II

Declinacin solar y pendiente

de los colectores
En el estudio de los procesos trmicos solares es muy importante el medio de captacin de la energa
solar, ya que con base en esto se puede disear todo un sistema que opere utilizndola y aprovechando el mayor porcentaje posible. Para recolectar la mayor cantidad de energa radiante procedente
del sol, es necesario contar con un sistema de colectores que ofrezcan su cara perpendicular a la
incidencia de los rayos solares, a la hora en que el sol se encuentra en su posicin ms alta sobre el
meridiano local (12 horas tiempo solar).
La relacin geomtrica entre un plano con cualquier orientacin particular relativa a la Tierra a
cualquier hora y la radiacin solar incidente, esto es, la posicin del sol con respecto a ese plano,
se puede describir en trminos de algunos ngulos (vase Figura 5).

Estos ngulos y su definicin son los siguientes:

= Latitud (norte positiva).
= Declinacin (posicin angular del sol
al medioda solar con respecto al plano del
ecuador) (norte positiva).
S = El ngulo entre la horizontal y el plano
(pendiente).
= Desviacin de la normal a la superficie
con respecto al meridiano local, el punto cero
corresponde al sur, el este es positivo y el oeste
negativo.
W = ngulo de la hora, el medioda solar
corresponde al cero, y cada hora es igual a
15 de longitud con las maanas positivas y
las tardes negativas.
= El ngulo de incidencia de la radiacin.
Este ngulo se mide con respecto a la normal.
Figura 5

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Energa solar Colectores solares planos

Tratamiento terico Vol. 1

La declinacin, , se puede encontrar con la ecuacin aproximada de Cooper (1969),

donde n es el da del ao. Vase grfica en la Figura 6.

Declinacin solar a lo largo del ao
30.00

20.00

Declinacin

10.00

0.00

78

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00

Nmero del da n

Figura 6
La relacin entre y los otros ngulos est dada por:
cos = sen sen cosS - sen cos senS cos + cos cos cosS cosW +
cos sen senS cos cosW + cos senS sen senW

(1)

Si consideramos un colector orientado en la direccin norte-sur (=0) a las

12 horas tiempo solar (W=0) tendremos que
cos = sen sen cosS - sen cos senS cos +
cos cos cosS + cos sen senS cos

(2)

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Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez
cos = sen [sen(-S)] + cos [cos( -S)] = cos( +S -)
(3)

=+S-

Si lo que deseamos es que la radiacin solar incida perpendicularmente sobre el colector tenemos
que hacer = 0 y
S=-
(4)
Teniendo en cuenta que la latitud de Ciudad Jurez es de 3139 entonces = 31.65 y
(5)

S(n) = 31.65 - (n)

ser la frmula para calcular la pendiente de los colectores para incidencia normal en cualquier da
del ao. Vase Figura 7 y Tabla 1.
Declinacin y pendiente de los colectores segn el da del ao
60.00

50.00

40.00

20.00

361

34

331

316

301

28

271

25

241

22

211

196

181

166

151

136

121

106

91

76

61

46

0.00

31

10.00

16

Grados

30.00

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00
Da del ao
Declinacin solar

Pendiente de los colectores

Figura 7

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Energa solar Colectores solares planos

Tratamiento terico Vol. 1

Tabla 3
Declinacin solar y pendiente de los colectores para tener incidencia
normal al medioda solar los das primero y quince de cada mes del ao.
Ciudad Jurez, Chihuahua
Mes

Da

Declinacin
(grados)

Pendiente
(grados)

Enero

-23.01

54.66

15

-21.26

52.91

-17.51

49.16

15

-13.28

44.93

-8.29

39.94

15

-2.81

34.46

4.01

27.63

15

9.41

22.23

14.9

16.74

15

18.79

12.85

22.03

9.61

15

23.31

8.33

23.12

8.52

15

21.51

10.13

17.91

13.73

15

13.78

17.86

7.72

23.92

15

2.21

29.43

-4.21

35.86

15

-9.59

41.24

-15.36

47.01

15

-19.14

50.79

-22.10

53.75

15

-23.33

54.98

Febrero
Marzo
Abril
Mayo
Junio
Julio
Agosto
Septiembre
Octubre
Noviembre
Diciembre

Otros ngulos suelen definirse, y el ms frecuente es Z = ngulo zenital, ngulo entre el rayo del
sol y la vertical.
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Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez
De la Figura 5 vemos que para superficies horizontales (S = 0), tenemos que
cos Z = sen sen + cos cos cosW

(6)

Y por lo tanto, cuando se tiene un colector con una cierta pendiente S la relacin que nos da el
ngulo con que inciden los rayos solares sobre el colector es
cos T = sen sen(-S) + coscos(-S) cosW

(7)

Por lo tanto, el factor que convierte la radiacin sobre la superficie de la Tierra a sa sobre el plano
del colector es
(8)

Hn cosT

Hn cosZ

Hn

Figura 8
Al medioda solar (W = 0) y
cos T = sen sen(-S) + coscos(-S) = cos(-S- )
o
Y por lo tanto

(9)

- S-
(10)

Para el medioda solar.

En la Tabla 4, se da el valor de la constante multiplicativa R para todos los das del ao a diferentes
horas, para un colector inclinado 45 con respecto a la horizontal.
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ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da
7

8
2.883
2.868
2.853
2.837
2.820
2.801
2.782
2.762
2.742
2.720
2.698
2.675
2.652
2.628
2.604
2.579
2.553
2.528
2.502
2.476
2.449
2.422
2.395
2.368
2.341
2.314
2.287
2.260
2.232
2.205
2.178

9
2.074
2.068
2.062
2.055
2.048
2.040
2.032
2.024
2.015
2.006
1.997
1.987
1.977
1.967
1.956
1.945
1.934
1.922
1.911
1.899
1.887
1.874
1.862
1.849
1.837
1.824
1.811
1.797
1.784
1.771
1.757

10
1.829
1.825
1.821
1.816
1.812
1.807
1.801
1.796
1.790
1.784
1.777
1.771
1.764
1.757
1.750
1.742
1.735
1.727
1.719
1.710
1.702
1.694
1.685
1.676
1.667
1.658
1.649
1.640
1.630
1.621
1.611

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.732
1.704
1.732
1.829
1.728
1.701
1.728
1.825
1.725
1.698
1.725
1.821
1.721
1.695
1.721
1.816
1.717
1.691
1.717
1.812
1.713
1.687
1.713
1.807
1.709
1.683
1.709
1.801
1.704
1.679
1.704
1.796
1.699
1.674
1.699
1.790
1.694
1.669
1.694
1.784
1.689
1.664
1.689
1.777
1.684
1.659
1.684
1.771
1.678
1.654
1.678
1.764
1.672
1.648
1.672
1.757
1.666
1.643
1.666
1.750
1.660
1.637
1.660
1.742
1.654
1.631
1.654
1.735
1.647
1.625
1.647
1.727
1.640
1.618
1.640
1.719
1.634
1.612
1.634
1.710
1.627
1.605
1.627
1.702
1.619
1.599
1.619
1.694
1.612
1.592
1.612
1.685
1.605
1.585
1.605
1.676
1.597
1.578
1.597
1.667
1.590
1.570
1.590
1.658
1.582
1.563
1.582
1.649
1.574
1.556
1.574
1.640
1.566
1.548
1.566
1.630
1.558
1.541
1.558
1.621
1.550
1.533
1.550
1.611

Enero

15
2.074
2.068
2.062
2.055
2.048
2.040
2.032
2.024
2.015
2.006
1.997
1.987
1.977
1.967
1.956
1.945
1.934
1.922
1.911
1.899
1.887
1.874
1.862
1.849
1.837
1.824
1.811
1.797
1.784
1.771
1.757

16
2.883
2.868
2.853
2.837
2.820
2.801
2.782
2.762
2.742
2.720
2.698
2.675
2.652
2.628
2.604
2.579
2.553
2.528
2.502
2.476
2.449
2.422
2.395
2.368
2.341
2.314
2.287
2.260
2.232
2.205
2.178

17

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Da
7

8
2.151
2.124
2.098
2.071
2.045
2.018
1.992
1.967
1.941
1.916
1.891
1.866
1.841
1.817
1.793
1.770
1.746
1.723
1.700
1.678
1.656
1.634
1.612
1.591
1.570
1.550
1.529
1.509

9
1.744
1.730
1.717
1.703
1.689
1.676
1.662
1.648
1.635
1.621
1.607
1.594
1.580
1.567
1.553
1.540
1.527
1.513
1.500
1.487
1.474
1.461
1.448
1.436
1.423
1.410
1.398
1.386

10
1.602
1.592
1.582
1.572
1.563
1.553
1.543
1.533
1.523
1.513
1.503
1.493
1.483
1.473
1.463
1.453
1.443
1.433
1.423
1.413
1.403
1.394
1.384
1.374
1.364
1.355
1.345
1.336

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.542
1.525
1.542
1.602
1.534
1.518
1.534
1.592
1.526
1.510
1.526
1.582
1.517
1.502
1.517
1.572
1.509
1.494
1.509
1.563
1.501
1.486
1.501
1.553
1.492
1.478
1.492
1.543
1.484
1.470
1.484
1.533
1.475
1.462
1.475
1.523
1.467
1.454
1.467
1.513
1.458
1.445
1.458
1.503
1.450
1.437
1.450
1.493
1.441
1.429
1.441
1.483
1.432
1.421
1.432
1.473
1.424
1.413
1.424
1.463
1.415
1.405
1.415
1.453
1.407
1.396
1.407
1.443
1.398
1.388
1.398
1.433
1.390
1.380
1.390
1.423
1.381
1.372
1.381
1.413
1.373
1.364
1.373
1.403
1.364
1.356
1.364
1.394
1.356
1.347
1.356
1.384
1.347
1.339
1.347
1.374
1.339
1.331
1.339
1.364
1.330
1.323
1.330
1.355
1.322
1.315
1.322
1.345
1.314
1.307
1.314
1.336

Febrero

15
1.744
1.730
1.717
1.703
1.689
1.676
1.662
1.648
1.635
1.621
1.607
1.594
1.580
1.567
1.553
1.540
1.527
1.513
1.500
1.487
1.474
1.461
1.448
1.436
1.423
1.410
1.398
1.386

16
2.151
2.124
2.098
2.071
2.045
2.018
1.992
1.967
1.941
1.916
1.891
1.866
1.841
1.817
1.793
1.770
1.746
1.723
1.700
1.678
1.656
1.634
1.612
1.591
1.570
1.550
1.529
1.509

17

Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez

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ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da

1.170
1.143
1.117
1.092
1.067
1.043
1.021
0.998
0.977
0.956
0.936

8
1.490
1.470
1.451
1.433
1.414
1.396
1.378
1.360
1.343
1.326
1.309
1.293
1.277
1.261
1.245
1.230
1.215
1.200
1.185
1.171
1.157
1.143
1.129
1.116
1.103
1.090
1.077
1.065
1.052
1.040
1.028

9
1.373
1.361
1.349
1.337
1.326
1.314
1.302
1.291
1.279
1.268
1.257
1.246
1.235
1.225
1.214
1.203
1.193
1.183
1.173
1.163
1.153
1.143
1.133
1.124
1.114
1.105
1.096
1.087
1.078
1.069
1.060

10
1.326
1.317
1.307
1.298
1.289
1.280
1.271
1.262
1.253
1.244
1.235
1.226
1.218
1.209
1.200
1.192
1.184
1.175
1.167
1.159
1.151
1.143
1.135
1.127
1.120
1.112
1.104
1.097
1.089
1.082
1.075

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.305
1.299
1.305
1.326
1.297
1.291
1.297
1.317
1.289
1.283
1.289
1.307
1.281
1.276
1.281
1.298
1.273
1.268
1.273
1.289
1.265
1.260
1.265
1.280
1.257
1.252
1.257
1.271
1.249
1.245
1.249
1.262
1.241
1.237
1.241
1.253
1.233
1.230
1.233
1.244
1.225
1.222
1.225
1.235
1.217
1.215
1.217
1.226
1.210
1.207
1.210
1.218
1.202
1.200
1.202
1.209
1.194
1.193
1.194
1.200
1.187
1.185
1.187
1.192
1.179
1.178
1.179
1.184
1.172
1.171
1.172
1.175
1.165
1.164
1.165
1.167
1.157
1.157
1.157
1.159
1.150
1.150
1.150
1.151
1.143
1.143
1.143
1.143
1.136
1.136
1.136
1.135
1.129
1.129
1.129
1.127
1.122
1.123
1.122
1.120
1.115
1.116
1.115
1.112
1.108
1.109
1.108
1.104
1.101
1.103
1.101
1.097
1.095
1.096
1.095
1.089
1.088
1.090
1.088
1.082
1.082
1.084
1.082
1.075

Marzo

15
1.373
1.361
1.349
1.337
1.326
1.314
1.302
1.291
1.279
1.268
1.257
1.246
1.235
1.225
1.214
1.203
1.193
1.183
1.173
1.163
1.153
1.143
1.133
1.124
1.114
1.105
1.096
1.087
1.078
1.069
1.060

16
1.490
1.470
1.451
1.433
1.414
1.396
1.378
1.360
1.343
1.326
1.309
1.293
1.277
1.261
1.245
1.230
1.215
1.200
1.185
1.171
1.157
1.143
1.129
1.116
1.103
1.090
1.077
1.065
1.052
1.040
1.028
1.170
1.143
1.117
1.092
1.067
1.043
1.021
0.998
0.977
0.956
0.936

17

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ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 21

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Da

7
0.916
0.897
0.879
0.861
0.843
0.827
0.810
0.794
0.779
0.764
0.749
0.735
0.721
0.708
0.695
0.682
0.670
0.658
0.646
0.635
0.624
0.613
0.603
0.593
0.583
0.573
0.564
0.555
0.546
0.537

8
1.017
1.005
0.994
0.983
0.972
0.962
0.951
0.941
0.931
0.921
0.911
0.902
0.892
0.883
0.874
0.865
0.857
0.848
0.840
0.832
0.824
0.816
0.808
0.801
0.793
0.786
0.779
0.772
0.765
0.758

9
1.052
1.043
1.035
1.027
1.018
1.010
1.002
0.995
0.987
0.979
0.972
0.964
0.957
0.950
0.943
0.936
0.929
0.923
0.916
0.909
0.903
0.897
0.891
0.885
0.879
0.873
0.867
0.861
0.856
0.850

10
1.068
1.061
1.054
1.047
1.040
1.033
1.026
1.020
1.013
1.007
1.000
0.994
0.988
0.982
0.976
0.970
0.964
0.958
0.953
0.947
0.941
0.936
0.931
0.925
0.920
0.915
0.910
0.905
0.900
0.896

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.075
1.077
1.075
1.068
1.069
1.071
1.069
1.061
1.062
1.065
1.062
1.054
1.056
1.059
1.056
1.047
1.050
1.053
1.050
1.040
1.044
1.047
1.044
1.033
1.038
1.041
1.038
1.026
1.032
1.035
1.032
1.020
1.026
1.029
1.026
1.013
1.020
1.024
1.020
1.007
1.014
1.018
1.014
1.000
1.008
1.012
1.008
0.994
1.003
1.007
1.003
0.988
0.997
1.002
0.997
0.982
0.991
0.996
0.991
0.976
0.986
0.991
0.986
0.970
0.981
0.986
0.981
0.964
0.975
0.981
0.975
0.958
0.970
0.975
0.970
0.953
0.965
0.970
0.965
0.947
0.960
0.965
0.960
0.941
0.955
0.961
0.955
0.936
0.950
0.956
0.950
0.931
0.945
0.951
0.945
0.925
0.940
0.946
0.940
0.920
0.936
0.942
0.936
0.915
0.931
0.937
0.931
0.910
0.926
0.933
0.926
0.905
0.922
0.928
0.922
0.900
0.918
0.924
0.918
0.896

Abril

15
1.052
1.043
1.035
1.027
1.018
1.010
1.002
0.995
0.987
0.979
0.972
0.964
0.957
0.950
0.943
0.936
0.929
0.923
0.916
0.909
0.903
0.897
0.891
0.885
0.879
0.873
0.867
0.861
0.856
0.850

16
1.017
1.005
0.994
0.983
0.972
0.962
0.951
0.941
0.931
0.921
0.911
0.902
0.892
0.883
0.874
0.865
0.857
0.848
0.840
0.832
0.824
0.816
0.808
0.801
0.793
0.786
0.779
0.772
0.765
0.758

17
0.916
0.897
0.879
0.861
0.843
0.827
0.810
0.794
0.779
0.764
0.749
0.735
0.721
0.708
0.695
0.682
0.670
0.658
0.646
0.635
0.624
0.613
0.603
0.593
0.583
0.573
0.564
0.555
0.546
0.537

Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez

21

5/8/06 10:53:57 AM

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 22

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da

7
0.529
0.521
0.513
0.505
0.498
0.491
0.484
0.477
0.470
0.464
0.457
0.451
0.446
0.440
0.434
0.429
0.424
0.419
0.414
0.409
0.405
0.401
0.397
0.392
0.389
0.385
0.381
0.378
0.375
0.372
0.369

8
0.752
0.746
0.739
0.733
0.727
0.721
0.716
0.710
0.705
0.700
0.694
0.689
0.685
0.680
0.675
0.671
0.666
0.662
0.658
0.654
0.650
0.646
0.643
0.639
0.636
0.633
0.630
0.627
0.624
0.621
0.618

9
0.845
0.840
0.835
0.829
0.825
0.820
0.815
0.810
0.806
0.801
0.797
0.793
0.789
0.785
0.781
0.777
0.773
0.770
0.766
0.763
0.760
0.756
0.753
0.750
0.747
0.745
0.742
0.739
0.737
0.734
0.732

10
0.891
0.886
0.882
0.877
0.873
0.869
0.865
0.860
0.857
0.853
0.849
0.845
0.841
0.838
0.834
0.831
0.828
0.824
0.821
0.818
0.815
0.812
0.810
0.807
0.804
0.802
0.800
0.797
0.795
0.793
0.791

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
0.913
0.920
0.913
0.891
0.909
0.916
0.909
0.886
0.905
0.912
0.905
0.882
0.901
0.908
0.901
0.877
0.897
0.904
0.897
0.873
0.893
0.900
0.893
0.869
0.889
0.896
0.889
0.865
0.885
0.892
0.885
0.860
0.881
0.889
0.881
0.857
0.878
0.885
0.878
0.853
0.874
0.882
0.874
0.849
0.871
0.878
0.871
0.845
0.867
0.875
0.867
0.841
0.864
0.872
0.864
0.838
0.861
0.869
0.861
0.834
0.857
0.865
0.857
0.831
0.854
0.862
0.854
0.828
0.851
0.859
0.851
0.824
0.848
0.857
0.848
0.821
0.846
0.854
0.846
0.818
0.843
0.851
0.843
0.815
0.840
0.849
0.840
0.812
0.838
0.846
0.838
0.810
0.835
0.844
0.835
0.807
0.833
0.841
0.833
0.804
0.830
0.839
0.830
0.802
0.828
0.837
0.828
0.800
0.826
0.835
0.826
0.797
0.824
0.832
0.824
0.795
0.822
0.831
0.822
0.793
0.820
0.829
0.820
0.791

Mayo

15
0.845
0.840
0.835
0.829
0.825
0.820
0.815
0.810
0.806
0.801
0.797
0.793
0.789
0.785
0.781
0.777
0.773
0.770
0.766
0.763
0.760
0.756
0.753
0.750
0.747
0.745
0.742
0.739
0.737
0.734
0.732

16
0.752
0.746
0.739
0.733
0.727
0.721
0.716
0.710
0.705
0.700
0.694
0.689
0.685
0.680
0.675
0.671
0.666
0.662
0.658
0.654
0.650
0.646
0.643
0.639
0.636
0.633
0.630
0.627
0.624
0.621
0.618

17
0.529
0.521
0.513
0.505
0.498
0.491
0.484
0.477
0.470
0.464
0.457
0.451
0.446
0.440
0.434
0.429
0.424
0.419
0.414
0.409
0.405
0.401
0.397
0.392
0.389
0.385
0.381
0.378
0.375
0.372
0.369

Energa solar Colectores solares planos

Tratamiento terico Vol. 1

22

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ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 23

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Da

7
0.366
0.363
0.361
0.358
0.356
0.354
0.352
0.350
0.348
0.347
0.346
0.344
0.343
0.342
0.341
0.340
0.340
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.340
0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

8
0.616
0.614
0.611
0.609
0.607
0.605
0.604
0.602
0.600
0.599
0.598
0.597
0.595
0.595
0.594
0.593
0.592
0.592
0.592
0.591
0.591
0.591
0.592
0.592
0.592
0.593
0.593
0.594
0.595
0.596

9
0.730
0.728
0.726
0.724
0.722
0.721
0.719
0.718
0.716
0.715
0.714
0.713
0.712
0.711
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.710
0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713

10
0.789
0.787
0.785
0.784
0.782
0.781
0.779
0.778
0.777
0.776
0.774
0.774
0.773
0.772
0.771
0.771
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.770
0.771
0.771
0.772
0.772
0.773

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
0.818
0.827
0.818
0.789
0.816
0.825
0.816
0.787
0.815
0.824
0.815
0.785
0.813
0.822
0.813
0.784
0.812
0.821
0.812
0.782
0.810
0.819
0.810
0.781
0.809
0.818
0.809
0.779
0.808
0.817
0.808
0.778
0.806
0.816
0.806
0.777
0.805
0.815
0.805
0.776
0.804
0.814
0.804
0.774
0.804
0.813
0.804
0.774
0.803
0.812
0.803
0.773
0.802
0.811
0.802
0.772
0.802
0.811
0.802
0.771
0.801
0.810
0.801
0.771
0.801
0.810
0.801
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.809
0.800
0.770
0.800
0.810
0.800
0.770
0.801
0.810
0.801
0.771
0.801
0.810
0.801
0.771
0.802
0.811
0.802
0.772
0.802
0.812
0.802
0.772
0.803
0.812
0.803
0.773

Junio

15
0.730
0.728
0.726
0.724
0.722
0.721
0.719
0.718
0.716
0.715
0.714
0.713
0.712
0.711
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.709
0.710
0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713

16
0.616
0.614
0.611
0.609
0.607
0.605
0.604
0.602
0.600
0.599
0.598
0.597
0.595
0.595
0.594
0.593
0.592
0.592
0.592
0.591
0.591
0.591
0.592
0.592
0.592
0.593
0.593
0.594
0.595
0.596

17
0.366
0.363
0.361
0.358
0.356
0.354
0.352
0.350
0.348
0.347
0.346
0.344
0.343
0.342
0.341
0.340
0.340
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.339
0.340
0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez

23

5/8/06 10:53:58 AM

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da

7
0.345
0.346
0.348
0.349
0.351
0.353
0.355
0.357
0.360
0.362
0.365
0.367
0.370
0.373
0.376
0.380
0.383
0.387
0.391
0.394
0.399
0.403
0.407
0.412
0.416
0.421
0.426
0.432
0.437
0.443
0.448

8
0.597
0.598
0.600
0.601
0.603
0.604
0.606
0.608
0.610
0.612
0.615
0.617
0.620
0.622
0.625
0.628
0.631
0.634
0.638
0.641
0.645
0.648
0.652
0.656
0.660
0.664
0.668
0.673
0.677
0.682
0.687

9
0.714
0.715
0.716
0.717
0.719
0.720
0.722
0.723
0.725
0.727
0.729
0.731
0.733
0.736
0.738
0.741
0.743
0.746
0.749
0.752
0.755
0.758
0.761
0.765
0.768
0.772
0.775
0.779
0.783
0.787
0.791

10
0.774
0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.780
0.781
0.783
0.784
0.786
0.788
0.790
0.792
0.794
0.796
0.798
0.801
0.803
0.806
0.808
0.811
0.814
0.817
0.820
0.823
0.826
0.829
0.833
0.836
0.840
0.843

Tabla 4

Julio
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Hora del da
11
12
13
14
0.804
0.813
0.804
0.774
0.805
0.814
0.805
0.775
0.806
0.815
0.806
0.776
0.807
0.816
0.807
0.777
0.808
0.817
0.808
0.778
0.809
0.818
0.809
0.780
0.811
0.820
0.811
0.781
0.812
0.821
0.812
0.783
0.814
0.823
0.814
0.784
0.815
0.824
0.815
0.786
0.817
0.826
0.817
0.788
0.819
0.828
0.819
0.790
0.821
0.830
0.821
0.792
0.823
0.831
0.823
0.794
0.825
0.833
0.825
0.796
0.827
0.836
0.827
0.798
0.829
0.838
0.829
0.801
0.831
0.840
0.831
0.803
0.834
0.842
0.834
0.806
0.836
0.845
0.836
0.808
0.839
0.847
0.839
0.811
0.841
0.850
0.841
0.814
0.844
0.852
0.844
0.817
0.847
0.855
0.847
0.820
0.850
0.858
0.850
0.823
0.853
0.861
0.853
0.826
0.856
0.864
0.856
0.829
0.859
0.867
0.859
0.833
0.862
0.870
0.862
0.836
0.865
0.873
0.865
0.840
0.869
0.877
0.869
0.843
15
0.714
0.715
0.716
0.717
0.719
0.720
0.722
0.723
0.725
0.727
0.729
0.731
0.733
0.736
0.738
0.741
0.743
0.746
0.749
0.752
0.755
0.758
0.761
0.765
0.768
0.772
0.775
0.779
0.783
0.787
0.791

16
0.597
0.598
0.600
0.601
0.603
0.604
0.606
0.608
0.610
0.612
0.615
0.617
0.620
0.622
0.625
0.628
0.631
0.634
0.638
0.641
0.645
0.648
0.652
0.656
0.660
0.664
0.668
0.673
0.677
0.682
0.687

17
0.345
0.346
0.348
0.349
0.351
0.353
0.355
0.357
0.360
0.362
0.365
0.367
0.370
0.373
0.376
0.380
0.383
0.387
0.391
0.394
0.399
0.403
0.407
0.412
0.416
0.421
0.426
0.432
0.437
0.443
0.448

Energa solar Colectores solares planos

Tratamiento terico Vol. 1

24

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ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 25

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da

7
0.454
0.461
0.467
0.473
0.480
0.487
0.494
0.502
0.509
0.517
0.525
0.533
0.542
0.550
0.559
0.568
0.578
0.588
0.598
0.608
0.618
0.629
0.641
0.652
0.664
0.676
0.688
0.701
0.715
0.728
0.742

8
0.692
0.697
0.702
0.708
0.713
0.719
0.724
0.730
0.736
0.742
0.749
0.755
0.762
0.769
0.775
0.782
0.790
0.797
0.804
0.812
0.820
0.828
0.836
0.844
0.853
0.861
0.870
0.879
0.888
0.897
0.907

9
0.795
0.799
0.804
0.808
0.813
0.817
0.822
0.827
0.832
0.837
0.842
0.848
0.853
0.858
0.864
0.870
0.876
0.882
0.888
0.894
0.900
0.906
0.913
0.919
0.926
0.933
0.940
0.947
0.954
0.961
0.968

10
0.847
0.851
0.855
0.858
0.863
0.867
0.871
0.875
0.880
0.884
0.889
0.893
0.898
0.903
0.908
0.913
0.918
0.923
0.928
0.933
0.939
0.944
0.950
0.955
0.961
0.967
0.973
0.979
0.985
0.991
0.997

Agosto

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
0.872
0.880
0.872
0.847
0.876
0.883
0.876
0.851
0.879
0.887
0.879
0.855
0.883
0.891
0.883
0.858
0.887
0.894
0.887
0.863
0.891
0.898
0.891
0.867
0.895
0.902
0.895
0.871
0.899
0.906
0.899
0.875
0.903
0.910
0.903
0.880
0.907
0.914
0.907
0.884
0.911
0.918
0.911
0.889
0.915
0.922
0.915
0.893
0.920
0.926
0.920
0.898
0.924
0.931
0.924
0.903
0.929
0.935
0.929
0.908
0.933
0.940
0.933
0.913
0.938
0.944
0.938
0.918
0.943
0.949
0.943
0.923
0.948
0.953
0.948
0.928
0.952
0.958
0.952
0.933
0.957
0.963
0.957
0.939
0.962
0.968
0.962
0.944
0.968
0.973
0.968
0.950
0.973
0.978
0.973
0.955
0.978
0.983
0.978
0.961
0.983
0.988
0.983
0.967
0.989
0.994
0.989
0.973
0.994
0.999
0.994
0.979
1.000
1.004
1.000
0.985
1.005
1.010
1.005
0.991
1.011
1.015
1.011
0.997
15
0.795
0.799
0.804
0.808
0.813
0.817
0.822
0.827
0.832
0.837
0.842
0.848
0.853
0.858
0.864
0.870
0.876
0.882
0.888
0.894
0.900
0.906
0.913
0.919
0.926
0.933
0.940
0.947
0.954
0.961
0.968

16
0.692
0.697
0.702
0.708
0.713
0.719
0.724
0.730
0.736
0.742
0.749
0.755
0.762
0.769
0.775
0.782
0.790
0.797
0.804
0.812
0.820
0.828
0.836
0.844
0.853
0.861
0.870
0.879
0.888
0.897
0.907

17
0.454
0.461
0.467
0.473
0.480
0.487
0.494
0.502
0.509
0.517
0.525
0.533
0.542
0.550
0.559
0.568
0.578
0.588
0.598
0.608
0.618
0.629
0.641
0.652
0.664
0.676
0.688
0.701
0.715
0.728
0.742

Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez

25

5/8/06 10:54:00 AM

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 26

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Da
7
0.756
0.771
0.787
0.802
0.818
0.835
0.852
0.870
0.888
0.907
0.926
0.946
0.966
0.988
1.009
1.032
1.055
1.079
1.104
1.130
1.156

8
0.916
0.926
0.936
0.946
0.956
0.967
0.978
0.989
1.000
1.011
1.023
1.034
1.046
1.059
1.071
1.083
1.096
1.109
1.123
1.136
1.150
1.164
1.178
1.193
1.207
1.222
1.238
1.253
1.269
1.285

9
0.976
0.983
0.991
0.999
1.006
1.014
1.022
1.031
1.039
1.047
1.056
1.065
1.073
1.082
1.091
1.100
1.110
1.119
1.129
1.138
1.148
1.158
1.168
1.178
1.188
1.198
1.209
1.219
1.230
1.241

10
1.004
1.010
1.016
1.023
1.030
1.036
1.043
1.050
1.057
1.064
1.071
1.078
1.086
1.093
1.101
1.108
1.116
1.123
1.131
1.139
1.147
1.155
1.163
1.171
1.180
1.188
1.196
1.205
1.213
1.222

Septiembre

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.017
1.021
1.017
1.004
1.023
1.026
1.023
1.010
1.029
1.032
1.029
1.016
1.035
1.038
1.035
1.023
1.041
1.044
1.041
1.030
1.047
1.050
1.047
1.036
1.053
1.056
1.053
1.043
1.059
1.062
1.059
1.050
1.065
1.068
1.065
1.057
1.072
1.074
1.072
1.064
1.078
1.080
1.078
1.071
1.085
1.087
1.085
1.078
1.091
1.093
1.091
1.086
1.098
1.100
1.098
1.093
1.105
1.106
1.105
1.101
1.112
1.113
1.112
1.108
1.118
1.119
1.118
1.116
1.125
1.126
1.125
1.123
1.132
1.133
1.132
1.131
1.139
1.140
1.139
1.139
1.147
1.146
1.147
1.147
1.154
1.153
1.154
1.155
1.161
1.160
1.161
1.163
1.168
1.167
1.168
1.171
1.176
1.175
1.176
1.180
1.183
1.182
1.183
1.188
1.191
1.189
1.191
1.196
1.198
1.196
1.198
1.205
1.206
1.204
1.206
1.213
1.213
1.211
1.213
1.222
15
0.976
0.983
0.991
0.999
1.006
1.014
1.022
1.031
1.039
1.047
1.056
1.065
1.073
1.082
1.091
1.100
1.110
1.119
1.129
1.138
1.148
1.158
1.168
1.178
1.188
1.198
1.209
1.219
1.230
1.241

16
0.916
0.926
0.936
0.946
0.956
0.967
0.978
0.989
1.000
1.011
1.023
1.034
1.046
1.059
1.071
1.083
1.096
1.109
1.123
1.136
1.150
1.164
1.178
1.193
1.207
1.222
1.238
1.253
1.269
1.285

17
0.756
0.771
0.787
0.802
0.818
0.835
0.852
0.870
0.888
0.907
0.926
0.946
0.966
0.988
1.009
1.032
1.055
1.079
1.104
1.130
1.156

Energa solar Colectores solares planos

Tratamiento terico Vol. 1

26

5/8/06 10:54:00 AM

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 27

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da
7

8
1.301
1.318
1.335
1.352
1.369
1.387
1.405
1.423
1.442
1.461
1.480
1.500
1.519
1.540
1.560
1.581
1.602
1.623
1.645
1.667
1.689
1.712
1.735
1.758
1.781
1.805
1.829
1.854
1.878
1.903
1.928

9
1.252
1.263
1.274
1.285
1.297
1.308
1.320
1.331
1.343
1.355
1.367
1.380
1.392
1.404
1.417
1.429
1.442
1.455
1.468
1.481
1.494
1.507
1.520
1.533
1.547
1.560
1.574
1.587
1.601
1.614
1.628

10
1.231
1.239
1.248
1.257
1.266
1.275
1.284
1.294
1.303
1.312
1.322
1.331
1.340
1.350
1.360
1.369
1.379
1.389
1.399
1.408
1.418
1.428
1.438
1.448
1.458
1.468
1.478
1.488
1.498
1.508
1.518

Tabla 4

Octubre
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.221
1.218
1.221
1.231
1.229
1.226
1.229
1.239
1.237
1.233
1.237
1.248
1.245
1.241
1.245
1.257
1.253
1.249
1.253
1.266
1.261
1.256
1.261
1.275
1.269
1.264
1.269
1.284
1.277
1.272
1.277
1.294
1.285
1.280
1.285
1.303
1.293
1.287
1.293
1.312
1.301
1.295
1.301
1.322
1.309
1.303
1.309
1.331
1.318
1.311
1.318
1.340
1.326
1.319
1.326
1.350
1.335
1.327
1.335
1.360
1.343
1.335
1.343
1.369
1.351
1.343
1.351
1.379
1.360
1.351
1.360
1.389
1.368
1.360
1.368
1.399
1.377
1.368
1.377
1.408
1.385
1.376
1.385
1.418
1.394
1.384
1.394
1.428
1.402
1.392
1.402
1.438
1.411
1.400
1.411
1.448
1.420
1.409
1.420
1.458
1.428
1.417
1.428
1.468
1.437
1.425
1.437
1.478
1.445
1.433
1.445
1.488
1.454
1.441
1.454
1.498
1.463
1.450
1.463
1.508
1.471
1.458
1.471
1.518
15
1.252
1.263
1.274
1.285
1.297
1.308
1.320
1.331
1.343
1.355
1.367
1.380
1.392
1.404
1.417
1.429
1.442
1.455
1.468
1.481
1.494
1.507
1.520
1.533
1.547
1.560
1.574
1.587
1.601
1.614
1.628

16
1.301
1.318
1.335
1.352
1.369
1.387
1.405
1.423
1.442
1.461
1.480
1.500
1.519
1.540
1.560
1.581
1.602
1.623
1.645
1.667
1.689
1.712
1.735
1.758
1.781
1.805
1.829
1.854
1.878
1.903
1.928

17

Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez

27

5/8/06 10:54:01 AM

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 28

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Da
7

8
1.954
1.980
2.005
2.032
2.058
2.084
2.111
2.138
2.165
2.192
2.219
2.246
2.273
2.301
2.328
2.355
2.382
2.409
2.436
2.462
2.489
2.515
2.541
2.566
2.591
2.616
2.640
2.664
2.687
2.709

9
1.642
1.655
1.669
1.683
1.696
1.710
1.723
1.737
1.751
1.764
1.777
1.791
1.804
1.817
1.830
1.843
1.856
1.868
1.881
1.893
1.905
1.917
1.928
1.940
1.951
1.961
1.972
1.982
1.992
2.002

10
1.528
1.538
1.548
1.558
1.567
1.577
1.587
1.597
1.606
1.616
1.626
1.635
1.644
1.654
1.663
1.672
1.681
1.689
1.698
1.706
1.715
1.723
1.731
1.738
1.746
1.753
1.760
1.767
1.774
1.781

Tabla 4

Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.480
1.466
1.480
1.528
1.488
1.474
1.488
1.538
1.497
1.482
1.497
1.548
1.505
1.490
1.505
1.558
1.513
1.498
1.513
1.567
1.522
1.506
1.522
1.577
1.530
1.514
1.530
1.587
1.538
1.521
1.538
1.597
1.546
1.529
1.546
1.606
1.554
1.537
1.554
1.616
1.562
1.544
1.562
1.626
1.570
1.552
1.570
1.635
1.578
1.559
1.578
1.644
1.586
1.567
1.586
1.654
1.594
1.574
1.594
1.663
1.601
1.581
1.601
1.672
1.609
1.588
1.609
1.681
1.616
1.595
1.616
1.689
1.623
1.602
1.623
1.698
1.630
1.609
1.630
1.706
1.637
1.615
1.637
1.715
1.644
1.622
1.644
1.723
1.650
1.628
1.650
1.731
1.657
1.634
1.657
1.738
1.663
1.640
1.663
1.746
1.669
1.646
1.669
1.753
1.675
1.651
1.675
1.760
1.681
1.657
1.681
1.767
1.686
1.662
1.686
1.774
1.692
1.667
1.692
1.781

Noviembre

15
1.642
1.655
1.669
1.683
1.696
1.710
1.723
1.737
1.751
1.764
1.777
1.791
1.804
1.817
1.830
1.843
1.856
1.868
1.881
1.893
1.905
1.917
1.928
1.940
1.951
1.961
1.972
1.982
1.992
2.002

16
1.954
1.980
2.005
2.032
2.058
2.084
2.111
2.138
2.165
2.192
2.219
2.246
2.273
2.301
2.328
2.355
2.382
2.409
2.436
2.462
2.489
2.515
2.541
2.566
2.591
2.616
2.640
2.664
2.687
2.709

17

Energa solar Colectores solares planos

Tratamiento terico Vol. 1

28

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ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 29

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Da

8
2.731
2.752
2.772
2.792
2.811
2.828
2.845
2.861
2.876
2.890
2.902
2.914
2.924
2.933
2.941
2.948
2.953
2.958
2.961
2.962
2.963
2.962
2.959
2.956
2.951
2.945
2.937
2.929
2.919
2.908
2.896

9
2.011
2.020
2.028
2.036
2.044
2.051
2.058
2.065
2.071
2.076
2.081
2.086
2.090
2.094
2.097
2.100
2.102
2.104
2.105
2.105
2.106
2.105
2.104
2.103
2.101
2.098
2.096
2.092
2.088
2.084
2.079

10
1.787
1.793
1.799
1.804
1.809
1.814
1.819
1.823
1.827
1.831
1.834
1.837
1.840
1.842
1.844
1.846
1.848
1.849
1.849
1.850
1.850
1.850
1.849
1.848
1.847
1.845
1.843
1.841
1.839
1.836
1.832

Tabla 4

Diciembre
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Hora del da
11
12
13
14
1.697
1.672
1.697
1.787
1.702
1.676
1.702
1.793
1.707
1.681
1.707
1.799
1.711
1.685
1.711
1.804
1.715
1.689
1.715
1.809
1.719
1.693
1.719
1.814
1.723
1.696
1.723
1.819
1.727
1.700
1.727
1.823
1.730
1.703
1.730
1.827
1.733
1.706
1.733
1.831
1.736
1.708
1.736
1.834
1.738
1.711
1.738
1.837
1.741
1.713
1.741
1.840
1.743
1.715
1.743
1.842
1.744
1.716
1.744
1.844
1.746
1.718
1.746
1.846
1.747
1.719
1.747
1.848
1.748
1.720
1.748
1.849
1.748
1.720
1.748
1.849
1.749
1.721
1.749
1.850
1.749
1.721
1.749
1.850
1.749
1.721
1.749
1.850
1.748
1.720
1.748
1.849
1.747
1.719
1.747
1.848
1.746
1.718
1.746
1.847
1.745
1.717
1.745
1.845
1.743
1.716
1.743
1.843
1.742
1.714
1.742
1.841
1.740
1.712
1.740
1.839
1.737
1.710
1.737
1.836
1.734
1.707
1.734
1.832
15
2.011
2.020
2.028
2.036
2.044
2.051
2.058
2.065
2.071
2.076
2.081
2.086
2.090
2.094
2.097
2.100
2.102
2.104
2.105
2.105
2.106
2.105
2.104
2.103
2.101
2.098
2.096
2.092
2.088
2.084
2.079

16
2.731
2.752
2.772
2.792
2.811
2.828
2.845
2.861
2.876
2.890
2.902
2.914
2.924
2.933
2.941
2.948
2.953
2.958
2.961
2.962
2.963
2.962
2.959
2.956
2.951
2.945
2.937
2.929
2.919
2.908
2.896

17

Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutirrez

29

5/8/06 10:54:02 AM