
L1
24
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Operacin
Operation
P u es ta en m arch a
S etting to W ork
C h ec k th e as s em b ly w ork s
C h ec k th e m ec h anic al fu nc tions .
F u rth er C h ec k s
MINEX / G .I.S.E.L.A
25
Operacin
Operation
R etiro de la tapa
-
U ntie the quick-release screws with the operating crank (hex agonal recess SW 1 4 at the
red end).
Turn the cover forward, incline and remove it.
There is a closing lock-out so that the switchdisconnector cannot be reclosed if the cable compartment cover is open.
R einsercin de la tapa
26
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
As an option, the free tripping of the switchdisconnector can be deactivated by means of the
striker pins of the HV HRC fuses. For disassembling
of the relevant components see Appendix B .
Accionamiento
Switch operation
C onectar el interruptor:
G ire la p alanca de accionam iento con u n m ov im iento
b ru sco en el sentido de las m anecillas del reloj.
E l indicador de p osicin del interruptor estar
en p osicin v ertical.
D es conectar el interruptor:
G ire la p alanca de accionam iento con u n m ov im iento
b ru sco en contra del sentido de las m anecilla del reloj.
E l indicador de p osicin del interruptor estar en
p osicin h oriz ontal.
/ON
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
27
ON / CO N ECT ADO
interruptor desconectado /
switch-disconnector OFF
switch disconnector ON
L1
OFF
Coloque la tapa del mecanismo con el letrero de precauci n (opcional) sobre el punto de sujecin y cubra
la apertura de conexin del mecanismo.
Apply the mechanism cover with warning plate (optional) onto holding point and cover the mechanism
opening.
28
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Accionamiento
Inserte la palanca de accionamiento con la terminal redonda en la entrada de la cuchilla de puesta a tierra.
ON / CONECTADA
OFF / DESCONECTADA
/OFF
L1
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
29
R e p lac e me n t of th e H V H R C fu s e s
Fusible operado /
HV HRC fuse has blown
Operacin Normal /
n ormal op e ration
O p e n in g th e fu s e c ov e r
30
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Reemplazo de fusibles
-
Pull out the fuse holder and support the fuse with
the other hand at same time.
MINEX / G .I.S.E.L.A
31
Verificacin de cables
P ro cedim iento
P roced ure
A cciones de p re-verificacin
Preparing actions
P ru eba
Testing
32
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Equipo opcional
Optional Equipment
A ccionamiento motriz
V oltaje de [V]
la red
230
115
220
110
60
48
24
AC
AC
D C
D C
D C
D C
D C
C orriente----P otencia
max . de
max . de
entrada
entrada
[A]
[W ]
0 ,2 2
0 ,3 9
0 ,2 8
0 ,3 6
0 ,6 6
0 ,6 9
1 ,4 1
40
43
64
42
41
34
34
Tiempo
de apertura
/c ierre [s]
system voltage
[V ]
230
115
220
110
60
48
24
1 0 /7
1 1 /8
1 1 /9
1 2 /1 0
1 1 /8
1 3 /1 0
1 3 /1 0
AC
AC
D C
D C
D C
D C
D C
max .input
current
[A]
M ax .
power
Input [W ]
cycle time
ON/OF F
approx .
[sec.]
0 ,2 2
0 ,3 9
0 ,2 8
0 ,3 6
0 ,6 6
0 ,6 9
1 ,4 1
40
43
64
42
41
34
34
1 0 /7
1 1 /8
1 1 /9
1 2 /1 0
1 1 /8
1 3 /1 0
1 3 /1 0
Y ou can find the circuit diagram of the motor mechanism within the circuit documentation which are enclosed to the switchgear.
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
33
Desconexin de emergencia
Emergency Unlocking
34
Pasador de desbloqueo/
G e a r u n lo c k e d
MINEX / G .I.S.E.L.A
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
35
Opcionalmente puede equiparse las celdas con unidades de conos de conexin externa a buses de 6 30A .
(N o es posible una instalacin posterior en campo.)
36
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Servicio
Servicing
M antenimiento
M aintenance
Driescher SF 6-insulated medium voltage switchgears are immission resistant and almost maintenance-free.
Reemplazo de componentes
DISPOSICION DE RESIDUOS
Su s com ponentes podr n ser reciclados de m anera conju nta com o residu os m ix tos o ser desensam b lados parte
por parte.
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
37
antes de la instalacin,
despu s de una modificacin o un mantenimiento
de la celdas,
por lo menos cada 4 aos.
38
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
The Driescher SF 6 switchgears up to 36kV contain SF6 gas with a rated pressure of 118 kPa.
Manometro
Manometer
Indicador verde :
Indicador rojo :
La presin medida es
demasiado baja.
El nivel de aislamiento de
la celdas est d eg ra d a d o .
Es necesario verificar
la presin de llenado.
Informe a Driescher y
W ittjohann, S.A.
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
red display:
39
Aviso:
Hint:
40
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Problemas comunes
Troub le-shooting
No.
Nr.
F alla
C ausa_posible
Bloqueo mecanico
entre interruptor
y cuchilla de
puesta a tierra
Cuchilla a tierra
conectada.
Bloqueo mecanico
No se puede
intruducir la palan- entre interruptor
ca de accionay cuchilla de
puesta a tierra
miento de la
cuchilla de puesta e interruptor
a tierra.
conectado.
No se puede
introducir la palanca de accionamiento del
interruptor.
Oper la apertura
rapida del deconectador del
transformador a
traves del perno
percutor de un
fusible o por
bobina de
disparo.
S olucion
Desconectar la
cuchilla de puesta
a tierra. Ahora
puede insertar
la palanca.
Desconectar el
interruptor.
Ahora puede
insertar la
palanca.
Gire la palanca
accionamiento
del interruptor
en sentido
contrario a las
manecillas del reloj hasta el tope.
Ahora puede conectar el desconectador del transformador.
Instalar los fusibles
de manera que
el perno percutor
seale hacia el
frente de la celda.
Coloque fusibles
con una fuerza
de disparo de 50N
y un recorrido del
perno minimo de
20mm.
Active el mecanisMecanismo de
mo de apertura
apertura por
fusible desactivado. por fusible.
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
Troub le
Possib le Cause
R emedy
Locking between
switchdisconnector and
grounding switch.
G rounding swich is
in ON-position.
G rounding switch Locking between
crank cannot be
switchplugged in.
disconnector and
grounding switch.
Switchdisconnector is in
ON-position.
TransformerThe trip-free
switchmechanism of the
disconnector
transformer
cannot be
switchswitched ON.
disconnector
was released by
the HV HRC
fuses with striker
pin or by trip coil.
No trip-free
mechanism of the
switchdisconnector,
type SEA, in case
the striker pin
fuse has blown.
Insert the HV
HRC fuse into the
holder in such a
way that the
striker pin shows
to the front.
U se HV HRC
fuses with at least
50 N tripping
force and 20 mm
minimum stroke
of the striker pin
HV HRC fuse
tripping is deactivated.
Activate the HV
HRC fuse tripping.
Switchdisconnectorcrank cannot be
plugged in.
HV HRC fuse is
not correctly
inserted into the
holder.
Switch OFF
switchdisconnector.
Now the switch
crank can be
attached..
41
Anexo A
Appen d ix A
42
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
In case of compact stations include the transformer compartment into the pressure release
area (see illustration 1).
In case of walk -in ty pe stations provide the
pressure release in the cable duct (1) (mini3
mum volumen ~ 3 m ) (illustration 2).
In cellar rooms or stations covered with brick stones undertak e protective measures as per
the individual installation situation.
In case of an ex isting cable duct (2) (minimum
3
volume ~ 1,1 m , minimum cross section =
2
0,25 m ) with an outward opening (3) - same
has to be used as pressure release area.
B y installing two lay ers of ex panded metal (4)
the arc gases are additionally cooled and the
ex it of hot gases is reduced (illustr.3).
W ithout a cable duct, the volume of the area
behind and above the switchgear has to be
used as pressure release area.
F or this purpose a pressure-resistant cover
(1) has to be installed to avoid the escape of
pressure into the cellar room or into the station with brick stones. F or the pressure release
outwards install an opening (2) (minimum
2
cross section 0,25 m ) with 2 lay ers of ex panded metal (illustration 4).
In case of high buildings (eg : tower stations)
the volume of the area above the switchgear
has to be used as a pressure release area.
F or this purpose a pressure-resistant cover
has to be installed up to a height of 2,5 m to
protect the operators room against hot gases
(illustration 5).
Ilustracin 2 / Illustration 2
Ilustracin 1/ Illustration 1
1
Ilustracin 3 / Illustration 3
Illustration 4
Ilustracin 5 /
Illustration 5
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
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Anexo B
Appendix B
Componentes principales:
palanca de operacion
perno retenedor
grapa de fijacin
Proceed as follows:
El montaje debe ser realizado con el desconectador desconectado, para evitar accidentes y
conexiones en falso.
-
operating lever
holding bolt
fixation clip
T o activate the fuse tripping install the three components to the mechanism under consideration of the
described work steps according to the pictures
44
MINEX / G.I.S.E.L.A
El SF6 usado en celdas elctricas puede contener contaminaciones de productos residuales debido a los efectos del arco :
fluoruros de azufre en forma de gas y fluoruros de xido de
azufre, fluoruros/sulfuros/xidos metlicos en forma slida, fluor
hidrogenado, bixido de azufre.
SF6 in electrical switchgears can contain decomposition products due to arc effects:
gaseous sulphur fluorides, and sulphur oxyd fluorides, solid
metal fluorides, -sulfides and -oxides, fluor hydrogen, sulphur
dioxide
U se protecciones corporales : guantes protectores, traje protector, mascarilla de gas, zapatos de seguridad, lentes de seguridad, casco.
Si ha habido contacto con productos descompuestos del gas
SF6 en piel u ojos, inmediatamente :
lvese la piel con abundante agua
los ojos con abundante agua y proteja el ojo no da ado
al mismo tiempo.
Si hay problemas de respiracin en alguna persona afectada,
retrela del ambiente contaminado y djela respirar aire fresco,
reposar, protjala contra enfriamiento, consulte consulte a
un mdico (peligro de edema pulmonar).
Durante los recesos en el trabajo o al finalizar la jornada de
trabajo, lave cuidadosamente cara, cuello,manos y brazos con
abundante agua.
N o guarde comida, no fume, no coma y no ingiera bebidas
dentro de las celdas.
Observe las instrucciones B G - B GI 753
Los productos de descomposicin del gas, lquidos y materiales
de limpieza, overalls desechables y filtros (p.e. mascarillas de gas),
deben ser depositados en recipientes de basura especiales.
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