SECCIN TCNICA

&)'6LPXODWLRQRIDQ$QDHURELF0HPEUDQH%LR5HDFWRU
$Q0%5WR7UHDW,QGXVWULDO:DVWHZDWHU
6LPXODFLQHQ&)'GHXQ%LR5HDFWRUGH0HPEUDQD$QDHUELFRSDUDWUDWDPLHQWRGHDJXDVUHVLGXDOHV
LQGXVWULDOHV
Laura C. Zuluaga (1), Luz N. Naranjo (2), Jan Svojitka (3), Thomas Wintgens (4), Manuel Rodriguez (5), Nicolas Ratkovich (6)

% 6 LQ &KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 8QGHUJUDGXDWH 6WXGHQW LQ (QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /RV$QGHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI
&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ3URGXFWDQG3URFHVV'HVLJQ*URXS*'33'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ&HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKLQ
(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ&,,$%RJRWD&RORPELDOF]XOXDJD#XQLDQGHVHGXFR

% 6 LQ &KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 8QGHUJUDGXDWH 6WXGHQW LQ (QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /RV$QGHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI
&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ3URGXFWDQG3URFHVV'HVLJQ*URXS*'33'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ&HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKLQ
(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ&,,$%RJRWD&RORPELDOQQDUDQMR#XQLDQGHVHGXFR

3K ' ,QVWLWXWH IRU (FRSUHQHXUVKLS 8QLYHUVLW\ RI$SSOLHG 6FLHQFHV DQG$UWV 1RUWKZHVWHUQ 6ZLW]HUODQG 0XWWHQ] 6ZLW]HUODQG MDQ
VYRMLWND#IKQZFK

3K'3URIHVVRU,QVWLWXWHIRU(FRSUHQHXUVKLS8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHVDQG$UWV1RUWKZHVWHUQ6ZLW]HUODQG0XWWHQ]6ZLW]HUODQGWKRPDVZLQWJHQV#IKQZFK

3K'06F$VVRFLDWHG3URIHVVRU8QLYHUVLW\RI/RV$QGHV'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ&HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKLQ(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ&,,$%RJRWD&RORPELDPDQXHOU#XQLDQGHVHGXFR

3K'06F$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU8QLYHUVLW\RI/RV$QGHV'HSDUWPHQWRI&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ3URGXFWDQG3URFHVV'HVLJQ*URXS
*'33%RJRWD&RORPELDQULRV#XQLDQGHVHGXFR
5HFHLYHG1RYHPEHUWK0RGLHG-XQHWK$SSURYHG-XQHWK
'2,KWWSG[GRLRUJULXDYL

Key words
$QDHURELF&)'KHDWWUDQVIHU0%5766FRQFHQWUDWLRQ

Palabras clave
$QDHUELFR&)'FRQFHQWUDFLQGHVOLGRVVXVSHQGLGRV
WRWDOHV0%5WUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORU

Abstract
$ &RPSXWDWLRQDO )OXLG '\QDPLFV &)' VLPXODWLRQ KDV
EHHQ GHYHORSHG IRU DQ$QDHURELF 0HPEUDQH %LR5HDFWRU
$Q0%5 WR WUHDW LQGXVWULDO ZDVWHZDWHU $V WKH SURFHVV
FRQVLVWV RI D VLGHVWUHDP 0%5 WZR VHSDUDWH VLPXODWLRQV
ZHUHFUHDWHGLUHDFWRUDQGLLPHPEUDQH'LIIHUHQWFDVHV
ZHUHFRQGXFWHGIRUHDFKRQHVRWKHVXUURXQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUH DQG WKH WRWDO VXVSHQGHG VROLGV 766 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
ZHUHFKHFNHG)RUWKHUHDFWRUWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWV
WRFRQVLGHUZHUHWKHGHDG]RQHVDQGWKHPL[LQJZKHUHDV
IRUWKHFHUDPLFPHPEUDQHLWZDVWKHVKHDUVWUHVVRYHUWKH
PHPEUDQHVXUIDFH5HVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHUHDFWRUVPL[LQJ
SURFHVV ZDV DGHTXDWH DQG WKDW WKH PHPEUDQH SUHVHQWHG
KLJKHUVKHDUVWUHVVLQWKHWULDQJXODUFKDQQHO

Resumen
8QD VLPXODFLQ HQ GLQPLFD GH XLGRV FRPSXWDFLRQDO
&)' IXH GHVDUUROODGD SDUD XQ %LRUUHDFWRU GH 0HPEUDQDDQDHUELFR$Q0%5SDUDHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODVDJXDV
UHVLGXDOHVLQGXVWULDOHV'HELGRDTXHHOSURFHVRFRQVWDGHO
UHDFWRU\GHODPHPEUDQDVHSDUDGRVVHFUHDURQGRVVLPXODFLRQHVLUHDFWRU\LLPHPEUDQDVHFRQVLGHUDURQGLIHUHQWHV WHPSHUDWXUDV GHO DPELHQWH \ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH
VOLGRVVXVSHQGLGRVWRWDOHV6673DUDHOUHDFWRUORVDVSHFWRVPVLPSRUWDQWHVDDQDOL]DUIXHURQODV]RQDVPXHUWDV
\HOPH]FODGRPLHQWUDVTXHSDUDODPHPEUDQDIXHURQODV
WHQVLRQHVGHFL]DOODPLHQWRVREUHVXVXSHUFLH/RVUHVXOWDGRVPXHVWUDQTXHHOUHDFWRUWHQDXQSURFHVRGHPH]FODGR
DGHFXDGR\HQODPHPEUDQDVHSUHVHQWDQODVPD\RUHVWHQVLRQHVGHFL]DOODPLHQWRHQHOFDQDOWULDQJXODU

1. INTRODUCTION
'XH WR WKH LQFUHDVLQJ SROOXWLRQ DQG VFDUFLW\ RI ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ZDWHU WUHDWPHQW LV H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW QRZDGD\V
6HYHUDOZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG

HVSHFLDOO\WRVDWLVI\QHZORFDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZVWKDWDLP
WRLPSURYHZDWHUTXDOLW\0HPEUDQH%LR5HDFWRUV0%5DUH
DPRQJWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWPHWKRGV/HPRV HW DO  )RU ODUJHVFDOH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DFFXUDWH

#42 Revista de Ingeniera. Universidad de los Andes. Bogot D.C., Colombia. rev.ing.
ISSN. 0121-4993. Enero - Junio de 2015, pp. 23-29.

23



SECCIN TCNICA

RSHUDWLRQDODVVHVVPHQWPXVWEHFRQGXFWHGWRUHGXFHHFRQRPLFH[SHQVHVJLYHQWKDWWKLVSURFHVVLVRQHRIWKHPRVWH[SHQVLYHGXHWRWKHOWUDWLRQVHFWLRQPHPEUDQH7KHDLPRI

WKLVVWXG\LVWRSHUIRUPD&)'VLPXODWLRQRIDODEVFDOH0%5
ORFDWHGLQD::73LQ%DVHO6ZLW]HUODQGDQGDQDO\]HLWVSHUIRUPDQFHDQGSRVVLEOHPRGLFDWLRQVQHHGHGIRUODUJHVFDOH
DSSOLFDWLRQ,WKDVEHHQQRWHGWKDWWKHUHLVQRVLJQLFDQWVWDWH
RIWKHDUWUHJDUGLQJ$Q0%5&)'VLPXODWLRQVDQGDVVXFK
WKHSURMHFWLVEHLQJEDVHGRQSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKRQDQDHURELF
GLJHVWHUV
0%5VDUHSULPDULO\XVHGWRWUHDWLQGXVWULDODQGPXQLFLSDO
ZDVWHZDWHU7KHV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIDELRUHDFWRUDQGDPHPEUDQHSURFHVV7KLVSURFHVVKDVEHFRPHDYHU\XVHIXOZDWHU
WUHDWPHQWPHWKRGDQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\DIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWSURVSHFWIRUWKUHHUHDVRQVLLQFUHDVLQJOHJLVODWLYHUHTXLUHPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LL GHFUHDVLQJ SURFHVV
FRVWVDQGLQFUHDVLQJIXQGLQJDQGLQFHQWLYHVDQGLLLLQFUHDVLQJFRQGHQFHLQWKLVWHFKQRORJ\-XGG
7KH0%5RSHUDWLRQFRQVLVWVRIWZRSURFHVVHVELRORJLFDO
DQGOWUDWLRQ7KHUVWLVJLYHQE\WKHELRUHDFWRUZKLFKDFWLYDWHVWKHVOXGJHXVLQJPLFURRUJDQLVPV7KHVHFRQGRFFXUV
GXHWRWKHPHPEUDQHZKLFKVHSDUDWHVWKHVROLGVIURPWKHOLTXLGVWUHDPGHSHQGLQJRQWKHPHPEUDQHVSRUHVL]HXOWUDOWUDWLRQRUPLFUROWUDWLRQ,QWKLVFDVHERWKSURFHVVHVKDSSHQ
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\DOORZLQJVXFFHVVIXOVHSDUDWLRQDQGH[FHOOHQW
ZDWHUTXDOLW\-XGG
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOSDUDPHWHUVWKDWLQXHQFHWKHRYHUDOOSHUPHDWH X[ PHPEUDQH UHVLVWDQFH RSHUDWLRQDO GULYLQJ IRUFH
SHU XQLW PHPEUDQH DUHD K\GURG\QDPLF FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH
PHPEUDQHOLTXLGLQWHUIDFHDQGWKHIRXOLQJDQGVXEVHTXHQW
FOHDQLQJRIWKHPHPEUDQHVXUIDFH-XGG&OHDQLQJRI
WKHPHPEUDQHVXUIDFHLVWKHELJJHVWGUDZEDFNRI0%5V\VWHPV)RXOLQJUHGXFHVWKHOLIHWLPHRIWKHPHPEUDQHVZKLFK
GLUHFWO\ DIIHFWV WKH HFRQRPLF YLDELOLW\ RI WKH SURFHVV GXH
WR KLJK PHPEUDQH FRVWV &OHDQLQJ SURFHGXUHV DUH UHTXLUHG
WRFRXQWHUDFWWKLVGUDZEDFNDQGWKH\FDQEHFDUULHGRXWE\
EDFNZDVKLQJRULQVHYHUHFDVHVFKHPLFDOFOHDQLQJPD\EH
XVHG
'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH W\SH RI 0%5 GLIIHUHQW FRQJXUDWLRQV
DUHDSSOLHG)RUVLGHVWUHDP0%5WKHPHPEUDQHDQGUHDFWRUDUHQRWLQWKHVDPHWDQNWXUEXOHQFHLVSURYRNHGE\FURVV
RZYHORFLW\ZKHUHDVIRULPPHUVHG0%5ERWKPHPEUDQH
DQGUHDFWRUDUHLQWKHVDPHWDQNLWLVSURPRWHGE\LQFUHDVLQJ
PHPEUDQHDHUDWLRQ-XGG
,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHWZRRSHUDWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVIRU0%5
DHURELFDQGDQDHURELF7KLVVWXG\IRFXVHVRQWKHODWWHU$QDHURELFV\VWHPVDUHXVHGWRSURFHVVIRRGDJULFXOWXUHDQGDQLPDOZDVWHZKHUHPHWKDQRJHQLFEDFWHULDGHFRPSRVHWKHRUJDQLFZDVWHSURGXFLQJPHWKDQH:X,QWKLVZD\WKH
DQDHURELFSURFHVVJHQHUDWHVDQHQHUJ\VRXUFHUHGXFHVRIIHQVLYHRGRUVJUHHQKRXVHJDVHPLVVLRQVDQGVROLGZDVWH:X
%LEHDX *HEUHPHGKLP0RUHRYHUVRPHVWXGLHVHVWDEOLVKWKDW$Q0%5FDQJHQHUDWHDQHQHUJ\VXUSOXVRIDERXW
 ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG IRU GLVLQIHFWLRQ RI WKH VOXGJH DQG

/DXUD&=XOXDJDHWDO/ Revista de IngenieraSS

WKHUPDO GU\LQJ PDNLQJ WKLV DQ H[FHOOHQW RSWLRQ IRU ZDWHU

WUHDWPHQW/HPRV6HUWULR6LOYD 3HUHLUD
$Q0%5SHUIRUPDQFHGHSHQGVSULPDULO\RQS+WHPSHUDWXUH UHGR[ SRWHQWLDO IHHG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV IHHGLQJ SDWWHUQV
K\GUDXOLFUHWHQWLRQWLPHDQGPL[LQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHODWWHUDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUDFKLHYLQJWKHFRUUHFWRSHUDWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQV E\ XQLIRUPLQJ S+ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH WUDQVIHUULQJ VXEVWUDWHVWRWKHPLFURRUJDQLVPVDQGGLOXWLQJWKHOLTXLGLQFDVH
RIWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQLQKLELWRU\VXEVWDQFH7HUDVKLPDHWDO
7KHUHDUHWKUHHW\SHVRIPL[LQJJDVPL[LQJSXPSHG
UHFLUFXODWLRQDQGPHFKDQLFDOPL[LQJ0HFKDQLFDOPL[LQJLV
WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH DOWKRXJK FRPSOH[ DV LW LV JRYHUQHG E\
PRPHQWXPFRQWLQXLW\DQGWXUEXOHQFHHTXDWLRQV7KXVVRPH
DVVXPSWLRQVPXVWEHPDGHIRUWKHDGHTXDWHGHYHORSPHQWRID
WKHRUHWLFDOPRGHO:X
,QJHQHUDOWKLVVWXG\ZLOOEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWHSWRZDUGVWKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIQHZWHFKQLTXHVWRGHFUHDVH$Q0%5ORZHIFLHQF\GUDZEDFNVLQWHUPVRILQFRPSOHWHPL[LQWKHUHDFWRUDQGQRKRPRJHQHLW\RIXLG$OVRSRVVLEOHGDPDJHFDQ
EHSUHYHQWHGLQWKHPHPEUDQHE\DQDO\]LQJSHDNVLQVKHDU
VWUHVVGXHWRIRXOLQJDQGDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ766FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHLQOHWDQGVKHDUVWUHVV

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Process description
7KHRYHUDOOSURFHVVRIDVLGHVWUHDP$Q0%5LVORFDWHGDWDQ
LQGXVWULDO ::73 LQ %DVHO 6ZLW]HUODQG ,W FRQVLVWV RI WZR
SDUWV D ELRUHDFWRU DQG WZR XOWUDOWUDWLRQ 8) PHPEUDQHV
LQVHULHV7KHELRUHDFWRUDQGPHPEUDQHGLPHQVLRQVDUHREVHUYHGLQ)LJXUHLDQGLLDQGWKHRYHUDOOSURFHVVLQLLL
7KHQRPLQDOYROXPHRIWKHELRUHDFWRULV/DQGWKHPHPEUDQHDUHDYDULHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHLQVWDOOHGPHPEUDQH
PLQWKLVVWXG\7KHPHPEUDQHLVRSHUDWHGLQFRQWLQXRXV
FURVVRZPRGHWKHUHWHQWDWHLVPRXQWHGRQWRWKHELRUHDFWRUYHVVHOWDQJHQWLDOO\VRWKDWFLUFXODWLRQRIWKHPL[HGOLTXRU
LVLQGXFHG7KHPHPEUDQHOHQJWKLVP7KHSURGXFWVDUH
SHUPHDWH DQG ELRJDV 7KH UHDFWRU KDV D WKHUPDO MDFNHW WR
PDLQWDLQWKHGHVLUHGWHPSHUDWXUH

2.2 State-of-the-art of CFD modeling of

AnMBR and anaerobic digesters
&)' FDQ EH XVHG IRU PRGHOLQJ GLIIHUHQW SURFHVVHV DQG
VWXG\LQJ WKH EHKDYLRU RI XLGV XQGHU GLIIHUHQW VFHQDULRV
:KHQ0%5VDUHVWXGLHGVXEPRGHOVWKDWFDOFXODWHWUDQVSRUW
RI VOXGJH DQG PHPEUDQH OWUDWLRQ JHQHUDWH PRUH DFFXUDWH
UHVXOWV %OD]HN  &DOFXODWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW SKHQRPHQD
PDVVHQHUJ\PRPHQWXPUHVXOWVLQDVHULHVRISDUWLDOGLIIHUHQWLDOHTXDWLRQV3'(ZKLFKDUHVLPSOLHGWRDOJHEUDLF
HTXDWLRQV1XPHULFDOPRGHOVDUHEDVHGRQSK\VLFDOSKHQRPHQDWXUEXOHQFHPXOWLSKDVHDQGPRYLQJPHVKWKDWRFFXULQ
WKHV\VWHP7KHFXUUHQWSULQFLSDOPRGHOVXVHGLQ$Q0%5DUH
VXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH

/DXUD&=XOXDJDHWDO/ Revista de IngenieraSS

Li

Lii

Figure 1. DZ
Source: K

Membrane module

Model

Study

Turbulence model

Z

Single phase

Shear stress over the

membrane surface

dW'
s:

&

Mixture

W
velocity

^^d

W<
(2008)



Single phase

&
anaerobic digesters

Laminar

d



Single phase

d


anaerobic digesters

Laminar

t



&
E

digesters

D

Wu et al. (2010a)

Tubular membrane
(AnMBR)

Mixture

Analysis of mass transfer


&
modeling

ZE'

Yang, Vedantam, Spanjers,

Nopens & van Lier (2012)

Table 1. WDZ&
Source: K

2.3 CFD procedure

&RQVLGHULQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI 1DYLHU 6WRNHV HTXDWLRQV WKDW
JXLGHWKHXLGEHKDYLRUDQGWKHGLIFXOW\LQQGLQJVROXWLRQV
IRUSDUWLDOGLIIHUHQWLDOHTXDWLRQVZHXVHGWKH67$5&&0n
VRIWZDUH ZKLFK HPSOR\V WKH QLWH GLIIHUHQFH QXPHULFDO
PHWKRG GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI GRPDLQ DQG WLPH WR QG DQ DSSUR[LPDWHVROXWLRQ7KHPHWKRGFRQVLVWVLQGLYLGLQJWKHGRPDLQ LQWR FRQWURO YROXPHV DQG DSSUR[LPDWH HTXDWLRQV WR D
VHWRIDOJHEUDLFH[SUHVVLRQVWKURXJKGLVFUHWL]DWLRQLQRUGHU
WRLWHUDWLYHO\QGDVROXWLRQ

2.3.1. Create the geometry: 6ROLG (GJHn ZDV XVHG WR FUHDWHWKHELRUHDFWRUDQGWKHPHPEUDQHJHRPHWU\EDVHG
RQWKHGLPHQVLRQVXVHGLQLQGXVWULDO::73LQ%DVHO
)LJXUH
 Perform meshing:$QLQGHSHQGHQWPHVKLQJDQDO\VLV
ZDV SHUIRUPHG FRQVLGHULQJ WKUHH VL]HV ZLWK D 
YDULDWLRQ IURP WKH EDVH VL]H 1R VLJQLFDQW FKDQJHV
ZHUHREVHUYHGVRWKHWKLFNHVWRQHZDVXVHGPHDQLQJ
WKDW OHVV FRPSXWDWLRQDO WLPH ZDV UHTXLUHG 1R JUHDW
FKDQJHVLQWKHJHRPHWU\ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGKHQFHWKH

25



SECCIN TCNICA

VXIFLHQWO\UHQHGPHVKGLGQRWQHHGYDULDWLRQV7KH
FRPSXWDWLRQDOORDGZDVORZREWDLQLQJDERXW
FHOOVIRUWKHUHDFWRUDQGFHOOVIRUWKHPHPEUDQH &RQYHUJHQFH FULWHULD ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG WR QRW
H[FHHG  IRU FRQWLQXLW\ PDVV PRPHQWXP DQG
HQHUJ\
 'HQHSURSHUWLHV$VWKHSURFHVVDFWXDOO\ZRUNVLQD
VWDWLRQDU\VWDWHDQGRQO\OLTXLGVZDWHUDQGDFWLYDWHG
VOXGJH DUH VLPXODWHG VWHDG\VWDWH DQG LQFRPSUHVVLEOHZHUHVHOHFWHG
 Activate the multiphase model:DPRQRSKDVHPRGHO
ZDVLPSOHPHQWHG$QDO\]LQJWKHSDUWLFOHVGLVSHUVLRQ
LVQRWDSULPDU\REMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\WKXVRQO\OLTXLG ZDV VLPXODWHG$ QRQ1HZWRQLDQ DSSUR[LPDWLRQ
ZDVXVHGIRUWKH766FRQFHQWUDWLRQ,QWKLVVWXG\D
VHJUHJDWH RZ ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH
HTXDWLRQV DUH VROYHG VHSDUDWHO\ IRU HDFK FRPSRQHQW
RI YHORFLW\ DQG SUHVVXUH ZLWK D FRQYHFWLRQ VFKHPH
RI VHFRQG RUGHU XSZLQG WKDW RIIHUV PRUH DFFXUDF\
FRPSDUHGWRUVWRUGHUXSZLQG7KLVVFKHPHZDVDOVR
XVHGIRUWKHVHJUHJDWHXLGWHPSHUDWXUHDQG667N
PRGHOV
 'HQHWXUEXOHQFHPRGHO7KHUHDUHVHYHUDODSSURDFKHV WR WXUEXOHQFH PRGHOLQJ VXFK DV 5H\QROGV$YHUDJHG1DYLHU6WRNHV5$16/DUJH(GG\6LPXODWLRQ
/(6DQG'LUHFW1XPHULFDO6LPXODWLRQ'167KH
UVW LV RIWHQ XVHG LQ VLPLODU FDVH VWXGLHV GXH WR WKH
ORZ FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRVW DQG H[SHULHQFH UHODWHG ZLWK
LWV IXQFWLRQDOLW\ 7KLV PRGHO KDV VRPH YDULDWLRQV
VWDQGDUGNLL667NDQGLLL667NLQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKH YRUWLFLW\ PRGHO 667 N ZDV VHOHFWHGEHFDXVHLWUHGXFHVWKHSUREOHPDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV VHQVLWLYLW\ E\ FRPELQLQJ WZR
PRGHOVNIRUGLVWDQWSDUWVRIWKHZDOONZKHQWKH
UHJLRQLVFORVHWRWKHZDOO,WDOVRLQFOXGHVDWUDQVSRUW
HTXDWLRQ IRU VKHDU VWUHVV 7KHUHIRUH WKLV WXUEXOHQFH
PRGHO ZDV XVHG LQ WKH ELRUHDFWRU ZLWK FRUUHODWLRQV
FRQVLGHULQJFKDQJHVLQSURSHUWLHVYLVFRVLW\DQGGHQVLW\ GXH WR766 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH 2Q
WKHRWKHUKDQGDODPLQDUPRGHOZDVXVHGLQWKHPHPEUDQHDVWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHZDVVLPXODWHGDVDQRQ
1HZWRQLDQ XLG FKDQJHV LQ SURSHUWLHV GXH WR 766
FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGWHPSHUDWXUHZHUHDOVRFRQVLGHUHG
 'HQH WKH RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV )RU WKH ELRUHDFWRU
IRXUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI766ZHUHFRQVLGHUHG
DQGJ/DQGIRXUVXUURXQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHV
DQGp&DVLQ6ZLW]HUODQGVVHDVRQV$Wp&
KHDWWUDQVIHULVQHJOHFWHGDFRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUHLQVLGH WKH UHDFWRU LV PDLQWDLQHG DW p&7KXV D WRWDO
RIFDVHVZHUHDQDO\]HGIRUWKHELRUHDFWRU)RUWKH
PHPEUDQHWKUHHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI766ZHUHVWXGLHG
DQGJ/DQGQRKHDWWUDQVIHUZDVFRQVLGHUHG

/DXUD&=XOXDJDHWDO/ Revista de IngenieraSS

EHFDXVHWKHUHDFWRURXWRZZDVDWp&DQGWKHUHZDV
QRVXEVWDQWLDOKHDWORVVLQWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJV
 'HQHWKHERXQGDU\DQGLQLWLDOFRQGLWLRQV7KHELRUHDFWRUZDVGLYLGHGLQWRVHSDUDWHVHFWLRQVLQRUGHUWR
GHQH WKH GLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQV XSSHU SDUW WKHUPDO
MDFNHWERWWRPRIELRUHDFWRUFRYHURIELRUHDFWRUSHUPHDWH UHWHQWDWH LQXHQW RXWOHW )RU HDFK RI WKHVH
VHFWLRQV D FRQGLWLRQ ZDV GHQHG 9HORFLW\ ZDV GHQHGIRUHDFKLQOHW7KHYDOXHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHG
RQ PDVV EDODQFH 7KH RWKHUV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG ZDOOV
ZLWKWKHUPDOVSHFLFDWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSKHQRPHQD RFFXUULQJ QDWXUDO DQG IRUFH FRQYHFWLRQ 7KH
KHDWWUDQVIHUYDOXHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGDQGDFRUUHODWLRQ
GHSHQGLQJRQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHZDVIRXQG7KHPHPEUDQHZDVDOVRGLYLGHGLQWRUHJLRQV$OOWKHFKDQQHO
ZDOOVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGZDOOVZLWKDVKHDUVWUHVVVSHFLFDWLRQDQGWKHSUHVVXUHDQGYHORFLW\RIWKHLQOHWDQG
RXWOHWUHVSHFWLYHO\ZHUHGHQHG
 Initialize the solution.
 Display the solution and plotting residuals during the
process of calculation.

3. RESULTS
3.1. Bioreactor
'XHWRWKHVLPSOLFDWLRQRIDPRQRSKDVHRZVLPXODWLRQ
WKHUHDFWRUOLTXLGOHYHOLVFRQVLGHUHGIXOO,QWKHODEVFDOHLW
RQO\FRUUHVSRQGVWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHWDQN
KHLJKW9HORFLW\SURYLGHVDQLQLWLDOLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHPL[LQJ
LQWKHUHDFWRUDQGLWDOORZVWKHLGHQWLFDWLRQRIGHDG]RQHV
WKDQNVWRWKHXFWXDWLRQVLQYHORFLW\ZKLFKZDVWKHSULPDU\ JRDO RI WKLV VWXG\ )LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH
VLPXODWLRQVIRUGLIIHUHQWYDOXHVRI766DWp&IRUWKHVXUURXQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUH$FFRUGLQJWR)LJXUHWKHSUHVHQFHRI
VROLGVFDXVHVDGHFUHDVHLQWKHYHORFLW\PDJQLWXGH7KLVPD\
EHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHLQFUHDVHLQWKHYLVFRVLW\DWKLJKHUVROLGV
FRQFHQWUDWLRQV 0RUHRYHU WKDQNV WR WKH WDQJHQWLDO LQOHW RI
WKHUHWHQWDWHWKHUHDFWRUSUHVHQWVJRRGPL[WXUHF\FORQHHIIHFW1RQHWKHOHVVWKHUHDUHVRPHUHJLRQVFHQWUDOZKHUHWKH
VSHHGLVYHU\ORZDQGWKLVFDQEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKOLWWOHGLVWXUEDQFH,QWKHVH]RQHVWKHPL[LQJLVDOPRVWQRQH[LVWHQW1R
VLJQLFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHREVHUYHGDWGLIIHUHQWVXUURXQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHVGXHWRWKHUHDFWRUWKHUPDOMDFNHWWKDWPDLQWDLQVWKHLQVLGHWHPSHUDWXUHDWp&GDWDQRWVKRZQ)RUD
EHWWHUDQDO\VLVWKHDYHUDJHSURSHUWLHVDUHHYDOXDWHGGDWDQRW
VKRZQHYLGHQFLQJDVLPLODUEHKDYLRUGHSHQGLQJRQWKH766
FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGQRWRQWKHVXUURXQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHVRIWKHSURSHUWLHVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
DYHUDJHYHORFLW\DYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHDSSDUHQWYLVFRVLW\FRUUHVSRQGWRWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKHYROXPHLQVLGH
WKHUHDFWRUDQGWKHRXWSXWYHORFLW\LVWKHYDOXHRIDQDYHUDJH
DUHDFDOFXODWHGLQWKHWDQJHQWLDOSODQHRIWKHUHDFWRURXWOHW

/DXUD&=XOXDJDHWDO/ Revista de IngenieraSS

Li

iiL

LY

Yi

Yii

Yiii

Figure 2. sd^^>>>>sd^^>
>>>
Source: &^dZD

TSS (g/L)

Average velocity

Output velocity

Average
temperature (C)


W

10

0.0008

10

10

10

10

25

0.0008

25

25

10

25

0.2221

Surrounding Temp.
(C)

0.0008

10

0.2058

Table 2. Z&
Source:ZD

,QJHQHUDOLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHF\FORQHEHKDYLRULQWKH
UHDFWRU FDXVHG E\ WKH WDQJHQWLDO LQOHW UHWHQWDWH KHOSV WR
DFKLHYH D EHWWHU PL[WXUH H[FOXGLQJ WKH FHQWUDO SDUW RI WKH
UHDFWRU ZKLFK RSHUDWHV DW YHU\ ORZ VSHHGV 7KHUHIRUH IRU
ODUJHVFDOH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQWVWUXFWXUHVFDSDEOHRIFKDQJLQJWKHXLGEHKDYLRUVXFK
DVEDIHVRUSXPSHGUHFLUFXODWLRQLQWKHUHDFWRUGHVLJQ7KH
GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI VWLUUHUV DQG WKH SUHVHQFH RI EDIHV PD\
EH LQLWLDOO\ HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ &)' WR GHWHUPLQH WKH EHQHWV
LQWHUPVRIPL[LQJDQGUHGXFHGGHDG]RQHVDOOZLWKRXWLQFXUULQJKLJKHUFRVWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKH[SHULPHQWDOPHDVXUHPHQWV
7KH WKHUPDO MDFNHW WKDW PDLQWDLQV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQVLGH
WKH UHDFWRU DW p& ORVHV DOPRVW DOO LWV HQHUJ\ WR WKH VXUURXQGLQJV 7KDW LV ZK\ DQ LQVXODWLQJ MDFNHW PD\ LPSURYH

HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ OHYHOV 0RUHRYHU WKH RXWRZ RI WKH

UHDFWRU LV DW p& DQG LW GRHV QRW ORVH PXFK HQHUJ\ WR WKH
VXUURXQGLQJV ZKLOH LW SDVVHV WKURXJK ERWK PHPEUDQHV ,Q
WKLVZD\WKHUHDFWRUPDLQWDLQVLWVWHPSHUDWXUHDURXQGp&
VKRZLQJDVOLJKWWHPSHUDWXUHSUROHZKHUHWKHDYHUDJHYROXPHWHPSHUDWXUHLVMXVWEHORZp&7DEOH7KXVUDWKHU
WKDQDWKHUPDOMDFNHWZHUHFRPPHQGWKHXVHRIDQLQVXODWLQJ
MDFNHWWRNHHSWKHUHDFWRUDGLDEDWLFZLWKWKHVXUURXQGLQJVDQG
WKHUHIRUHGHFUHDVHWKHSURFHVVRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ

3.2 Membrane
7KHYHORFLW\DQGVKHDUVWUHVVSUROHVGLGQRWVKRZDVLJQLFDQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ YDU\LQJ 766 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ WKXV RQO\
UHVXOWVDWJ/DUHVKRZQ7KHKLJKHUVKHDUVWUHVVRFFXUV
DWWKHEHJLQQLQJDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKHPHPEUDQHGXHWRWKH



28

/DXUD&=XOXDJDHWDO/ Revista de IngenieraSS

SECCIN TCNICA

LV D OLQHDU UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH 766 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG

VKHDUVWUHVV7KHKLJKHVWVKHDUVWUHVVFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHRQH
RQWKHWULDQJXODUFKDQQHOZKLOHWKHVPDOOHVWFRUUHVSRQGV
WRWKHFLUFXODUFKDQQHO7KHWULDQJXODUFKDQQHOKDVDODUJHU
ZHWWHG SHULPHWHU WKDQ WKH FLUFXODU FKDQQHO ZKLFK JHQHUDWHVDJUHDWHUFRQWDFWRZFKDQQHOFDXVLQJDODUJHUIULFWLRQ
FRPSRQHQWPDNLQJLWPRUHGLIFXOWIRUWKHRZWRPRYH$W
KLJKHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI766DKLJKHUVKHDUVWUHVVRSHUDWHV
,QWKHPLGGOHRIWKHPHPEUDQHWKHVKHDUVWUHVVDFKLHYHVD
FRQVWDQWYDOXHGLIIHUHQWIRUHDFK766FRQFHQWUDWLRQ)RUWKH
PHPEUDQHRSHUDWLRQLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRFRPSDUHWKHYDOXHVRIWKHVKHDUVWUHVVZLWKWKHPD[LPXPIRUFHWKDWWKHPHPEUDQHFDQUHVLVWEHFDXVHLIWKHIRUPHUDUHJUHDWHUWKHPHPEUDQHFDQEHGHIRUPHG7KHDYHUDJHYHORFLWLHVGRQRWYDU\
VLJQLFDQWO\ZKLFKLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHPDVVEDODQFH7KH
GDWDWVWKHWKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHVFDOFXODWHGGDWDQRWVKRZQ

tUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ D VLQJOH SLSH DQG D FKDQQHOHG VWUXFWXUH

LH FRQWUDFWLRQ RU H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH FKDQQHO UHVSHFWLYHO\
$WWKLVSRLQWWKHVKHDUVWUHVVUHDFKHVDPD[LPXPYDOXHRI
3DZKLOHDORQJWKHPHPEUDQHLWGHFUHDVHVVXEVWDQWLDOO\
)LJXUHLVKRZVWKHVKHDUVWUHVVSUROH7KHKLJKHVWYHORFLWLHVDUHDFKLHYHGLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHFKDQQHOVHVSHFLDOO\LQ
WKHFLUFXODUFKDQQHOZKHUHWKHYHORFLW\SUROHVKRZVDPD[LPXPYHORFLW\RIPV6HH)LJXUHLL0RUHRYHUWKH
PD[LPXPYHORFLW\WKURXJKWKHPHPEUDQHLVDFKLHYHGDWWKH
EHJLQQLQJRIWKHFKDQQHOVZKHUHWKHRZFRPHVRQO\IURP
DFKDQQHOFRQWUDFWLRQZKLFKJHQHUDWHVDJUHDWHUYHORFLW\DQG
WKHQVWDUWVWRGHFUHDVHXQWLOLWVWDELOL]HV6HH)LJXUHLLL
7KHFRQWUDFWLRQFRQWULEXWHVHQHUJ\WRWKHV\VWHPLQFUHDVLQJ
WKHRZYHORFLW\
$YHUDJH YDOXHV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG IRU D EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVHSURSHUWLHVGHSHQGLQJRQ766FRQFHQWUDWLRQVHH
7DEOH$FFRUGLQJWR7DEOHZH FDQHVWDEOLVKWKDWWKHUH

Li

Lii

Figure 3. Dd^^>d^^>
TSS 10 g/L.
Source: Figure ^dZD

d^^>







^
W

^
W

12

10

15

15

Table 3. Z&
Source: Z^dZD

/DXUD&=XOXDJDHWDO/ Revista de IngenieraSS

3. CONCLUSIONS
$QDFFXUDWH&)'VLPXODWLRQRIWKH$Q0%5LQWKH::73
LQ%DVHO6ZLW]HUODQGZDVFRQGXFWHG7KHYHORFLW\FRQWRXUV
DQGVWUHDPOLQHVVKRZWKDWWKHUHLVF\FORQHW\SHEHKDYLRULQVLGH WKH UHDFWRU ZKHUHE\ WKHUH LV QR PL[LQJ LQ WKH FHQWUDO
SDUW8QGHUWKHFRQGLWLRQVDQDO\]HGWKHUHLVDJRRGPL[LQJ
LQWKHUHDFWRUKRZHYHUIRUDVFDOLQJSURFHVVD&)'VLPXODWLRQ PD\ EH FRQGXFWHG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU RWKHU W\SHV
RIDJLWDWLRQLHSXPSUHFLUFXODWLRQPD\EHQHHGHGEHVLGHV
WKHWDQJHQWLDORZ$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWDVSHFWREVHUYHGZLWK
&)'VLPXODWLRQLVWKHGHFUHDVHLQWKHYHORFLW\LQVLGHWKHUHDFWRUZKHQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIVXVSHQGHGVROLGVLQFUHDVHV
OHDGLQJWRWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDJUHDWHUQXPEHURIGHDG]RQHV
7KLV FRXOG EH DYRLGHG E\ LPSOHPHQWLQJ DQ DGGLWLRQDO W\SH
RIDJLWDWLRQ5HJDUGLQJWKHHQHUJ\EDODQFHWKHUHDFWRUWKHUPDO MDFNHW VKRXOG EH LQVXODWHG WR GHFUHDVH HQHUJ\ ORVVHV
ZKLFKDUHVLJQLFDQWXQGHUWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\GXULQJZLQWHUVXUURXQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHp&7KHVKHDUVWUHVV
LQWKHPHPEUDQHLVORZHUWKDQWKHPD[LPXPIRUFHWKDWWKH
PHPEUDQH FDQ UHVLVW WKXV WKH VWUXFWXUH GRHV QRW XQGHUJR
DQ\ SUREOHP XQGHU WKH FRQGLWLRQV DQDO\]HG7KHUH LV D OLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ766FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGVKHDUVWUHVV
WKHUHIRUHDWKLJKHU766FRQFHQWUDWLRQVWKHPHPEUDQHPLJKW
DFKLHYHLWVPD[LPXPIRUFH7KHWULDQJXODUFKDQQHORIWKH
PHPEUDQH SUHVHQWV D JUHDWHU VKHDU VWUHVV WKDQ WKH FLUFXODU
FKDQQHO GXH WR LWV JUHDWHU VXUIDFH FRQWDFW RZZDOO FKDQQHO)LQDOO\WKHWKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHVRIWKHVKHDUVWUHVVRQERWK
W\SHV RI FKDQQHOV LQ WKH PHPEUDQH FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH GDWD
REWDLQHGLQWKH&)'VLPXODWLRQ

REFERENCES
%OD]HN-&RPSXWDWLRQDOXLGG\QDPLFVSULQFLSOHV
and applications*UHDW%ULWDLQ(OVHYLHU/WG
&UDLJ .- 01 1LHXZGW  /- 1LHPDQG  &)'
VLPXODWLRQ RI DQDHURELF GLJHVWHU ZLWK YDULDEOH VHZDJH
VOXGJH UKHRORJ\ Water Research, 47 
GRLMZDWUHV
-HLVRQ '  Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for
wastewater treatment: feasibility and potential applications. 3K'WKHVLV:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\1HWKHUODQGV
-XGG6(GThe MBR Book.*UHDW%ULWDLQ(OVHYLHU
/WG
/DWKD6%RUPDQ' 6OHLJK3$CFD multiphase
modeling for evaluation of gas mixing in an anaerobic

digester.,Q$TXDHQYLUR77HG8163(&,),('WK

(XURSHDQ %LRVROLGV DQG 2UJDQLF 5HVRXUFHV &RQIHUHQFH
DQG ([KLELWLRQ WK 1RYHPEHU  7KH 5R\DO$UPRXULHV/HHGV8.
/HPRV&KHUQLFKDUG$6HUWULR3*6LOYD/& 3HUHLUD$$QDHURELFGRPHVWLFZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQW
LQ %UD]LO GUDZEDFNV DGYDQFHV DQG SHUVSHFWLYHV Water
21
1DHVVHQV:0DHUH75DWNRYLFK19HGDQWDP6 1RSHQV ,  &ULWLFDO UHYLHZ RI PHPEUDQH ELRUHDFWRU
PRGHOV 3DUW  +\GURG\QDPLF DQG LQWHJUDWH PRGHOV
Bioresource Technology, 1222FWREHU  
GRLMELRUWHFK
3ULHVNH+'UHZV$ .UDXPH03UHGLFWLRQRI
WKHFLUFXODWLRQYHORFLW\LQDPHPEUDQHELRUHDFWRUDesalination, 231GRLMGHVDO
5RVHQEHUJHU 6 .XELQ .  .UDXPH 0 
5KHRORJ\ RI DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH LQ PHPEUDQH ELRUHDFWRUV
Engineering in Life Sciences, 2  GRL
$,'
(/6&!&29
7HUDVKLPD0*RHO5.RPDWVX.<DVXL+7DNDKDVKL
+ /L < <  1RLNH  7  &)' VLPXODWLRQ RI
PL[LQJ LQ DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV Bioresource Technology,
100GRLMELRUWHFK
7RUUDV & 3DOODUV - *DUFLD9DOOV 5  -DIIULQ 0 <
&)'VLPXODWLRQRIDURWDWLQJGLVNDWPHPEUDQH
PRGXOH Desalination, 200  GRLM
GHVDO
<DQJ - 9HGDQWDP 6 6SDQMHUV + 1RSHQV , YDQ /LHU
-%$QDO\VLVRIPDVVWUDQVIHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQD
WXEXODUPHPEUDQHXVLQJ&)'PRGHOLQJWater Research
46GRLMZDWUHV
:X%%LEHDX(/ *HEUHPHGKLQ.*7KUHH
GLPHQVLRQDO QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQ PRGHO RI ELRJDV
SURGXFWLRQIRUDQDHURELFGLJHVWHUVCanadian biosystems
engineering, 51,
:X %  &)' VLPXODWLRQ RI PL[LQJ LQ HJJVKDSHG
DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV Water research, 44( 
GRLMZDWUHV
:X %  &)' VLPXODWLRQ RI PL[LQJ IRU KLJKVROLGV
DQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQBiotechnology and Bioengineering,
109GRLELW

29