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The archaeology of the area round the Titicaca lake is a
geographic space which limited by the semi-subterranean little-
temple of Chiripa (which cultural expansion was almost as far as
Puerto Acosta from in Bolivia from the one side and the cultural
space of Pukara, wich is sufficiently extended according to
estimaione which is in Moho was based on different human
groups.
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En la arqueología circunlacustre del lago Titicaca, el espacio
geográfico que va desde el templete semisubterráneo de Chiripa
(cuyo límite de expansión cultural fue casi hasta Puerto Acosta, en
Bolivia) y el espacio cultural Pukará, es lo suficientemente extenso
como para presuponer que en Moho se asentó un grupo humano
diferenciado.
Todo indica que en ese espacio geográfico, grupos sociales se
desarrollaron de manera autónoma desde su formativo hasta su
asimilación por parte de sus vecinos, y que en esta Provincia
como resultado de nuestros trabajos, hemos puesto en evidencia
una arquitectura que representaría el eje central de ese proceso
cultural propio, en tanto que asentamiento de horizonte formativo.
●
Dans l'archéologie qu'entoure le lac Titicaca, l'espace
géographique que va dès le temple demi-enterré de Chiripa (où la
limite d'expansion culturelel fut presqu'à Puerto Acosta en Bolivie)
et l'espace culturel Pukara, est suffisamment étendu pour
présupposer qu'à Moho s'est établi un groupe humain differencié.
I
INTRODUCTION
PREVIOUS RESEARCH'S
The location of the Moho Province as it lays in the Department of Puno and is
adjacent to the Bolivia border is the cause of its great staying away in the works of
archaeological research.
The Moho Province which lays to the west of Lake Titicaca is under Peruan
jurisdiction an the southern its part is under Bolivia and the northern in Huancané with
wich it had been forming a part until it was declaired a category of Province of Puno's
Department according to Law 25360 from December 12, 1991.
Within its bborders there are Moho District with the capital Villa Moho, Conima
with the capital of Conima Town, Tilali with the capital of Tilali Town and Huayrapata.
These borders have been planned in the designated maps of the Geographic Peru
Institut in 1961 in scale 1:100.000 31-x Huancané, 31-y Moho and 32-y Island of Soto.
Kideer and Tshopik visited it in 1945. as a result Kidder (Kidder 1955) gains
sucess concerning eventual existence of a formative horizon in the sector in the East of
the lake on having said "It is hard to believe that someone of the known ones and more
formed cultures of the Titicaca Hoya, could be considered, definitively, by the most
ancient in the area, it not seems to be possible that entire populations represent some
remains, neglecting the possible relations of those with those or other districts (...)
Respect of the predecessors inhabitants of the Titicaca Hoya, seems to the more
primitive to be reasonable to suppose that they were peoples dedicated to the agriculture
in times previous fo the days of Fluke, Pukara and Primitive Culture Tiwanaku (...) We,
mybe, we see in the eastern part for the origin of the style Tiwanaku, since Ryden has
suggested".
The program of Neira Avendaño and Amat Olazábal appers later in 1965, where it
was made a shallow description of 13 archaeological sites, trying to excavate some, but
without trying either to search their cultural sequence or giving theoretical grounds so
this work was interrupted .
Our study was carried out in the geographical area laying between the
archaeological sites of Chiripa in Bolivia to the Southwest of the Lake Titicaca and
Pukara's ceremonial center to the Northeast of the same lake and being already a Peruan
territory.
II
THEORETICAL GROUND
That we adopted as definition of the archelogy which considers the study of the
transformation of the people through their existence, and where the work of the
archaeologist consists of looking for explanations to the processes of develpment and
change of the human groups in their historical path.
At this rate, we enter the field of the Social Archaeology wich foundation was
announced by Vere Gordon Childe in he University of London at the beginning of the
20th century, and then bannered by the Latin-American archeology by such tearchers as
Luis Guillermo Lumbreras of Peru, Matos, Lorenzo and others, and later was turned into
a scientific school which was proclaimed Declaration of Teotihuacan's Meeting in 1975.
The archaeology is a social science, tha is the reason why these activities
suppose an alternative different from the traditional archaeology. To social archaeology
that isupposes that the theory is taken to the practice and that an archaeologist digs out
the items not so alien to the reality but the socialy significant items included into social
communication which is a fruit of the clash between the world of the ideas or theory and
the material remains of the prehistoric reality.
The man of the "Altiplano" (the High Lands) is an Arawak. He forms a part of this
great ethnic group that appeared approximately 25.000 years ago in the north of
Venezuela to the south of Brazil. During the millenius, one ot his branches crossed the
Amazonian jungle and having left the Beni he accedes Titicaca approximately 14.000
years ago. We, archaeologists, have come to such conclusion beacause we found his
remains in Ayaviri, in Lampa, in Nicasio, in Juliaca, in Wankarani, etc.
How was this process of changing one step of economy to another one was
going ? My colleaguegs archeologists and I call such kind of process "formative" it is
something that we are studying. Here it worth to be mentioned that the first human
permanent settlement along the edges of Titicaca Lake are approximately of 2.500 BC
(Ponce Sanjines 1981).
We know well Pukara and Tiwanaku and something less spread is Fluke. Also
there are many others. For example, in the 11 kilometres wide valley between the
mountain countries Chambi-Choco in the northern part and Chilla in the southern part (in
Bolivian sector) other 80 human settled settlements appeared simultaneously in
Tiwanaku (Albarracin Jordan 1995).
They were simply hamlets of housings with rectangular floor, occasionally with
round rooms adapted to carry out the function of kitchen with rough stone foundations
and walls covered by straw roofs "totora" of double pronounced slope. The houses had
a place that used the space below the ground level so that is calledl "semi-underground"
especially brightly presented in Tiwanaku settelment.
At the same way is the man had passed to settled way having stopped searching
his subsistence as it was found out in Titicaca in different places along the shore line of
the lake and also in Moho Province.
III
AN EVENTUAL GROT OF PRE-CERAMIC OCCUPATION
It was "Callejon de Huaylas" where the remains of the oldes Peruan man were
detected wich using its temperate valleys because they were not affected directly by the
Quaternary age, the men occupied the area about 15.000 years ago.
Relatively not far from the Altiplano, in Ayacucho's valley there are more than 20
pre-ceramic deposit called "Phase Ayacucho", in Pikimachay's cave that might go back
to 13.000 year BC, and today there is a discussion on "Phase Pacaicasa" which is
possibly of 23.000 before our age.
The Altiplano was cleaned of the ices approximately 10.000 years ago that was
the consequence of climate rapid warming and increase of the herbal coverege which
caused the increase of fauna.
It is like that other grottes and rocky coats, have been occuped at some moment
by human groups that so far had not been acquainted the benefits of the agriculture and
ceramics production and being deoendent on hunting and gathering.
A long pre-ceramic occupation during six milleniums being almost unknown and
the same one has its origin in Ayacucho's region, as the author of these lines supposes,
proceeds for the way of the Beni.
Close to Moho, we have stated the existence of one of the grottes, natural cavity
where its dimensions and morphology allow to raise as valid, the hypothese of an
eventual occupation.
Located in the same hill which is opposite hilleside of the Villa of Moho, this one
has natural access, a terrace at the entry, 3 m width, 40 m length and 5 m height
IV
TASK OF DETECTION ON JUNIPE'S SITE
DETECTING A CEREMONIAL'S CENTER AND HIS PYRAMIDE OF FORMATIF
THE PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS
Junipe's site (2,5 km from Moho, at the bottom of the hill Umanata), was visited by
Amat Olazábal and for Neira Avendaño who report the existence of two stelas and two
monoliths that for the 40's were protected by the teachers of the Huayayas's Group
School. There were even photos published oon one of the monoliths and of one of the
stelas.
During the visit to the Huaraya's Group School, we think that both stelas were
stolen some time ago during a few hollidays. Both monoliths were left and one was used
for banking.
We simply did some sugesstions to the Director of the School, and it was done,
guaranted its security in the Direction and waiting of the intervention of its legal owner
which clear to be Peruan State registrated as INC.
The Peruvian legislation at the moment of our works was not contemplating the
protection of the archeological national patrimony while the object was not expresely
included in the corresponding record.
This way of a legal useless device: a record put in a book of the official records
of the school, the pieces were remaining incorporated into the inventory of foods
belonging to the educational institution, that is to say indirectly as the property of the
Peruan State, until this one decided other destination.
Photographies and a trace were made. The big monolith, without moving from its
place, was put up in vertical way and supported against the wall to avoid its
deterioration. Other one was kept in the office of the Director. also the information on its
value and signifacance was given to teachers and pupils for the needs of its protection.
The curiosity of the professional archeologist inspirates the question of its rigor,
it brings over the issue of its provenance. The Director or the Schoool accompanied us
as far as a kilometre from the school to an old man settlement that did not not show any
evidence. A stone structure of a few metres height of conical shape truncated however
20 m in diameter and six in height, might seen as a platform of the formative horizon.
Analyzing the site. The current laying where the stelas were found and the
monolith concerning the recent construction (or the year 1940 or 1950). The soil test for
electrical resistance shows a resistance of 1450 Ω except in a band of 50 centimeters
width 200 m in lenght where the mesurement indicated 650 Ω. We think that it shows the
presence of a buried wall that surely it was kept to a ceremonial enclousure.
Analyzing the monoliths. One of them has appeared as only a trunk, arms, body
and head are truncs. It is a figure of a man or a child. another monolith of 2 m height, is
sedimentary sandstone and it matches a woman and represents a woman’s breast. It is a
Mama-Ocllo (woman’s breast).
Analhyzing the stela. The stelas as we said above, they were stolen some years
ago during a few school hollidays. But there are photos of one of them supposedly taken
by Neira, where we can observe two flames opposite to forehead (the dualism), between
them there is a circle symbol onphalos (the center of the Universe) and the body of the
animals is guard a representation of the time that is circulating permanently ( such a
concept still exists in aymara’s consciousness).
Definitely we are at presence at a site of formative horizon the first one is located
in the he Province of Moho
STRUCTURE IN STONE - ESTELA
MAMA OCLLO OF JUNIPE - MAN
V
SAMPLINGS AT QUEQUERANA'S SITE
Querana is about a couple of kilometres of the ancient farm and today populated
the territory of Ninantaya located near the border with Bolivia. Describing this territory a
local archaeologist native Moho Amat Olazábal specifies peculiar ceramics that he
indentifies as late Sillustani.
The ceramic of surface found by us in the site, never can assimilate to late
Sillustani. But in the same zone of influence, it can be an orance on cream, and this
orange on cream is the ceramics of Mollo.
Mollo, was disvocered in 1945 by Ponce Sanjinés in the Amazonian slope of the
mesothermals valleys and with the center of influence in Iskanwaya (Bolivia) submitted
to Tiwanaku at the begining of its expansion about 1150 there being found Kolata pots
in Pampa Koani. It was absorbed by Inka about 1460.
We must define wether Amat4s items are the product of exchange a relation, a
temporary occupaton or directly an enclave Mollo.
In this matter it is necessary to indicate the shortage of Mollo pieces, but two jars
are in the Museum of Tiwanaku's Site, one in the National Museum Tiwanaku, a piece in
the Hotel Sorata (Sorata, Bolivia). This piece was withdrawn by Alvaro Fernholz or the
Bolivian Dinar in September 2003 after an internet publication on our work on
Iskanwaya, and there is other one in the Wolkerkunde Museum of Berlin.
QUEQUERANA
CERAMIC'S COMPARAISON
LEFT LATER SILLUSTANI - WIGHT QUEQUERANA
CERAMIC'S COMPARAISON
LEFT MOLLO – RIGHT QUEQUERANA
VI
MERKEMARKA'S SITE
From Ignacio Bernal, we know waht the archaeology is at the service of the
tourism. "In the specific field of the archaeology .... the knowledge of the pre-Hispanic
past was untied almost completely from the curent Latin-american reality, to converting
it, of new account, into objet of mere curiosity to the service of the tourist companies"
(Towards The Social Archaeology, Teotihuacan's Meeting 1975)
This author who is not going to modify this concept. But it is necessary to
understand that the diffusion of the knowledge must be to the measure of different
publics, from whom they could not have acceded to the instruments of analysis and
integration, to those that not having relation with the archaeology, they are capable of
establishing it.
There, every August 6 the Moho people in the occasion of the fireworks in
Copacabana, rises to realiwing his offering of "alacitas", for which they are served
precisely the stones that compose his patrimony.
Tshopik (Some notes on the Archaeology of the Department of Puno, Peru, 1948)
already described the site ‘Merquemarca is located on a very high ridge running
northeast-southwest on the western side of the valley is which is located the town of
Moho. The top is crowned with extensive walls of two types: 1) rough stone walls,
supplementing the natural outerops and also others dividing the ridge top into a series of
plazas, 2) habitation walls, 2 meters wide by 2,50 meters high, of a series of small rooms
about 2 meters by 1,50 meters and 1 meter high. The later are of rough stone with slab-
covered roof. These series of rooms parallel one another on the two sides of the ridge. In
the plazas between are successions of large rough stone cireles, varying from 2 to 5
meters in diameter with an average diamter of 4 meters. Small slab cist graves also
occur. On the eastern and western slopes of the ridge are remains of chullpas of the
same types as those at Paro Paro. The small sherd collection is similar to those from
Quenellata and Paro Paro’.
The offer is to incorporate the site into the actual history of Moho, facilitaging the
access, cleaning it of undergrowths and brave straw that they contribute to his
destruction, topography and photography it then to support the sectors on the verge of
the precipice and paneling with simple text and comprehensibles for all.
In this aspect, the Major of Moho has promised to facilitate a writing, municipal
employers for these tasks, and his putting in value will allow not only a patrimonial
appraisement, but the visit of the turist who anually spend for Puno in his visit to Cusco
and who ignore the potential of Moho.
No other action is possible in a site, where already Neira stated does alredy
almost 40 years the total absence of ceramic reamins ant that today is in condition of
destruction.
Only it is necessary to protect the little that stays to meters of Moho and
incorporate it into his cultural present history like what it must not be destroyed of his
past.
VII
CONCLUSION
In this short article we present the theoretical frame that applies to studying
Moho Province ( Titicaca Lake region) The frame covers the period which includes the
time of the first population and then runs towards the stage of “formative’; within our
brief observation we mentioned a ceremonial center, the steles and raised a question
concerning protecting of historical patrimony value mentioning two monuments. And
ended eventually by touching the theme of “later horizon”, vanguard Mollo proclaiming
Inka triumph.
VII
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* Ernest-Emile Lopez-Sanson de Longval is a Member of the "Société dès Américanistes" at the "Musée de
l'Homme" (Paris - France), Director at the "Centre de Recherche et Diffusion Archéologique (Paris - France),
and a Member of the Society for American Achaeology (Washington DC). erlosan@tiscali.fr -
cerediar.org@aliceadsl.fr