7 EJA@ )H=> - EH=JAI 7 ELAHIEJO + ACA B 5?EA ?AI ,AF=HJ A J B =JDA =JE?= 5?EA ?

AI

-9 4  5 761 5A?JE  5A?JE #

)60 !# 5-+61 01 +4 !#$ ' !  "# @=O  9A@ AI@=O

,KA ,=JA @=O 5AFJA >AH ! '

F AN ) = OIEI 1

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1

-9 4

761

.=

'

5A?JE  5K I = @ 2H @K?JI = @ 5A?JE

1. 8AHEBO JD=J
 

*=IE? ) CA>H=E? 2H FAHJEAI

F


E E

2H

 

  
2H

!
B



  &  !   " ! $   &

 ! ! !
2H B

   # 

 

! ! ! !




'

!

      

   # 

    # 

2. 5D M JD=J
  4AE 
2H B

1   .H
N OE

E N

OE

NE

4AE 

1  

4AE 

1  

 1 E 
2H B

4A  .H
E N OE

E N

OE

NE

1 E 

4A 

1 E 

4A 

2=CA  B %

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1
3. 5 LA JDA AGK=JE


-9 4

761

.=

'

B H N O N O 

N O  >O MHEJE C N O   
N

 

= @ JDA I LE C = F=EH B IE K J= A KI AGK=JE I E

) IMAH

= @O

9A ANF= @ JDA AGK=JE  

E A

N O N O  N O    N O NO  N O    N N O N  = @  NO

O O

N O

 
N

NO

 

 

JDA IA? @ AGK=JE E  MA CAJ O  H N   E A N Case 1. O : 2KJJE C O  E J JDA HIJ AGK=JE E  MA CAJ  MDE?D ?=
Case 2.
N N N

.H

J >A I LA@ B H = HA=  : 2KJJE C N   "

6D=J EI O  ?= J >A JDA I KJE B JDA CELA AGK=JE  E J JDA HIJ AGK=JE E  MA CAJ   ! "
O O

1J E F EAI JDA I KJE I J JDA CELA AGK=JE



 

N O 

 =HA !


5A?JE ! .KHJDAH 2H FAHJEAI

4. 4A@K?A A=?D B JDAIA GK= JEJEAI J = HA= K >AH
"   !
E E

"E

#E  ! #E
E E E

) IMAH

"E 

#E

 !


E

"E

! !

"E "E


E

#E

#E #E

" 





!

) IMAH

 " ! 
E



#E

!

#E E

" 
E

) IMAH

"



E
E

"

2=CA

B%

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1
5. 2H LA JD=J EB
2H B

0
 !

-9 4

761

.=

'

 JDA =J A=IJ

A B JDA JDHAA B=?J HI EI AH

9A HA?= JD=J B H ? F AN K >AHI = @ M EB M  JDA  H M  H F IIE> O > JD = @ M AGK= AH 1J E F EAI JD=J EB    !  JDA   H !  H  ! F IIE> O > JD  = @ ! AGK= AH )C=E EB   JDA   H  H F IIE> O > JD AGK= AH 6DAHAB HA ? >E E C JD IA JM IJ=JA A JI MA ?= @A@K?A JD=J   H  = @  H !  E A =J A=IJ A B JDA JDHAA B=?J HI EI AH
 

6. 7IA E@A JEJO

J @AHELA JDA ?= ?A =JE
2H B

 ! "

 !

" 

$ 

"

=M

$

*O JDA E@A JEJO




$

5A?JE "
7.
?=JA JDA K >AHI % 

E

@K E

= @
E

LA?J HE= O MDA

= @

E

) IMAH

 


 !


  ! !

% 

!  = @


) IMAH

 !  ! 


 ! 

 !   


! 

% !

 !  = @


 "  "


) IMAH

 ! 


O E

#

 "

!

% "

N

O E

= @
N O E

N

) IMAH

N


O

 
N

N

O E

N


O


O





2=CA ! B %

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1
8. 8AHEBO JD=J
2H B

-9 4

761

.=

'

F
N OE

4A 

1  

AJ

6DA
N

4A  9A >IAHLA N )@@E C

N O

= @

1  

= @

N O

E A

N O

 

J > JD IE@AI MA CAJ

N O

N O


E A

N

N O

M MA J= A > JD IE@AI J >A IGK=HA@ 6DA E AGK= EJO @ AI IE@AI =HA AC=JELA
G

J ?D= CA JDA H@AH >A?=KIA > JD

N

MDE?D EI 4A 

1  

N

E A

N

9. 1 A=?D ?=IA I AJ?D JDA IAJ B F E JI @AJAH E A@ >O JDA CELA ? @EJE
'  '  ! ' ! " 
) IMAH
E E

 1J EI = ?EH? A ?A JAHA@ =J JDA F E J 

E

MEJD H=@EKI  MEJD H=@EKI

!
1J EI = @EI? E IE@A = @ E ? K@E C JDA ?EH? A ?A JAHA@ =J JDA F E J
E

) IMAH

"E

"
1J EI = HACE KJIE@A = @ E ? K@E C JDA ?EH? A ?A JAHA@ =J JDA F E J "E MEJD H=@EKI

) IMAH

5A?JE # + F AN + KC=JAI
10. 7IA FH FAHJEAI B ?
  
2H

KC=JAI = @

@K E J ID M JD=J

!E
B

!E 
E

!E

!E

!E

 


E

2H

 E

2=CA " B %

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1
 ! 
2H
E

-9 4

761

.=

'

"E
E

5E ?A 

"E I 
E

"E

"E

 "  
2H B

#

F


4A?=

 

#

F
#

F
! 

! 

!  #

11. 5 AJ?D JDA IAJ B F E JI @AJAH E A@ >O JDA ? @EJE

  4A
E

 9A HA?= 4A  4A  4A 5

E

) IMAH

4A 

4A   E
E

4A  AJ 


OE

6D=J EI JDA CELA AGK=JE AGK=JE JDA

N

EI AGKEL= A J J 4A  4AN 

= @ FKJ E J JDA

4AN

O

E

OE

4A

E A

1J E F EAI JD=J B H = O O OE I=JEI AI JDA AGK=JE ? F AN F = A I=JEI AI JDA CELA AGK=JE

6D=J EI JDA E A

E JDA

 

" 9A IE F EBO JDA CELA AGK=JE

E

) IMAH

"

E A

MDE?D HAFHAIA JI = ?EH? A ?A JAHA@ =J JDA F E J E

MEJD H=@EKI

2=CA # B %

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1
12. 7IA AIJ=> EIDA@ FH FAHJEAI B

-9 4

761
!

.=

'

@K E J ID M JD=J MDA
 ! "

"

 ! "

2H

6DA 6HE=


C A 1 AGK= EJO

E F EAI = @I
 ! "  ! "


BH
!

 ! "

M MA HA?=

JDA JHE= C A E AGK= EJO

"

"

= @I


! "


! "

6DAHAB HA MA ? ? K@A
 ! "

 ! "

 ! "

E A

 ! "

 ! "

13. 5D M JD=J
2H B

4A

" 


MDA
M

4A?= B H = ? 4A 
!

F AN K >AH M 4AM 

5 B H

 
!

MA D=LA

"

14. 2H LA JD=J
"  EI HA= EB = @
2H B

O EB 
N OE

AJ N OE 1B EI HA= JDA O  = @ I 1B  JDA N OE N OE EI AEJDAH HA=

B

EA   EA

= @I

OE

>A?

AI = HA=

" 
2H

H FKHA E =CE =HO EB = @

O EB  => LA  OE JDA  = @I  OE = @  N

AJ N OE 1B EI HA= E A O  JDA BH JDA FH > A 1B EI FKHA E =CE =HO E A N  = @ I 1B  JDA   EA  EA

O

EA   "NOE

  HN

N  MDE?D

OE

N

OE

NOE

NOE

A= I

EI AEJDAH HA=

H FKHA E =CE =HO

2=CA $ B %

+ F AN ) = OIEI 1
15. 7IE C ANFHAIIE I

-9 4

761

.=

'

4A  ID M JD=J JDA DOFAH> =

N O

1  


E

 ?= >A MHEJJA 

2H

AJ

OE

6DA >O JDA CELA ANFHAIIE I

N


N


E

2KJJE C JDA 


E J JDA DOFAH> = AGK=JE 

 MA D=LA  

  

 "

"

 


"

 

E A

2=CA % B %

United Arab Emirates University College of Sciences Department of Mathematical Sciences

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Complex Analysis I MATH 315 SECTION 01 CRN 23516 9:30 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday Due Date: Monday, September 28, 2009

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

Section 6. Exponential Form Section 7. Products and Quotients in Exponential Form 1. Find the principal argument Arg(z ) when
(1.1) z = i 2 2i

Answer. z= i 1 = (1 + i) , 2 2i 4
6

tan (Arg(z )) =

1/4 = 1, 1/4

Arg(z ) =

3 . 4

(1.2) z =

3i 3 i. Then z = w6 and Arg(w) = , 6 Arg(z ) = Arg(w6 ) = 6 Arg(w) = ,

Answer. Let w =

1 tan (Arg(w)) = = , 6 3

where Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) is used. Since < Arg(z ) , hence we conclude Arg(z ) = . In fact, z = 3i
6

= 64 and so Arg(z ) = .

2. Show that
(2.1) |ei | = 1 Proof. By Eulers formula, ei = cos + i sin , (2.2) ei = ei . Proof. By Eulers formula, ei = cos + i sin = cos i sin = cos() + i sin() = ei . |ei | = | cos + i sin | = cos2 + sin2 = 1.

3. Using the fact that the modulus ei 1 is the distance between the points ei and 1, give a
geometric argument to nd a value of in the interval 0 < 2 that satises the equation ei 1 = 2. Answer. Since ei , 0 < 2 , has the modulus |ei | = 1, so the points ei , 0 < 2 , are all on the unit circle centered at the origin. (The unit circle means a circle with radius 1.) If ei , 0 < 2 , satises the equation |ei 1| = 2, then the point ei is 2 units away from the point (1, 0) in the plane. Hence the point ei should be at (1, 0) and it means = .

4. Use de Movires formula to derive the following trigonometric identities:

(4.1) cos(3) = cos3 3 cos sin2 (4.2) sin(3) = 3 cos2 sin sin3

Page 1 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

Proof. ei = cos + i sin , cos(3) + i sin(3) = ei3 = (ei )3 = (cos + i sin )3 = cos3 + 3i cos2 sin 3 cos sin2 i sin3 = cos3 3 cos sin2 + i 3 cos2 sin sin3 . By equating the real parts and then the imaginary parts, we arrive at the desired trigonometric identities, cos(3) = cos3 3 cos sin2 , sin(3) = 3 cos2 sin sin3 .

5. By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form, performing the needed operators,
and nally changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that (5.1) i(1 i 3)( 3 + i) = 2(1 + i 3) i i i Answer. It is straightforward to see i = e 2 , 1 i 3 = 2e 3 , 3 + i = 2e 6 . So, i i i i i(1 i 3)( 3 + i) = e 2 2e 3 2e 6 = 4e 3 = 4 cos + i sin 3 3 (5.2) 5i = 1 + 2i 2+i
i

=2 1+i 3 .

Answer. It is straightforward to see 5i = 5e 2 , 2 + i = i tan1 1 5i 5e 2 (2 2) = = = 5 e 5 cos 1 1 2+i 5ei tan 2 1 2 = 5 + i = 1 + 2i. 5 5 (5.3) (1 + i)7 = 8 (1 + i) Answer. It is straightforward to see 1 + i = (1 + i) =
7 i

5ei tan

1 2.

So, 1 tan1 2 2

1 tan1 2 2

+ i sin

3i 2e 4 . So,
21i 4

3i e 4

= 27/2 e

= 27/2 cos

21 21 + i sin 4 4

1 1 = 27/2 i 2 2 (5.4) 1+i 3

10

= 8 (1 + i) .

= 211 1 + i 3

i Answer. It is straightforward to see 1 + i 3 = 2e 3 . So, i (1 + i 3)10 = 210 e 3

10

= 210 e

10i 3

= 210 cos

10 10 i sin 3 3

Page 2 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

=2

10

1 3 +i 2 2

= 211 1 + i 3 .

6. Prove that two nonzero complex numbers z1 and z2 have the same moduli if and only if there are
complex numbers c1 and c2 such that z1 = c1 c2 and z2 = c1 c 2 . Proof. Suppose there are complex numbers c1 and c2 such that z1 = c1 c2 and z2 = c1 c 2 . Then, by the properties on moduli, we have |z1 | = |c1 c2 | = |c1 ||c2 | = |c1 ||c 2 | = |c1 c 2 | = |z2 |, i.e., |z1 | = |z2 |.

Suppose that two nonzero complex numbers z1 and z2 have the same moduli. Let |z1 | = r1 = |z2 | and Arg(z1 ) = r1 and Arg(z2 ) = 2 . Then we may write z1 = r1 ei1 , If we introduce the numbers c1 = r1 ei we nd that c1 c2 = r1 ei That is, z1 = c1 c2 , and z2 = c1 c 2 . Hence, there are complex numbers c1 and c2 desired in the problem.
1 +2 2 1 +2 2

z2 = r2 ei2 .

and

c2 = ei

1 2 2

ei

1 2 2

= r1 ei1 = z1 ,

and

c1 c 2 = r1 ei

1 +2 2

ei

1 2 2

= r1 ei2 = z2 .

7. Establish the identity

1 z n+1 , 1 + z + z + + z = 1z
2 n

z = 1,

and then use it to derive Lagranges trigonometric identity: 1 + cos + cos(2) + + cos(n) = Proof. Let S =
n k=0

1 sin[(2n + 1)/2] + , 2 2 sin(/2)

0 < < 2.

z k . Then we observe for z = 1,

n n n

(1 z )S = S zS =
k=0

z
k=0

k+1

=
k=0

z k z k+1 = 1 z n+1 ,

S=

1 z n+1 . 1z

Substituting z = ei into the equation above, we get

n

e
k=0

ik

1 ei(n+1) = . 1 ei

Page 3 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

Eulers formula implies

n n n

cos(k) + i
k=0 k=0

sin(k) =
k=0

eik =

1 ei(n+1) 1 ei ei/2 ei/2 = ei/2 ei(2n+1)/2 , ei/2 ei/2

= Again Eulers formula implies

1 ei(n+1) 1 ei

ei/2 ei(2n+1)/2 cos(k) + i sin(k) = ei/2 ei/2 k=0 k=0 cos(/2) i sin(/2) [cos((2n + 1)/2) + i sin((2n + 1)/2)] 2i sin(/2) cos(/2) i sin(/2) [cos((2n + 1)/2) + i sin((2n + 1)/2)] i = 2i sin(/2) i sin(/2) + sin((2n + 1)/2) + i [cos(/2) cos((2n + 1)/2)] . = 2 sin(/2) = By equating the real parts and the imaginary parts, we nd
n

cos(k) =
k=0 n

sin(/2) + sin((2n + 1)/2) 1 sin((2n + 1)/2) = + , 2 sin(/2) 2 sin(/2) 1 cos((2n + 1)/2) cos(/2) cos((2n + 1)/2) = cot(/2) , 2 sin(/2) 2 sin(/2)

sin(k) =
k=0

where 0 < < 2 . Another Proof. Eulers formula implies

n n n

cos(k) + i
k=0 k=0

sin(k) =
k=0

eik =

1 ei(n+1) 1 ei

1 ei(n+1) 1 ei 1 ei + ein ei(n+1) = 1 ei 1 ei 2 ei ei 1 cos + cos(n) cos(n + 1) + i [sin + sin(n) sin(n + 1)] = 2(1 cos )

That is, we deduce

n

cos(k) =
k=0 n

1 cos + cos(n) cos(n + 1) 1 cos(n) cos(n + 1) = + , 2(1 cos ) 2 2(1 cos ) sin + sin(n) sin(n + 1) , 2(1 cos )

sin(k) =
k=0

where we will simplify the rst one.

Page 4 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

We recall from Calculus 1 cos A = 2 sin2 (A/2), cos(A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B, Using them, we have
n

sin(2A) = 2 sin A cos A, sin(A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.

cos(k) =
k=0

1 cos(n) cos(n + 1) + 2 2(1 cos ) 1 cos(n) cos(n) cos + sin(n) sin + 2 4 sin2 (/2) 1 cos(n) (1 cos ) + 2 sin(n) sin(/2) cos(/2) + 2 4 sin2 (/2) 1 2 cos(n) sin2 (/2) + 2 sin(n) sin(/2) cos(/2) + 2 4 sin2 (/2)

= = = =

1 cos(n) sin(/2) + sin(n) cos(/2) + 2 2 sin(/2) 1 sin(n + /2) 1 sin[(2n + 1)/2] = + = + . 2 2 sin(/2) 2 2 sin(/2)

Page 5 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

Section 8. Roots of Complex Numbers and Section 9. Examples 8. Find the square roots of the followings and express them in rectangular coordinates.
(8.1) 2i Answer. We look for z such that z 2 = 2i, i.e., z = (2i)1/2 . The complex number 2i has the modulus |2i| = 2 and the principal argument Arg(2i) = /2. From the information, 2i has the exponential form,
2i = |2i|ei arg(2i) = 2ei(Arg(2i)+2k) = 2ei( 2 +2k) , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . . (2i)1/2 = 21/2 ei( 4 +k) = 2ei( 4 +k) ,

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, c0 = 1 1 + i = 1 + i, 2 2 i + 1 1 c1 = 2e ( 4 ) = 2 i = 1 i. 2 2 2ei( 4 ) =

(8.2) 1 i 3 1/2 2 Answer. We look for z such that z = 1 i 3, i.e., z = (1 i 3) . The complex number 1 i 3 has the modulus |1 i 3| = 2 and the principal argument Arg(1 i 3) = /3. From the information, 1 i 3 has the exponential form,
1 i 3 = |1 i 3|ei arg(1i 3) = 2ei(Arg(1i 3)+2k) = 2ei( 3 +2k) , (1 i 3)1/2 = 21/2 ei( 6 +k) = 2ei( 6 +k) , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 1 3 1 3 c0 = 2e = 2 i = i, 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 c1 = 2ei( 6 +) = 2 + i = + i. 2 2 2 2

i( 6)

9. In each case, nd all of the roots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them as vertices of certain
squares, and point out which is the principal root. (9.1) (16)1/4 Answer. We look for z such that z = (16)1/4 . The complex number 16 has the modulus |16| = 16 and the principal argument Arg(16) = . From the information, 16 has the exponential form, 16 = |16| ei arg(16) = 16ei(Arg(16)+2k) = 16ei(+2k) , (16)1/4 = 161/4 e
(2k+1) i 4

= 2e

(2k+1) i 4

k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

Page 6 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, c0 = 2e 4 = 2 c2 = 2e

5i 4 i

3i 1 1 1 1 + i = 2 (1 + i) , c1 = 2e 4 = 2 + i = 2 (1 + i) , 2 2 2 2 7i 1 1 1 1 = 2 i = 2 (1 + i) , c3 = 2e 4 = 2 i = 2 (1 i) . 2 2 2 2

The numbers 2), ( 2, 2), 0 , c1 , c2 and c3 are respectively located at ( 2, complex c ( 2, 2), and 2, 2) in the complex plane and forms a square. The principal root is ( c0 located at ( 2, 2). (9.2) (8 8i 3)1/4 Answer. We look for z such that z = (8 8i 3)1/4 . The complex number 8 8i 3 has the modulus 8 8i 3 = 16 and the principal argument Arg(8 8i 3) = 2/3. From the information, 8 8i 3 has the exponential form,
2 8 8i 3 = 8 8i 3 ei arg(88i 3) = 16ei(Arg(88i 3)+2k) = 16ei( 3 +2k) , (3k1) k (8 8i 3)1/4 = 161/4 ei( 6 + 2 ) = 2e 6 i , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

Hence, we deduce all two square roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, c0 = 2e c2 = 2e

i 6

5i 6

i 1 3 1 3 =2 i = 3 i, c1 = 2e 3 = 2 + i = 1 + i 3, 2 2 2 2 4i 3 1 1 3 =2 + i = 3 + i, c3 = 2e 3 = 2 i = 1 i 3. 2 2 2 2

The complex numbers c , c , c and c are respectively located at ( 3 , 1), (1 , 3), ( 3, 1), 0 1 2 3 and ( 1 , 3) in the complex plane and forms a square. The principal root is c located at 0 ( 3, 1).
2 10. The three cube roots of a nonzero complex number z0 can be written c0 , c0 3 , c0 3 , where c0 is

the principal cube root of z0 and 3 = exp 2i 3 1 + i 3 = . 2

Show that if z0 = 4 2+4i 2, then c0 = 2(1+ i) and the other two cube roots are in rectangular form, the numbers ( 3 + 1) + ( 3 1)i c0 3 = , 2 and
2 c0 3

( 3 1) ( 3 + 1)i = . 2

Proof. We nd all cube roots of z0 = 4 2 (1 i). The given complex number z0 has the modulus |z0 | = 32 + 32 = 8 and the principal argument Arg(z0 ) = 3/4. With this information, z0 has the exponential form, z0 = |z0 |ei arg(z0 ) = |z0 |ei(Arg(z0 )+2k) = 8ei( 4 +2k)
3

Page 7 of 9

Complex Analysis I
1/3

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

z0

= 81/3 ei( 4 +

2k 3

2 i 2k ) = 2ei 4e 3 = 2ei 4 ei 3

k = 2ei 4 3 ,

k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

Hence, we deduce all three cube roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 1 1 + i = 2 (1 + i) , 2 2 2i 1 + i 3 ( 3 + 1) + ( 3 1)i 1 c1 = 2ei 4 3 (= c0 3 ) = 2ei 4 e 3 = 2 (1 + i) = , 2 2 2 2i 2 1 + i 3 ( 3 1) ( 3 + 1)i i 2 2 i c2 = 2e 4 3 (= c0 3 ) = 2e 4 e 3 = 2 (1 + i) = . 2 2
0 = 2ei 4 = 2 c0 = 2ei 4 3

11. Find the four roots of the equation z 4 + 4 = 0 and use them to factor z 4 + 4 into quadratic factors
with real coecients. Answer. The equation z 4 + 4 = 0 is equivalent to z 4 = 4, i.e., z = (4)1/4 . We express the complex numbers 4 and (4)1/4 in the exponential form. Since 4 has the modulus | 4| = 4 and the principal argument Arg(4) = , because we use a principal argument in (, ]. Using the information, we have 4 = | 4|ei arg(4) = 4ei(Arg(4)+2k) = 4ei(+2k) = 4e(2k+1)i , (2k+1)i (2k+1)i = 2e 4 , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . . (4)1/4 = 41/4 e 4 Hence, we deduce all four roots by putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, c0 = c2 = 2e 4 = 2e
5i 4 i

3i 1 1 1 1 + i = 1 + i, c1 = 2e 4 = 2 + i = 1 + i, 2 2 2 2 7i 1 1 1 1 = 2 i = 1 i, c3 = 2e 4 = 2 i = 1 i. 2 2 2 2 2

Since c0 , c1 , c2 , and c3 are roots of the equation z 4 + 4 = 0, so we can express z 4 + 4 as follows: z 4 + 4 = [z c0 ] [z c1 ] [z c2 ] [z c3 ] = [z (1 + i)] [z (1 + i)] [z (1 i)] [z (1 i)] = [(z 1) i] [(z + 1) i] [(z + 1) + i] [(z 1) + i] = (z 1)2 i2 [(z + 1) i] [(z + 1) + i] = (z 1)2 i2 (z + 1)2 i2 = z 2 2z + 2 z 2 + 2z + 2 .

12. Show that if c is any nth root of unity other than unity itself, then
1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = 0.

Page 8 of 9

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

Proof. We observe that if zw = 0 for complex numbers z = 0 and w, then w = 0. For this reason, (1 c) 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = 0 where c = 1. Hence, it is enough to prove that (1 c) 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = 0. Expanding the lefthand side, we get (1 c) 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 c 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 c + c2 + c3 + + cn1 + cn = 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 c + c2 + c3 + + cn1 + 1 = 0, where cn = 1 is used. Another Proof. Using the identity in the problem 7 above, we have 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = because c is the nth root of unity, i.e., cn = 1. 1 cn 11 = = 0, 1c 1c implies 1 + c + c2 + + cn1 = 0,

Page 9 of 9

United Arab Emirates University College of Sciences Department of Mathematical Sciences

HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTION

Complex Analysis I MATH 315 SECTION 01 CRN 23516 9:30 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday Due Date: Wednesday, October 7, 2009

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

1. Sketch the following sets and determine which are domains.

(1.1) | z 2 + i | 1. Answer. With z = x + iy , the given inequality implies 1 | x 2 + i ( 1 + y ) | = ( x 2 )2 + ( 1 + y )2 , i.e., it represents the region outside (including boundary) the circle centered at (2, 1) with the radius 1. See the gure below. (1.2) | 2z + 3 | > 4. Answer. With z = x + iy , the given inequality implies ( 4 < | 2x + 3 + 2yi | = ( 2x + 3 ) + ( 2y ) ,
2 2

1<

3 x+ 2

)2 + y2,

i.e., it represents the region outside (excluding boundary) the circle centered at (3/2, 0) with the radius 1. See the gure below.
1.2 1.1 0.0 z 2 i 1 2 2z 3 4

0.5

Y Y 1.0

1 1.5 2 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 X 2.5 3.0 4 3 2 X 1 0 1

(1.3) Im(z ) > 1. Answer. With z = x + iy , the given inequality implies 1 < Im(z ) = x i.e., it represents the region on the lefthand side (excluding boundary) the line x = 1. See the gure below. (1.4) | z 4 | | z |. Answer. With z = x + iy , the given inequality implies x2 + y 2 = | x + iy | | x 4 + iy | = ( x 4 )2 + y 2 = x2 8x + 16 + y 2 , 8x 16, x 2,

i.e., it represents the region on the lefthand side (including boundary) the line x = 2. See the gure below.

Page 1 of 5

Complex Analysis I
1.3 6

HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTION
Im z 1 1.4 3 5 4 2 1 Y 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 X 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 X 1 2 3 z 4 z

Fall, 2009

Y 3 2 1 0

2. In each case, sketch the closure of the set.

(2.1) | Re(z ) | < | z |. Answer. With z = x + iy , we observe | x | = | Re(z ) | < | z | = x2 + y 2 , i.e.,

x2 = | x |2 < x2 + y 2 ,

0 < y2,

0 < |y|,

which represents the whole complex plane except the real axis (y = 0). Hence, the closure of the set will be the whole complex plane. (2.2) Re(z 2 ) > 0. Answer. With z = x + iy , we have z 2 = x2 y 2 + 2xyi, Re(z 2 ) = x2 y 2 .

So the region, 0 < x2 y 2 = (x y )(x + y ), is the region satisfying (1) x y > 0 and x + y > 0 and (2) x y < 0 and x + y < 0. Hence, the closure of the set will be the region including the boundaries y = x. See the gure below.
2.2 3 2 1 Y 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 X 1 2 3 Y Re z2 0 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 X 1 2 3 2.2 Re z2 0

Page 2 of 5

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

3. For each of the functions below, describe the domain of denition that is understood.
( (3.1) f (z ) = Arg 1 z ) .

Answer. Since 1/z is dened at any z , except at z = 0, thus f (z ) is dened everywhere except at z = 0. z . z+z

(3.2) f (z ) =

Answer. The denominator of f (z ) vanishes at the point satisfying z+z = 0, z = z , i.e., x + iy = ( x iy ) = x + iy, i.e., x = 0,

i.e., f (z ) is dened everywhere except at the points on the imaginary axis. 1 . 1 | z |2

(3.3) f (z ) =

Answer. The denominator of f (z ) vanishes at the point satisfying 1 | z |2 = 0, | z |2 = 1, i.e., x2 + y 2 = 1,

i.e., f (z ) is dened everywhere except at the points on the unit circle centered at the origin.

4. Suppose that f (z ) = x2 y 2 2y + i ( 2x 2xy ), where z = x + yi. Use the expressions,

x= z+z , 2 and y= zz , 2i

to write f (z ) in terms of z and simplify the result. Answer. We recall that z 2 = ( x + iy )2 = x2 y 2 + 2ixy, ( ) Re z 2 = x2 y 2 , ( ) Im z 2 = 2xy, ( ) ( ) z 2 = Re z 2 i Im z 2 .

Using them with the given expressions above, we have f (z ) = x2 y 2 2y + i ( 2x 2xy ) ( ) ( ) zz z+z = Re z 2 2 + 2i i Im z 2 2i 2 ( ) ( 2) ) + i ( z + z ) i Im z 2 = Re z + i ( z z ( ) ( ) = Re z 2 i Im z 2 + 2iz = z 2 + 2iz.

Page 3 of 5

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

5. Write the function

in the form f (z ) = u(r, ) + iv (r, ).

1 f (z ) = z + , z

z = 0,

Answer. Using the exponential form z = rei , we have f (z ) = rei + 1 ei i = re + rei r 1 = r ( cos + i sin ) + ( cos i sin ) ( )r ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 = r cos + cos + i r sin sin = r + cos + i r sin . r r r r

Hence, in the form f (z ) = u(r, ) + iv (r, ), we have ( ) ( ) 1 1 u(r, ) = r + cos , v (r, ) = r sin . r r

6. Find and sketch the image S of the semiinnite strip S = { z = (x, y ) | 0 x, 0 y } under
the given transformation. (6.1) w = z 2 . Answer. A simple computation shows with z = x + iy , u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) = w = z 2 = x2 y 2 + 2ixy, u(x, y ) = x2 y 2 , v (x, y ) = 2xy.

(1) The line y = 0 corresponds to u(x, 0) = x2 and v (x, 0) = 0, and (u, v ) = (x2 , 0) makes the positive real axis in the wplane. That is, y = 0 corresponds to the positive real axis in the wplane. As x decreases on the line y = 0, u = x2 also decreases on the positive real axis. (2) The line x = 0 corresponds to u(0, y ) = y 2 and v (0, y ) = 0, and (u, v ) = (y 2 , 0) makes the negative real axis in the wplane. That is, x = 0 corresponds to the negative real axis in the wplane. As y increases on the line x = 0, u = y 2 decreases on the negative real axis. (3) The line y = corresponds to u(x, ) = x2 2 and v (x, ) = 2x and (u, v ) = (x2 2 , 2x) makes a parabolic curve of equation ( v )2 ) ( v = 2 u + 2 . 2, 4 2 u + 2 = v 2 , u= 2 As x increases on the line y = , both u = x2 2 and v = 2x increases on the parabolic curve v = 2 u + 2 . (4) Since 0 x and 0 y , so v = 2xy 0. Combining (1) through (4), the image S should be bounded by the real axis and the parabolic curve, i.e., we have the image S as follows: } { 2 . S = w = (u, v ) | 0 v 2 u +

Page 4 of 5

Complex Analysis I
6.1 4 3 S x,y

HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTION
0 x, 0 y 6.1 30 20 2 y 1 0 1 1 0 1 x 2 3 v 10 0 10 15 10 5 u 0 5 10 S' u,v 0 v 2 u

Fall, 2009

(6.2) w = ez . Answer. A simple computation shows with z = x + iy , ei = w = ez = ex+iy = ex eiy , = ex , = y.

(1) The line y = 0 corresponds to = 0 and = ex , and so in polar coordinates system, it corresponds to the positive real axis in the wplane. As x decreases on the line y = 0, = ex also decreases on the positive real axis. (2) The line x = 0 corresponds to = e0 = 1 and = y , and so in polar coordinates system, it corresponds to the circle with radius 1. As y increases on the line x = 0, = y increases on the circle, i.e., the points on the circles moves counterclockwise. (3) The line y = corresponds to = and = ex , and so in polar coordinates system, it corresponds to the negative real axis. As x increases on the line y = , the point on the negative real axis = ex goes away from the origin, i.e., decreases. Combining (1) through (3), the image S should be above the real axis and outside the unit circle centered at the origin, i.e., we have the image S as follows: { } S = w = ei | 1 , 0 .
6.1 4 3 2 y 1 0 1 1 0 1 x 2 3 0 1 2 1 0 u 1 2 v 1 S x,y 0 x, 0 y 3 2 6.2 S'
i

1 , 0

Page 5 of 5

United Arab Emirates University College of Sciences Department of Mathematical Sciences

HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTION Section Section Section Section 15 16 17 18 Limits Theorem on Limits Limits Involving The Point At Innity Continuity

Complex Analysis I MATH 315 SECTION 01 CRN 23516 9:30 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday Due Date: Monday, October 19, 2009

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

1. Compute the given complex limit.

(1.1) lim
z 2i

z2 z

Answer. Since z 2 and z are continuous everywhere in the complex plane, so we have
z 2i

lim

z2 z = ( 2i )2 2i = 4 ( 2i ) = 4 + 2i.

(1.2)

zz z 1+i z + z lim Answer. Since z z and z + z are continuous everywhere in the complex plane and z + z =0 at z = 1 + i, so we have zz limz 1+i ( z z ) 1 + i (1 i) 2i = = = = i. z 1+i z + z limz 1+i ( z + z ) 1+i+1i 2 lim

(1.3) lim ez
z i

Answer. Since ez is continuous everywhere in the complex plane, so we have

z i

lim ez = elimz i z = ei = cos + i sin = 1.

(1.4)

z 2+i

lim ( ez + z )

Answer. Since ez + z is continuous everywhere in the complex plane, so we have

z 2+i

lim ( ez + z ) = e2+i + 2 + i = e2 ei + 2 + i = e2 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) + 2 + i = 2 + e2 cos 1 + i 1 + e2 sin 1 .

(1.5)

z2 + 1 z 1+i z 2 1 lim Answer. Since z 2 + 1 and z 2 1 are continuous everywhere in the complex plane and z 2 1 = 0 at z = 1 + i, so we have limz 1+i ( z 2 + 1 ) ( 1 + i )2 + 1 3 + 4i z2 + 1 2i + 1 lim 2 = = = = . 2 2 z 1+i z 1 limz 1+i ( z 1 ) 2i 1 5 (1 + i) 1

(1.6) lim

z4 1 z i z + i

Answer. We observe z4 1 (z 2 + 1)(z 2 1) (z + i)(z i)(z 2 1) = = = (z i)(z 2 1), z+i z+i z+i which is a polynomial. So we have z4 1 = lim (z i)(z 2 1) = ( 2i ) ( i )2 1 = 4i. z i z + i z i lim

Page 1 of 5

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

2. Consider the limit zlim 0

Re(z ) . Im(z ) (2.1) What value does the limit approach as z approaches 0 along the line y = x? Answer. As z = (x, y ) moves along the line y = x, we have Re(z ) = x = Im(z ), which implies Re(z ) x = lim = lim 1 = 1. z 0 Im(z ) x0 x x0 lim (2.2) What value does the limit approach as z approaches 0 along the imaginary axis? Answer. As z = (x, y ) moves along the imaginary axis, i.e., the line x = 0, we have Re(z ) = 0 and Im(z ) = y , which implies Re(z ) 0 = lim = lim 0 = 0. z 0 Im(z ) y0 y y0 lim (2.3) Based on your answers for (2.1) and (2.2), what can you say about lim Re(z ) ? z 0 Im(z )

Answer. By the uniqueness of the limit, the answers for (2.1) and (2.2) imply that the limit does not exist.

3. Consider the limit lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) ).

zi

(3.1) What value does the limit approach as z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the rst quadrant? Answer. For z = ei on the unit circle z = 1, we observe
iz = ei 2 ei = ei( 2 + ) . So when z is in the rst quadrant, i.e., 0 , we have 2 + , 2 2 i.e., iz is in the second quadrant and by the same argument, when z is in the second quadrant, iz is in the third quadrant. Now, as z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the rst quadrant, iz approaches 1 in the second quadrant. So we have

zi

lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) ) = | i | + i = 1 + i.

(3.2) What value does the limit approach as z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant? Answer. As z approaches i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant, iz approaches 1 in the third quadrant. So we have
zi

lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) ) = | i | + i ( ) = 1 i.
zi

(3.3) Based on your answers for (3.1) and (3.2), what can you say about lim ( | z | + i Arg ( iz ) )? Answer. By the uniqueness of the limit, the answers for (3.1) and (3.2) imply imply that the limit does not exist.

Page 2 of 5

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

4. Compute the given limit.

(4.1) lim z 2 + iz 2 z (1 + 2i)z 2 Answer. Letting f (z ) = z 2 + iz 2 , we compute f (1/z ): (1 + 2i)z 2 f lim f 1 z 1 z (1/z )2 + i/z 2 1 + iz 2z 2 , = (1 + 2i)/z 2 1 + 2i 1 + iz 2z 2 1 1 2i = lim = = . z0 1 + 2i 1 + 2i 5 =

z0

Hence, by the Theorem, we deduce lim f (z ) = lim z 2 + iz 2 1 2i . = z (1 + 2i)z 2 5

(4.2) lim

z2 1 z i z2 + 1 z2 1 , we have z2 + 1 0 1 z2 + 1 = lim 2 = = 0. z i f (z ) zi z 1 2 lim

Answer. Letting f (z ) =

z2 + 1 1 = 2 , f (z ) z 1 Hence, by the Theorem, we deduce

zi

lim f (z ) = lim

z2 1 = . z i z2 + 1

(4.3) lim

z 2 (2 + 3i)z + 1 z iz 3 z 2 (2 + 3i)z + 1 , we have iz 3 1 iz 3z 2 = , f (1/z ) 1 (2 + 3i)z + z 2

Answer. Letting f (z ) = f

1 (1/z )2 (2 + 3i)/z + 1 1 (2 + 3i)z + z 2 = = , z i/z 3 iz 3z 2 0 1 iz 3z 2 lim = lim = = 0. 2 z 0 f (1/z ) z 0 1 (2 + 3i)z + z 1 Hence, by the Theorem, we deduce lim f (z ) = lim

z 2 (2 + 3i)z + 1 = . z iz 3

Page 3 of 5

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

5. Show that the function f is continuous at the given point.

1 (5.1) f (z ) = z 3 ; z0 = 3i z Proof. With z = x + iy , we observe f (x + iy ) = ( x + iy )3 1 x + iy x = x3 3xy 2 2 +i x + y2

3x2 y y 3 +

x2

y + y2

= u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ).

Since u(x, y ) and v (x, y ) are continuous at (x, y ) = (0, 3) from Calculus/Real Analysis, hence, by Theorem, we conclude f (z ) is continuous at z0 = 3i. One may prove in a dierent way.

z3 1 , (5.2) f (z ) = 1 3z ,

|z| = 1 |z| = 1

; z0 = 1

Proof. We compute the limit lim f (z ) = lim z3 1 (z 1)(z 2 + z + 1) = lim = lim z 2 + z + 1 = 3 = f (1) = f (z0 ). z1 z 1 z1 z1 z1

z z0

Hence, by the denition, f (z ) is continuous at z0 = 1.

6. Show that the function f is discontinuous at the given point.

(6.1) f (z ) = Arg ( iz ); z0 = i Proof. (1) As z approaches z0 = i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the rst quadrant, iz approaches 1 along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant and so Arg ( iz ) moves to . (2) As z approaches z0 = i along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the second quadrant, iz approaches 1 along the unit circle | z | = 1 in the third quadrant and so Arg ( iz ) moves to . From (1) and (2), the limit is not unique and thus the function f is not continuous at z0 = i.

z3 1 , (6.2) f (z ) = 1 3z ,

|z| = 1 |z| = 1

; z0 = i

Proof. We compute the limit lim f (z ) = lim z3 1 (z 1)(z 2 + z + 1) = lim = lim z 2 + z + 1 = i = 3 = f (i) = f (z0 ). zi z 1 zi zi z1

z z0

Hence, by the denition, f (z ) is not continuous at z0 = i.

Page 4 of 5

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

7. (7.1) Is it true that zlim f (z ) = lim f ( z ) for any complex function f ? If so, give a brief justication. z zz
0 0

If not, nd a counterexample. z Answer. No. We recall from the Example 2 on page 47 in the textbook that f (z ) = is not z continuous at z = 0, because the limit does not exist there. With this function and z0 = 0, we observe z z z f (z ) = = = = f (z ) . z z z z However, since the limit lim does not exist (by the similar argument as in the Example 2 on z0 z page 47), so we cannot say lim f (z ) = lim f ( z ).
z0 z0

(7.2) If f (z ) is a continuous function at z0 , then is it true that f (z ) is continuous at z0 ? Answer. Yes. We recall the theorem saying that a composition of two continuous functions is also continuous. Since g (z ) = z is continuous everywhere, for a function f which is continuous at z0 , the composition ( g f ) (z ) = g (f (z )) = f (z ) should be continuous at z0 .

8. If f satises xlim f (x + i0) = 0 and lim f (0 + iy ) = 0, then can you conclude that lim f (z ) = 0? Ex0 y0 z0
plain. Answer. No. Consider the function f (z ) = f (x + iy ) = f (x + i0) = which implies
x0

z z

1. We observe

x + iy x iy x x
2

1, f (0 + iy ) = iy iy
2

1 = 0,

1 = ( 1 )2 1 = 0,

lim f (x + i0) = lim 0 = 0,

x0

y0

lim f (0 + iy ) = lim 0 = 0.
y0

However, as z = (x, y ) approaches 0 along the line y = x, we observe lim f (z ) = lim f (x + ix) = = lim x + ix x ix 1+i 1i
2 2

z0

(x,x) (0,0)

(x,x) (0,0)

1 1 = 1+i 1i
2

(x,x) (0,0)

lim

1 = 2 = 0.

Page 5 of 5

United Arab Emirates University College of Sciences Department of Mathematical Sciences

HOMEWORK 5 { SOLUTION

 

Section 19 Derivatives Section 20 Dierentiation Formulas

Complex Analysis I

MATH 315 SECTION 01 CRN 23516 9:30 { 10:45 on Monday & Wednesday
Due Date: Monday, November 2, 2009

ID No:

Solution Solution Solution

Name:

Score:

Complex Analysis I
(1.1) (b) f (z ) = 1 4z 2
 3

HOMEWORK 5 { SOLUTION
0

Fall, 2009

1. (#1 on Page 62) Use results in Sec. 20 to nd f (z ) when

Answer.
f
0

(z ) = 3 1 4 z 2

2 

1 4z 2 = 24z 1 4z 2
0

2

(1.2) (c) f (z ) =

Answer.

2z

1 , 6= 1 +1
z

2
0

(z ) =

2z + 1 (z 1) 2 3 = : 2 (2z + 1) (2z + 1)2

Page 1 of 3

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 5 { SOLUTION
0

Fall, 2009

2. (#8 on Page 63) Use the method in Example 2, Sec. 19, to show that f (z ) does not exist at any point z when
(2.1) (a) f (z ) = Re(z )

4 = Re ( + 4 ) Re ( ) = + 4 = 4 4 4 4 +4 4 +4 where 4 = 4 + 4 and = + . As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (4 0) on the real axis, we have 4 = 4 4 =1 = 4 4 +4 4 +0 As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (0 4 ) on the imaginary axis, we have 4 = 4 0 = 4 4 + 4 0+ 4 =0
w z z z z x x x x z x i y x i y ; z x i y z x iy z ; x; w z x x x i y x i : z ; ; y w z x x i y i y :

Proof.

Since the limit is not unique, thus, f (z ) does not exist at any point.
0

(2.2) (b) f (z ) = Im(z )

Proof.

4 = Im ( + 4 ) Im ( ) = + 4 = 4 4 4 4 +4 4 +4 where 4 = 4 + 4 and = + . As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (4 0) on the real axis, we have 0 4 = 4 = 4 4 + 4 4 + 0 =0 As 4 approaches (0 0) horizontally through the points (0 4 ) on the imaginary axis, we have 4 = 4 4 =1 = 4 4 + 4 0+ 4
w z z z z y y y y z x i y x i y ; z x i y z x iy z ; x; w z y x i y x i : z ; ; y w z y y x i y i y i :

Since the limit is not unique, thus, f (z ) does not exist at any point.
0

Page 2 of 3

Complex Analysis I

HOMEWORK 5 { SOLUTION

Fall, 2009

3. (#9 on Page 63) Let f denote the function whose values are
f z

( )=>

8 2  > < z : 0
z

when z 6= 0, when z = 0.

(1) Show that if z = 0, then 4z , or 4x4y, plane.

4 4

w z

= 1 at each nonzero point on the real and imaginary axes in the

Proof.

Case 1.

= 0: =
f z

4 4

w z

( + 4 z ) f (z )

+ 4 z = (z + 4 z ) 0
2

+ 4z = 4z ( z + 4z )
z

where 4z = 4x + i4y and z = x + iy .

(2) Show that

4 4

w z

= 1 at each nonzero point (4x; 4x) on the line 4y = 4x in that plane.

(3) Conclude form these observations that f (0) does not exist. Note that to obtain this result, it is not sucient to consider only horizontal and vertical approaches to the origin in the 4z plane. (Compare with Example 2, Sec. 19.)
0

Page 3 of 3