Equivalente mec anico del calor

1.

Objetivo de la pr actica

El objetivo de la pr actica es utilizar la equivalencia entre calor Q y trabajo W (en ausencia de variaci on Ejecuci on y evaluaci on de energ a interna) para la determinaci on del calor 3. espec co de un cuerpo s olido. En el montaje se colocar a uno de los siguientes ciLa energ a mec anica se transforma totalmente, delindros: bido a la fricci on, en calor. En el experimento, se hace girar un cilindro met alico, calent andolo con una cinta 1. Un cilindro de lat on (aleaci on de cobre y zinc) de fricci on tensa de material pl astico. de masa m = 0, 64 kg.

podr a romperse al moverse o inclinarse la instalaci on.

2.

Descripci on e instalaci on

2. 3.

Un cilindro de lat on de masa m = 1, 28 kg. Un cilindro de aluminio de masa m = 0, 39 kg.

El aparato est a compuesto de una placa base con apoyo giratorio con atornillamientos para el cilindro de fricci on y la manivela, as como un estribo de sujecci on para la cinta de fricci on. El montaje de la pr actica se muestra en la g. 1 En la preparaci on previa, los pasos a seguir son:

En los tres casos el radio del cilindro es r = 2, 25 cm. Para los dos cilindros de lat on se utilizar a la pesa de 5 kg (peso FG = 49 N) y el dinam ometro de 100 N, mientras que para el cilindro de aluminio se utilizar a la pesa de 1 kg (peso FG = 9, 8 N) y el dinam ometro de 10 N (al objeto de evitar la fuerte abrasi on en el cilindro). Se cuelga el dinam ometro en el estribo de sujecSe mide la temperatura inicial T1 del cilindro (reci on. presentada por la l nea horizontal T1 de la g. 3). on, se efect uan n vueltas (por ejemplo, Se ja la cinta de fricci on en el dinam ometro A continuaci y se enrolla el cilindro de fricci on con la cinta n = 200) con la manivela, procurando que sean lo as uniformes posibles. Al mismo tiempo se observa dos veces y media, de forma que se descargue la m ua sobre el muelle del dinam omefuerza mostrada en el dinam ometro al girar la la fuerza FD que act tro. La diferencia entre el peso FG y la tensi on FD manivela hacia la derecha. proporciona el valor de la fuerza de fricci on FR (v ease Se sujeta un peso en el extremo inferior de la la g. 2), es decir, cinta de fricci on. FR = FG FD . (1) Se llena el oricio del cilindro de fricci on con on es entonces igual a la fuerza de pasta conductora de calor y se introduce el El trabajo de fricci fricci o n multiplicada por el desplazamiento total: term ometro en el oricio, sujet andolo con la jaci on en angulo. Hay que procurar que el oriW = FR 2rn. (2) cio del cilindro y el term ometro queden perfeces de realizar las n vueltas, se tamente alineados. De otro modo, el term ometro Inmediatamente despu 1

energy, thermal capacity, first law of thermodynamics, specific thermal capacity Principle and task In this experiment, a metal test body is rotated and heated by the friction due to a tensed band of synthetic material. The mechanical equivalent of heat for problem 1 is determined from the defined mechanical work and from the thermal energy increase deduced from the increase of temperature. Assuming the equivalence of mechanical work and heat, the specific thermal capacity of aluminum and brass is determined.

Friction cylinder CuZn, m 1.28 kg Friction cylinder Al, m 0.39 kg Support rod -PASS-, square, l 250 mm Right angle clamp -PASSSpring balance 10 N Spring balance 100 N Stopwatch, digital, 1/100 sec. Thermometer -10...+30 C Bench clamp, -PASSUniversal clamp with joint Commercial weight, 1000 g Commercial weight, 5000 g

04441.02 04441.03 02025.55 02040.55 03060.03 03060.04 03071.01 05949.00 02010.00 37716.00 44096.70 44096.81

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fig. 1: Experimental set-up: Mechanical equivalent of heat.

Figura 1: Montaje experimental.

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH 37070 Gttingen, Germany 23302

LEP 3.3.02

Mechanical equivalent of heat

ig. 2: Equilibrium of forces when the friction cylinder is rotated.

ment, the frictionpone cylinder andothe friction band should el cron metro a cero y se midebe la temperatura wiped with a dry cloth to rid them from metallic abrasion dust. a t = 0 , 30 s , 60 s , . . . , 240 s, es decir, a intervalos de When using the aluminum cylinder, friction should not exceed 30 s durante 4 minutos. Es de esperar 10 N, (for this, the 1 kg weight and the more precise 10 N que la temsigato aumentando ligeramente dynamometer are peratura used), in order avoid severe abrasion and (debido a la soiling of the friction band. The specific thermal capacity of un m inercia t ermica del term ometro), alcance aximo the cylinder is calculated the number of crank rotations y luego from disminuya lentamente. Los puntos a la deren, the mean force at the dynamometer FD and the increase of cha de T1 en la g. 3 representan los valores medidos temperature T.

FD

FR

de la temperatura frente al tiempo en un ejemplo cticio. En cada experimento se realizar a una gr aca Theory similar. La temperatura real T del cilindro alcanza2 For a long time it was debated as to whether the heat of a da to despu es de la on temperature, del trabajo de fricci on se system, which used be defined in realizaci terms of its was a form of energy or an magnitude which obtendr a independent extrapolando linealmente lais zona de dismiconserved. During theon first of the nineteenth century, nuci dehalf temperatura hasta cortar la it vertical correswas proven that pondiente mechanical al energy due t to is cominstante =friction 0. pletely converted to heat, independently of the course of the La diferencia T = T2 T1 es el aumento de temtransformation process and of the physical and chemical peratura experimentado por el cilindro characteristics of the material used. Heat was accordingly debido a la conversi on del trabajo de fricci on invisen calor: defined as the energy of disorganized, macroscopically
ible molecular movements.

The quotient between realized mechanical work W and the quantity of heat Q generated friction isca called the de los cuerpos FG donde C es lathrough capacidad calor total mechanical equivalent of heat. In this experiment, mechanical calentados, es decir, el cilindro, la cinta de fricci on y el work is performed by rotating the friction cylinder against the term o metro: C = C + C + C . Las cilindro cinta term o metro frictional Figura 2: Equilibrio de fuerzas cuando sliding se gira el ci- force FR of the synthetic friction band. As capacidades calor cas de la cinta y del term o metro weight M (cf. Fig. 2) is not accelerated when the crank is rotatlindro de fricci on. = 49 N (M mass of the weight, ed, weight FG = Mg pueden estimarse como Ccinta g terrestriCterm 4 J/K, ometro roblems al gravitational acceleration) on one side and the sliding fricde modo que . Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat. tional force FR acting together with force FD on the suspension . Determination of the specific thermal capacity of aluminum of the dynamometer on the other side, must Wcancel each and brass. other: Ccilindro = 8 J/K. (4) 32

W = Q = C T,

(3)

T2

et-up and procedure he experimental set-up 30 is shown in Fig. 1. To start with, the iction cylinder and the crank handle are fixed to the rotating earing and the base plate is clamped very firmly to the table with the screw clamps. Failure to do so may cause tilting of 28 which in turn may cause the he base plate during cranking, hermometer introduced into the bore hole to break. The fricon band fastened to the dynamometer is laid 2.5 times round the friction cylinder 26 (so that the dynamometer is elieved when the crank is turned clockwise) The 5 kg weight attached to the lower end of the friction band. T To measure 1 emperature, the thermometer is held with a universal clamp nd carefully introduced into 24 the bore hole of the friction cylnder. The thermometer and the bore the cylinder 0 hole of 60 120must e carefully aligned, so the thermometer will not break while tiempo (s) he cylinder is rotating. To improve thermal contact, the bore ole is filled with heat conducting paste.

temperatura (C)

(1) Conocida la masa m del cilindro, el calor espec co c del material se determina a partir de Friction work W is thus determined from the friction path of 2 r n (r = radius of the cylinder, n = number of turns) and is found Ccilindro to be: c= .

FR = FG FD

(5)

W = 2 r n FR = 2 r n (FG FD)

La determinaci on del calor espec co c debe realizarse para los tres cilindros.

(2)

180

T C
28

T2

240
X

X X X

A2

X X X X X X X X X

t the beginning of the measurement, temperature is recordd every thirty seconds during four minutes. After this, the rank handle is turned a certain number of times (e. g. 200 mes) as fast and regularly as possible. Simultaneously, the orce FD acting on the suspension is determined with the ynamometer. Subsequently, the continuous temperature ecrease is noted at intervals of thirty seconds.

Figura 3: Ejemplo de diagrama temperaturatiempo. 27

T
26

3
25
X X X X X X X X

A1
X

he second part of the experiment is carried out similarly, in rder to measure the thermal capacity of an aluminum cyliner and that of a brass cylinder whose mass is double the mass of the aluminum cylinder. Before starting the experi-

24

T1

120

240

360

480

600

720

t s

Fig. 3: Temperature-time diagram for a measurement example.

23302

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH 37070 Gttingen, Germany