GEOLOGIA

ESTRUCTURAL

..

METODOS GEOFISICOSEN; . GEOLOGIA E-STRUCTURAL :

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FlgJ,f;\ 3,17 Trayedorias de las

.pi'ld:3.s rcfra.;tildas,

eurvas

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Hampa d~ rrop3gilclon 'f t_ra: yec~()ria,s _d~ ondas re.f1ejadas en,tre Una fuenft, Y Iqs ,defee, tores sobrela su~erflcle de Ilna 1 cap~t:ompacta., que 51! eJ')cuentra sobre btfa capa compac1;a. los. slsm:Qg~3mas ;So6repue!t.os muptT1\n como es~as rect~s para III tlempo de iltopagacl6n pueden fdentlflo;arse por la forma ;en la que astan allhf;ados
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los~irefentes f'end\(!ntC

pulses,

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Distanpia

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RefleX'rnes f

Refracciones

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112

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8.
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II>

3. 1"8 Trayect~ri~sdt ondas y curva Ue· tiempo propagaclon d.onde la velm:ldati se in" crernenta contlnuamente con Iii profundldad, Figura

sfsmlcas

de

Onda 'P refreIada

Ond a P refrac tada Travectorla de la"o'fii'la

(0

sin i q"",,~=~
·iUlF

: \..0 f;'

t fiJ/

Vi ----' '.

I~ th~$ eq~a.tion q ,.; index of ~t'8etioD; i= Ii] or retraction: 1'1;;;; velocity in upper layer; ~

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.___.___.
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Fig.

A
Seismic surveying.

B
A, Profile shooting. B. r·'iln shooting.
.Lay.,. B

B
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sin ~,"'"

ttz

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urrivul of
fir~t Wllves
jtime between instknt of shotand at I:ewiying ill~lt1Im~~L'!. .

HI. Seisrnogeara to show .intervul of

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Paths followed by refracted, ray.; (See

.,

tex~.),

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18.00,0

,Fi!l.Q 'Travel-time 'curve .ho!i~out.:ll !.ow~r ,,~i;lg~nl sho," jwa.\,e f~e>l.ch tenth of a s~onll It.:; I;' shot POi~:t. If velocity lit !al'l!t" .J(, 10.000 teet per second. aut11r "elot:lly III layer 1~ 20,000 f",,( per ~1l.L fpper diagram is travel-time curve fOl"·this Ct1~. (.,\lte,· H, H. Thornbnrgh. ," ~. !,Ileli!~ American A~soci!l.liIM.PBtrolcull1 G,!»/ugisis,J

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a.

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.reflected Wave. (After C. Heilaad.)

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\ between , I' shlij and ·.,~·~K·aiv.t' -. ~

i DisUI"te

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t

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" -rs-.'.

100 FT.

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~D FT.

\ 'C~l1tOur map oi the So,uth Cot~o~ !.ake: ~ Chambers County. Texas. Made by (efiectlol1 Qtethod. contoured on a. phaUtom b;'omoIi near t?e top o~ Frio sand. Contour Interval 5,0 feet; Broke!!. hues sho,," ~ of the seisinic profiles. Petroltil.m is t,rapped, in. ~ _t.ieliD.e north of the fault. CUter J. M. Wilso.ll, Bu+....ba A~ .:1S$ociation PetroleUm Geologist.s.)':

,..Gi!) Structure

i
3~O H-

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!

400 FT.

500 FT.

---

..... v..---

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- l. : __ .. , __ .• __ ~ .'.__ .. _.___ •.o~4FT.

,an top oof. TrantOft I:i.oo.s ...... ; " ... .....,;; ...~_el50 f .. t

_~oo_ ~c_
lolil.H
3 .. 'II

T.ouclon oil fiel'd.Illidoilf. (After P. L. Lyol1ll; permi~jQ,u'of Soei~y: of. -Explorntiou Geophy<!i~ists.

made liiy seismic r.IlRtll:Uol\ method.

F,[,:®

$~le~W'e

cClntour map
.0'

Fi-tUiJDirect and reflected waves obtained when lheJ~~ be-twee~otPoi!;lt and the receiving point 'rallgu:!' frOl'l1 100 'to 600 Ieee, "Velocity ill layer above refi_ectinghorizon i", icct:'pl!r .se<:ond_ -r :~

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III IIII II I. I I I I I I I I IIIIIIIII . 0.1 Q.: O:.! Tim. in SOCQnds . -

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ail field
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:Flgura 3.23 Registro de una seccl6n sfs-mldl en 'doride se Indican las pulsosque fueron reflejadtls por capas' ~edl·
rnentarlas plegadas

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~R~ In. W~!llngtGII field, ~!Qrfldp. A,. I~Qgaro,maIJ; c()u.tQ\lriUterYfll is 0.2 milligal, R Iscgam map, adjlli>~ : if{!r ~efu~1 ~diea:t of 2!!mjUigal$ per )nile '~Q\lth; ~p,l!,i.ql,lr. iaier-;il! is 0:2 milligal, C. Structure contour map !;l~ t.~ :\fu_dd:;"Sand; contour ,intemi.! is 100, feet~ (AHer,J. H,Wilson, Geophy.'<ic&.)

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Horizontalg:radient':oi gi'llvtty, :F~nnett salt dome, Jeffe~on C'ounty, Texes. (Arter J. 'B., Eby, and RlP. Gtal;k,.4merjcan As,;udallDIl perrole,um Geor.og~!s.~ .. )

Fig,. 312.

Fig, 89. ~ Correccion

de Bouguer.

Fi~, {ill, ~

Supcrponiblc tr,(rlsp:lI'Cn[c de las observacioncs

para .la correccion grnvlmctricas.

topogrtifica

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C 100

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; anillo y dcnsidi-d 2,0.; !if] ~11 ± m. Correccion siernpra positiva. Eiernplo : 1/8 de anillo 29-30 m:. 'tiH = + IS m. Densidad, 2,0; corrcccion = + 0,021 mgal,
:

Fig.

91.:"_ Djagrama

de

corrccciorr

topogrtifica.

Correccidn 19<10,)
-_

topogrtifica

para

1/8 de

~
,

(Se~ti_l1_ SCHLfJJ5,ENEP.,

(PI

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£111'./

Fig.

92. -

Dedueciones

ulternntivas

a 'parti.r de Ia misrnh curva g ravimetricn se ignora el corurnsrc de dcrisidad.

cuarido

Densidiul
(g!mli"')

Ar·cl1a .seca erda Cnliza Neis

Arena luimeda Carbon Sal GelJl~l Seroontinita Cuarcita

Anhidr ita DiabaSil ilrgksa

1,40-1,65

1.95-2,05 1,30-1,:5U
1,9·1 2,10-2,.10 2.50-2,55 2.70 2,50-2;70 2.96

~.60-~,70

.2,bo-;.70

Granito Basalto
Gabro

Blenda
Calcoplr ita Cromita

2.50.3.20 2.70-3.30 2,70-3,50 4,0 4,:i

,1,5-4,3 5.1

::'::::'.:.:::"

; ..=..: .... ':. :::/ ..: :.:.:::;.::.

.t

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b

Pirrorita
Pirira

HeIl\atit.cs Magnetita Galena

4.6 5.0 . 5,2

7.5

,.
\

Tig. 93. ~ Ambig redad

en Ia interpretacion

gravimetrica.

(Segun Jun~, 1961.)

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10.·~
. Cf)~~ ..

1'iY'I~

rr = r - - = -,.-------.,.puesto

4lfR'.,.y

que

r'

. 3(z'

+ x')

r=
Como se . detcrrnma la atracI,l;nil rnasa plana irregulllf l'i1, cbVlcilepdola en ~l bloques. cada UIJO de ell os de peQ1;)ei'ias din.lensiones, en eomparnci6n cen SOl dlst;\llCi;, a 11 <:alcul~n{l.o I;] atraccicn d.C' cada bloqlt~: L_as distancias ~' ,Wl1bos s610 estiin indicados pan des dejO$ 21 bloques.
~I~

'(z· + x"

(B-4)

8-1.

.CtOl)

~n

A:. de

La cQmpQn;ente vertical
I

i)~,que es simplemente
g, :;;;:y ~

o cos
z

e,

9Z/T,

sera
(8-5)

M .z.
~

).
J

,, N'cttletcl'n I 'h~ puesto de :malliflesto c:6n en: la forma :11'1 (en rpi),IgalesJ
I TI... ~ ~

:. T'

= ~ rrR'cry -:--::---::-:3 (z'

4:

+ x')i

La conveniencia B,53crR' 1

de disponer e~ta ecua-

'.

(8-6)

~dD
I
1.0

.\
-.5

-+

-J

"-2

'-1

~~ ...

:(.,

'"
.. -.-

I
'

1'---1
l, 4

xh

. SlJf'crfi(;~ del terreno

Fw 8-2 Vartaclon de lag.ra\Ced"d oan Ja distancia a l~ lar~o del .perfil de la s\ipetficfe sabre una esrera
.. _--

horiionctal e[)te~radii.:

~--.~---~~

Ci1i[l(lm entcrrn do hoL'izollblmclltc. $llp0n,gmmJS un ctliudro infnrltnn l'U(C br~ll. de rrullu ClI;¥O l'jnhol'i:(.ulllal l';;l~, enll't'Ll(io :1 ul\atlisLallria z de ill superficia tene::;tre. Per divrsion de~"ciljmlro en partes ele:l'11en-

n,

ti'Lffi..

rx'r'kln lo[al

samando las atracctcnes d~ las partes, se puedc dernestrar .gue In del cillndro 11 una disLancinr del, tJc CS "27rR',/!.rj-r. Ii Io ]:u-I:,\l
I

,
Ie

~I

Irq

~l!;
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a;}

06 \ ~-'I\~~~--+---j--I

I---!--,-+-=_·+-v-- -,/l-h---i

r Y:
'"
J

JF02

I " '2 ..-- . x· _~.-... ~ .1

FIG" 8--3" Varlacion de Ia g"I"avedad can .la ' distancla hor'izontal a 10 largo del pel'fll J,jeJa superficie -sobr e un ci.l,iri"dfohorizon~al enterrndo de 16ngilud incleJinid"a tid ejep.erpE;'ndiculjl<II PrPcl)-

de Ufijilerfil

q;e superficie

q:Jerp"eRdoicu(ar g,=.

al eje qel ciJincl,ro, lacomponente

2:rR')'<J"t

vertical de 1a gt.aveqades
r'

x-'

+z.'

en donde x- es hi distancia horizontal al eje del .cilindro, Si todas las distandas se ternan en kilopies,. y la densidad en gramos por centirnetro cubico, Ia ecnacion se expresa 12770"11.' 1 g.: (en miligales) '=- . -' .. -~ ---,-.+---:---:-:-::--=-(8-8) z [1:+ (l:' /z')]

E,Fer",

('iI~lidro!O

.,~ 'Ocr
_____ Fig. 94. Ancmalias gravimctrlcas de una estcra '/ ide u~ cilindro de eie pcrpendicular al plano de Iii figura. Tamaiios y pr?fundld~des. a e~'Cala.
_._.. , ~~".... ._ ··._-0. "'~._~ __

,.
I

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,"'---,....,

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o."

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____ , ~__....._,..,.~. __ ...d_._,,-.-.-._-_- ..-----"---.~

_~

...__.__ .,-.._....,

CILI/VlJNO

If&l?'';T , ~\
d

La formula del efedogravitaterio vertical del cilindto en uri punto situado sobre s-" ele a una d'istancia ~ .' pur eneima de Ia base superior se dernuestna que 05
€I,
;;=:

2~!,'(L -

s,

+ S,)
(T" --

( 8-.0) 8, IS.;)

9, (en Illilir,::llc!;'j =12.77"

__ de l~ L'S e~ contrnsto fl!F dcnsidnd n-:="" !1lS dis aacias estan en kilopies.$i .~ igual aL

gramo~ par t<mllmeLr6 cubic\>J, y elnil indrr; es infirritamentec largo, $1

C'H

+ d,

y el efecto

grRvitatOrio

a 10 1ar.~o del eje scr~ entonces

(8-10)

S GRAVIMETRICOS ~-u
11 ~----~--------~-----------

09

:
FIG. 8"4. J:)efinidon de las magnitudes ernpleada~pa.ra calcular Ios ef'ectos d.e sobr e uri cilindro vertictrl enterr ado. FIG. B-5. Calculo de la grandad para un punto 0 situado fuera del eie de un cilindr o vertical C.

Ia gr'avcdad

~m

X~ f\JeRA- IX=\.- E.0e

-r--5JO{

10.601
if?

__5
0 50 "- .•.0 JOm

-_.4'-- - 3 _ ;..---1----_-1~_ _

100

~._"'-x;

200m

_t

~ - .~'-- - ~-1~:i--- -;~-----:_:. :U·-·;i

.-

K:-f;-.'-" 2.
t';n"·z .. -~.
.JX

I--

.,

x----

44z.5

':/1;Zp~?fallap~rp~nr:ftCl1lar suponiendo indcfinida.

..

20

50

Co r'r l do • 00 '. ProTun.diq'qd,de 10 ,uperficie inferior = 200 m

. FIG. 8-5·. Perfil gr"vil~to.rio sobr e una Iosa falladn que In parte nundida de la Ialta esta apraIundidad

80
IOQm

Capa subterranea de extension infiuita. Si nuestro cilindro vertical es tan extenso horjznntalrnente que su radio se hace ])lUY grande .en comparadan can su altura, S 2 sa- apr oxima a S I' Y In ecuacion (8-9) sera
g, =' 12,77orI::. (B-11)

Para

y a- en gr arnos porcentimetro culrico, Esto, losa de extension horizontal infinita y -ci'eespescr L, Debe hacerse notar que el dec to de gravada d depende Uni- camentn del espesorde la capa y no de laprofundidad a que este enterrada .

L expresado

en kilopies,

naturalmente,

e€juivq1e al

<;250 de una

----5.

- Anomalies grtivimetricus de cuerpos

en forma

de capao

Iarnlna. -

.. .1_.._

!:yg ImgaL) O.04191fJ 1m)

,.

..
10 4 2

h
2 4

II

l.o so

Fig. 96. - Forrnas idcales A-D) de algunos aceidenres gcologicos CU}':lS .anornalias ;gravimetricas puerien calcularse part icnr;o de la ancrnal in de una 105:1 seml-lnfinita (E) .. Cur vas gravimcrnlcas sobrc ama 105a s"emi-inlinita de espcsor II y profundidad d

parawalcrus .:z>
0

diferenres de la relaclon d/iz ·(Fl.

.0 0

6
0 0

~
b

a
0.

-0 0

0
0

<:)

0 0
0

a
0·0
<:)

'o
.0

0
0.

o
X

00
'0.0

00
';0;

0
0',

x
X

x x x x x
X

a xx
:i:

x
X

x
X

x
X

x. IX X

x x

x x

x
X

'x
.X

x
X

x x

x
x
X

x
x
X X
X

x x

x:

B
.:. .···h· _.'_.,..... ;.,.

x--.-

xi x

x
X X

COo

0 0

o· ()

X t:

c
d d

D
': _. ""~'_'L ._"_~';__;::"_'__ &d •

..:;.+,- •• ': •.. r..c..---l

.'

.'._ ....,-:.:;-------

Rocas s(!dirnentarias Densidnd. Cardcter

!J edCJd de In formacion

,
~.

g/cm' Saturada d'e agua

Localidad Seea

._.,·e_
~

,~

- -..._-_ ... -•• 0 ...... .., ....

Rocas arenosas : Aluvial recicnlc --~---...;. __ • r, i Loess __ Sedimentos recientes 1 Arena de Klrkweed. Miocenn .~':"'------~ Arena Fort Union, 'I\~fchll'io . .. .~ Arcniscade de Berea, Mlssisslppiensa , Arcnisca de' Dorneng ine. Eoceho ...., Arenisca de Dakota, Cretticico Arenisca de St. Peter, Ordoviciense
~_.

. . . . . . .

$t. Charles

Fremont Rosebud Marg<ltc

Co .• City,_
Co.,

CD.,

ce.

r--"'- ---'~ ',"---" .-:... ~.

,,'.
I . r....... . - _··_···7·..•..·-· .. - ..
.

RbseblJd

__

Ohio North. Belridge, Calif. Lewis, Iowa . Ozark P14t.~au, Okla.

NIb. Idaho Mont. N. J. Mont.

1,53-1.55 1,01 1,36 1,56

l.llG-l,97 1,62 1,86 2,14 2,40·2,5!1 2.03,2,10 2,42·2,59

1,7!J-l,1l1
2,23-2,54 2,56-2,63 1,6.5-1,76 2,28-2,55

1,07

2,i37-2.73

! '.

Argelitas

l'
F
I

__ .••

_ol

..

_~

... :'__

••

~._.....-<-~. "._• _

."

\'.

',1.

. -"!-_~-I-~_-'-'_

.-l

~Aj

Arcilla blanca con silex, Pennsylvaniense ,. Arcilla de Micdendorf, Cretdcico .. Pizarra de l-iumilton-;"' Dev6tii~o' ... Pizarra de Nonesuch, Precarribrico Pizarr a de Carlyle, Cretaclco . Pi<;<!.rra q~ 13~arp~w, Cretacico Cali;,:a de Greenhorn, Cretacico Marga __ __ .__ Caliza . oolitica
Dolornita

Fulton, MD. Richland co., s.c. Hannibal, Mo. Michigan , Weston Co., Wyo. Rosebud Co., Mont. Crook Co., Wyo. Inglaterr a Inglaterra Inglaterra Doce Estados

2,37 1,51 2,32 2~80 2,00 1,57

2.47 2,43·2,44
2,24
1.98 1.93

.' r"-~-"":"-'-"" '. ...-".-. ...--_--. "

;.

~...... -__.,,_---...;,..;-.;,.-.i
l

,:.-- _"

.. -~
•

'.-

\'

--.....-:
.l __ ;,. ,'

" . ..
.

1.74 1,53-2.22 2,54 2,66·2,.6~

Marmol, 34 muestr as Evaporilas, etc.: Anhldrita . __

Yeso

. __

__

V6

J.

. .
__ .'
! .. __

2.l2 1,06-2.40 2,36 2.63 2,68-2,86

__

F.tanita

'Sal gema

Tierra de diatomeas

.
.

__

Inglaterr a Ontario, Oreg.

Bacas .igtiens

hoiocrisiaiinns

I·
RQC((s

Nli1l1cro

qc

Ambito de densidades,

muestrns

g/etn'

J55 11 24 13 11

40 3
8

27

2,516·2,809 2.068.2,785 2,6:30-2,899 2,721-2,960 2.720·3,020 2,850.3,120 2,804-3,110

:3,152-3,276 3,28!J
3.100-3,318 2,640.2,[)20 editudo par Francis Birch,

12
• Valorcs tornados de «Handbook or Physical Constnnts», Geological Society o( Amcriea Spedol Paper 3u, ~~)42.

·_._. ---.

-_-.-~----

2.801----====-~__,,____--_,,--~~ /9.n.~as 2.70 aeitlas--

D%m/fa

.. !'locos w'sims !1e,famo'rficas'll'l_

2. 70 :.....--_~

2M

--;

z: "60 I-~~----IE
4:

.~2501-=---~ ::;;; 2.40 ~ Arel1!sca ~

(aliza 2.5.J Pi.zami _._-" ;'41

2:61

2.30

2.g

QZ201--;IIr=~-SlI---tilI.=-2JOI--=_---Iil!t----I ..=-~

200~~~----DL----~====~~--~~--~~~~~~ N2 de muestrss 617 322 487 105· 120 Infep@Qddensida.d~s L61'V6 l.77"2.45 1.93-Z.90 2.30"3.11 2.3fr2.90
Densidades medias de rmrcstr.is superflcialcs
y de testiqos,

114
2.40-3.10 basadus

83 1.09-3.17
en medldas

L~_.,...., _ __:-:-_""-",

-r-vr+r- .. ~J.. . _

.,.,...~::::::=_"~--,,,,,,-d~e_l_a_b_O_I'_a_IO_r_i_0.·!i~.t.~l!~~~=~~.~l ... (M~l ,. ~.ljll~:~.) _. __. _

.i-_~_-'- _

.j.

'" ..., ... "'"

o

11 2~Or---4---~~'--4----~_~~~~'~~"~'

~~~:
900

_____

.'~ ~--4----+':""-~:_-'--+----I--_-+_:_--l '2.60

2.50L_-..."l".=~,!...,.
30060°1
,-=~=""",,=d_=~, __

1200

!5GO

PrQfy.ndi4g~ de] recl.lQrimiento en :metros

L_~=, 18.00 ;!100

~"_ ....
,.;

-.--~---~~
(

.:._'

FIC. 12-1;-. Var iacion de la densidad natural con I'll profundidad .en. un pozo petrolifero de Venezyela que penetra en 1<:15' pt.f.<!rraS terciarias. . (Scgun He~be7'g, Am. ,T. Sci., 1936.)

-.

'~,.-'

~ ~
..
"

':
--"""""

:el1sidadde /a sa/geff/Q'
:;.....~ :_.-----------\.. .... """" ~ ..... __ ...". ... 'W;?

600

ieee

1$00

2.400

3000

3600

4.aOO 4.500

Profundidad

en metros

FtG. 12-7. De-rlsidad de los sedimentos de la costa gel Golfo en funci6n de.Ia profundidad. (Segli-n L. L. Nettletpn. BlJ'!L Am .. As~oc. Petroleum Ge~L, VOl. 18. 1934.)

..
.

.. .

"".

,:-"--"_-.,_".,.-~"_._

-,

..,.-

! t". ...

~-

..

_".

'"!_"' __ "_~_""

__

"_M_~.'_. __ •.

., _~ __ ,.__

---~.--.- - -.-,.---...,.." ..

._--

-_.---~.---.----- - - -'_
1-

_- ..

-:

~-FIG, 12-10, Carta de puntos empleada porTa ,Gulf Resear eh andpevelopment. Co. para iII__ ----..,.....,,..,...,...~ calcular el e,fe,eta d~ la gl'avedad, en ~'ualquler 'punto de _la superficie debido. a un cuerpo ._.~! enterrado b ldirnensionn l. La carta, rrnpresa en una hOja trnnsparente, se superpone a' '." una seccion transversal, colocando el punta de con ver-ge neia sabre el Iugar de la super______ ,.....,:.._.;,:-..."./ ficie cuyo efecto de gravedad sebusca. En esta misrna pagina se dan detalles referentes -.~ al usc de la carta, (Gulf 'Research and Development Co.)
1"

_. --------.--~-

">, •. ,._"

.... ~-~-..~-;- ..~--.-- -~....,..

:;.'

"

':..• • or "!-.

-roA4S

He=1+k1/iStf/l
-»,

", .'_.

.,

• ... -~~-.. ~- ............

_

.....~
...
1.111110 litO'

,,.:«:

•••

...
, lO.

,
I ••

1,10.

IO •

.. U)'

• lOG

C'.'

_ )Go

.,

L.e~/~
i·

_&00

.10f

_Ue

tUIf'.
",11
•• 01 "

,.lnIFI;UZ.4 •• " 111 ,., ...

"•

,,,.lf1ll"
l'v~I'

..

kJ ....... ~I,••

,'h'C1.

t'.·.. ICf1l'I. U ".1 •• ,1•• '" 1..... 1'., ....

'111""9

'II.

lu •• 1ojI"d

1.,1".,,,1 •.

~nh,r".·

.t,nIU·11II

all,,.,,.hulll.
••• .1"40.1

,.r ••

,J.I Cr/c ..
,,4114' .

.to

I~.

'.! ••' •..) (_e_JJ.

.._. I

•
..._____
------

........_ ......

.»

.-- ...... - ... '- ..~ .__:._._._ .... _..._._._.-.--.- '-.-..~ ..... CIlf;l.Ftl9lJENS()

~--

.. ..-'.,. .............
,

\ .......
-,

-~

....

. ·1I .1

J,le.

I:

".
··......'U

IIlft.IUd ....

",,,Ih.,
"u'

, .. eI ••

III..

,.
tft

I. ,.,1.1"11

),t. :t •• t· , .• ~ CU.".,...ra

,~.rll.".

IDa IE-I,U"

.. l08

',1

• wo ••••••

_I,.t

.....

1 Ill".

lite

I .. ·""II J

•• I.~.I

~....." .. '" ~

•• ,1," ..,

"'1"I")-~J.'" -~

"II'

_. ;

..

'.,

",Io",.eII
'"~

1I:".I_loIh;""'.~'~ ~!
f'l' ~.

I ~:'• t.~.;.;_._:~~ft~~~.~_~:.'I ~,-0' ._ ..!~'C~

P 5 It P
L0

G~OI.OG/'CIO

.5

eOLOItAI)OS

10.2006

'O.lIooE

v v

LEYEN

OA

. I·'· ,'I.
"I I

Fe; ~o -II~

"/0

T·.

__ -

--

-..:

,.

I
'0

--~-rN\Cl-~:
I

.s .
..~'cl-~b
cut ... ,_ck .
(~.~.

'

~'ch--~~_

~:--~~
_ Q.._
~Ir _

\lVJlVJ.J.;J
_~~\\.

-.0,

~~~~ft~ ~. --WC,..f-rl.cet
R-G\J\AJJ1VJ.; ...
. '.~ •. _

~-~I~druL;mO:~,1-\ - --.--- ..• _.--~~_~._ - ~B_~;-~:~-_t:~'{,~J)-cMd1- ~j(t-" ~JCul _.H

I.
~ ._ ~ __ .~ ..: .•... __ •__ c••. _. __ ,_ .._.:,~._ .. ,

,0.

f10V _lilf).;-

~M,

d.t") - -." '.- - -'.

-:--.---.~-.~AJl\~Gl

J/rv._. J.).tM_.

. , : ...".

~_____~_-UfiV~O~dx

.. c. H..; ·ck fuv.bITcyyvuct ..{'CN ..

~drul._
H,

-.~- -P~-:-cr«_J:i_}~
~~'. . .",'.

1_-

._~- .: __"

_~. __ ~~_·'~.-c_~,~.-,~-

.~~'~-~~;~~#~-,;;' ,_;:':""i< ,') .•... .._.... -".-.' .:....'.

~~~ •.. \.I\.,~"VJJ:.¥,-~V;~"7'~, .. ;=.-._ .,.__ _,.__'-AwN " _.' _.__ . j~ ..

PoJ _.._.. __ '-',_'....-.....--"'"--'"-''''''''' ~~'.-._ ..•. H;Y -.-'..' .._.. ~----::-:-:--_._......-,. _ __ ........ '..'_ _' . .. ::... -.--.4- ...,.-.'.' ,.....~ . ....
.. '.'" ... _.".·_·._ .. ,,__~._c~ : .__
.• ~_~ •.L·-'_. ~_ .._

F.l:I. ~:

.'_

'I '~~

.. "

-~~---~-~i~-~c .:-_-'~~i;~t~~-~~~
~--{\dlJ---~----

· ----". (A'~a:r~~~ ~..

'.~.')JroL_,_~H_.}j:n~., __ \._ ~ __ ." .~----__ ,t-' ._. ~

.- ----.-

((j: --.:

~
-_ ._.~~ _ _' l'
• ,,, - •• r _-._-::-.~

.-'-~f"-

-~

B_=--J-t -+:8 ."

,
-

\ .-

._-,._--_..

_::'n

l·(4.
~

~l\. k'\-\ ~ .\-\ . (~ ~ jl\ ~)~ 4_

-

._...

'.

--

H_ .-

. _1JJJJn_ - _Q$-~- -~ .., e<:;R.tl~~\ L\ l)l\b

~~~-

.", H ---, d------ - -1 . --...- '..

.:_
,-

---

--'~-~

____J!..,

n'

__

.,

=__

----

--

--

· !bt--Gt5
, C

--.-----rci

.......

· // ;' / /. // ~ ~ J..e , ., ,
.e- "".//

,
~.;

I.

-t··
.' MONOPOtJE
".

"r

..

,
.. "f

.:.. ".'."'

'I

.r>:
Figure 25. the maximum

.,....

. ,,

•
Frce HaM.dgket~h of Qip~le and Mondpole for Various I ncllnatloru
I

The baste expression for estimating amplitude of any anomaly is M

T--

- where, T is the anomaly, M the magnetic moment, r the distance (depth) to the source, and n a measure of the

r"

Wh~re the earth's field is vertical or nearly veftical (ai'p 70e, to 90 the dipole, if induced, would :lISt> 9lil vE!nr&~1. and the total field magnetometer WOU'd fTi"ii)asutl3 tl're component, Tz ,along this vertical direction, where
0 ),

T%

= Trcos(J+Tosin(J

2M cos28 - M sin10

rate of decay with distance. or fall-off rate (n = 3 for a dipole. n =2 or a monopole, etc.).
Since the magnetic

_ M (2z2
(X2+

- X2)

M (and k) is usually given in centimeter-gram-second (cgs) unlts,r muslbe in centimeters, n is dimensionless and T is in gauss. To express T in gammas, multiply M by 105; if r is in feet, multiply r. by· 30 and raise the quantity. 30r to the exponent n, e,g_, if. the source is a dipole, then n ::: 3, and if
moment say, r
>

Z2)S/2

2 feet, M '" 1000 cgs, then

T ::

1000 X 105: 460 mas' (2 x 30)3 . gam . T, the anomaly . Afx

e

. Dipole and Monopole Signatures In Vertical and Horizontal Fields . Apart from any total field considerations, iii dip<)le has a field with magnitude and direction giVen by the radial and tangential eorrrpcrtents, Tf aM T8 ,according to tM following expression and for tM geometry shown. 0, ±Z,

2M T~2:

3·

a~ x
I

t ,."

~M cos B r3

at x ., ± at
X" ~

-J2

z,

T~0
T

± Zz

_-~O ...::..04..:..;M.:..:.·
Z3

MONOPOLE

F
_'

l'3~'. ,~
--'"'_' .... ... ~~'I,

Observed total field lines of

_"
__

.:

flux

-_

~~

"

_i

-:c,:{:;~i~:,~:;:':,' ~(
'. .' ,J' ,~

,'

:
Figure 74.

effect

QfDeptn

Qn Aflomlilly Width

..

"' ........

"

&

...
INTRUSIVE SHALLOW, WIDE DIKE

DIPPING DIKE

DIKE

'" FA,lJ.bf

.:

.,
.
,. ,
M

..
,.
'"

""

"It'

'i

'"

....

,
.. (MODEL)

ANTICllNE~

FiiJurB

15;

Geological Moclel RWr:es.ertlatio.,5 of Common

Magnetic

Anomaly Sources

'

..

:":·.:·,::·~:.~w~~ilf::l~;::f;.:··!. ~'. ',

UNREALISTIC

.~;.:. ,-

...

,.

ReALISTIG

Figure 1-6_ Possible Geologic Sources Producing Same Anomaly

- -~

--~--"

--

---"--------i

-_._ .. ------"

..
~~ .0: ~-: -:~ ~ ;
z-

....

" , ,.

, -, J

- ...

.r-~!,_..,...:!- __ -::'\-~--

~';.,

..

Fi~UFe 11.: TypiCll Anomalies for Simple Geologic Models _-_.', ..

.-;~

rl
I

i
I

'

I.

Having outlined the qualitative geometry of the intensity T from a' dipole, the guanti~ativ~ aspects can be COf1sidered as follows: .tr:f\.~ Qr'iY\l'f(\(:)./l)

CT

The i'nterisi!y, T, from a dil!lole can be expressed

as

:r =2~aIOngthe
r

axis, i.e., off

the

,. " ,.

ens of tne dipole.

and:T

=. M'
rJ

along a line at right angles to the dipole.i.e .. off the side of the dipole, In any direction from a monopole. where
I' ,

and tora monopole

T .. ~ - rZ

M ; magnetic moment and r is the distance to the pole. A mote detailed mathematical formulation for the intensity due to a dipole is given subsequently in this Chapter.

Intr!;ldY;QUOtl
1(;)lal magmatic it:lteflsity disturbance.sor anomalies, are highly variabl~ in sl'1ape, and amplitude; they are almost always asymmetric"aI',;;'Qffifitiffi~sappear complex even from simple $ources,and'osually portray the combined magri~tic effects of several sources. Furthermore, there are-, an infinite number of possibte sources w.tlich can produce a ,given anernaty, The apparent complexity of SU9.h an lies Is a consequence of the net effect- of S!ilv~ral ~;ependent bur relativeiy simple functionS of ma§'Aeti¢'di@QI~L behavior. With an understanding CIt these individl;,laJly Simple functioMcS however, and given some re!'lsonabli;}assymptiQns regarding the geology, bur!.€ld objeGt or whatever other source one is seeking to yflde~st<!nd, a. quali~tjvl;! .out satisfactory interpretation can usuauy be ,obtained for most anomaly Sources.

,"IN~S OF FLU,X [-I

J.'IIN.O

1,,1N.~SOF EEIlJ"AL INT!:;NSlTY (-;.....1

"Q~ A DIPOLE;

Figure 18.

MONOPOLE

+
,
"

I ,

r ,.

______________________________________--------~--------~~----~~----~J=N=T~E=R=P=A~E=T~A~T=I.=O=N_=~2=H~~

\ \ \'\~ \\ \
F
Figure 20. Oir~tiQn

...

of C;omp-QI'I(:mtsMeasured by Total Field Magne-tameter

'..",
Figure 21. Total Field CompOflents
I

of Tangel'\t to Field ~in~sof

Dipole and Monopole

" '. .......

'

!..-

OIPdLE

MONOPOLE

Figure 22. Fall·off Rate (ReJative:inten§ity or length of vectors

in Figure 211

1"

Figwf;! 23. A~pect ~ actor (Rel<1tive Intensity of Dipole of Figure 21 with Respect to Angle from Axis at Various Points Along Profile)

"

..
....
.'

".:t ~

®
24,
1

.r-«
_ , ~ ",_l '. " .'
"

Dipole and Monopole

Signatures

{Constructed

from Figures 20·23 according

to methods

described

in; text.)-

~1-~".~~~~~~:E.~~~~.:_t:~{i :.
~.
~~'~;

.: -.

.:'-

___

J .
_

..

••

__

....l---

,
!

INTERPRETATION.

G,f"3~ ::I _

1
2

~ ~ ~

3 4 5 ____¥-

~"""""""_""'V;;.'

,..,*.,...

;J-~

tVZ21111(111lIn ANTICr..IN~

I:
I'

o'

0fiI ~~~ RI,D,CS! (HORIZONl'A!.. C'r'I ..1NOER) ,

SILLOR VOLCANIC FLOW

"'
I' I'

DIPPING DIKE
i

DIPPINGDIKE

i\

"

1 ...: ...;.;."._. ~---

.-,
.~
""''i. ".10- •• .

~"'.':,
,,- . '. ,.... • ',: ~: ~ 11'

;.

..

:-.,'

:,.

"_",,,#
G~AOUAl,I.Y SLOPING SURFAe~

'n

"

.. ,.... _,

g))n}n))1
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,

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(ViRTICAL

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TYPICAL ANOMALIES FROM, VARIOUS GEOLOGIC BODIES (SHOWN FREE HAND - 00 NPT USE AS QUANTIT-ATiVE REFERENCE) ALL ANOMALY SOURCES EXCEPT SPHfi.RE AND VERTICAL .cyLiNDER ARE INJ'INITEL Y LONG NORMAL TO nlE PLANE OF THIS PAGE.

....

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.4
5
SEE LEGEND

LEGEfolO

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NARROW INTRUSIVE . (VERTICAL CYLINDER)

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\F OR \F mAVERSE E·W n.... PROJECTlON OF HELO;INTD PLANE OF THIS PAGE IS.VERTICAI.J

_ TRAVERSE NoS

.. ,

FAULT (WITHIN ONE AOCK UNITI

IN-!
5)

FAULT (INVOLVING rwo ROCK UNITS) .

-f' TAAVERS~ E-W Ile.• FIELD IS NORMAL oj:. THIS PAGEl·

TO PLANE

Anomalies for Geoldgic Bodies'et Various Orientations

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and Different Inclinations of the

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APPLICATIONS

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fig. 5,14. The magnetic field:

series (ill uem CGS).

Geographic North North

•.
hese instruments "

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the measuring instrument attached to in a waist harness; the coil mounted on a 2.5 to 3m mast and connected to the instrument , cable. ! rernentis extremely simple:

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with the coil immobilized and the needle pointing approximately North (or South) a knob is pressed and the measurement result is rea.\:! after a few ~~; . two readings arc normally taken at the same place, and the mean of the two readings is taken if the readings do not differ by more than ?nT.
-

Fi:,!.5.1S.

TOI,!I ))wgJU.'iic/ield in profilr.

Precautions Make sure that the batteries are charged. These instruments :have a visual tcstinj; device which indicates battery strclif.i,th.Wbcn lhe:batlcrics arc di$'(h;rgcd tile scatter increases abnormally ~na given statidn. D<: not carry magnetic Objects on your body (coins, knife, pass) and clear, the ground of such objects (hammer, machete.vtopofill). ';ivays assume the same position facing North to ensure that the o-strumcnt always has the same effect on the coil. Keep the coil stationary and wait until the liquid is stabilized-befcre taking the measurement. ," .j Take Care when handling the instrument-coil connecting 'cable or the connccuons.

sam

ii Bipollir

(Jl/onw!y.

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Fig. 5.13. Unipotar anomaly. .. . I

tl - -.-.

SURVEYS WITHOUT CORRECTJON OF DIURNAL VARIATION n lurgc anomalies arc explored (cg 100 to 200111')or when a vertjcal component .anetomcter is"used without a tripod (accuracy of measurement ~s around 20 to .), there is no point in making corrections of diurnal variation because this .ction is extremely small in comparison with the anomalies. .

y: NivERNAIS Section 3 7.15 a.m. Timc OS.05

08.Q7

'1 Correction -1045371 -1045381 -1145389 -1145387

25 September

Rc:tding_ 45381 45391 45400 45390

Observations tasclinc
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:tH. Is.9n.QlflOlymap of maglietiG vertical .inten5iiy of, the. Fa~nett It-dome, JeJfel"iiOI;l COU!lty, Texas. <1ontour interval 5 gamma, (After J.. _,Eby iYrd R. P. Clul'k,.BlIlietil& oj the American Association ojPetroleum G~uloU~ls.) .

Fig, 318. Profile .ihowilll;IIUlgnetic anomaly associuted "Wilh magnetite body at Kirunn, Sweden. Z ~ C\II'\'I) [Dr \,crtil:alintcn' ~it.\', X C\1n~J} for horiaorrtul iu":' . tensity. ·(.After Ilaalck.) i

"

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, ~ig: 319,. Aer.0m~gntot!c .surv~:< Are3i.n central Maine, Total ma;gneti~ ,ntenslJy grven In g2lmma:s. but referred te'an urbitnil'y" base of 2.000 gum· v:as, Contour intel"\',.l 5qgamJl~ail.H!t'h''yblack !inesal'€; bodies of se;'pe~tme. (After P. ~L Hurleyand 1:.. B. ThQmp$on.) "

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