SIMULATION

AND
MODELING
Welding Esp.

Program Sesin 1
Introduccin

al curso y su alcance
Clasificacin de sistemas y tipos de
problemas en ingeniera.
Programacin bsica en Matlab.
Programacin en archivos script.
Llamado de funciones.
Generacin de funciones externa e
implcitas.
Vectorizacin.

Bibliografa

Klee, H. Simulation of Dynamic Systems With MATLAB

and Simulink. Ed CRC Press.
Ogata K. Dinmica de Sistemas. D. Prentice Hall.
Magrab E. An Engineers Guide to MATLAB.
Constantinides A. Numerical Methods for Chemical
Engineers with MATLAB Applications. Ed. Prentice
Hall.

Sesin 1: Introduccin, alcance y

objetivos del curso.
El curso est encaminado a brindar herramientas
matemticas y conceptuales para que el
estudiante pueda identificar las partes de un
sistema y empleando las leyes fsicas y
constitutivas generar modelos matemticos y
posteriormente numricos de procesos afines a sus
reas de estudio.

Por que el modelado y la

simulacin.
Diferenciar:

Simular: EMULAR la realidad

Modelar: A partir de la observacin del
fenmeno real y mediante algunas
suposiciones y SIMPLIFICACIONES se genera UN
MODELO que APROXIMADAMENTE representa
el problema real.

Por que el modelado y la

simulacin.

Mathematical modeling is an inexact science,

relying on a combination of intuition, experience,
empiricism, and the application of scientific laws
of nature.
Fluid level evolution in a constant cross-section
tank:
Analitycal solution feasible for linear case: Htot(t)
= Hgen(t) + Hpart(t)
If F1 is complex, Analitycal solution i not feasible
or difficult -> Simulation: Numerical Methods

Un problema
trivial:
Determine los
esfuerzos
crticos en las
patas de la
sillas.

 La

solucin analtica
puede ser un poco
engorrosa

 Forces

on Truss

 Reactions

Un ejemplo mas de ingeniera

Force

polygons

Problem has analitycal

solution, but if the truss is
bigger?

En energas renovables y
alternativas

Stresses

in turbine

blades
Gear and generator
modeling of a turbine
blade
Photovoltaic panels
performance
Power plant
performance.
Dynamic of chemical
reation in bio diesel

Conclusin.

Algunas razones por las cuales el avance

tecnolgico en prcticamente todas las
reas ha aumentado dramticamente desde
la aparicin del computador son:
Aumento del poder de computo.
Aparicin de nuevas teoras algoritmos para
solucin de problemas cientficos y de
ingeniera cada vez mas especficos y
complejos.
Creacin de cdigos y software
especializado.

Un ltimo contraste
El concepto es e

mismo

pero la
solucin es mas
elegante

Clasificacin de los tipos de

problemas
y
sistemas
fsicos
Los sistemas (fsicos, econmicos, ) depende de:

El nmero de variables.
El comportamiento del sistema en el tiempo.
El grado de certidumbre de los parmetros y variables
del sistema.

Clasificacin de los tipos de

problemas
y
sistemas
fsicos
El nmero de variables: Problemas de una o mltiples

variables (grados de libertad DOFs)*.

El comportamiento del sistema en el tiempo:
Problemas estticos o dinmicos.
El grado de certidumbre de los parmetros y variables
del sistema: Deterministicos o probabilisticos.

*: Un problema definido sobre un dominio continuo se

considera un problema de infinitas variables o grados
de libertad.

Clasificacin de los tipos de

problemas y sistemas.
Tiempo
Representacin
grfica.

Variables

Certidumbre

EJERCICIO
DETERMINE EL CONJUNTO DE SISTEMAS POSIBLES Y
EXPRESE UNA IDEA DEL TIPO DE EXPRESION
MATEMTICA QUE PUEDE REPRESENTAR EL SISTEMA
SISTEM
A

CARACTERISTICAS

EXPRESIN
MATEMTICA

Ejemplos de sistemas fsicos

afines a la ingeniera.
Ejercicio

en clase.

Enuncie problemas fsicos y prcticos de ingeniera

que este en cada categora.

 Dar

3 ejemplos de problemas y sistemas para cada

categora.

Fundamentos
de
MATLAB
MatLab = Matrix Laboratory

Software matemtico que ofrece un entorno de

desarrollo integrado (IDE) con un lenguaje de
programacin propio (lenguaje M). Est disponible
para las plataformas Unix, Windows y Apple Mac OS
X.

Paquetes y Toolboxes
MATLAB (Cajas de herramientas)

Simulink

Matemticas y Optimizacin

Modelado de punto fijo

Estadstica y Anlisis de datos

Modelado basado en eventos

Diseo de sistemas de control y anlisis

Modelado fsico

Procesado de seal y comunicaciones

Grficos de simulacin

Procesado de imagen

Diseo de sistemas de control y anlisis

Pruebas y medidas

Procesado de seal y comunicaciones

Biologa computacional

Generacin de cdigo

Modelado y anlisis financiero

Prototipos de control rpido y SW/HW HIL

Desarrollo de aplicaciones

Tarjetas integradas

Informes y conexin a bases de datos

Verificacin, validacin y comprobacin

Basic MATLAB environment

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

MATLAB

Menu

Workspace

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Command

window

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

The following exercises will begin your orientation in MATLAB.

View the MATLAB introduction by typing intro at the MATLAB
prompt. This short introduction will demonstrate some of the
basics of using MATLAB.
Explore the MATLAB help capability. Type each of the
following lines to read about these commands:

help
Help plot
Help colon
Help ops
Help zeros
Help ones
Lookfor filter kERWORD

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Use

MATLAB as a calculator.
Write in the command the
following:
pi*pi-10
sin(pi/4)
ans^2 %<---"ans"holds the last
result

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Variable

names can store values and

matrices in MATLAB. Try the following:
xx=sin(pi/5);
cos(pi/5) %<---Question: assigned to what?
yy=sqrt(1-xx*xx)
ans
What kind of data is stored?

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

The following exercises will begin your orientation in MATLAB.

View the MATLAB introduction by typing intro at the MATLAB
prompt. This short introduction will demonstrate some of the
basics of using MATLAB.
Explore the MATLAB help capability. Type each of the
following lines to read about these commands:

help
Help plot
Help colon
Help ops
Help zeros
Help ones
Lookfor filter kERWORD

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Variables, memory and workspace. Executre the

following lines

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Output

formats

1. disp('The disp command writes text.') % inside quotes: verbatim

2. t = logspace(-3,6,10);
3. x = 0.1234567890123456*t;
4. format short
5. t
6. x
7. format long
8. x
9. format long e
10. x
11. format short e
12. x
13. format short g
14. x
15. format long g
16. x

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

vector creation
1. x = [3 4 7 11] % create a row vector (spaces)
2. x = 3:8 % colon generates list; default stride 1
3. x = 8:-1:0 % start : stride : stop specifies list
4. xx = [ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0]; % same as last; semicolon suppresses output
5. xx % display contents
6. x = linspace(0,1,11) % generate vector automatically
7. x = 0:0.1:1 % same thing
8. y = linspace(0,1); % note semicolon!
9. length(x)
10. length(y)
11. size(x)
12. size(y)
13. y(3) % access single element
14. y(1:12) % access first twelve elements
15. y([3 6 9 12]) % access values specified in a vector!
16. x' % transpose
17. z = [ 1+2*i 4-3*i ]
18. z'
19. z.' % note difference in transposes!
20. 3*[1 2 5] % factor replicated, multiplies each element

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Vectors & Matrices: Remember
MatLab = MatRIX LabORATORY !!!
Best performance in calculations if the code are
developed in a vector/matrix fashion
Write the following lines in the command window;
>> A = rand(20), B=inv(A), B*A

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

vector creation

Write:
>> help linspace

Linspace: [x1:(x2-x1)/(n-1):x2]

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

vector creation
1. x = [3 4 7 11] % create a row vector (spaces)
2. x = 3:8 % colon generates list; default stride 1
3. x = 8:-1:0 % start : stride : stop specifies list
4. xx = [ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0]; % same as last; semicolon suppresses output
5. xx % display contents
6. x = linspace(0,1,11) % generate vector automatically
7. x = 0:0.1:1 % same thing
8. y = linspace(0,1); % note semicolon!
9. length(x)
10. length(y)
11. size(x)
12. size(y)
13. y(3) % access single element
14. y(1:12) % access first twelve elements
15. y([3 6 9 12]) % access values specified in a vector!
16. x' % transpose
17. z = [ 1+2*i 4-3*i ]
18. z'
19. z.' % note difference in transposes!
20. 3*[1 2 5] % factor replicated, multiplies each element

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Array creation

In general, MATLAB uses n-dimensional arrays.

In practice, vectors are a special case of ndimensional arrays

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6] % 2d array
(matrix)
Space for columns & semi colon
for rows.

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Array creation
Special array functions. Example

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

functions operating vectors & arrays

Exercise:
Using the following matrix A = magic(4); B =
rand(2,3). Execute the following functions and
write what they do.
[m,n]=size(A)
zeros(size(A))

n=length(x)
x=diag(A)

A=diag(x)
ones(size(A))
rot90(A,k)

diag(diag(A))

flipud(A)

triu(A)

fliplr(A)

tril(A)

reshape(A,m,n)

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

function libraries.
If you simply type help in the command window
(also called prompt):

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Operators.

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Elementary math functions.
For x be a vector or an
array.
Match
function
computes over each single
element

Note: Execute
help sind
help tand

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Elementary matrices / matrix
manipulation.

Important:
zeros,
repmat,linspace,logspace

ones,

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Elementary matrices / matrix
manipulation.

Important: size,lenght,ndims,numel,disp

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Elementary matrices / matrix
manipulation.

Important:
cat,reshape,diag,tril,triu,fliplr,flipud,flipdim,rot90,end,find

Matlab Fundamentals Part I.

Elementary matrices / matrix
manipulation.

Important: permute, ipermute, circshift, ans, ep

isnan, isinf

EXERCISE.
Given a series of arrays explore the
main functions for array manipulation.
Find the origin of potencial errors
during the code execution
x = rand(15,1)

A = rand(15)

Important:
permute,
ipermute,
circshift, ans, eps, isnan, isinf. cat,
reshape, diag, tril, triu, fliplr, flipud,
flipdim, rot90, end, find, size, lenght,
ndims, numel, disp, repmat

Array indexing. : operator

Example:
A = magic(6)
A([1 2 5],:)
B=eye(size(A));
>> B([2 4 5],:)=A(1:3,:)

Example:
x=rand(1,5)
x=x(5:-1:1)
A(:,3)=[]

EXERCISE.

VECTOR INDEXING EXERCISE.

Let's start with the simple case of a vector and a single subscript. The vector is
v = [16 5 9 4 2 11 7 14];
Extract the third element
Extract the first, fifth, and sixth elements
Extract the third through the seventh elements
Extract and swap the halves of v
Extract the last element
Extract the fifth through the last elements ans =
Extract the second through the next-to-last elements
Extract all the odd elements
Reverse the order of element
Replace 2,3 & 4 elements by 10 15 20 respectively
Replace second and third elements by 30

Array indexing. : operator

A = randn(100);
Ac1 = A(:,1):
Ac = A(:)

Array indexing. Two subscripts

A = magic(4)
ind = sub2ind(size(A), [2 3 4], [1 2 4])
A(ind) = ?

Array indexing. Function find

A = randn(100);
Aind = find(A>0.5);
A(Aind)

A = randn(100);
Aind = find(A(:,1)>0.5);
A(Aind,1)

What is the difference between case I & II?

Array indexing. Logical

Indexing

Aloc = A>12
A(A > 12)

Control functions: If sentence

Control functions: for sentence

It is possible to perform VECTORIAL for: Ex.

For n = [1 3 5 7] end

Control functions: while

sentence

While is like a for with an if

which controls the loop

Matlab Fundamentals. *.m files

When the programs have a lot of code lines, procedures and

operations, script files (*.m) are written and after that
files are executed.
- Script files can be divided in two categories: main files and functions
Main files:
The principal (main) script
of the program. Here, all
constants and problem
structure are defined.

Functions files:
A set of script files where
small procedures are defined

Matlab Fundamentals. *.m files

Typical structure of a main.m file and matlab editor

Matlab Fundamentals. *.m files

Typical structure of a function file

Example:

Important: the function file name must be the same as t

function name.

Example - MAIN
clear; clc
% program pipe losses
% this program computes the friction losses in a single pipe
% flow rate m3/h
q = [0:1:75];
%
%
L
%
D
%
e

pipe properties
lenght [m]
= 10000;
pipe diameter [m]
= 0.12;
roughness [mm]
= 0.01;

% fluid properties
% density [kg/m3]
rho = 1000;
% dynamic viscosity [kg*s/m]
miu = 1e-3;

% calc options 0: halland explicit formula

% 1: colebrook formula
optfriction = 0;
% calc options 0: velocity m/s
% calc options 0: flow rate m3/s
optdarcy = 0;
% --------- solver -----------------------% flow rate in m3/s
q = q./3600;
% compute the reynolds number
% average flow velocity
v = q./(pi*D^2*0.25);
re = v.*rho.*D./miu;
% compute relative roughness
e0 = (e./1000)./D;

% invoke friction factor function

ffactor = fricfactor(re,e0,optfriction);
% invoke darcy weisbach formula for pipe losses
hf = darcyweisbach(ffactor,v,L,D,optdarcy);
% -------------- postprocesing --------------------% plot hf vs q
figure; hfig = plot(q,hf,'*-');
% plot hf vs re
figure; hfig = plot(re,hf,'*-');

Example - subroutines
% compute de darcy friction factor in circular pipes
% for laminar flow f = 64/re (re < 2300)
% for turbulent flow empirical relation
% inputs:
% re = Reynolds Number column or row array
% e0 = relative rugosity
% if option = 0 based on halland's explicit formula
% if option = 1 based on trascendental colebrook's formula
(root finding)
% outputs:
% ffactor: friction factor dim(size(re))

function ffactor = darcyf(re,e0,option)

% verify if flow is either laminar or turbulent
if re < 2300
% laminar flow
ffactor = 64/re;
else
if nargin < 3
% if option is not given, default halland's explicit formula
ffactor = (1./(-1.8.*log10(6.9./re + ((e0)./3.7).^1.11))).^2;
else
if option == 0
% halland's explicit formula
ffactor = (1./(-1.8.*log10(6.9./re + ((e0)./3.7).^1.11))).^2;
elseif option == 1
% trascendental colebrook's formula invoke root finding
parms = [re e0];
ffactor = fzero(@(ffactor) colebrook(ffactor,parms),0.1);
end
end
end
end

function residuo = colebrook(ffactor,parms)

% trascendental colebrook's formula
residuo = 1./(ffactor^0.5) + ...
2.* log10(parms(:,2)/3.7 + 2.51./(parms(:,1).*ffactor.^0.5));
end