LESSON 1 Pronombres Personales Sujetos

Vamos a empezar por conocer los equivalentes en ingls de los pronombres personales en castellano:

Yo Tu El Ella El/ella (objeto) Nosotros Vosotros Ellos/ellas

I You He She It We You They

Su colocacin en la frase suele ser al comienzo de la misma:

I have a dog. You are my brother. Yo tengo un perro Tu eres mi hermano

El pronombre personal tiene que concordar con el verbo, no obstante, los verbos ingleses, salvo los auxiliares, no varan, excepto en la tercera persona del singular:
I eat apples. You eat apples. He eats apples. Yo como manzanas Tu comes manzanas El come manzanas

El pronombre "it" (3 persona singular) se utiliza para objetos y animales, aunque a veces con estos ltimos se utiliza "he" (l) o "she" (ella):
I have a car. It is red. Yo tengo un coche. El es rojo

VOCABULARIO

Padre Madre Hermano Hermana Hijo Hija Abuelo

Father Mother Brother Sister Son Daughter Grandfather

Suegro Suegra Yerno Nuera Cuado Cuada Primo

Father-in-law Mother-in-law Son-in-law Daughter-in-law Brother-in-law Sister-in-law Cousin

Abuela Nieto Nieta Ta

Grandmother Grandson Granddaughter Aunt

Sobrino Sobrina To

Nephew Niece Uncle

LESSON 1 Pronombres personales sujetos

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

play tennis. are French. have a car. is blond. go to the movies. study English. speak Italian. watch TV. are students. plays football.

Yo juego al tenis T eres francs Nosotros tenemos un coche Ella es rubia Vosotros vais al cine Yo estudio ingls Ellos hablan italiano Nosotros vemos la tele Vosotros sois estudiantes l juega al ftbol

LESSON 2 Verbo "To be"

El verbo "to be" en ingls es equivalente a los verbos "ser" y "estar" en castellano. Su declinacin en el presente del indicativo (simple present) es la siguiente:

Yo soy/estoy Tu eres/ests El/ella es/est Nosotros somos/estamos Vosotros sois/estis Ellos/ellas son/estn

I am You are He/she/it is We are You are They are

Se suelen utilizar contracciones de estas formas:

I am You/we/they are He/she/it is I'm You/we/they're He/she/it's

Su declinacin en tiempo pasado (simple past):

Yo era/estaba (fui/estuve) Tu eras/estabas (fuiste/estuviste) El/ella era/estaba (fue/estuvo) Nosotros ramos/estbamos (fuimos/estuvimos) Vosotros erais/estabais (fuisteis/estuvisteis) Ellos/ellas eran/estaban (fueron/estuvieron)

I was You were He/she/it was We were You were They were

El verbo "to be" se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso sirve para dar informacin sobre el sujeto:
I am old. The car is red. It is cold. Yo soy mayor El coche es rojo Hace frio (el da est frio)

Tambin se utiliza como verbo auxiliar para formar las formas continuas:
I am running. I was running. Yo estoy corriendo Yo estaba corriendo

Y para construir la forma pasiva:

The table is made of wood. La mesa est hecha de madera

 Otro uso del verbo "to be" es seguido de infinitivo y se utiliza para dar rdenes de una manera un tanto impersonal, especialmente con la 3 persona, o tambin para comunicar un plan:
He is to solve that problem. They are to help you. I am to travel next week. El debe resolver ese problema Ellos deben ayudarte Voy a viajar la prxima semana

VOCABULARIO

Cuerpo Cabeza Cuello Hombro Brazo Codo Mano Dedo Pecho Barriga

Body Head Neck Shoulder Arm Elbow Hand Finger Chest Belly

Pierna Rodilla Pie Ua Msculo Hueso Piel Pelo Espalda

Leg Knee Foot (feet) Nail Muscle Bone Skin Hair Back

LESSON 2 Pronombres personales sujetos

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I You They We He He It He They

Spanish. old. foreigners. young. to stay here. to study medicine. hot. here. in Paris. playing football.

Yo soy espaol T eres mayor Ellos son extranjeros Nosotros ramos jvenes l debe quedarse aqu l va a estudiar medicina Hace calor El est aqu Ellos estaban en Pars Nosotros estamos jugando al Ftbol

10. We

LESSON 3 Verbo "To have"

El verbo "to have" en ingls es equivalente a los verbos "haber" y "tener" en castellano. Su declinacin en el presente del indicativo (simple present) es la siguiente:

Yo he/tengo Tu has/tienes El/ella ha/tiene Nosotros hemos/tenemos Vosotros habis/tenis Ellos/ellas han/tienen

I have You have He/she/it has We have You have They have

Como contracciones de estas formas se utilizan:

I/you/we/they have He/she/it has I/you/we/they've He/she/it's

Su declinacin en pasado simple (simple past) tiene una nica forma:

Yo haba/tena (hube/tuve) Tu habas/tenas (hubiste/tuviste) El/ella haba/tena (hubo/tuvo) Nosotros habamos/tenamos (hubimos/tuvimos) Vosotros habiis/tenais (hubisteis/tuvisteis) Ellos/ellas haban/tenan (hubieron/tuvieron)

I had You had He/she/it had We had You had They had

El verbo "to have" se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso tiene el significado de "tener":
I have a car. She had a boyfriend. Yo tengo un coche Ella tuvo un novio

Y tambin se utiliza en algunas expresiones con el sentido de "tomar":

I had a drink after the match. She has a bath. Tom una bebida despus del partido Ella toma un bao

Como verbo auxiliar, "to have" se utiliza para construir las formas compuestas:
I have read. He had played tennis. We have seen a film. Yo he leido El haba jugado al tenis Nosotros hemos visto una pelcula

VOCABULARIO

Universo Estrella Sol Planeta Tierra Satlite Luna Atmsfera Continente Mar

Universe Star Sun Planet Earth Satellite Moon Atmosphere Continent Sea

Isla Montaa Valle Ro Lago Selva Bosque Desierto Oceano

Island Mountain Valley River Lake Jungle Forest Desert Ocean

LESSON 3 Verbo 'To have'

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I He They We You We He She They

a cat. drunk a beer. a car. a big house. come soon. a coffee. lived in Seville. gone to Paris. seen the match. listened to music.

Yo tengo un gato l ha bebido una cerveza Ellos tenan un coche Nosotros tenamos una casa grande Vosotros habis venido pronto Nosotros tomamos un caf l haba vivido en Sevilla Ella ha ido a Pars Ellos haban visto el partido l ha escuchado msica

10. He

LESSON 4 Verbo "To do"

El verbo "to do" en ingls puede funcionar como verbo ordinario, con el significado de "hacer", o como verbo auxiliar. Su declinacin en el presente del indicativo (simple present) es la siguiente:

Yo hago Tu haces El/ella hace Nosotros hacemos Vosotros hacis Ellos/ellas hacen

I do You do He/she/it does We do You do They do

En el pasado simple (simple past) tiene una nica forma:

Yo hice Tu hiceste El/ella hizo Nosotros hicmos Vosotros hicisteis Ellos/ellas hicieron

I did You did He/she/it did We did You did They did

Como verbo ordinario con el significado de "hacer" hay que distinguirlo de otro verbo, "to make", que tambin se traduce en castellano por "hacer", aunque este ltimo con un significado de "fabricar":
I did my job. I made a cake. What areyou doing this evening? She made that table. Yo hice mi trabajo Yo hice un pastel Qu haces esta tarde? Ella hizo esa mesa

Como verbo auxiliar, se utiliza para construir las formas negativas y de interrogacin del presente y del pasado simple:
I don't know that. I didnt answer correctly. Do you go to the cinema? Didn't you see that film? Yo no se eso No contest correctamente Vas al cine? No viste esa pelcula?

Como se puede observar, en las formas negativas se suelen utilizar contracciones:

Do not Does not Did not Don't Doesn't Didn't

 Otro uso del verbo "to do" es para evitar la repeticin de un verbo que se acaba de mencionar, especialmente en la contestacin de preguntas:
Do you like coffee? Did you play tennis? He likes music... Yes, I do Yes, I did ... and so do I ( = I like music too)

VOCABULARIO
Pas Regin Provincia Ciudad Pueblo Aldea Luna Calle Plaza Avenida Monumento
Country Region Province City Village Small village Moon Street Square Avenue Monument

Aeropuerto Estacin Puerto Metro Parque Aparcamiento Bosque Cine Teatro Restaurante Fuente

Airport Station Port Metro Parking lot Parking Forest Cinema Theater Restaurant Fountain

LESSON 4 Verbo 'To do'

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
We He I Who I Te gusta leer? Yo hago mis deberes Quin hizo eso? No me gusta este coche Jug ella al baloncesto? l no viene con nosotros Vivieron ellos en Pars? Conoces a esa persona? Nosotros no fuimos a la fiesta Quieres una cerveza? s, quiero

you like reading? my homework. that? like this car. she play basketball? come with us. they live in Paris? you know that person? go to the party.

10. Do you like a beer? Yes, I

LESSON 5 Estructura de la Oracin

La oracin afirmativa en ingls se construye de acuerdo con la siguiente estructura:

Sujeto I You We

Verbo eat need bought

Objeto Directo apples help a car

En la oracin negativa, el auxiliar se sita delante del verbo principal:

Sujeto I You We

Auxiliar negacin don't don't didn't

Verbo eat need buy

Objeto Directo apples help a car

En la oracin interrogativa, el auxiliar se sita al comienzo de la misma:

Auxiliar Do Do Did

Sujeto I you we

Verbo eat need buy

Objeto Directo ? apples ? help ? a car ?

Otros complementos de la oracin (lugar, tiempo, etc.) se suelen situar al final de la misma:
I eat apples at lunchtime. You need help in your job. We bought a car last Friday.

Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:

I eat apples at home at lunchtime. You need help in your job right now. We bought a car in Madrid last Friday.

Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones, stos se suelen situar delante del verbo en las formas simples, y entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas compuestas (hay numerosas excepciones):
I always eat apples at home. I have always eaten apples at home. You never need help. You have never needed help.

VOCABULARIO

Casa Puesta Ventana Pared Suelo Techo Tejado Chimenea Balcn Pasillo

House Door Window Wall Floor Ceiling Roof Chimney Balcony hall

Saln Recibidor Comedor Dormitorio Cuarto de bao Despacho Escaleras Garaje Buhardilla Cocina

Living room Foyer Dinning room Bedroom Bathroom Study Staircase Garage Studio Apartment Kitchen

LESSON 1 Estructura de la oracin

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

You, a beer, drink Drive, a car, we Don't, coffee, you, like? We, this book, like, don't He, in his bedroom, music, listens, to My homework, I, do, always You, to Paris, in June, go She, the beach, like, doesn't They, a car, in Madrid, bought Never, I, football, play

LESSON 6 Present Simple (Presente del Indicativo)

Se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, genricas, que tienen lugar con cierta frecuencia, sin hacer referencia a si en el momento actual se estn realizando.

I study English.

Yo estudio ingls; empec hace algn tiempo y contino, aunque puede que en el momento presente no est realizando esta actividad. El juega al tenis; practica este deporte con cierta asiduidad, pero no significa que en el momento presente est en la pista de tenis jugando. Yo trabajo en un banco; sta es mi profesin, aunque puede que en el momento actual yo est de vacaciones, descansando en mi casa.

He plays tennis.

I work in a bank.

Tambin se utiliza para hablar de acciones futuras que ya han sido planificadas, especialmente al referirse a viajes.

I leave Madrid tomorrow morning.

Me voy de Madrid maana por la maana

La forma del "present simple" coincide con la del infinitivo sin la partcula "to", salvo en la 3 persona del singular en la que se le aade una "s".
Infinitivo To eat (comer) To run (correr) I / you / we / they eat run He / she / it eats runs

Si el verbo termina en "ss", "sh", "ch", "x", "o", al formar la 3 persona del singular se le aade "-es".

Infinitivo To kiss (besar) To watch (observar)

I / you / we / they I kiss I watch

He / she / it He kisses He watches

Si el verbo termina en "y" tras consonante, al formar la 3 persona del singular se sustituye esta "y" por una "i", seguida de la terminacin "es".

Infinitivo To carry (llevar) To envy (envidiar)

I / you / we / they I carry I envy

He / she / it He carries He envies

 Las oraciones negativas se forman con el auxiliar "to do", habitualmente en sus formas contradas: "dont" (= do not) para las personas "I, you, we, they", y "doesnt" (= does not) para las personas "he, she, it".

I don't play tennis. She doesnt go to the cinema. We dont know the answer.

Yo no juego al tenis Ella no va al cine Nosotros no sabemos la respuesta

La forma interrogativa se forma tambin con el auxiliar "to do" al comienzo de la oracin ("do" con las personas "I, you, we, they"; "does" con "he, she, it").

Do you play tennis? Does she go to the cinema? Do we know the answer?

Juegas al tenis ? Va ella al cine ? Conocemos la respuesta ?

VOCABULARIO

Mesa Silla Sof Cuadro Alfombra Espejo Lmpara Jarrn Armario (general) Armario (ropa)

Table Chair Sofa Painting Carpet Mirror Lamp Vase Closet Closet

Almohada Sbana Manta Colchn Colcha Mesilla de noche Mecedora Silln Cmoda Cama

Pillow Sheet Blanket Mattress Bedspread Bedside table Rocking chair Armchair Chest of drawers Bed

LESSON 6 Present simple (presente del indicativo)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Yo voy al cine Yo no voy al cine Voy yo al cine? Ella juega al tenis Ella no juega al tenis Juega ella al tenis?

7. 8. 9. 10.

Ellos viven en Pars Ellos no viven en Londres Viven ellos en Pars? Vamos nosotros a Nueva York?

LESSON 7 Present Continuous (Presente Continuo)

Se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando en este mismo momento:

I am reading a book. You are playing football.

Yo estoy leyendo un libro (en este preciso instante) T ests jugando al futbol

Tambin se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando alrededor del momento en el que se habla, aunque no necesariamente en ese preciso instante:

I am studying French.

Yo estoy estudiando francs (me he matriculado en una academia, pero no necesariamente en este preciso momento estoy con los libros de francs)

Asimismo, se utiliza para describir una accin que va a tener lugar en el futuro prximo y sobre la que se ha tomado una resolucin firme. En este caso, siempre se tiene que mencionar el tiempo en el que se va a desarrollar la accin:

I am going to London next week.

Yo voy a Londres la prxima semana (la accin se va a desarrollar en el futuro prximo y existe una decisin firme por mi parte de llevarla a cabo)

Otro uso del presente continuo es para describir acciones que se vienen repitiendo con frecuencia; en este caso, la oracin viene acompaada del adverbio "always" (siempre):

He is always working.

El est siempre trabajando (con el significado de que trabaja frecuentemente, quizs, incluso, excesivamente)

Formacin del "present continuous": se construye con el presente del indicativo del verbo "to be", en su funcin de verbo auxiliar, y el "present participle" ( = gerundio) del verbo principal.

Afirmacin I am eating You are eating He / she is eating We are eating You are eating They are eating

Negacin Im not eating You arent eating He / she isnt eating We aren't eating You aren't eating They aren't eating

Interrogacin Am I eating? Are you eating? Is he/she eating? Are we eating? Are you eating? Are they eating?

VOCABULARIO

Carne Pescado Huevo Azcar Harina Sal Aceite Vinagre Leche Mantequilla Pan

Meat Fish Egg Sugar Flour Salt Oil Vinegar Milk Butter Bread

Mermelada Queso Patata Tomate Lechuga Pimiento Zanahoria Salchicha Nata Galleta Tostada

Marmalade Cheese Potato Tomato Lettuce Pepper Carrot Sausage Cream Cookie Toast

LESSON 7 Present continuous (presente continuo)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Yo estoy leyendo T no ests leyendo Est l leyendo? Nosotros estamos jugando Vosotros no estis jugando Estn ellos jugando? Yo estoy tomando un caf T no ests tomando un caf Est l tomando una taza de t? Yo estoy escuchando msica

LESSON 8 Past Simple (Pasado Simple)

Se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se desarrollaron en el pasado y que hace ya algn tiempo que finalizaron. Su equivalente en castellano es el pretrito indefinido:

I studied English. I bought a car.

Yo estudi ingls (fue una actividad que realic en el pasado y que ya finaliz) Yo compr un coche

En estas oraciones no se da informacin sobre el presente:

I lost my job. I bought a car.

Yo perd mi trabajo (puede que en la actualidad lo haya vuelto a recuperar) Yo compr un coche (en la actualidad puede que ya no tenga el coche, que lo haya vendido)

Con frecuencia se indica el periodo de tiempo en el que se desarroll la accin:

I played tennis yesterday. I went to Paris last summer.

Yo jugu al tenis ayer. Yo fui a Pars el verano pasado

La estructura de la frase es similar a la del presente, utilizando el verbo principal en su forma pasada.
She listens to music. She listened to music. Ella escucha msica (presente) Ella escuch msica (pasado)

En las formas negativas e interrogativas se emplea, asimismo, una estructura similar: se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to do" en su tiempo pasado, que acompaa al verbo principal en su forma infinitiva:

I didnt go to the party. Did you go to the party?

Yo no fui a la fiesta Fuiste t a la fiesta ?

En la formacin del tiempo pasado hay que distinguir entre verbos regulares e irregulares: los verbos regulares forman el tiempo pasado aadiendo "-ed" a la forma infinitiva (ver Leccin 9), mientras que los irregulares no siguen un patrn determinado, hay que estudiarlos individualmente (ver dcima clase).
Verbo regular Verbo irregular "To listen": forma pasada "listened". "To go": forma pasada "went"

 La forma pasada de los verbos es nica para todas las personas, no hay una forma distinta para la 3 persona del singular como ocurra en el presente.

I / you / he / she / we / they "listened" I / you / he / she / we / they "went"

VOCABULARIO

Abogado Mdico Ingeniero Economista Arquitecto Comerciante Panadero Peluquero Cerrajero Fontanero

Lawyer Doctor Engineer Economist Architect Shopkeeper Baker Hairdresser Locksmith Plumber

Pintor Frutero Mecnico Militar Sacerdote Artista Actor (actriz) Funcionario Escritor Carpintero

Painter Greengrocer Mechanic Soldier Priest Artist Actor (actress) Civil servant Writer Carpenter

LESSON 8 Past simple (pasado simple)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
We He I She I

to the cinema? to the cinema. TV. like his house. in the party? his watch. to Paris? her boyfriend? the news. a beer?

Fuiste al cine? Yo no fui al cine Ella vio la televisin No me gust su casa Bail ella en la fiesta? l no encontr su reloj Vinieron ellos a Pars? Conociste a su novio? Nosotros no omos las noticias Bebi l una cerveza?

LESSON 9 Forma Pasada de los Verbos Regulares

Se forma aadiendo "-ed" al infinitivo:

Infinitivo To need (necesitar) To listen (escuchar) Forma pasada needed listened

Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "e", entonces tan slo se le aade una "d":
Infinitivo To love (amar) To bribe (sobornar) Forma pasada loved bribed

Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "y", tras consonante, entonces esta letra "y" se transforma en "i" y se le aade "-ed".
Infinitivo To carry (llevar) To study (estudiar) Forma pasada carried studied

Si el infinitivo del verbo est formado por una sola slaba, con una sola vocal y termina en consonante, entonces esta consonante se dobla:
Infinitivo To stop (parar) To ban (prohibir) Forma pasada stopped banned

Tambin se dobla la ltima consonante de aquellos verbos de dos o ms silabas, cuyo acento recae en la ltima slaba, y sta contiene una sola vocal y finaliza en una sola consonante:
Infinitivo To admit (admitir) To prefer(preferir) Forma pasada admitted preferred

Por ltimo, se dobla tambin la ltima consonante de aquellos verbos cuyo infinitivo termina por "l", tras una nica vocal:
Infinitivo To signal (sealar) To cancel (cancelar) Forma pasada signalled cancelled

VOCABULARIO

Sombrero Bufanda Gabardina Abrigo Chaqueta Guante Pantalones Zapato Bota Zapatilla Pijama Vestido

Hat Scarf Raincoat Coat Jacket Glove Pants Shoe Boat Slipper Pyjamas Dress

Chaleco Corbata Camisa Camiseta Traje Ropa interior Camiseta (interior) Calzoncillo Sujetador Calcetn Bragas

Vest Tie Shirt T-shirt Suit Underwear Vest Shorts Bra Sock Panties

LESSON 9 Forma pasada de los verbos regulares

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

To bat To abolish To clean To invite To pass To obey To try To travel To irritate To compel

LESSON 10 Verbos irregulares

En la siguiente lista se incluyen todos los verbos irregulares ingleses. En ella se recoge el infinitivo y el presente (ambos tienen la misma forma, salvo que el infinitivo va precedido de la partcula "to"), as como el pasado simple y el participio. En algunos casos, el verbo tiene dos posibles formas en el pasado o en el futuro que aparecen indicadas. En otros casos, el verbo no tiene infinitivo (son algunos verbos modales y en la tabla aparecen sin partcula "to"). Estos verbos no siguen una regla determinada, por lo que hay que aprenderlos de memoria. Al ser numerosos, entendemos que lo ms prctico es irlos estudiando poco a poco (algunos de ellos apenas se utilizan).

Infinitivo/Presente Significado

Forma pasada

Participio

To stand To come up To wake To be To stand To beat To become To happen To procreate To begin To notice To bend To grieve To keep asking To bet To bid To bid To bind To bite To bleed To blow To break To breed To bring To broadcast To build To burn To burst To buy

soportar surgir despertar ser / estar aguantar golpear llegar a ser ocurrir procrear empezar observar doblar estar afligido apostar ordenar pujar atar morder sangrar soplar romper engendrar traer retransmitir construir quemar explotar comprar

stood came up woke was stood beat became happened procreated began noticed bent grieved betted / bet bade bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned / burnt burst bought

stood come up woke been stood beaten become happened procreated begun noticed bent grieved kept asking betted / bet bidden bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned / burnt burst bought

preguntar con insistencia kept asking

Can To throw away To catch To chide To choose To cut To cling To clothe To come To cost To creep To sing To cut To dare To deal To dig To do To draw To dream To drink To drive To live in To eat To fall

poder arrojar / lanzar coger regaar elegir cortar / romper agarrarse vestir venir costar deslizarse con sigilo cantar cortar desafiar tratar con cavar hacer dibujar soar beber conducir habitar comer caer

could threw away caught chid chose cut clung clothed / clad came cost crept sang cut dared / durst dealt / delt dug did drew drank drove lived in ate fell

be able thrown away caught chidden chosen cut clung clothed / clad come cost crept sung cut dared / durst dealt / delt dug done drawn drunk driven livled eaten fallen

dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt

To feed To feel To fight To find To run away To fling To fly To stop To forbid To forget To forgive To leave To freeze To get To make golden To fasten To give To go To grind To grow To hang To have To hear

alimentar sentir luchar encontrar escapar arrojar volar desistir prohibir olvidar perdonar renunciar a algo helar(se) coger dorar sujetar con cinturn dar ir moler crecer colgar haber / tener or

fed felt fought found ran away flung flew stopped forbade forgot forgave left froze got made golden fastened gave went ground grew hanged / hung had heard

fed felt fought found run away flung flown stopped forbidden forgotten forgiven left frozen got made golden fastened given gone ground grown hanged / hung had heard

To hide To hit To hold To hurt To keep To kneel To knit To know To lay To lead To lean To leap To learn To leave To lend To let To lie To light To lose To make May To mean To meet

esconder golpear sostener herir mantener arrodillarse tejer saber colocar guiar inclinar brincar aprender dejar prestar permitir echarse encender perder hacer poder significar encontrar(se)

hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leaned / leant leaped / leapt learned / learnt left lent let lay lit lost made might meant / ment met

hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laid led leaned / leant leaped / leapt learned / learnt left lent let lain lit lost made ---meant / ment met

To mow Must Ought To pay To put To read To rent To rid To ride To ring To rise To run To saw To say To see To seek To sell To send To set To sew To shake Shall To shear To shed To shine To shoe

segar deber deber pagar poner leer alquilar eliminar montar (a caballo) sonar subir correr serrar decir ver buscar vender enviar poner coser agitar (auxiliar futuro) esquilar perder (hojas) brillar herrar

mowed had to ---paid put read / red rented rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook sheared / shore shed shone shoed / shod

mowed / mown ------paid put read / red rented rid ridden rung risen run sawed / sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewed / sewn shaken ---sheared / shorn shed shone shoed / shod

To shoot To show To shrink To shut To sing To sink To sit To slay To sleep To slide To sling To sneak To slit To smell To hit To sow

disparar mostrar encoger cerrar cantar hundir sentarse matar dormir resbalar lanzar (con fuerza) deslizarse con sigilo cortar oler golpear sembrar

shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung snuck slit smelled / smelt hit sowed

shot showed / shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung snuck slit smelled / smelt hit sowed / sown

To speak To speed To spell To spend To spill To spin To spit To split To spread To spring To stand To steal To stick To sting To stink To strew To stride To strike To string To strive To swear To sweep To swell To swim To swing To take To teach To tear To tell To think To thrive To throw To thrust

hablar acelerar deletrear gastar derramar dar vueltas escupir dividir extender saltar levantarse robar hincar picar oler mal diseminar andar a zancadas golpear colgar algo esforzarse jurar barrer hinchar nadar balancearse coger ensear rasgar decir pensar prosperar tirar lanzar adelante

spoke speeded / sped spelled / spelt spent spilled / spilt spun spat split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank / stunk strewed strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived / throve threw thrust

spoken speeded / sped spelled / spelt spent spilled / spilt spun spat split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewed / strewn stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swelled / swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived / thriven thrown thrust

To tread To understand To undertake To wake To wear To weave To weep To wet Will To win To wind To wring To write

pisar comprender acometer despertarse usar tejer llorar mojar (auxiliar futuro) ganar dar cuerda retorcer escribir

trod understood undertook waked / woke wore wove wept wetted / wet would won wound wrung wrote

trodden / trod understood undertaken waked / woken worn woven wept wetted / wet ---won wound wrung written

LESSON 11 Past Continuous (Pasado Continuo)

El pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el momento del pasado al que nos estamos refiriendo y que continuaron despus de ese momento:

This morning at 8 o'clock she was A las 8 de la maana ella estaba leyendo: la reading accin de leer haba comenzado antes de las ocho y continu despus de este instante. Last Monday he was traveling El pasado lunes, l estaba viajando: la accin de viajar comenz antes del lunes y continu despus.

En castellano equivale al pasado continuo (ella estaba leyendo), o tambin se puede traducir por el pretrito imperfecto (ella lea).

El pasado continuo se utiliza tambin para referimos a dos acciones en el pasado, una de las cuales se complet, mientras que la otra continuaba: para la primera se utiliza el "past simple" y para la segunda el "past continuous":

When he arrived, I was watching TV.

Cuando l lleg, yo estaba viendo al tele: la accin de ver la tele haba comenzado antes de que l llegara, y continu despus.

While she was listening to music, her brother did his homework. Mientras ella escuchaba msica, su hermano hizo sus deberes: la accin de or msica tena ya lugar antes de que el hermano comenzara sus deberes, y continu una vez que el hermano haba terminado.

Mientras que en el "past simple" se indica que la accin ya ha terminado, en el "past continuous" no sabemos si la accin ha concluido:

She wrotre a letter. She was writing a letter.

Ella escribi una carta: la carta est escrita, la accin ya ha finalizado. Ella estaba escribiendo una carta: no sabemos si lleg a terminar de escribir la carta.

 El "past continuous" se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" en su forma pasada y el gerundio (present participle) del verbo principal:
She was playing tennis. They were traveling. Ella estaba jugando al tenis Ellos estaban viajando

La forma negativa se forma con la partcula "not" detrs del verbo auxiliar, y la forma interrogativa con el verbo auxiliar al comienzo de la oracin, seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:
I was not listening. Were they dancing? Yo no estaba escuchando Estaban ellos bailando ?

El gerundio (present participle) se forma aadiendo al infinitivo la terminacin "-ing", aunque con algunas peculiaridades que veremos en la prxima leccin:
To listen To read listening reading

VOCABULARIO

Panadera Peluquera Frutera Taller Cafetera Joyera Carnicera Banco Iglesia Juguetera Librera Zapatera

Baker Hairdresser Greengrocer Workshop Snack-bar Jeweller Butcher Bank Church Toyshop Bookshop Shoe shop

Optica Farmacia Gasolinera Quiosco Discoteca Hospital Pastelera Ferretera Supermercado Tienda de ropa Anticuario Tienda de muebles

Optician Pharmacy gas station Newsstand Disco Hospital Pastery hardware store Supermarket Clothes shop Antique shop Furniture place

LESSON 11 Past continuous (pasado continuo)

1. 2. 3. 4.

when I saw you? Yesterday at 10 o'clock we TV. When he arrived, she to music. She

Estabas estudiando cuando te vi? Ayer, a las 10, nosotros veamos la tele Cuando l lleg, ella escuchaba msica Ella estaba nadando

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

We

when you arrived.

Nosotros jugbamos cuando t llegaste Cuando lo vi, l estaba estudiando Ayer, a las 8, que estabas haciendo? l llam por telfono mientras nosotros escuchbamos msica Estaba l comiendo? Nosotros no estbamos hablando

When I saw him, he Yesterday, at 8 o'clock, what He phoned while we to music.

10. We

LESSON 12 Present Participle (Gerundio)

El "present participle" se utiliza en ingls para formar los tiempos continuos. Su equivalente en castellano es el gerundio:
I was reading. They are laughing. Yo estaba leyendo Ellos se estn riendo

Tambin se utiliza a veces como adjetivo:

That is very funny. The book is interesting. Eso es muy divertido El libro es interesante

Se forma aadiendo la terminacin "-ing" al infinitivo:

To listen (escuchar) To hear (oir) listening hearing

Si el verbo finaliza con una nica "e", esta letra desaparece delante de "-ing":
To come (venir) To write (escribir) coming writing

Si el verbo tiene una sola slaba, y sta tiene una nica vocal y finaliza en una nica consonante, entonces esta consonante final se dobla:
To cut (cortar) To sit (sentarse) cutting sitting

Si el verbo tiene dos o ms silabas, con el acento sobre la ltima, y sta ltima slaba contiene una sola vocal y finaliza en una nica consonante, entonces esta consonante final tambin se dobla:
To admit (admitir) To begin (empezar) admitting beginning

Si el verbo termina por la consonante "l" detrs de una nica vocal, esta consonante "l" se dobla:
To cancel (cancelar) To impel (impulsar) cancelling impelling

Si el verbo finaliza en "y", esta letra se mantiene y se le aade la terminacin "-ing":

To study (estudiar) To try (intentar) studying trying

VOCABULARIO

Perro Gato Caballo Toro Vaca Oveja Cabra Zorro Cerdo Elefante Len

Dog Cat Horse Bull Cow Sheep Goat Fox Pig Elephant Lion

Lobo Aguila Serpiente Camello Hipoptamo Rinoceronte Pantera Tiburn Ballena Tigre Oso

Wolf Eagle Snake Camel Hippo Rhinoceros Panther Shark Whale Tiger Bear

LESSON 12 Present participle (gerundio)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

To hurry To put To go To imitate To reach To adjust To smoke To run To rain To hit

LESSON 13 Present Perfect (Pretrito Perfecto)

El "present perfect" es un tiempo que sirve para describir acciones que acaban de suceder en el pasado y que guardan alguna relacin con el presente. Equivale en castellano al pretrito perfecto:

I have bought a car.

Yo he comprado un coche: nos indica que la accin de comprar el coche acaba de realizarse.

Si por el contrario utilizramos el "past simple" esta conexin con el presente se pierde:

I bought a car.

Yo compr un coche: no implica que la accin haya sido reciente, ni que an siga teniendo ese coche.

En las oraciones con "present perfect" no se suele mencionar el momento en el que se ha desarrollado la accin:

I have read a book.

Yo he ledo un libro: la accin acaba de finalizar.

Ya que si se mencionara el momento de su realizacin, entonces habra que utilizar el "past simple":

I read a book this morning.

Yo le un libro esta maana

No obstante, a veces s se puede mencionar el periodo de tiempo en el que la accin se ha desarrollado, pero nicamente si este periodo de tiempo an no ha finalizado:

This morning I have drunk three coffees.

Esta maana me he tomado 3 cafs: utilizo en este caso el "present perfect" si el periodo de la maana an no ha terminado.

Ya que si este periodo hubiera finalizado habra que utilizar entonces el "past simple":

This morning I drank three coffees.

Esta maana me tom tres cafs: nos indica que la maana ya finaliz.

 Otro uso tpico del "present perfect" es para describir acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que an no han finalizado:

I have lived in this city since 1980.

He vivido en esta ciudad desde 1980: implica que sigo viviendo en la ciudad.

I have played tennis since my childhood. He jugado al tenis desde mi infancia: y sigo jugando

Si la accin hubiera ya finalizado entonces habra que utilizar el "past simple":

I lived in this city for 10 years. I played tennis for many years.

Yo viv en esta ciudad 10 aos: pero ya no vivo ah. Yo jugu al tenis muchos aos: pero ya no juego.

El "present perfect" se forma con el auxiliar "to have" en presente del indicativo (simple present), ms el participio (past participle) del verbo principal:

I have listened to the news. She has watched TV.

Yo he escuchado las noticias Ella ha visto la tele

La forma negativa se forma con la partcula de negacin "not" entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal, y la forma interrogativa se construye con el auxiliar al comienzo de la oracin, seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:

I have not done my homework. Have you been to Seville?

Yo no he hecho mis deberes. Has estado en Sevilla ?

VOCABULARIO

Espaa Portugal Francia Reino Unido Irlanda Italia Blgica Holanda Alemania Dinamarca Noruega

Spain Portugal France United Kingdom Ireland Italy Belgium Holland Germany Denmark Norway

Finlandia Suecia Rusia Estados Unidos Canad Mxico China Japn Australia Austria Grecia

Finland Sweden Russia the United States Canada Mexico China Japan Australia Austria Greece

LESSON 13 Present perfect (preterito perfecto)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

I She We

in this city anything. tennis. to the cinema?

Yo he estado en esta ciudad Ella no ha comido nada Nosotros hemos jugado al tenis Has ido al cine? Ella no ha ledo este libro Nosotros hemos comido en casa Has visto t a mi hermana? Los nios han hecho sus deberes Nosotros hemos visto esta pelcula Te has comprado un coche nuevo?

She We

this book. at home. my sister?

The kids We

their homework. this film. a new car?

LESSON 14 Present Perfect Continuous

El "present perfect continuous" es un tiempo que se utiliza principalmente para referirnos a acciones que se iniciaron en el pasado y que en el momento presente se siguen desarrollando:

I have been studying.

Yo he estado estudiando: quiere decir que empec a estudiar en algn momento del pasado y que en la actualidad sigo estudiando.

Tambin se utiliza para acciones que se iniciaron en el pasado y que acaban de finalizar:

I have been waiting for you.

Te he estado esperando: la espera comenz en el pasado y acaba de finalizar.

Este ltimo uso es similar al del "present perfect", segn se recoge en la leccin anterior. No obstante, con el "present perfect continuous" se quiere enfatizar especialmente la duracin del proceso.

I have been reading for three hours.

He estado leyendo durante 3 horas: con esta forma del verbo quiero enfatizar el periodo de 3 horas que le he dedicado a la lectura.

El "present perfect continuous" se forma con el auxiliar "to be" en su forma de "present perfect", ms el gerundio (present participle) del verbo principal:

I have been playing tennis. She has been watching TV.

Yo he estado jugando al tenis Ella ha estado viendo la tele

La forma negativa se forma con el "present perfect" del verbo auxiliar en su forma negativa, y la forma interrogativa se construye utilizando el "present perfect" del verbo auxiliar en su forma interrogativa, ms el gerundio (present participle) del verbo principal.

I have not been playing tennis

Yo no he estado jugando al tenis

Have the children been doing their homework? Han estado los nios haciendo sus deberes ?

VOCABULARIO

Alto Alto (persona) Bajo Bajo (persona) Ancho Estrecho Corto Largo Lento Rpido Pesado

High Tall Low Short Wide Narrow Short Long Slow Quick Heavy

Pequeo Fuerte Dbil Bonito Feo Recto Torcido Rico Pobre Ligero Grande

Small Strong Weak Good-looking Ugly Straight Twisted Rich Poor Light Big

LESSON 14 Present perfect continuous

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

a film. in the disco?

Yo he estado viendo una pelcula Ha estado ella bailando en la discoteca?

He

l no ha estado jugando con el with the umbrella. paraguas with the computer? Habis estado trabajando con el ordenador? Ella ha estado leyendo un libro Nosotros no hemos estado peleando Has estado corriendo?

She We

a book.

The kids She TV.

music.

Los nios han estado oyendo msica Ella ha estado durmiendo Nosotros no hemos estado viendo la tele

10. We

LESSON 15 Future Simple (Futuro Imperfecto)

El "future simple" es un tiempo que sirve para describir acciones que se van a desarrollar en el futuro. Equivale en castellano al futuro imperfecto:

I will play tennis.

Yo jugar al tenis

El "future simple" se puede utilizar con o sin mencionar el tiempo en el que se desarrollar la accin:

I will listen to music. I will listen to music tomorrow.

Yo oir msica Yo oir msica maana

No es el nico tiempo que existe en ingls para referirse al futuro; hay otras formas, que veremos en las siguientes lecciones, que se utilizan para comunicar la idea de inminencia, de decisin, etc.

El "future simple" se forma con el auxiliar "will" seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal:

She will buy a car. We will go to the cinema.

Ella se comprar un coche Nosotros iremos al cine

Es frecuente utilizar en el lenguaje hablado la forma contrada del auxiliar "will", que se representa por " 'll ":

She'll buy a car. We'll go to the cinema.

Ella se comprar un coche Nosotros iremos al cine

A veces, aunque cada vez menos, se utiliza el auxiliar "shall", o su forma contraida " 'll " para formar el futuro de la primera persona del singular y del plural:

I will play tennis.

I shall play tennis. = I'll play tennis.

We will go to the cinema. = We shall go to the cinema. = We'll go to the cinema.

 La forma negativa se construye situando la partcula de negacin "not" entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal. Se suele utilizar la forma contrada de "will not" que se representa por "won't" (la contraccin de "shall not" es "shant"):

I won't (will not) play tennis.

Yo no jugar al tenis

La forma interrogativa se construye comenzando la oracin con el auxiliar "will", seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:

Will you play tennis? Will she buy a car?

Jugars t al tenis ? Se comprar ella un coche ?

Si la interrogacin es negativa, entonces sta se forma con el auxiliar "will", seguido del sujeto, de la negacin "not" y del verbo principal; pero si se utiliza la contraccin "won't", sta se coloca al comienzo de la oracin:

Will you not dance with me? Wont you dance with me?

No bailars conmigo ?

VOCABULARIO

Avin Helicptero Globo Cohete Coche Camin Autobs Tren Tranva Metro Avioneta Taxi

Airplane Helicopter Balloon Rocket Car Truck Bus Train Trolley Underground Cub aircraft Taxi

Moto Bicicleta Barco Barca Velero Yate Submarino Petrolero Crucero Portaaviones Furgoneta

Motorcycle Bicycle Ship Boat Sailing boat Yacht Submarine Oil tanker Cruiser Carrier Van

LESSON 15 Future simple (futuro imperfecto)

1. 2.

to the beach. to the theater?

Yo no ir a la playa Irs t al teatro?

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

We

in the patio. the newspaper?

Nosotros jugaremos en el patio No ir l a comprar el peridico? l no har los deberes T vendrs conmigo Nosotros jugaremos al ftbol Cenarn ellos en el restaurante? Yo no lo ver Tomars caf con tus amigos?

He You We

his homework. with me. soccer. in the restaurant?

him. coffee with your

friends?

LESSON 16 Otras formas de futuro

Se puede utilizar el "present simple" para describir una accin en el futuro que est totalmente planeada:

Tomorrow I fly to Madrid. Next week I start my course.

Maana vuelo a Madrid (la accin ya esta planeada y decidida) La prxima semana empiezo mi curso

Tambin se utiliza el "present continuous" para expresar una accin que se va a desarrollar en un futuro cercano y que tambin est planeada. En estas oraciones hay que mencionar el tiempo futuro en el que la accin tendr lugar, ya que de otro modo se entendera que la accin se est desarrollando en el presente:

Tonight I am having a party. Next week we are visiting you.

Esta noche voy a celebrar una fiesta La prxima semana te visitaremos

Otra frmula de expresar el futuro en ingls es con la forma "to be going + infinitivo". Se utiliza para aquellas acciones que el sujeto ha decidido realizar y sobre las que normalmente ha hecho ya ciertas preparaciones al respecto:

I am going to buy a house.

Yo me voy a comprar una casa (estoy totalmente decidido, ya estoy buscando casa, ahorrando, etc.)

Next summer I am going to study in England. El prximo verano, voy a estudiar a Inglaterra (ya me estoy moviendo al respecto, estoy buscando escuela, etc.)

VOCABULARIO

Ojo Nariz Oreja Boca Labio Diente Lengua Ceja Pestaa Prpado Garganta

Eye Nose Ear Mouth Lip Tooth (plural: teeth) Tongue Eyebrow Eyelash Eyelid Throat

Corazn Estmago Rin Hgado Intestino Vena Cerebro Piel Hueso Sangre Pulmn

Heart Stomach Kidney Liver Intestine Vein Brain Skin Bone Blood Lung

LESSON 16 Otras formas de futuro

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Tomorrow I He She Tomorrow we He doesn't We are She month. You are tonight. They us.

to the beach. home next summer. a car. to Paris. tonight. German. the course next

Maana voy a la playa l viene a casa este verano Ella se va a comprar un coche Maana volamos a Pars l no viene esta noche Nosotros vamos a aprender alemn Ella termina el curso el prximo mes T vas a ir al cine esta noche Ellos vienen a cenar con nosotros Yo voy a aprobar este examen

to the cinema

to have dinner with

10. I am

this exam.

LESSON 17 Future Continuous (Futuro Continuo)

Se utiliza el "future continuous" para describir una accin que va a tener lugar en el futuro y que en el momento del tiempo al que nos referimos an seguir desarrollndose. Este momento del futuro puede mencionarse o no en la oracin:

I will be watching TV. She will be visiting her mother.

Yo estar viendo la tele Ella estar visitando a su madre

This evening I will be watching TV. Esta tarde yo estar viendo la tele

Este tiempo se forma con el futuro simple del verbo auxiliar "to be", ms el gerundio (present participle) del verbo principal:

We wiIl be sleeping. They will get come sun.

Nosotros estaremos durmiendo Ellos estarn tomando el sol

La forma negativa se forma interponiendo la negacin "not" entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal (atencin a su colocacin entre los dos componentes del verbo auxiliar: "will" y "be") :

I wiIl not be cooking. You will not be dancing.

Yo no estar cocinando T no estars bailando

La forma interrogativa se construye comenzando con "will", seguido del sujeto, de la forma infinitiva "be" y del verbo principal:

Will you be listening music? Will we be playing football?

Estars t oyendo msica ? Estaremos nosotros jugando al ftbol ?

Si la interrogacin es negativa, la partcula "not" se coloca entre el sujeto y la forma infinitiva "be", aunque tambin se podra utilizar la contraccin "won't" (= will not) que ira al comienzo de la oracin:

Will you not be listening to music? Won't you be listening to music?

No estars t oyendo msica ?

VOCABULARIO

Rojo Verde Azul Negro Blanco Azul marino Marrn Rosa Violeta

Red Green Blue Black White Navy blue Brown Pink Violet

Naranja Beige Plateado Dorado Claro Oscuro Gris Morado Amarillo

Orange Beige Silver Gold Light Dark Gray Purple Yellow

LESSON 17 Future continuous (futuro continuo)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I

This evening I TV? Tomorrow we He soccer. to music? my homework.

Esta tarde yo estar estudiando Estars tu viendo la tele? Maana nosotros estaremos viajando l no estar jugando al ftbol No estar ella escuchando msica? Yo estar haciendo los deberes T no estars estudiando

You ? He of his brother.

Estaremos nosotros cenando? l no estar cuidando a su hermano Vosotros estaris durmiendo

10. You

LESSON 18 Future Perfect (Futuro Perfecto)

Se utiliza el "future perfect" para describir acciones que se estn ya desarrollando o que se van a desarrollar en el futuro, pero que, en cualquier caso, cuando llegue ese momento futuro al que nos estamos refiriendo la accin ya habr finalizado. Esta forma se suele utilizar con una expresin temporal:
By this evening I will have done my homework. Antes de esta tarde, yo habr hecho mis deberes (puede que ya los est haciendo o que an no los haya comenzado. Pero, en todo caso, cuando llegue la tarde los deberes estarn terminados).

Before summer you will have sold your house. Antes del verano, t habrs vendido tu casa (todava no es verano, pero cuando lo sea la casa estar vendida)

Este tiempo se forma con el futuro simple del verbo auxiliar "to have", ms el participio (past participle) del verbo principal:

By 6 o'clock I wiIl have cleaned my car.

Antes de las seis, yo habr limpiado mi coche

Before we arrive, she will have cooked the supper. Antes de que lleguemos, ella habr preparado la cena

La forma negativa se forma interponiendo la negacin "not" entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal (atencin a su colocacin entre los dos componentes del verbo auxiliar: "will" y "have") :

I wiIl not have finished my homework by 7 o'clock.

Antes de las siete, yo no habr finalizado mis deberes

Before you arrive, we will not have watered the garden. Antes de que llegues, nosotros no habremos regado el jardn

La forma interrogativa se construye comenzando con "will", seguido del sujeto, de la forma infinitiva "have" y del verbo principal:

Will you have bought a new car before summer?

Te habrs comprado un coche nuevo antes del verano?

Will she have learned Spanish before leaving? Habr aprendido ella espaol antes de marcharse ?

 Si la interrogacin es negativa, la partcula "not" se coloca entre el sujeto y la forma infinitiva "have", aunque tambin se podra utilizar la contraccin "won't" (= will not) que ira al comienzo de la oracin:

Wont you have eaten the dinner by 10 o'clock? Won't you have eaten the dinner by 10 o'clock?

Antes de las 10, no te habrs tomado la cena ?

VOCABULARIO

Tenis Futbol Baloncesto Balonmano Vela Remo Hpica Natacin Atletismo Gimnasia Boxeo Yudo

Tennis Football Basketball Handball Sailing Rowing Riding Swimming Athletics Gymnastics Boxing Judo

Karate Golf Waterpolo Hockey Hockey sobre hielo Esqu Ciclismo Motociclismo Automovilismo Balonvolea Maratn

Karate Golf Water polo Hockey Ice hockey Skiing Cycling Motorcycling Car racing Volley ball Marathon

LESSON 18 Future perfect (futuro perfecto)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Before 10 o'clock, I the city. She Saturday. We arrive. the film before

Antes de las 10, habr visitado la ciudad Antes del sbado ella no habr visto la pelcula Nosotros nos habremos marchado para cuando llegues Habr telefoneado l antes de que volvamos? No habr finalizado l la traduccin antes del sbado? T habrs jugado al tenis antes de marcharte a Antes del domingo, ella se habr comprado una raqueta Antes de Navidades habr finalizado el curso

by the time you

before we return? the translation before Saturday? You you go. Before Sunday, she racket. Before Christmas, I the course. tennis before

9.

When you arrive, he supper. to

Cuando t llegues, l no habr todava cenado Antes del verano, yo habr aprendido a jugar al tenis

10. Before summer, I

play tennis.

LESSON 19 Conditional (Condicional)

La forma condicional de los verbos se utiliza en la construccin de las oraciones condicionales de 2 tipo (en ingls hay 3 tipos de oraciones condicionales que veremos en la 21 leccin).

Este 2 tipo de condicional se caracteriza por que la clusula condicional es muy improbable que se cumpla, aunque no imposible. En estas oraciones, el verbo de la clusula principal se pone en condicional:

If I worked harder, I would pass the exam.

Si yo trabajara ms, pasara el examen (la clusula condicional es improbable que se cumpla, aunque no imposible).

If I ate more, I would be very fat. Si yo comiera ms, estara muy gordo (no es probable que coma ms)

Tambin se utiliza la forma condicional como el equivalente al futuro, desde un tiempo pasado:

I think that she will buy a car.

Pienso que ella se comprar un coche (el punto de partida de la oracin es el presente)

I thought that she would buy a car. Pensaba que ella se comprara un coche (el punto de partida de la oracin es el pasado)

El tiempo condicional se construye con "would" ms el infinitivo del verbo principal (aunque con la primera persona del singular y del plural tambin se puede utilizar "should"):

You would learn Spanish. We would go to the beach.

T estudiaras espaol Nosotros iramos a la playa

La forma negativa se construye interponiendo la negacin "not" entre la forma auxiliar "would" y el verbo principal. Se puede utilizar tambin las contraccin "wouldn't" (y tambin "shouldn't" con la primera persona del singular y plural):

You would not say that. We shouldnt buy that house.

T no diras eso Nosotros no compraramos esa casa

 La forma interrogativa negativa se forma colocando la negacin "not" entre el sujeto y el verbo principal. Aunque tambin se puede utilizar la contraccin "wouldnt" (o "shouldn't), en cuyo caso iran al comienzo e la oracin:

Would you not go to the party? Wouldn't you go to the party?

No iras a la fiesta ?

VOCABULARIO

Alto Bajo Gordo Flaco Feo Guapo (hombre) Guapa (mujer) Simptico Antiptico Tranquilo Rebelde

Tall Short Fat Thin Ugly Handsome Beautiful Nice Unfriendly Calm Rebel

Obediente Moreno Rubio Pelirrojo Calvo Canoso Ciego Sordo Mudo Nervioso

Obedient Dark Blond Red-haired Bald Gray-haired Blind Deaf Dumb Nervous

LESSON 1 Conditional (condicional)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

We She We

golf. the phone. to the theater. to Paris? later?

Nosotros jugaramos al golf Ella contestara el telfono Nosotros no iramos al teatro Iras t a Pars? No vendran ellos ms tarde? Ella no vendra con nosotros No te compraras ese coche? Nosotros volveramos pronto T no comeras en casa Vendra ella ms tarde?

She

with us. that car?

We You

back soon. at home. later?

LESSON 20 Conditional Perfect (Condicional Perfecto)

El "perfect condicional" se utiliza para construir las oraciones condicionales de 3 tipo (tal como se recoge en la 21 leccin ).

Este 3 tipo de oracin condicional se caracteriza por que la clusula condicional no se puede cumplir y, por lo tanto, la clusula principal no se va a realizar:

If I had worked , I would have passed the exam.

Si yo hubiera trabajado, habra pasado el examen (pero como no trabaj, no he podido pasar dicho examen).

If you had come, you would have seen my brother. Si hubieras venido, habras visto a mi hermano (pero como no lo hiciste, no lo has podido ver).

Tambin se utiliza como equivalente en el pasado del futuro perfecto (future perfect):

Before 10 o'clock I will have finished my homework.

Antes de las 10, habr terminado los deberes (la accin se va a desarrollar en el futuro, pero la afirmacin se ha realizado en el presente).

I thought that before 10 o'clock I would have finished my homework. Pensaba que antes de las 10, habra terminado los deberes (en este caso, la accin se iba a desarrollar en el futuro, pero a partir de un punto de partida situado en el pasado).

El "conditional perfect" se construye con la forma condicional del auxiliar "to have", acompaado del participio (past participle) del verbo principal (en la primera persona del singular y del plurar se puede utilizar "should" en lugar de "would"):

I woul have visited my brother. She would have bought a car.

Yo habra visitado a mi hermano Ella se habra comprado un coche

 La forma negativa se construye interponiendo la negacin "not" entre la forma auxiliar "would" y la forma infinitiva "have". Se puede utilizar tambin la contraccin "wouldn't" (y "shouldn't" con la primera persona del singular y plural):

You would not have said that. You wouldn't have said that.

T no habras dicho eso

La forma interrogativa se forma comenzando la oracin por la forma auxiliar "would", seguido del sujeto , de la forma infinitiva "have" y del verbo principal:

Would you have gone to the party? Would she have cooked the dinner?

Habras ido a la fiesta ? Habra preparado ella la cena ?

La forma interrogativa negativa se forma empezando la oracin por "would", seguido del sujeto, de la negacin "not", de la forma infinitiva "have" y del verbo principal. Tambin se podra utilizar la contraccin "wouldn't" que iria al comienzo de la oracin:

Wouldnt you have gone to the party? Wouldnt she have cooked the dinner?

No habras ido a la fiesta ? No habra ella preparado la cena ?

VOCABULARIO

Amanecer Anochecer Atardecer Nublado Soleado Lluvioso Caluroso Fresco Tormenta Lluvia

(To) dawn (To) get dark (To) get late Cloudy Sunny Rainy Hot Cool Storm (To) rain

Nieve Viento Ventoso Tornado Huracn Rayo Trueno Relmpago Fro Granizo

(To) snow Wind Windy Tornado Hurricane a streak Thunder Lightning Cold (To) hail

LESSON 20 Conditional perfect (condicional perfecto)

1. 2.

We She

basketball. the phone.

Nosotros habramos jugado al baloncesto Ella habra contestado el telfono

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

We

to the theater. to Madrid? later?

Nosotros no habramos ido al teatro Habras ido t a Madrid? No habran ido ellos ms tarde? Ella no habra venido con nosotros No te habras comprado ese coche? Nosotros habramos llegado pronto T no habras comido en casa Habra venido ella ms tarde?

She

with us. that car?

We You

soon. at home. later?

LESSON 21 Nouns (Substantivos)

Los sustantivos en ingls pueden ser masculinos, femeninos o neutros:

Son masculinos los nombres de varones y los de animales de sexo masculino Son femeninos los nombres de mujeres y los de animales de sexo femenino Son neutros los nombres de objetos inanimados

El genero de los sustantivos no afecta ni al artculo ni al adjetivo que los acompaan, ya que estos no varan de forma:

The red car The red cars

El coche rojo Los coches rojos

Pero en cambio, si hay que tener en cuenta el gnero del sustantivo a la hora de sustituirlo por un pronombre personal:

The boy is here. The girl is nice. The car is big.

He is here She is nice It is big

El plural de los sustantivos se forma aadiendo "s" a la forma singular:

Cat Dog

Cats Dogs

Pero si el sustantivo finaliza en "o", "ch", "sh", "ss", "x", para formar el plural hay que aadir "es":

Fax Potato

Faxes Potatoes

Y si finaliza por "y", tras una consonante, el plural se forma eliminando esta "y" y aadiendo la terminacin "-ies":
Copy Supply Copies Supplies

 Algunas palabras en ingls tan slo tienen la forma plural:

Pants Scissors Glasses

Pantalones Tijeras Gafas

Otras, en cambio, tan slo tienen forma singular:

Beauty Oil Gold

Belleza Petrleo Oro

VOCABULARIO

Papel Libreta Bolgrafo Lpiz Pluma Goma Tijeras Pegamento Mquina de escribir Ordenadores Rotulador Telfono

Paper Notebook (Ballpoint) pen Pencil Fountain pen Rubber Scissors Glue Typewriter Computer Magic Marker Phone

Fax Carpeta Archivadores (mueble) Grapa Grapadora Clip Sobre Carta Sello Documento Copia Sacapuntas

Fax machine Folder Filing cabinet Staple Stapler Paper clip Envelope Letter Stamp Document Copy Pencil sharpener

LESSON 21 Nouns (substantivos)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Key Milk House Church Ball Kiss

7. 8. 9. 10.

Monkey Baby Mother Tomato

LESSON 22 Adjectives (Adjetivos)

Los adjetivos en ingls tienen un nica forma, por lo que no varan ni en funcin del gnero, ni del nmero (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que acompaan:

The happy boy The happy girl The happy boys The happy girls

El nio feliz La nia feliz Los nios felices Las nias felices

En ingls se pueden utilizar el gerundio (present participle) y el participio (past participle) con funcin de adjetivo:

An amusing book An amused boy An interesting film An interested student

Un libro divertido Un nio que se ha divertido Una pelcula interesante un nio que est interesado

La diferencia entre el gerundio y el participio est en que el primero tiene un sentido activo (es el causante del efecto), mientras que el segundo tiene un sentido pasivo (es el receptor del efecto):

"An amusing boy" "An amused boy"

Define a un nio divertido, a un chaval con gracia. Se refiere a un nio que se ha divertido (ha ido al cine y se lo ha pasado en grande).

El adjetivo en ingls se sita delante del sustantivo:

A big car An old person

Un coche grande Una persona mayor

Pero en las frases atributivas se coloca detrs del verbo:

The car is big. The person is old.

El coche es grande La persona es mayor

 Cuando varios adjetivos acompaan a un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se colocan siguiendo un orden determinado, que suele ser:

1.- Tamao 2.- Caractersticas generales 3.- Edad 4.- Forma 5.- Color 6.- Material 7.- Procedencia

Big, smal.... Interesting, Spanish, beatiful.... Old, young.... Round, narrow, broad.... Red, blue.... Plastic, golden, silver.... Spanish, Swiss....

Algunos ejemplos:

A big Spanish car A young pretty woman An old, red, plastic table

Un coche espaol grande Una joven mujer guapa Una vieja mesa roja de plstico

Como ya mencionbamos en la leccin dedicada a los sustantivos, en ingls a veces se utilizan adjetivos con funcin de sustantivos, normalmente haciendo referencia a colectivos:

The rich The poor The Spanish

Los ricos Los pobres Los espaoles

VOCABULARIO

Plato Vaso Cuchara Cucharilla Cuchillo Tenedor Servilleta Sartn Cacerola Jarra Olla a presin Fregadero

Plate Glass Spoon Teaspoon Knife Fork Napkin Frying-pan Saucepan Jug Pressure cooker Sink

Microondas Lavaplatos Horno Batidora Sacacorchos Exprimidor (elctrico) Abridor Salero Azucarero Grifo Frigorfico

Microwave Dishwasher Oven Mixer Corkscrew Juice maker Opener Salt shaker Sugar bowl Tap Fridge; refrigerator

LESSON 22 Adjectives (adjetivos)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

A A A

book boy. house.

Un libro aburrido Un nio aburrido (se ha aburrido) Una casa grande La casa es pequea Un trabajo cansado Una nia cansada Un coche blanco grande Una vieja mesa de madera Un reloj suizo de oro Una joven nia inglesa

The house is A A A An A job. girl. car. table. watch. girl.

10. A

LESSON 23 Adverbs (Adverbios)

Muchos adverbios en ingls se forman aadiendo la terminacin "-ly" al adjetivo:

Intelligent (adjetivo) Intelligently (adverbio) Bad (adjetivo) Badly (adverbio)

Inteligente Inteligentemente Malo Malamente

En la formacin de estos adverbios, si el adjetivo finaliza en "-y", esta se cambia por "-i" y se aade la terminacin "-ly":

Happy Merry Funny

Happily Merrily Funnily

Los adverbios se colocan normalmente en la oracin en el siguiente orden, aunque hay otras posibilidades:

- adverbios de modo: se sitan detrs del verbo, o detrs del complemento si lo hubiera
He answered the questions perfectly. We worked intensively.

- adverbios de lugar: se sitan detrs del verbo, o detrs del complemento si lo hubiera
He went upstairs. I placed the table outside.

- adverbios de tiempo: se sitan al principio o al final de la oracin

Tomorrow he will finish the work. He arrived very soon.

- adverbios de frecuencia: se sitan delante del verbo, o entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas compuestas. Con el verbo "to be" se sitan detrs del mismo
He is always in the office. We have frequently been in Paris. She usually comes to this bar.

- adverbios de grado: se colocan delante del verbo.

He knew the problem completely. We hardly play tennis.

VOCABULARIO

Jugar Correr Saltar Rer Llorar Sonrer Gritar Abrazar Preguntar Contestar Saludar Discutir

To play To run To jump To laugh To cry To smile To shout To hug To ask To answer To say hello To argue

Pelear Ayudar Coincidir Opinar Discrepar Criticar Celebrar Agradecer Alegrarse Entristecerse Despedirse

To fight To help To agree To give an opinion To disagree To criticize To celebrate To thank To be grateful To be sad To say goodbye

LESSON 23 Adverbs (adverbios)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

He plays We go to the cinema She speaks English Your dog barks The doctor works I don't feel well. He works We did the exercise She walked

l juega silenciosamente Nosotros vamos al cine muy a menudo Ella habla ingls despacio Tu perro ladra ruidosamente El doctor trabaja intensamente ltimamente no me encuentro bien l trabaja todos los das Nosotros hicimos el ejercicio mal Ella camin lentamente El nio comienza sus clases por la maana temprano

10. The boy starts his classes

LESSON 24 Articles (Artculos)

En ingls existen dos tipos de artculos: el artculo indefinido "a / an", equivalente en castellano a "uno / una", y el artculo definido "the", equivalente a "el / la".

En ingls los artculos no tienen ni gnero ni nmero, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en castellano.
The car The cars El coche Los coches

El artculo indefinido "a / an" se utiliza: - delante de un nombre singular, contable, que se menciona por primera vez en la oracin:
a table (una mesa) a dog (un perro)

- delante de profesiones:
I am a carpenter.(yo soy carpintero) You are a lawyer. (t eres abogado)

- delante de ciertas expresiones de cantidad:

a lot (un montn) a little (un poco)

- delante de ciertos nmeros:

a hundred (cien) a thousand (mil)

- con expresiones de precio, velocidad, etc:

10$ a kilo (10$ el kilo) 10 miles an hour (10 millas a la hora)

El artculo indefinido nunca se utiliza: - delante de nombres en plural:

a table (una mesa) tables (mesas)

- delante de nombres que no sean contables:

water (agua) milk (leche)

 La forma del artculo indefinido "a" se utiliza delante de palabras que comienzan por consonante, o por vocal con sonido consonante:
A pencil A boy Un lpiz Un nio

Mientras que la forma "an" se utiliza delante de palabras que comienzan por vocal:
An elephant An angel Un elefante Un angel

Por su parte, el artculo definido "the" se utiliza: - delante de un nombre, singular o plural, contable, que ya ha sido mencionado en la oracin o que por el contexto queda perfectamente definido:
the car (el coche) the girl (la nia)

- con nombre no contables utilizados con un significado determinado:

the music of the sixties (la msica de los 60's) the girl (la nia)

- en cambio no se utiliza cuando estos sustantivos tienen un sentido genrico:

Music is life. (la msica es vida)

- delante de nombres utilizados con un significado colectivo:

the the the the police (la policia) army (el ejrcito) cinema (el cine) radio (la radio)

- delante de nombres de nacionalidades:

the Italians (los italianos) the Spanish (los espaoles)

- delante de adjetivos utilizados como nombres genricos:

The rich are happy.(los ricos son felices) The blind need help. (los ciegos necesitan ayuda)

Este artculo definido no se utiliza, en general, en los siguientes casos (aunque hay excepciones): - delante de nombres de continentes, pases y ciudades:
Africa Spain New York

- delante de nombres de personas:

Peter Edward Mary

- delante de nombres utilizados en un sentido abstracto:

Life is beautiful. (la vida es bella)

- delante de nombres de juegos y deportes:

I play football. (yo juego al ftbol)

- con nombres genricos en plural:

Men are strong.(los hombres son fuertes)

VOCABULARIO

Naranja Pera Pltano Manzana Limn Sandia Meln Melocotn Albaricoque Fresa Patata

Orange Pear Banana Apple Lemon Watermelon Melon Peach Apricot Strawberry Potato

Tomate Lechuga Pepino Remolacha Pimiento Zanahoria Perejil Calabaza Uva Dtil

Tomato Lettuce Cucumber Beet Pepper Carrot Parsley Pumpkin Grape Date

LESSON 24 Articles (artculos)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
They play

Silver is highly valued. Peter came to see me. Space is infinite. dog bit the boy. basketball.

La plata es muy apreciada Pedro vino a verme El espacio es infinito Un perro mordi al nio Ellos juegan al baloncesto Los seres humanos son inteligentes

Human beings are intelligent.

7. 8. 9. 10.
I like

blue car is very old. coffee very much. coffee I drank was very hot. plane landed with problems.

El coche azul es muy antiguo Me gusta mucho el caf El caf que beb estaba muy caliente Un avin aterriz con problemas

LESSON 25 Adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos

En ingls se utilizan como adjetivos demostrativos "this" (este / esta) y "that" (ese / esa):
This car That girl Este coche Esa nia

Estos adjetivos concuerdan en nmero (singular / plural) con el sustantivo al que acompaan, mientras que en gnero no existen diferencias entre masculino y femenino:
Singular Masculino / femenino Masculino / femenino This (este / esta) That (ese / esa) Plural These (estos / estas) Those (esos / esas)

This student is intelligent. These students are intelligent. That book is interesting. Those books are interesting.

Este estudiante es inteligente Estos estudiantes son inteligentes Ese libro es interesante Esos libros son interesantes

"This / that" y sus formas plurales "these / those" tambin se utilizan solos, funcionando como pronombres demostrativos:
This is my book. That is your car. These are my friends. Those are their relatives. Este es mi libro Ese es tu coche Estos son mis amigos Esos son sus familiares

En este caso, el pronombres demostrativo sustituye al sustantivo al que se refiere y se utiliza cuando ste ya ha sido mencionado anteriormente o cuando en funcin del contexto queda perfectamente definido:
Have you seen my book? Yes, this is your book. Has visto mi libro ?. S, este es tu libro

Who is your father? That is my father. Quin es tu padre ?. Ese es mi padre

VOCABULARIO

Resfriado Gripe Fiebre Vmito Diarrea

A cold Flu Temperature Vomit Diarrhea

Pulmona Antibitico Analgsico Reposo Lepra

Pneumonia Antibiotic Painkiller Rest Leprosy

Anginas Cncer Infarto Anemia Medicina Termmetro

Tonsillitis Cancer Heart attack Anaemia Medicine Thermometer

Dolor Agotamiento Anlisis de sangre Leucemia Jarabe

Pain Exhaustion Blood test Leukaemia Potion

LESSON 25 Adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Is

is my wife. are my kids. radio doesn't work. your notebook? coat is very nice. She doesn't have Have you bought books. car?

Esta es mi mujer Esos son mis hijos Esta radio no funciona Es ese tu cuaderno? Este abrigo es muy bonito Ella no tiene estos libros Te has comprado ese coche? Esos lpices son tuyos Esos son mis libros Estos nios van al colegio

pencils are yours. are my books. children go to school.

LESSON 26 Adjetivos y Pronombres Posesivos

El adjetivo posesivo en ingls tiene las siguientes formas:

My Your His / her / its Our Your Their

Mo / ma / mos / mas Tuyo / tuya / tuyos / tuyas Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas (de l, de ella, de ello) Nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras Vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas ( de ellos / ellas)

La forma "its" se utiliza cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un animal, pero a veces, cuando se siente especial cario por el animal, se utiliza la forma masculina "his" o femenina "her".

This is its collar This is his collar This is her collar

Este es su collar Este es su collar (del perro) Este es su collar (de la perra)

El adjetivo posesivo vara segn el poseedor (1, 2 o 3 persona del singular o plural), pero, a diferencia del castellano, no concuerda en nmero con el objeto posedo:

Este es mi hijo Esta es mi hija Ellos son mis hermanos Ellas son mis hermanas

This is my son. This is my daugther. They are my brothers. They are my sisters.

El pronombre posesivo sustituye al sustantivo y al adjetivo posesivo que lo acompaa cuando este sustantivo ha sido ya anteriormente mencionado, o cuando por el contexto queda perfectamente definido:

Mine Yours His / hers Ours Yours Theirs

Mo / ma / mos / mas Tuyo / tuya / tuyos / tuyas Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas (de l, de ella, de ello) Nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras Vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas ( de ellos / ellas)

This is my car. This is mine.

Este es mi coche Este es el mo

This is our house. This is ours. Those are their books. Those are theirs.

Esta es nuestra casa Este es la nuestra Esos son sus libros Esos son los suyos

VOCABULARIO

Planeta Espacio Galaxia Cohete Astronauta Estrella Meteorito Despegue Orbita Satlite Sol Luna

Planet Space Galaxy Rocket Astronaut Star Meteorite Takeoff Orbit Satellite Sun Moon

Mercurio Venus Tierra Marte Jpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutn

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

LESSON 26 Adjetivos y pronombre posesivos

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

These are

pencils

Estos son vuestros lpices Mis hermanos han venido Al perro le gusta su comida Estos son los vuestros

brothers have come. The dog likes These are Where are Has I have read Who has seen This is house. brother hasn't seen me. shoes? sister come? book. glasses? food.

Dnde estn tus zapatos? Ha venido mi hermana? Yo he ledo tu libro Quin ha visto mis gafas? Esta es su casa (de ella) Tu hermano no me ha visto

LESSON 27 Adjetivos y Pronombres Interrogativos del tipo "Wh-"

En ingls existen una serie de palabras, con funciones de adjetivo o pronombre, que comienzan por "wh-" y que se sitan invariablemente al comienzo de las frases interrogativas:
Palabra Who Whom Whose What Which Significado Quin (A, con) quin De quin Qu Cual Utilizacin con: Persona Persona Persona Cosa Persona/cosa Funcin Sujeto/objeto Objeto Posesivo Sujeto/objeto Sujeto/objeto

Who lives here? Whom did you meet? Whose dog is that? What is you favourite song? Which racket do you prefer?

Quin vive aqu ? Con quin te reuniste ? De quin es ese perro ? Cual es tu cancin preferida ? Qu raqueta prefieres ?

A diferencia del castellano, estas palabras no varan con el numero (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que se refieren:

Who is this boy? Who are these boys?

Quin es este nio ? Quienes son estos nios ?

Funcionan como pronombres, aunque algunas de ellas ("whose", "what" y "which" ) tambin se utilizan como adjetivos:

Who came first? What name do you prefer? What is your profession? Which car is faster?

Pronombre Adjetivo Pronombre Adjetivo

En aquellos casos en los que estas palabras vienen acompaadas de una preposicin, se utiliza con personas necesariamente "whom", mientras que con objetos se puede utilizar "what" o "which". En estas frases, la preposicin se coloca al final de la interrogacin:

Whom did you come with? What do you think about?

Con quin viniste ? Qu piensas al respecto ?

 Se utiliza "which" en lugar de "who" (con personas) o "what" (con objetos) cuando la pregunta se circunscribe a una serie de personas o objetos determinados:

What book do you prefer?

Qu libro prefieres ? (se trata de una pregunta abierta donde hay numerosas posibilidades de respuesta). Qu libro prefieres ? (pregunto sobre unos pocos libros que estoy mostrando).

Which book do you prefer?

VOCABULARIO

Avin Azafata Aeropuerto Despegar Retrasar Ala Motor Cabina Embarcar Aterrizar Aterrizaje Facturar Puerta n 20

Plane Stewardess Airport To take off To delay Wing Engine Cockpit To board To land Landing To check in Gate n 20

Cinturn de seguridad Equipaje Pasajero Bolsa de mano Primera clase Clase ejecutiva Clase turista Pasillo de embarque Tripulacin Lista de espera Terminal

Seat-belt Luggage Passenger Handbag First class Business class Tourist class Shoot Crew Waiting list Terminal

LESSON 27 Adjetivos y pronombres interrogativos del tipo "Wh-"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

is your brother? is the red car? tie do you like more? of these two books is better? did you see yesterday? came to see me? did you go to the cinema with? do you want to do? shoes do you like more? coat is this?

Quin es tu hermano? De quin es el coche rojo? Qu corbata te gusta ms? Cul de estos dos libros es mejor? A quin vistes ayer? Quin vino a verme? Con quin fuiste al cine? Qu quieres hacer? Qu zapatos (de estos dos) prefieres? De quin es este abrigo?

LESSON 28 Pronombres Personales Objetos

Los pronombres personales en ingls que desempean en la oracin la funcin de objeto son:

Me You Him / her / it Us You Them

A m (me) A ti (te) A l, a ella, a ello (se) A nosotros - as (nos) A vosotros - as (os) A ellos -as (se)

Estos pronombres pueden ir en la oracin como objetos directos o indirectos:

Give me that ball. He has seen me. I am lending you some money. She loves you.

Dame esa pelota El me ha visto Yo te presto dinero Elle te quiere

Objeto indirecto Objeto directo Objeto indirecto Objeto directo

Si funcionan como objeto indirecto se sitan por delante del objeto directo en el caso de que lo hubiere:

They brought me a book.

Ellos me trajeron un libro ("me" funciona como objeto indirecto y se sita delante de "book" que es el objeto directo) Yo te enseo estas fotos ("you" ,como complemento indirecto, se coloca delante de "photos", complemento directo)

I am showing you these photos.

Si en una misma oracin coincidieran dos pronombres personales, uno en funcin de objeto directo y otro de objeto indirecto, el primero se sita a continuacin del verbo y el indirecto va en segundo lugar, normalmente acompaado por las preposiciones "to" o "for":

I am giving these flowers to my sister. Im sending this boy to her mother. I am buying a present for my brother.

= I am giving them to her. = I am sending him to her. = I am buying it for him.

 Con "phrasal verbs" estos pronombres personales se suelen colocar inmediatamente a continuacin del verbo (no siempre), a diferencia de los sustantivos que pueden ir tanto a continuacin del verbo como al final de la oracin:

Take off your shoes. Take them off. He closed down his shop. He closed it down.

Qutate los zapatos Qutatelos El clausur su tienda El la clausur

VOCABULARIO

Orgulloso Entusiasta Celoso Estpido Solitario Elegante Soltero Casado Viudo Viuda Divorciado Seguro de s

Proud Eager Jealous Dumb Lonely Stylish Single Married Widower Widow Divorced Confident

Ingenioso Extravagante Carioso Culto Torpe Inteligente Desconfiado Avaricioso Introvertido Nervioso Tmido

Slick Extravagant Loving Educated Clumsy Intelligent Distrustful Greedy Introverted Nervous Shy

LESSON 28 Pronombres personales objetos

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I am showing She has brought We are lending She has bought Take You have sold He has given We have brought You didn't say off.

my house. a present. our car.

Yo te enseo mi casa Ella me ha trado un regalo Nosotros te dejamos nuestro coche Ella me lo ha comprado Qutatelo (el abrigo)

this picture. this book.

T me has vendido este cuadro l nos ha regalado este libro Nosotros te lo hemos trado T no me lo dijiste Cmprame el peridico

10. Buy

the newspaper.

LESSON 29 Pronombres Reflexivos

Los pronombres reflexivos en ingls son:

Myself Yourself Himself / herself / itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

Yo mismo (-a) T mismo (-a) El mismo / ella misma Nosotros (-as) mismos (-as) Vosotros (-as) mismos (-as) Ellos (-as) mismos (-as)

Este pronombre se utiliza con verbos reflexivos, es decir, aquellos que vienen acompaados de un sujeto y de un objeto que son la misma persona:

I cut myself. You hurt yourself. Control yourself. I enjoyed myself very much.

Yo me cort T te hiciste dao Contrlate Yo me lo pas muy bien

Pero hay que tener en cuenta que los verbos reflexivos no coinciden necesariamente en castellano y en ingls:

I dressed slowly. You shaved this morning. I didn't wash yesterday.

Yo me vest lentamente T te afeitaste esta maana Yo no me lav ayer

Tambin se utilizan los pronombre reflexivos para enfatizar al sujeto, y en este caso se suelen colocar a continuacin del mismo, o detrs del objeto de la oracin:

I did the job myself. Lets do it ourselves. He himself didn't know it. She herself broke the glass.

Yo mismo hice el trabajo Vamos a hacerlo nosotros mismos El mismo no lo saba Ella misma rompi el cristal

VOCABULARIO

Divertido Caprichoso Insoportable Malicioso Extrovertido Trabajador Vago Glotn Dormiln Deprimido Irnico Irritado

Funny Fickle Unbearable Malicious Extrovert Hard-working Lazy Gorger Sleepyhead Depressed Ironic Irritated

Calmado Bravucn Bonachn Exaltado Honesto Envidioso Enfermizo Sano Loco Malhumorado Triunfador

Quiet Bragging Goodie Hotheaded Honest Envious Sickly Healthy Mad Bad-tempered Successful

LESSON 29 Pronombres reflexivos

She answered the

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

telephone They enjoyed in the party. He He has hurt We fixed the dinner He didn't want to answer. very much

Ella misma contest al telfono Ellos disfrutaron mucho en la fiesta l se afeit rpidamente l se ha hecho dao Nosotros mismos preparamos la cena l mismo no quiso contestar T mismo has pintado la casa Ellos mismos quemaron la casa T te has vestido muy elegante Yo mismo quiero contestar

shaved very quickly.

You have painted the house They You smartly. burnt the house. have dressed very

10. I

want to answer.

LESSON 30 Forma Pasiva

La forma pasiva en ingls, al igual que en castellano, se forma utilizando el verbo auxiliar "to be", acompaado del participio (past participle) del verbo principal:

The match is played. The house is built. The book is read.

El partido es jugado La casa es construida El libro es ledo

La diferencia que se puede observar con el castellano es que, mientras en ste el participio concuerda en gnero y nmero con el sujeto, en ingls, al ser la forma del participio nica, no se produce dicha concordancia:

The boys hair is combed. The girls hair is combed. The childrens hair is combed.

El nio es peinado La nia es peinada Los nios son peinados

Si mencionamos en la oracin el sujeto agente, es decir, el sujeto que realiza la accin, ste va introducido por la preposicin "by":

This boys hair is combed by his mother. The book is read by my sister. Dinner is cooked by her husband.

Este nio es peinado por su madre El libro es ledo por mi hermana La cena es preparada por el marido

Cuando transformamos una oracin activa en su equivalente pasiva el proceso es el siguiente:

a) El objeto de la oracin activa pasa a ser sujeto de la pasiva b) El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, acompaado del participio del verbo principal c) El sujeto de la oracin principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva

Forma activa I watch this program. I cleaned my car. You have read this book.

Forma pasiva This program is watched by me The car was cleaned by me This book has been read by you

 Todas las formas activas tienen su equivalente pasiva, incluidas las formas continuas. Todas ellas se construyen, como hemos indicado, poniendo el verbo auxiliar de la oracin pasiva en el mismo tiempo que el verbo principal de la oracin activa:
I watch my hands. I watched my hands. I will watch my hands. I am watching my hands. I have watched my hands. I would watch my hands. My hands are watched by me My hands were watched by me My hands will be watched by me My hands are being watched by me My hands have been watched by me My hands would be watched by me

VOCABULARIO
Pino Palmera Roble Ciprs Encina Eucalipto Naranjo Limonero Peral Manzano Higuera Pine Palm Oak Cypress Holm oak Eucalyptus Orange tree Lemon tree Pear tree Apple tree Fig tree Alamo Platanero Alcornoque Via Cocotero Cactus Ciruelo Almendro Castao Olivo Poplar Banana tree Cork oak Vineyard Coconut palm Cactus Plum tree Almond tree Chestnut tree Olive tree

LESSON 30 Forma pasiva

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The newspaper The coffee sister. The radio

bought. made by my

El peridico fue comprado El caf fue preparado por mi hermana La radio no ha sido enchufada

plugged in.

Ha sido comprado ya el the truck been bought yet? camin? The robber police. The picture The TV The floor neighbor. The flowers captured by the El ladrn fue capturado por la polica El cuadro ha sido pintado por m La tele ha sido arreglada El suelo fue barrido por la vecina Las flores han sido regadas La nia fue vestida por su madre

painted by me. fixed. swept by the

watered. dressed by her

10. The girl

mother.

LESSON 31 Preguntas y Respuestas Cortas

En ingls es frecuente responder preguntas utilizando respuestas cortas para evitar repetir toda la oracin:

Do you want a cup of coffee? Have you seen the film?

Yes, I do. Yes, I have.

Estas respuestas se construyen utilizando nicamente el verbo auxiliar, que se pone en el mismo tiempo que el verbo de la oracin interrogativa:

Are you going to the cinema ? Did you go to Paris ? Had he read the book ?

Yes, I am. Yes, I did. Yes, he had.

A veces, cuando alguien realiza una afirmacin, se le contesta con una interrogacin corta como una manera corts de mostrar inters, que sirve de "comodn" para hacer seguir la conversacin, o tambin para manifestar sorpresa:

It is very cold. I like this film. They come to visit us.

Is it? Do you? Do they?

Esta interrogacin se construye utilizando el verbo auxiliar de la oracin principal en su mismo tiempo, o con el verbo "to do" cuando en la oracin principal no hay verbo auxiliar.

Tambin se utilizan esta forma corta introducida por la particula "so" cuando se coincide con lo que alguien ha afirmado, o por "neither" cuando se coincide con lo que alguien ha negado. En estos casos se altera el orden de la oracin, colocando el verbo delante del sujeto:

I like this film. I don't like this film. He went to London. He didn't go to London.

So do I. Neither do I. So did I. Neither did I.

VOCABULARIO

Aguila Halcn Paloma Buitre Cuervo Cigea Canario Gaviota Gorrin Golondrina Bho

Eagle Falcon Dove Vulture Crow Stork Canary Seagull Sparrow Swallow Owl

Loro Avestruz Milano Jilguero Ruiseor Pato Ganso Cisne Cuco Cndor Murcilago

Parrot Ostrich Kite Goldfinch Nightingale Duck Goose Swan Cuckoo Condor Bat

LESSON 31 Preguntas y respuestas cortas

Have you been in Madrid?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

No, Did you read the book? No, Are you going with me? Yes, Does he like this place? Yes, Do you want to come with us later? Yes, Did she come with you? Yes, Have you bought a new car? Yes, Was he playing tennis? Yes, Will you eat at home? No, Would she come later? Yes,

Has estado en Madrid? Leste el libro? Vas a venir conmigo? Le gusta este local? Quieres venir con nosotros ms tarde? Vino contigo?

Has comprado un coche nuevo? Estaba jugando al tenis? Vas a comer a casa? Vendra ms tarde?

LESSON 32 "Question Tags"

En ingls es frecuente que tras una afirmacin o negacin, la misma persona aada una pregunta corta de signo opuesto:

Do you want coffee? You have seen the film.

Don't you? Havent you?

Estas interrogaciones se construyen siguiendo el mismo modelo de frases cortas que vimos en la leccin anterior: se utiliza el auxiliar en el mismo tiempo que el verbo de la oracin principal, y en el caso de que la oracin principal no lleve auxiliar, se utiliza el auxiliar "to do":

You like coffee. You can help me. He is clever.

Dont you? Cant you? Isnt he ?

Se suele utilizar una "question tag" negativa tras una afirmacin:

It is very cold. She likes this film. They came to visit us.

Isnt it? Doesnt she? Didnt they?

Y una "question tag" afirmativa tras una negacin:

It isnt very cold. She doesn't like this film. They didnt come to visit us.

Is it? Does she? Did they?

El significado de las "question tags" va a depender de su pronunciacin: si cae la entonacin indica que simplemente se busca el asentimiento de la otra persona; si, por el contrario, se eleva el tono, entonces se trata de una verdadera pregunta:

She will come later.

Wont she? (si se baja el tono, se busca slo el asentimiento del oyente ) Wont she? (si se sube el tono, se trata de una verdadera pregunta )

She will come later.

 A veces, tambin se utilizan las "question tags" para solicitar informacin o para solicitar algo de un modo ms corts. En estos casos, la oracin principal suele ser negativa y la "question tag" afirmativa:

You dont have the newspaper. They dont want to go to the cinema.

Do you? Do they?

VOCABULARIO

Tiburn Ballena Delfn Orca Pulpo Foca Pingino Cangrejo Marisco Almeja Cachalote Morsa

Shark Whale Dolphin Killer whale Octopus Seal Penguin Crab Seafood Clam Sperm whale Walrus

Trucha Salmn Calamar Raya Besugo Caviar Cocodrilo Bacalao Atn Tortuga Caracol

Trout Salmon Squid Ray Red bream Caviar Crocodile Cod Tuna Turtle Snail

LESSON 32 Question tags

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

They live in Seville, You play tennis very well, You have read this book, She doesn't like this city, They will come with us, He is waiting for me, We are going to buy a new car, You weren't at home, You are going to a new restaurant,

Ellos viven en Sevilla, no? T juegas bien al tenis, no? T has ledo ese libro, no? A ella le gusta esta ciudad, no? Ellos vendrn con nosotros, no? l me est esperando, no? Vamos a comprar un coche nuevo, no? Nos estabas en casa, no? Vas a un restaurante nuevo, no? Ella vendra ms tarde, no?

10. She would come later,

LESSON 33 Preposiciones de Tiempo "at, on, in"

Se utiliza la preposicin "at" para referirnos a horas y a momentos puntuales del da:
At 10 o'clock At midnight A las diez en punto A medianoche

Tambin se utiliza "at" con algunas expresiones de tiempo:

At Christmas At present At the moment At the weekend En navidades Actualmente En este momento En el fin de semana

La preposicin "on" se utiliza con das de la semana y con fechas:

On Monday On my birthday On the 10th of April El lunes El da de mi cumpleaos El 10 de abril

La preposicin "in" se utiliza con meses:

In January In the previous month En enero En el mes anterior

Tambin se utiliza "in" con las estaciones del ao:

In summer In winter In autumn In spring En verano En invierno En otoo En primavera

As como con periodos ms largos de tiempo:

In this century In the 60's En este siglo En los aos 60's

Y con algunas expresiones temporales que se refieren a periodos del da (salvo con "night"):
In the morning In the afternoon In the evening At night Por la maana Al medioda Por la tarde Por la noche

 En la siguiente expresin se puede utilizar tanto "on" como "in", pero el significado vara:
On time In time En el momento justo (ni antes, ni despus) Con tiempo suficiente

VOCABULARIO

Agua mineral Leche Vino Cerveza Licor Whisky Ginebra Refresco Zumo Te Vodka

Mineral water Milk Wine Beer Liqueur Whisky Gin Soft drink Juice Tea Vodka

Jerez Champn Tequila Ans Coac Vino tinto Vino rosado Vino blanco Batido Ron

Sherry Champagne Tequila Anisette Cognac Red wine Ros White wine Milkshake Rum

LESSON 33 Preposiciones de tiempo (at,on,in)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I have arrived

8 o'clock.

Yo he llegado a las 8 en punto El lunes tengo clase de ingls Las elecciones sern el 24 de marzo

Monday I have English class. The elections will take place 24th of March. She celebrated a party birthday. her

Ella celebr una fiesta el da de su cumpleaos En el siglo pasado, la vida era diferente Que hars en primavera? Yo te ver a las dos y media A medianoche se apareci un fantasma En verano hace mucho calor

different.

the last century, life was

What are you doing I will see you

spring? half past two.

midnight a ghost appeared. summer it is very hot.

10. The train leaves

El tren parte a las 11 de la 11 0'clock. noche

LESSON 34 Otras Preposiciones de Tiempo

Entre otras preposiciones de tiempo que se utilizan en ingls destacamos:

Before After For During Since From Till

Antes Despus Durante Durante Desde Desde Hasta

La preposicin "before" se utiliza para indicar que la accin se ha desarrollado antes del momento indicado:

Before I came here, I lived in Seville.

Antes de venir aqu, yo viv en Sevilla

Finish your report before Sunday. Finaliza tu informe antes del domingo

Mientras que la preposicin "after" indica, por el contrario, que la accin tiene lugar despus del momento sealado:

After I went to Madrid, I started my studies. You can see him after 6 o'clock.

Despus de irme a Madrid, comenc mis estudios Puedes verle despus de las 6

La preposicin "for" se utiliza para indicar la duracin de una accin:

I lived in Madrid for 10 years.

Yo viv en Madrid durante 10 aos

She studied in the university for 5 years. Ella estudi en la universidad durante 5 aos

"During" se utiliza, en cambio, para indicar el periodo de tiempo durante el cual se desarrolla la accin:

I met my wife during my studies in London.

Yo conoc a mi mujer durante mis estudios en Londres

During the summer, I like to play sports. Durante el verano me gusta practicar deporte

 Con la preposicin "since" se indica el comienzo de una accin que en el momento de la oracin an no ha terminado:

Ive studied English since my childhood.

Estudio ingls desde mi infancia

Weve worked in this company since 1992. Trabajamos en esta compaa desde 1992

La preposicin "from" se utiliza acompaada de las preposiciones "to" o "till / untill", indistintamente, para indicar el comienzo y el trmino de una accin:

I work from Monday to Friday.

Trabajo de lunes a viernes

I lived in Paris from 1980 to 1984. Viv en Pars desde 1980 a 1994

Si slo se indica el final de la accin, se utiliza "till / untill" (nunca "to"):

Yesterday I worked until midnight. Ayer trabaj hasta medianoche I didn't drive untill my 30's. No conduje hasta los 30 aos

VOCABULARIO

Mosca Mosquito Avispa Abeja Hormiga Cucaracha Escarabajo Mariposa Araa Grillo

Fly Mosquito Wasp Bee Ant Cockroach Beetle Butterfly Spider Cricket

Lagartija Piojo Garrapata Polilla Lombriz Saltamontes Ciempis Caracol Pulga Escorpin

little lizard Louse Tick Moth Worm Grasshopper Centipede Snail Flea Scorpion

LESSON 34 Otras preposiciones de tiempo

She has been playing

1. 2. 3.

tennis

she was 13. I met you, I fell in love

Ella juega al tenis desde los 13 aos Desde que te conoc, me enamor de ti El horario de oficina es de 9 a 5

with you. The office is open 5.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The child didn't sleep mother arrived.

his

El nio no se durmi hasta que lleg su madre Desde 1980 a 1990 ella trabaj en la universidad Nosotros hemos estudiado francs durante 7 aos Despus de llegar, se puso a ver la tele Antes de salir, llama a tu jefe Durante las Navidades he jugado al ftbol

1990 she worked in the university. We have studied French years. arriving, he started to watch TV. leaving, call your boss. Christmas, I have played football. 7

10. Don't get home

No llegues a casa despus de las 12 o'clock. 12

LESSON 35 Preposiciones de Lugar

En ingls se utilizan diversas preposiciones para referirse a un lugar; entre las ms frecuentes destacamos:
In On At Dentro Sobre Junto a

La preposicin "in" indica dentro de un lugar:

In my room In my pocket En mi habitacin En mi bolsillo

Se suele utilizar tambin cuando nos referimos a pases o ciudades:

The concert is in Madrid. This match took place in Spain. El concierto es en Madrid Este partido se celebr en Espaa

"On" indica sobre un lugar:

On the table On my book Sobre la mesa Sobre mi libro

Hay expresiones muy usuales que se construyen con "on":

On the left On the right On the fifth floor A la izquierda A la derecha En el quinto piso

La preposicin "at" se utiliza normalmente para indicar "junto a, al lado de":

At the bed At the bridge Junto a la cama Junto al puente

Pero hay una serie de lugares que suelen ir acompaados de la preposicin "at", incluso cuando estamos dentro de los mismos:
At home At the university At work At the airport At the bus station En casa En la universidad En el trabajo En el aeropuerto En la estacin de autobuses

Tambin se utiliza "at" para referirnos a acontecimientos:

At the exposition At the meeting At the conference En la exposicin En el meeting En la conferencia

VOCABULARIO

Volante Buja Batera Motor Pistn Parabrisas Limpiaparabrisas Parachoques Espejo retrovisor Marcha Freno

Steering wheel Spark plug Battery Engine Piston Windshield Windshield wimpers Bumper Rear-view mirror Gear Brake

Embrague Neumtico Rueda Capot Maletero Cilindro Matrcula Carburador Depsito Acelerador

Clutch Tyre Wheel Hood Trunk Cylinder License plate Carburetor Gas tank Accelerator

LESSON 35 Preposiciones de lugar

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

the car the horse the cinema the party the school the top of the page the sea He arrived the wall the box London

En el coche En el caballo Junto al cine En la fiesta En el colegio En la parte de arriba de la pgina Junto al mar l lleg a Londres En la pared En la caja

LESSON 36 Preposiciones de Movimiento

En ingls, en expresiones de movimiento, se utilizan, entre otras, las siguientes preposiciones:

From To At In Into Desde A, hasta A A Dentro de

Con la preposicin "from" se indica el punto de partida o el lugar de origen:

I came from Paris. She is from Germany. Where are you from? Yo vine de Pars Ella es de Alemania De dnde eres ?

Para indicar que vamos hacia un lugar, utilizamos la preposicin "to":

I went to London. You drive to Madrid. We go to the beach. They went to Italy. Yo fui a Londres Ella conduce hacia Madrid Nosotros vamos a la playa Ellos fueron a Italia

Si decimos que ya hemos llegado al lugar, utilizamos la preposicin "in" con ciudades y pases, y "at" con otros lugares (excepcin: "home" no lleva preposicin):
I arrived in London. She arrived in Portugal. We arrive at the beach. When will you arrive home? Yo llegu a Londres Ella lleg a Portugal Nosotros llegamos a la playa Cuando llegars a casa ?

Para indicar que entramos en un lugar, utilizamos la preposicin "into":

We went into the car. They went into the movies. Come into my house. Nosotros entramos en el coche Ellos entraron en el cine Entra en mis casa

VOCABULARIO

Barco Proa Popa Estribor

Ship Bow Stern Starboard

Marino Cubierta Grumete Timn

Sailor Deck Cabin boy Rudder

Babor Mstil Camarote Vela Capitn Navegar Naufragar

Port Mast Cabin Sail Captain To sail To be ship-wrecked

Yate Remo Ancla Quilla Puente de mando Hundirse

Yacht Oar Anchor Keel Bridge To sink

LESSON 36 Preposiciones de movimiento

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

We will go She came We are arriving They came This train goes Seville. She came He arrived He arrived We are going

New York. the beach. the theater. France.

Nosotros iremos a Nueva York Ella vino a la playa Nosotros llegamos al teatro Ellos vinieron de Francia Este tren va de Madrid a Sevilla Ella entr en la oficina l lleg a Pars l lleg tarde a su casa Nosotros vamos a una fiesta Ella lleg al trabajo

the office. Paris. home late. a party. work.

10. She arrived

LESSON 37 Preposiciones Segn el Medio de Transporte

En ingls, dependiendo del medio de transporte que se utilice, se emplean distintas preposiciones.

Cuando subimos a un transporte utilizamos el verbo "to get" (en algunas expresiones el verbo "to go"), acompaado de las siguientes preposiciones:

"On / onto" en las expresiones:

To get on a bicycle To get on a motorbyke To get on a horse To go on board To get on a bus To get on the train Subirse a una bicicleta Subirse a una moto Subirse a un caballo Embarcar Subir a un autobs Subir al tren

"In / into" en las expresiones:

To get in the car To get in the taxi Subirse al coche Subirse al taxi

Para indicar como nos estamos desplazando hay distintas alternativas:

Si nos referimos al tipo de transporte que empleamos, utilizamos "by", salvo en la expresin "on foot" (andando):
To go by bicycle To go by car To go by train To go by plane To go by bus Ir en bicicleta Ir en coche Ir en tren Ir en avin Ir en autobs

Pero si especificamos el vehculo concreto que estamos empleando, entonces utilizamos las preposiciones "on" o "in", segn el medio de transporte:
To go in my car To go on the bicycle To go on the black horse To go on the 8.15 train Ir en mi coche Ir en la bicicleta Ir en el caballo negro Ir en el tren de las 8.15

Cuando descendemos del transporte, utilizamos el verbo "to get", acompaado de las siguientes preposiciones:

 "Out of" en las expresiones:

To get out of the car To get out of the taxi Bajar del coche Bajar del taxi

"Off" en las expresiones:

To get off the bus To get off the bicycle To get off the train To get off the motorbike To get off the horse Bajar del autobs Bajar de la bicicleta Bajar del tren Bajar de la moto Bajar del caballo

VOCABULARIO
Hierro Oro Plata Cobre Estao Plomo Platino Aluminio Mercurio Azufre Oxgeno Iron Gold Silver Copper Tin Lead Platinum Aluminium Mercury Sulfur Oxygen Hidrgeno Carbono Nitrgeno Uranio Calcio Sodio Potasio Fsforo Fluor Magnesio Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Uranium Calcium Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Fluoride Magnesium

LESSON 37 Preposiciones segn el medio de transporte

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

She We Don't You She He We They I

her bicycle. train. the bus. foot. the taxi. my car. board. horse. the train. the six o'clock bus.

Ella se subi a su bicicleta Nosotros fuimos a Francia en tren No te bajes del autobs T viniste a pe Ella sube al taxi l baj de mi coche Nosotros subimos al barco Ellos estaban montando a caballo Yo me sub al tren El vino en el autobs de las 6.00

10. He

LESSON 38 "By the time", "On time", "In time"

En ingls se utilizan estas tres expresiones temporales, con matices ligeramente diferentes.

"By the time" significa no ms tarde de la hora sealada:

You have to be here by 6 o'clock.

Tienes que estar aqu no ms tarde de las 6 en punto El tren llegar no ms tarde de las 10.30

The train will arrive by 10:30.

"On time" significa exactamente a la hora sealada, ni antes, ni despus:

The match begins at 4:30. I will be there on time.

El partido empieza a las 4.30. Yo estar all puntual(llegar a las 4.30, ni antes, ni despus)

The bus leaves at 3. I will be there on time. El autobs sale a las 3.00. Yo estar all puntual (justo a las 3.00)

"In time" significa con tiempo suficiente:

The match begins at 4:30. I will be there in El partido empieza a las 4.30. Yo time. estar all con tiempo (llegar antes de las 4.30) The bus leaves at 3. I will be there in time. El autobs sale a las 3.00. Yo estar all con tiempo(antes de las 3.00)

VOCABULARIO

Guerra Bomba Tanque Can Mina Metralleta Mortero

War Bomb Tank Cannon Mine Submachine gun Mortar

Armada Fuerza area Bombardero Caza Bomba atmica Ametralladora Pistola

Navy Air force Bomber Fighter Atomic bomb Machine gun Pistol

Granada Fusil Trinchera Paracaidista Infantera

Hand grenade Rifle Trench Paratrooper Infantry

Municin Bala Misil Prisionero Paz

Ammunition Bullet Missile Prisoner Peace

LESSON 38 "By the time","on time","in time"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

You have to arrive o'clock. We will start at 4 He arrived just You must finish The film begins at four o'clock I arrived train. I arrived train. time.

Tienes que llegar no ms tarde de las 8.00 Empezamos a las 4.00. Ven con tiempo l lleg justo a tiempo Debes terminar no ms tarde de las 9.00 A las 4 empieza la pelcula. Se puntual Llegu con el tiempo justo para coger el tren Llegu con tiempo suficiente para coger el tren Antes de medianoche conoceremos la respuesta El nio lleg al colegio justo a tiempo El trabajador lleg a la estacin con tiempo suficiente

time. time. 9.

time to get the

time to get the

midnight we will know the answer. The child arrived at the school time.

The worker arrived at the station time.

LESSON 39 Preposiciones "above" y "over"

Estas preposiciones coinciden en ingls con el significado de "sobre, por encima de ", pero ambas tienen, adems, otras acepciones que las diferencian.

Con el significado de "por encima de (a cierta distancia)" ambas preposiciones se pueden utilizar indistintamente:

The clouds are over us. The clouds are above us.

Las nubes estn sobre nosotros Las nubes estn sobre nosotros

Tambin, ambas preposiciones tienen el significado de "por encima en el rango", pero "over" da a entender que se trata del superior inmediato:

In the company, he is over me.

En la compaa, el est por encima ma (es mi superior inmediato) En la compaa, el est por encima ma (puede que est muy por encima ma; no tiene por que ser mi superior inmediato)

In the company, he is above me.

La preposicin "over" tiene otras acepciones: de un lado a otro, al otro lado, cubriendo, sobre algo (tema de conversacin), etc.

There is a bridge over the cliff. I live over the lake. I put a blanket over the injured. They talk over sports.

Hay un puente sobre el acantilado Yo vivo al otro lado del lago Puse una manta sobre el herido Ellos hablan sobre ftbol

"Over" se utiliza tambin a veces para indicar que una accin se desarrolla durante el tiempo de la comida, de la cena, etc.:

We had an argument over lunch.

Tuvimos una discusin en la comida

Por su parte, "above" puede utilizarse como adjetivo o adverbio, con el significado de "previo":

As mentioned above.... The above definition....

Como fue mencionado previamente La definicin anterior

VOCABULARIO

Religin Dios Cielo Purgatorio Infierno Demonio Angel Santo Profeta Apstol Cristianismo Catolicismo

Religion God Heaven Purgatory Hell Devil Angel Saint Prophet Apostle Christianity Catholicism

Protestantismo Judasmo Islam Iglesia Catedral Mezquita Sinagoga Bautizo Misa Comunin Confesin Pecado

Protestantism Judaism Islam Church Cathedral Mosque Synagogue Baptism Mass Communion Confession Sin

LESSON 39 Preposiciones "above" y "over"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

There were The president is We had a chat coffee. I put a tablecloth He lives The helicopter is burning house. He is me.

20 persons. me. a cup of

Haba ms de 20 personas El presidente est por encima de m Tuvimos una charla durante el caf Puse un mantel sobre la mesa l vive al otro lado del ro El helicptero est sobre la casa ardiendo l est inmediatamente encima de ma

the table. the river. the

They built a bridge river. I put on a coat

the

Ellos construyeron un puente sobre el ro Me puse un abrigo sobre mi traje Discutieron sobre dinero

my suit. money.

10. They argued

LESSON 40 Preposiciones "under" y "below"

Ambas preposiciones tienen el significado de "por debajo de" y en muchos casos se pueden utilizar indistintamente:

The water flows under the bridge. El agua fluye por debajo del puente The water flows below the bridge. El agua fluye por debajo del puente

Sin embrago, la preposicin "under" puede implicar que existe contacto fsico entre las dos superficies:

I put the ticket under the book. The cat is under the bed.

Yo puse el ticket debajo del libro El gato est debajo de la cama

Mientras que la preposicin "below" indica que existe cierto espacio entre ambos objetos o referencias:

The plane flys below the clouds.

El avin vuela por debajo de las nubes

His performance is below expectation. Su rendimiento est por debajo de lo esperado

"Below" y "under" tambin significan "inferior en el rango", pero "under" implica que se trata del inmediato inferior, mientras que "below" da a entender que la separacin es mayor:

In the army, the lieutenant is under the captain. En el ejrcito, el teniente est justamente por debajo del capitn In the army, the lieutenant is below the general. En el ejrcito, el teniente est por debajo del general

VOCABULARIO

Robo / atraco Hurto Homicidio Asesinato Rapto Violacin Encubrir

Robbery Theft Homicide Murder Kidnapping Rape To cover up

Calumnia Ladrn Detective Absolver Apelacin Crcel Celda

Defamation Robber Detective To acquit Appeal Jail Cell

Condena Prisin Timo Chantaje

Sentence Prison Con man Blackmail

Atentado Vandalismo Contrabando Estafa

Terrorist attack Vandalism Smuggling Fraud

LESSON 40 Preposiciones "under" y "below"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I put the box There is a ball They took shelter bridge. They live us.

the table. the car. the

Yo pongo la caja debajo de la mesa Debajo del coche hay una pelota Ellos se refugiaron debajo del puente Ellos viven debajo de nosotros

In the company he is The secretary is president. This year's profits are year's. The submarine travels surface. The temperature is 4 degrees zero. the

me.

En la empresa, l es mi inmediato inferior La secretaria est por debajo del presidente

last

Los beneficios de este ao estn por debajo de los del ao pasado El submarino navega por debajo de la superficie La temperatura es 4 grados bajo cero

the

10. There is a cabin

the cliff.

Hay una cabaa debajo del precipicio

LESSON 41 Otras Preposiciones de Lugar

En ingls para indicar "junto a" se utiliza la preposicin "beside":

He is beside me. The book is beside the table. El est junto a m El libro est junto a la mesa

The theater is beside the city hall. El teatro est junto al ayuntamiento

Cuando se quier indicar que algo o alguien se encuentra situado entre dos (o entre un nmero determinado), se utiliza la preposicin "between":
I sat between my friends. The ball is between the cars. Me sent entre mis amigos La pelota est entre los coches

I put the wallet between the books. Puse la billetera entre los libros

Si se encuentra situado entre un nmero amplio e indeterminado de cosas, entonces se utiliza la preposicin "among":
I saw him among the public. The bird is among the trees. Yo le vi entre el pblico El pjaro est entre los rboles

The dog runs among the children. El perro corre entre los nios

La preposicin "behind" significa "detrs de":

The boy is behind the house. The car is behind the bus. The jacket is behind the door. El nio est detrs de la casa El coche est detrs del autobs La chaqueta est detrs de la puerta

La preposicin "in front of" significa delante de:

The bus is in front of the school. The dog is in front of the kitchen. El autobs est delante del colegio El perro est delante de la cocina

The monument is in front of the church. El monumento est delante de la iglesia

Mientras que la preposicin "opposite" significa "enfrente de". Su diferencia con la anterior es que "in front of" indica delante, pero puede ser tanto de frente como de espalda, mientras que "opposite" implica siempre de frente:
In the queue, he was in front of me. En la cola l estaba delante de m (dndome la espalda)

The sargent stood opposite the soldiers. El sargento estaba enfrente de los soldados (mirndoles a la cara) My house is opposite the park. Mi casa est enfrente del parque

VOCABULARIO

Boda Matrimonio Amigo Amiga Comprometido Comprometida Novia (en la boda) Novia (en la boda) Dama de honor Marido Pareja

Wedding Marriage Friend Friend Fianc Fiance Groom Bride Bridesmaid Husband Couple

Luna de miel Padrino Madrina Anillo Separado Divorciado Soltero Marcha nupcial Amante Mujer

Honeymoon Godfather Matron of honor Ring Separated Divorced Single Wedding march Lover Wife

LESSON 41 Otras preposiciones de lugar

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
La nia est detrs de su madre El coche est entre los dos rboles El gato est entre los estudiantes Ella se sent enfrente de m En colegio est entre las dos calles

The girl is The car is The cat is She sat The school is

her mother. the two trees. the students. me. two streets.

There isn't any children The entrance is The bakery is greengrocer's. Put the book the me.

No hay ningn nio entre us. nosotros La entrada est delante de m La panadera est junto a la frutera Pon el libro detrs de la silla city Hay una fuente enfrente del ayuntamiento

the chair.

10. There is a fountain

hall.

LESSON 42 Verbos Modales (I) - "Can"

El verbo "can" es un verbo modal que significa que algo es posible (posibilidad) o que alguien es capaz de hacer algo (habilidad). Este verbo se utiliza siempre acompaado de un verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En los verbos modales la tercera persona del singular no aade la "s" que incorporan los dems verbos en ingls.
I can play tennis. He can open the window. Yo puedo jugar al tenis El puede abrir la ventana

El verbo "can" no tiene infinitivo (no existe "to can"); tan slo tiene presente ("can") y pasado ("could"). Para construir el futuro se utiliza la combinacin "to be able" (ser capaz) en su forma futura.
I can listen to music. I could listen to music. I will be able to listen music. Yo puedo or msica Yo poda or msica Yo podr or msica

Asimismo, para formar los tiempos compuestos y continuos, hay que recurrir igualmente a la combinacin "to be able" en sus tiempos respectivos.
Present perfect Present continuous Past perfect I have been able to listen music. I am being able to listen music. I had been able to listen music.

La forma negativas de "can" en presente es "can not" (o su abreviada "can't") y en pasado "could not" (o su abreviada "couldn't").
I cannot go to the party. She couldn't carry the suitcase. Yo no puedo ir a la fiesta Ella no poda llevar la maleta.

En las frases interrogativas "can" se coloca al comienzo de la interrogacin, con una estructura similar a la que vimos para los verbos "to be" y "to have".
Can you come with us? Could she finish her work? Puedes t venir con nosotros ? Pudo ella finalizar su trabajo ?

VOCABULARIO

Oficina Jefe Puesto Subordinado Ascenso Dimisin Secretaria

Office Boss Position Under me/him/her, etc. Promotion Resignation Secretary

Sindicato Accionista Presidente Indemnizacin Permiso de trabajo Baja laboral Colega

Union Shareholder Chairman Severance pay Work permit On leave Colleague

Sueldo Plantilla Traslado Huelga

Salary Staff Transfer Strike

Jubilacin Director Despido

Retirement Manager Fired

LESSON 42 Verbos modales (I) - "Can"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I He We

answer the question. arrive at the airport. to help you. you come with me?

Yo puedo contestar la pregunta l pudo llegar al aeropuerto Nosotros podremos ayudarte Puedes t venir conmigo? Vosotros no podis entrar en la fiesta Pudiste t ver quin era? Yo no puedo levantar este peso Nosotros no hemos podido llegar antes Ella no podr venir este verano T no pudiste comprar las entradas

You

enter in the party. you see who it was?

I We She summer.

lift this weight. to come sooner. to come this

10. You

buy the tickets.

LESSON 43 Verbos Modales (II) - "Must"

El verbo "must" es tambin un verbo modal, que tampoco tiene infinitivo (no existe "to must"). Este verbo modal tiene dos acepciones principales. En su primera acepcin se utiliza para indicar que estamos seguro de que algo es cierto.
He must have gone. El debe haberse ido (estoy seguro de que l se ha marchado)

You must speak English very well. T debes hablar ingls muy bien (estoy seguro de ello)

La forma pasada se construye "must have + past participle del verbo principal".
He must have finished his work. You must have won the match. El debe haber finalizado su trabajo T debes haber ganado el partido

En su segunda acepcin, "must" se utiliza para indicar que es necesario hacer algo, expresando una opinin del que habla.
You must answer the telephone. She must study English. T debes contestar el telfono (yo entiendo que es tu obligacin) Ella debe estudiar ingls (sta es mi opinin)

En esta segunda acepcin, "must" slo se utiliza en el presente y en el futuro.

You must study today. You must study next week. T debes estudiar hoy T debes estudiar la prxima semana

La negacin es "must not" (o su forma abreviada "musn't"), que significa que es necesario no hacer algo.
You musn't go there. He mustnt sell his house. T no debes ir all El no debe vender su casa

Y la forma interrogativa se construye colocando "must" al comienzo de la interrogacin.

Must you water the garden? Must we play now? Debes t regar el jardn ? Debemos nosotros jugar ahora ?

VOCABULARIO

Embarazo Aborto (espontneo) Aborto (provocado)

Pregnancy Miscarriage Abortion

Nacimiento Parto Nacer

Birth Labor To be born

Gineclogo Cuna Bibern Paal Chupete Pediatra Guardera Gemelo

Gynecologist Cradle Baby's bottle Dipper Nipple Padiatrician Nursery Twin

Dar de mamar Vacuna Bautizar Gatear Cesrea Feto Sillita (de paseo)

To breastfeed Vaccine To baptize To crawl Cesarean Fetus Stroller

LESSON 43 Verbos modales (II) - "Must"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
l debe haber venido his father. just now. left. bring up their l debe ayudar a su padre Yo debo marcharme ahora Ellos deben haberse marchado Los padres deben educar a sus hijos El profesor debe ser paciente Los nios deben comportarse correctamente El ladrn debe haber confesado La polica debe conocer ya al culpable T debes estudiar un poco ms

He He I They The parents children. The teacher The children correctly. The thief The police person.

be patient. behave

confessed. the guilty

10. You

study a bit more.

LESSON 44 Verbos Modales (III) - "May/Might"

El verbo modal "may" se utiliza para indicar que algo puede ser posible:
He may be lost. You may find a good hotel. She may want to come with you. El puede estar perdido T puedes encontrar un buen hotel Ella puede querer venir contigo

Se puede utilizar su forma pasada "might" prcticamente con el mismo significado, aunque "may" indica un mayor grado de probabilidad:
He might be at home. He may be at home. El podra estar en casa El puede estar en casa

Ambas formas "may" / "might" tambin se utilizan para pedir permiso de una manera educada ("might" es incluso ms corts):
May I make a call? Might I make a call? May I open the door? Might I open the door? Puedo hacer una llamada ? Podra hacer una llamada ? Puedo abrir la puerta ? Podra abrir la puerta ?

Las formas negativas son "may not" y "might not" (o su forma abreviada "mightn't"):
He may not be here He might not be here El puede no estar aqu El podra no estar aqu

Para indicar posibilidad en el pasado utilizamos la estructura "may / might + have + past participle del verbo principal":
He may have come before. He might have come before. She may have finished yesterday. El puede haber venido antes El podra haber venido antes Ella puede haber finalizado ayer

She might have finished yesterday. Ella podra haber finalizado ayer

Tambin se pueden utilizar ambas formas para indicar posibilidad en el futuro:

This summer I may go to England. Este verano yo puedo ir a Inglaterra

This summer I might go to England. Este verano yo podra ir a Inglaterra

VOCABULARIO

Sombrilla Arena Toalla

Beach umbrella Sand Towel

Insolacin Bronceado Socorrista

Sunstroke Suntan Lifeguard

Playa Flotador Bronceador Cubo Pala Pelota Ola Baador (hombre) Baador (mujer)

Beach Float Suntan lotion Bucket Shovel Ball Wave Swim suit Swim suit

Piscina Trampoln Rastrillo Baarse Nadar Bucear Tomar el sol Castillo de arena

Swimming pool divingboard Rake To bathe To swim To skin-dive To get some sun Sandcastle

LESSON 44 Verbos modales (III) - "May"/"Might"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
You cinema. He l puede estar trabajando Ella podra estar en el colegio Puedo coger este libro? Podra escuchar la radio? T puedes no querer venir al cine l puede haber vendido su coche Yo podra ir al cine este sbado Ella podra venir con nosotros a la fiesta Nosotros no podemos ayudarte T podras preguntarle a l

He She

be working. be in the school. I take this book? I listen to the radio? want to go to the

have sold his car.

I go to the cinema this Saturday. She party. We come with us to the

help you. ask him.

10. You

LESSON 45 Verbos modales (IV) - "Should"

El verbo modal "should" se utiliza para indicar conveniencia:

You should come with us. I should study German. He should work harder. T deberas venir con nosotros Yo debera estudiar alemn El debera trabajar ms duro

Se diferencia, por tanto, de "must", ya que ste indica obligacin:

You must do your homework. You should do your homework. T debes hacer tus deberes T deberas hacer tus deberes

Tambin se utiliza "should" para indicar que algo es probable que ocurra en el futuro:
She has studied so hard that she should pass her exams. Ella ha estudiado tanto que debera aprobar sus exmenes

I should be at home by 10 o'clock. Yo debera estar en casa antes de las 10

Su forma negativa es "should not" (o la abreviada "shouldn't"):

She shouldn't go alone. He shouldn't come back so late. Ella no debera ir sola El no debera volver tan tarde

You shouldn't be so disagreeable. T no deberas ser tan desagradable

En el pasado se utiliza la forma "should + have + past participle del verbo principal" para indicar lo que se debera haber hecho y no se hizo:
You should have called me. My brother should have come. T deberas haberme telefoneado Mi hermano debera haber venido

She should have prepared her exams. Ella debera haber preparado sus exmenes

VOCABULARIO

Construccin Gra Arquitecto Albail Cemento Hormign Ladrillo Columna Viga Fachada Tejado Andamio

Construction Crane Architect Brick mason Cement Concrete Brick Pillar Beam Facing Roof Scaffold

Yeso Asfalto Pintor Electricista Fontanero Cimientos Losa Azulejo Tubera Solar Grieta Gotera

Plaster Asphalt Painter Electrician Plumber Foundations Cornerstone Tile Pipe Site Crack Leak

LESSON 45 Verbos modales (IV) - "Should"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
T deberas ponerte tu abrigo l debera ser ms educado Ella no debera beber tanto T deberas haber pedido ayuda T debes estudiar francs T deberas estudiar francs Nosotros no deberamos ir a esa fiesta Ellos deberan ayudarnos Ella no debera haber hecho eso Yo debera volver antes de las 11

You He She You You You We They She

your coat on. more polite. drink so much. for help. French. study French. go to that party. help us. that. back before 11

10. I

o'clock.

LESSON 46 Verbos Modales (V) - "Would"

El verbo modal "would" (pasado de "will") se utiliza acompaado del infinitivo "to like" para expresar ofrecimientos e invitaciones:
Would you like a cup of coffee? Would you like to come with us? Would he like a piece of cake? Te gustara una taza de caf ? Te gustara venir con nosotros ? Le gustara un trozo de pastel ?

Tambin se utiliza para manifestar deseos o realizar peticiones de una manera corts:
I would like to be rich. I would like your help. Would you lend me your car? Me gustara ser rico Deseara tu ayuda Me prestaras tu coche ?

Aparte de estos usos como verbo modal, "would" tambin se utiliza para formar el condicional:
If that car was cheaper, I would buy it. Si ese coche fuera ms barato, lo comprara

If it didn't rain, we would go to the beach. Si no lloviera, iramos a la playa

As como para formar el futuro de de una accin que se desarrolla en el pasado:

He said that he would buy the tickets. El dijo que l comprara las entradas

I thought that I would go to the movies. Yo pensaba que ira al cine

VOCABULARIO

Cementerio Muerte Entierro Atad Mausoleo Lpida Autopsia Incinerar Crematorio Enterrar Amortajar Esquela

Cemetery Death Burial Coffin Mausoleum Tombstone Autopsy To cremate Crematorium To bury To shroud Death notice

Funeral Embalsamar Luto Difunto Hurfano Agona Cadver Velatorio Corona de flores Funeraria Tumba Enterrador

Funeral To embalm Mourning Deceased Orphan Agony Corpse Wake Wreath Undertakers Grave Gravedigger

LESSON 46 Verbos modales (V) - "Would"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

to go to the beach. you like a beer? you like to come with us? you pass me that book?

Me gustara ir a la playa Le apetecera una cerveza? Te gustara venir con nosotros? Me pasaras ese libro? Deseara informacin sobre Francia Me ayudara?, por favor l dijo que vendra ms tarde Si vinieras, te enseara las fotos Me gustara hablar alemn Deseara marcharme

I some information about France you help me, please? He said that he If you came, I pictures. I later. you the

to speak German. to leave.

10. I

LESSON 47 "Much", "Many", "Little", "Few"

Se utiliza "much" (mucho) y "little" (poco) con sustantivos que no se pueden contar:
Did he drink much water? No, he drank little water. Do you have much time? No, I have little time. Bebi l mucha agua ? No, l bebi poca agua Tienes mucho tiempo ? No, tengo poco tiempo

Mientras que "many " (mucho) y "few" (poco) se utilizan con sustantivos que se pueden contar:
Do you have many books? No, I have few books. Does he have many brothers? No, he has few brothers. Tienes muchos libros ? No, tengo pocos libros Tiene l muchos hermanos ? No, l tiene pocos hermanos

"Much" y "many" se utilizan principalmente en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, ya que en oraciones afirmativas se suelen sustituir ambos por "a lot of" (muchos, un montn):
Do you have many friends? Yes, I have a lot of friends. No, I don't have many friends. Did you spend much money? Yes, I spent a lot of money. No, I didn't spend much money. Tienes muchos amigos ? S, tengo muchos amigos No, no tengo muchos amigos Gastaste mucho dinero ? S, gast mucho dinero No, no gast mucho dinero

No obstante, "much" y "many" s se utilizan en oraciones afirmativas cuando van precedidos por algunas partculas, como "so" (tanto), "too" (demasiado), etc.:
He has so many friends.... You have too many doubts. We drank too much alcohol. We spent so much money.... El tiene tantos amigos ... T tienes demasiadas dudas Bebimos demasiado alcohol Gastamos tanto dinero ...

VOCABULARIO

Peridico Artculo Corresponsal Redaccin Periodista Tirada Suscripcin Portada

Newspaper Article Correspondent Editorial department Journalist Circulation Subscription Front page

Locutor Programa Televisin Presentador Retransmisin Audiencia Canal Antena

Broadcaster Program Television M.C. Transmission Audience Channel Antenna

Revista Anuncio Redactor

Magazine Advertisement Editor

Columna Seccin Radio

Column Section Radio

LESSON 47 Much, many, little, few

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Do you have Yes, I have I have No, I don't have I have Do you drink Yes, I drink I drink No, I don't drink milk.

questions? questions. questions. questions.

Tienes muchas preguntas? S, tengo muchas preguntas Tengo demasiadas preguntas No, no tengo muchas preguntas Yo tengo unas pocas preguntas Bebes mucha leche? S, bebo mucha leche Bebo demasiada leche

questions. milk? milk. milk. milk.

No, no bebo mucha leche Yo bebo poca leche

10. I drink

LESSON 48 "Still", "Yet"

"Still" se traduce por "todava" y se utiliza para indicar que una accin an contina desarrollndose. Se emplea normalmente en frases afirmativas o interrogativas:

I am still working. She is still in the university. Are you still with your brother?

Yo estoy todava trabajando Ella est todava en la universidad Ests todava con tu hermano ?

Mientras que "yet" se utiliza en oraciones interrogativas para preguntar si una accin ya ha comenzado (y se traduce por "ya"), o en oraciones negativas para indicar que una accin no ha comenzado an (y se traduce por "todava"):

Have you finished your work yet? Has terminado tu trabajo ya ? I have't been in Paris yet. We haven't bought a car yet. Yo no he estado en Pars todava Nosotros todava no hemos comprado un coche

"Still" se suele situar en el centro de la oracin, detrs del verbo "to be", aunque delante de los otros verbos, mientras que "yet" se coloca al final de la misma:

I still feel bad. It is still raining. I haven't seen that film yet. Have you telephoned yet?

Yo me siento todava mal Est todava lloviendo Yo no he visto esa pelcula todava Has telefoneado ya ?

VOCABULARIO

Pintura Escultura Msica Teatro Cine Literatura Poesa Verso Actor Actriz Pintor Escultor

Painting Sculpture Music Theater Cinema Literature Poetry Verse Actor Actress Painter Sculptor

Msico Opera Tenor Escritor Compositor Pianista Violinista Museo Exposicin Arte Poema Director de orquesta

Musician Opera Tenor Writer Composer Pianist Violinist Museum Exhibition Art Poem Conductor

LESSON 48 Still, yet

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

He

plays football.

l todava juega al ftbol l no ha llegado an Est el todava viajando? l no ha llamado an Ella todava no ha encontrado trabajo Estn ellos todava contigo? T ests an muy ocupado Has preparado ya la cena? Ella est an en el colegio l no ha terminado todava

He hasn't arrived Is he traveling?

He hasn't telephoned She hasn't found a job Are they You are with you? very busy.

Have you fixed dinner She is in the school.

10. He hasn't finished

LESSON 49 "Like", "As"

"Like" es una preposicin que se traduce por "similar a, igual que, como" y que se sita acompaando a un sustantivo o a un pronombre:
This car is like mine. He is like his father. She sings like you. Este coche es como el mo El es como su padre Ella canta como t

"As" es una conjuncin, que se traduce tambin por "como", y que introduce a una oracin subordinada (sustantivo + verbo):
He sings as you do. Behave as your mother told you. Do it as you know how. El canta como t Comprtate como tu madre te dijo Hazlo como sabes

"As" tambin puede funcionar como preposicin, acompaando en este caso a un sustantivo, y se traduce por "en condicin de, como":
I worked as a lawyer. He plays as a professional. He plays like a professional. Yo trabaj como abogado El juega como profesional (tiene la condicin de profesional) El juega como un profesional (el juega igual de bien que un profesional)

Adems, "as" tiene otras acepciones: se puede utilizar como conjuncin temporal, con el significado de "cuando":
As I finished, I realized my fault. As he entered, it broke the fight. Cuando termin, me di cuenta del fallo Cuando l entr, comenz la pelea

O tambin como conjuncin causal, con el significado de "debido a, ya que, como":

As I wasn't invited, I didn't go. As it was late, we stopped. Como no estaba invitado, no fui Como era tarde, paramos

VOCABULARIO

Enfermo Hospital Camilla Quirfano Cirujano Anestesista Bistur

Patient Hospital Stretcher Operating Room Surgeon Anesthetist Scalpel

Transfusin Cardilogo Pediatra Gineclogo Anlisis Clnica Neurlogo

Transfusion Cardiologist Pediatrician Gynecologist Blood test Clinic Neurologist

Enfermera Ambulancia Operacin Amputar Ambulatorio

Nurse Ambulance Operation To amputate Outpatients' department

Dermatlogo Psiclogo Psiquiatra Transplante

Dermatologist Psychologist Psychiatrist Transplant

LESSON 49 Like, as

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

This dog runs Play

a rabbit.

Este perro corre como un conejo Juega como el te dijo Como estaba slo, no pudo venir l canta como una estrella (igual de bien) Esta casa es como la ma Hazlo como te ense Ella es como su hermana Utilizo el libro como pisapapeles Como l no me ayud, no pude terminarlo Cuando termin mi cena, empec a sentirme mal

he told you. he was alone, he couldn't

come. He sings This house is Do it She is I use this book he didn't help me, I couldn't finish it. I finished my dinner, I started to feel sick. a star. mine. I taught you. her sister.

LESSON 50 "Quite", "Rather"

"Quite" es un adverbio ingls con diversas acepciones. Una de ella es con el significado de "completamente":
I was quite sure. It was quite different. You are quite wrong. Yo estaba completamente seguro Era completamente diferente T ests completamente equivocado

"Rather" es, asimismo, otro adverbio con distintos usos. As, por ejemplo, se utiliza para expresar preferencias, en cuyo caso va seguido de un infinitivo:
I would rather drink water than coffee. He'd rather go by metro than walking. Yo preferira agua antes que caf El prefiere ir en metro que andando

I'd rather listen to pop music than classical. Prefiero or msica pop que clsica

"Quite" y "rather" tambin se utilizan con el significado de "bastante", pero con la diferencia de que "quite" se emplea para expresar ideas positivas, mientras que "rather" se utiliza normalmente con ideas negativas:
He is quite tall. He is rather short. The weather is quite sunny. The weather is rather chilly. El es bastante alto El es bastante bajo El tiempo es bastante soleado El tiempo es bastante fro

A veces, se puede utilizar "rather" con ideas positivas, pero en estos casos se desea remarcar la sorpresa que la misma nos produce:
The village was rather clean. El pueblo estaba bastante limpio (nos sorprende, ya que normalmente est sucio)

The student was rather attentive. El estudiante estuvo bastante atento (algo que no es habitual en l)

La intensidad que expresa "quite" y "rather" es menor que la de "very", pero superior a la de "little":
He is very strong. He is quite strong. He is little strong. El es muy fuerte El es bastante fuerte El es poco fuerte

VOCABULARIO

Amistad Amigo Conocido Compaero

Friendship Friend Acquaintance Coworker

Presentar Vecino Pandilla Grupo

To introduce Neighbor Gang Group

Enemigo Socio Colega Pariente Amor Odio Conocer

Enemy Partner Colleague Relative Love Hate To meet

Club Asociacin Comunidad Compaerismo Cordialidad Llevarse bien Convivir

Club Association Community Fellowship Cordiality To get along with To live with somebody

LESSON 50 Quite, rather

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Hace un da bastante soleado Yo prefiero el tenis al ftbol Mi casa es algo grande Hace un da ms bien fro small. Mi casa es bonita, pero ms bien pequea

It is I ra football. My house is It's a My house is The answer is It was

a sunny day. like tennis more than

big. chilly day.

La respuesta es totalmente la the opposite. contraria a great match. Fue un gran partido La explicacin fue bastante confusa calm. noisy. El nio estuvo bastante calmado El coche era bastante ruidoso

The explanation was confused. The child was

10. The car was

SOLUCIONES
LESSON 1 Pronombres personales sujetos
Respuestas Correctas
I play tennis You are French We have a car She is blond You go to the movies I study English They speak Italian We watch TV You are students He plays football

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

play tennis. are French. have a car. is blond. go to the movies. study English. speak Italian. watch TV. are students. plays football.

LESSON 2 Pronombres personales sujetos

Respuestas Correctas
I am spanish You are old they are foreigners We were young He is to stay here He is to study medicine It is old He is here Thet were in Parish We are playing football

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I You They We He He It He They

Spanish. old. foreigners. young. to stay here. to study medicine. hot. here. in Paris. playing football.

10. We

LESSON 3 Verbo 'To have'

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I have a cat He has drunk a beer They had a car We had a big house You have come soon We have a coffee He had lived in Seville She has gone to Paris They had seen the match He has listened to music

I He They We You We He She They

a cat. drunk a beer. a car. a big house. come soon. a coffee. lived in Seville. gone to Paris. seen the match. listened to music.

10. He

LESSON 4 Verbo 'To do'

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
We He I Who I Do you like reading? I do my homework Who did that? I don't like this car Did she play basketball? He doesn't come with us Did they live in Paris? Do you know that person? We didn't go to the party Do you like a beer? Yes, I do

you like reading? my homework. that? like this car. she play basketball? come with us. they live in Paris? you know that person? go to the party.

10. Do you like a beer? Yes, I

LESSON 5 Estructura de la oracin

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
You drink a beer We drive a car Don't you like coffee? We don't like this book He listens to music in his bedroom I always do my homework You go to Paris in June She doesn't like the beach They bought a car in Madrid I never play football

LESSON 6 Present simple (presente del indicativo)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
I go to the cinema I don't go to the cinema Do I go to the cinema? She plays tennis She doesn't play tennis Does she play tennis? They live in Paris They don't live in London Do they live in Paris? Do they live in Paris?

LESSON 7 Present continuous (presente continuo)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
I am reading You aren't reading Is he reading? We are playing You aren't playing Are they playing? I am having a coffee You aren't having a coffee Is he having a cup of tea? I am listening to music

LESSON 8 Past simple (pasado simple)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
We He I She I Did you go to the cinema? I didn't go to the cinema She saw TV I didn't like his house Did she dance in the party? He didn't find his watch Did they come to Paris? Did you know her boyfriend? We didn't hear the news Did he drink a beer?

to the cinema? to the cinema. TV. like his house. in the party? his watch. to Paris? her boyfriend? the news. a beer?

LESSON 9 Forma pasada de los verbos regulares

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
batted abolished cleaned invited passed obeyed tried traveled irritated compelled

LESSON 11 Past continuous (pasado continuo)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. We
Were you studying when I saw you? Yesterday at 10 o'clock we were watching TV When he arrived, she was listening to music She was swimming when you arrived. We were playing when you arrived When I saw him, he was studying Yesterday, at 8 o'clock, what were you doing? He phoned while we were listening to music Was he eating? We weren't speaking

when I saw you? Yesterday at 10 o'clock we TV. When he arrived, she to music. She We

When I saw him, he Yesterday, at 8 o'clock, what He phoned while we to music.

LESSON 12 Present participle (gerundio)

Respuestas Correctas
hurrying putting going imitating reaching adjusting smoking running raining hitting

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

LESSON 13 Present perfect (preterito perfecto)

Respuestas Correctas
I have been in this city She hasn't eaten anything We have played tennis Have you gone to the cinema? She hasn't read this book We have eaten at home Have you seen my sister?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

I She We

in this city anything. tennis. to the cinema?

She We

this book. at home. my sister?

The kids We

The kids have done their their homework. homework this film. a new car? We have watched this film Have you bought a new car?

LESSON 14 Present perfect continuous

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The kids She TV. music. She We He I have been watching a film Has she been dancing in the disco?

a film. in the disco?

He hasn't been playing with the with the umbrella. umbrella with the computer? a book. Have you been working with the computer? She has been reading a book We haven't been fighting Have you been running? The kids have been listening to music She has been sleeping We haven't been watching TV

10. We

LESSON 15 Future simple (futuro imperfecto)

Respuestas Correctas
I won't go to the beach Will you go to the theater? We will play in the patio Won't he go to buy the newspaper? He won't do his homework You will come with me We will play soccer Will they have dinner in the restaurant? I won't see him Will you have coffee with your friends?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
I

to the beach. to the theater?

We

in the patio. the newspaper?

He You We

his homework. with me. soccer. in the restaurant? him. coffee with your

friends?

LESSON 16 Otras formas de futuro

Respuestas Correctas
Tomorrow I will go to the beach He comes home next summer She is going to buy a car to Paris. tonight. German. the course next Tomorrow we are flying to Paris He doesn't come tonight We are going to learn German She finishes the course next month You are going to go to the cinema tonight They are coming to have dinner with us I am going to pass this exam

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Tomorrow I He She Tomorrow we He doesn't We are She month. You are tonight. They us.

to the beach. home next summer. a car.

to the cinema

to have dinner with

10. I am

this exam.

LESSON 17 Future continuous (futuro continuo)

Respuestas Correctas
This evening I will be studying TV? Tomorrow we He soccer. to music? I You ? He of his brother. my homework. Will you be watching TV? Tomorrow we will be traveling He won't be playing soccer Won't she be listening to music? I will be doing my homework You won't be studying Will we be having dinner? He won't be taking care of his brother You will be sleeping

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

This evening I

10. You

LESSON 18 Future perfect (futuro perfecto)

Before 10 o'clock, I will have visited the city She won't have watched the film before Saturday We will have gone by the time you arrive Will he have phoned before we return? Won't he have finished the translation before Saturday? You will have played tennis before you go Before Sunday, she will have bought a racket Before Christmas, I will have finished the course When you arrive, he won't have eaten supper to Before summer, I will have learned to play tennis

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Before 10 o'clock, I the city. She Saturday. We arrive. the film before

by the time you

before we return? the translation before Saturday? You go. Before Sunday, she racket. Before Christmas, I the course. When you arrive, he supper. tennis before you

10. Before summer, I

play tennis.

LESSON 19 Conditional (condicional)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
We You She We would play golf She would answer the phone We wouldn't go to the theater Would you go to Paris? Wouldn't they come later? She wouldn't come with us Wouldn't you buy that car? We would come back soon You wouldn't eat at home Would she come later?

We She We

golf. the phone. to the theater. to Paris? later? with us. that car? back soon. at home. later?

LESSON 20 Conditional perfect (condicional perfecto)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
We You She We would have played basketball She would have answered the phone We wouldn't have gone to the theater Would you have gone to Madrid? Wouldn't they have gone later? She wouldn't have come with us Wouldn't you have bought that car? We would have arrived soon You wouldn't have eaten at home Would she have come later?

We She We

basketball. the phone. to the theater. to Madrid? later? with us. that car? soon. at home. later?

LESSON 21 Nouns (substantivos)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
keys Milk houses churches balls kisses monkeys babies mothers tomatoes

LESSON 22 Adjectives (adjetivos)

Respuestas Correctas
A boring book A bored boy A big house The house is small A tiring job A tired girl A big white car An old wooden table A golden Swiss watch A young English girl

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

A A A

book boy. house.

The house is A A A An A job. girl. car. table. watch. girl.

10. A

LESSON 23 Adverbs (adverbios)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
He works We did the exercise She walked He plays quietly We go to the cinema frequently She speaks English slowly Your dog barks loudly The doctor works intensively Lately I don't feel well He works every day We did the exercise incorrectly She walked slowly The boy starts his classes early in the morning

He plays We go to the cinema She speaks English Your dog barks The doctor works I don't feel well.

10. The boy starts his classes

LESSON 24 Articles (artculos)

Respuestas Correctas
Silver is highly valued Peter came to see me Space is infinite A dog bit the boy They play basketball Human beings are intelligent The blue car is very old I like coffee very much The coffee I drank was very hot

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
I like They play

Silver is highly valued. Peter came to see me. Space is infinite. dog bit the boy. basketball.

Human beings are intelligent. blue car is very old. coffee very much. coffee I drank was very hot. plane landed with problems.

A plane landed with problems

LESSON 25 Adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos

Respuestas Correctas
This is my wife Those are my kids This radio doesn't work Is that your notebook? This coat is very nice books. car? She doesn't have these books Have you bought that car? Those pencils are yours Those are my books These children go to school

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Is

is my wife. are my kids. radio doesn't work. your notebook? coat is very nice. She doesn't have Have you bought

pencils are yours. are my books. children go to school.

LESSON 26 Adjetivos y pronombre posesivos

Respuestas Correctas
These are your pencils My brothers have come The dog likes his food These are yours shoes? sister come? book. glasses? house. brother hasn't seen me. Where are your shoes? Has my sister come? I have read your book Who has seen my glasses? This is her house Your brother hasn't seen me

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

These are

pencils

brothers have come. The dog likes These are Where are Has I have read Who has seen This is food.

LESSON 27 Adjetivos y pronombres interrogativos del tipo "Wh-"

Respuestas Correctas
Who is your brother? Whose is the red car? Which tie do you like more? Which of these two books is better? Who did you see yesterday? Who came to see me? Whom did you go to the cinema with? What do you want to do? Which shoes do you like more? Whose coat is this?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

is your brother? is the red car? tie do you like more? of these two books is better? did you see yesterday? came to see me? did you go to the cinema with? do you want to do? shoes do you like more? coat is this?

LESSON 28 Pronombres personales objetos

Respuestas Correctas
I am showing you my house She has brought me a present We are lending you our car She has bought it for me Take it off this picture. this book. You have sold me this picture He has given us this book We have brought it to you You didn't say it to me Buy me the newspaper

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I am showing She has brought We are lending She has bought Take You have sold He has given We have brought You didn't say off.

my house. a present. our car.

10. Buy

the newspaper.

LESSON 29 Pronombres reflexivos

Respuestas Correctas
She answered the She answered the telephone herself very much They enjoyed themselves very much in the party He has shaved very quickly He has hurt himself We fixed the dinner ourselves He himself didn't want to answer You have painted the house yourself They themselves burnt the house You have dressed very smartly I myself want to answer

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

telephone They enjoyed in the party. He He has hurt We fixed the dinner He didn't want to answer.

shaved very quickly.

You have painted the house They You smartly. burnt the house. have dressed very

10. I

want to answer.

LESSON 30 Forma pasiva

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The newspaper The coffee sister. The radio

bought. made by my

The newspaper was bought The coffee was made by my sister The radio hasn't been plugged in Has the truck been bought yet? The robber was captured by the police

plugged in. the truck been bought yet?

The robber police. The picture The TV The floor neighbor. The flowers

captured by the

The picture has been painted by painted by me. me fixed. swept by the The TV has been fixed The floor was swept by the neighbor The flowers have been watered The girl was dressed by her mother

watered. dressed by her

10. The girl

mother.

LESSON 31 Preguntas y respuestas cortas

Have you been in Madrid?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

No, Did you read the book? No, Are you going with me? Yes, Does he like this place? Yes, Do you want to come with us later? Yes, Did she come with you? Yes, Have you bought a new car? Yes, Was he playing tennis? Yes, Will you eat at home? No, Would she come later? Yes,

Have you been in Madrid? No, I haven't Did you read the book? No, I didn't Are you going with me? Yes, I am Does he like this place? Yes, he does Do you want to come with us later? Yes, I do Did she come with you? Yes, she did Have you bought a new car? Yes, I have Was he playing tennis? Yes, he was Will you eat at home? No, I won't Would she come later? Yes, she would

LESSON 32 Question tags

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
They live in Seville, You play tennis very well, You have read this book, She doesn't like this city, They will come with us, He is waiting for me, We are going to buy a new car, You weren't at home, You are going to a new restaurant, They live in Seville, don't they? You play tennis very well, don't you? You have read this book, haven't you? She doesn't like this city, does she? They will come with us, won't they? He is waiting for me, isn't he? We are going to buy a new car, aren't we? You weren't at home, were you? You are going to a new restaurant, aren't you? She would come later, wouldn't she?

10. She would come later,

LESSON 33 Preposiciones de tiempo (at,on,in)

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I have arrived 8 o'clock. I have arrived at 8 o'clock On Monday I have English class The elections will take place on the 24th of March her She celebrated a party on her birthday In the last century, life was different What are you doing in spring? I will see you at half past two At midnight a ghost appeared In summer it is very hot The train leaves at 11 0'clock

Monday I have English class. The elections will take place 24th of March. She celebrated a party birthday.

the last century, life was different. What are you doing I will see you spring? half past two.

midnight a ghost appeared. summer it is very hot. 11 0'clock.

10. The train leaves

LESSON 34 Otras preposiciones de tiempo

Respuestas Correctas
She has been playing She has been playing tennis since she was 13 Since I met you, I fell in love with you The office is open from 9 to 5 The child didn't sleep until his mother arrived From 1980 till 1990 she worked in the university We have studied French for 7 years After arriving, he started to watch TV Before leaving, call your boss During Christmas, I have played football Don't get home after 12 o'clock

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

tennis

she was 13. I met you, I fell in love

with you.

The office is open The child didn't sleep mother arrived.

5. his

1990 she worked in the university. We have studied French years. arriving, he started to watch TV. leaving, call your boss. Christmas, I have played football. 12 o'clock. 7

10. Don't get home

LESSON 35 Preposiciones de lugar

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

the car the horse the cinema the party the school the top of the page the sea He arrived the wall the box London

In the car On the horse At the cinema At the party At the school On the top of the page At the sea He arrived in London On the wall In the box

LESSON 36 Preposiciones de movimiento

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
We will go to New York She came to the beach We are arriving at the theater They came to France This train goes from Madrid to Seville the office. Paris. home late. a party. work. She came into the office He arrived in Paris He arrived at home late We are going to a party She arrived at work

We will go She came We are arriving They came This train goes Seville. She came He arrived He arrived We are going

New York. the beach. the theater. France.

10. She arrived

LESSON 37 Preposiciones segn el medio de transporte

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
She got on her bicycle We went to France by train Don't get off the bus You came on foot She got in the taxi He got off my car We get on board horse. the train. the six o'clock bus. They were riding on a horse I didn't get on the train He came on the six o'clock bus

She We Don't You She He We They I

her bicycle. train. the bus. foot. the taxi. my car. board.

10. He

LESSON 38 "By the time","on time","in time"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

You have to arrive o'clock. We will start at 4 He arrived just You must finish The film begins at four o'clock I arrived train. I arrived train. time.

You have to arrive by 8 o'clock We will start at 4.00. Be on time He arrived just on time You must finish by 9 The film begins at four o'clock. Be on time I arrived on time to get the train

time. time. 9.

time to get the

time to get the

I arrived in time to get the train Before midnight we will know the answer The child arrived at the school just on time The worker arrived at the station in time

answer.

midnight we will know the

The child arrived at the school time.

The worker arrived at the station time.

LESSON 39 Preposiciones "above" y "over"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

There were The president is We had a chat coffee. I put a tablecloth He lives The helicopter is burning house. He is me.

20 persons. me. a cup of

There were over 20 persons The president is over me We had a chat over a cup of coffee I put a tablecloth over the table He lives over the river The helicopter is above the burning house He is over me

the table. the river. the

They built a bridge river. I put on a coat

the

They built a bridge over the river I put on a coat over my suit They argued over the money

my suit. money.

10. They argued

LESSON 40 Preposiciones "under" y "below"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I put the box There is a ball They took shelter bridge. They live us.

the table. the car. the

I put the box under the table There is a ball under the car They took shelter under the bridge They live below us

In the company he is The secretary is president. This year's profits are year's. The submarine travels surface. The temperature is 4 degrees zero. the

me.

In the company he is under me The secretary is below the president

last

This year's profits are below last year's The submarine travels below the surface The temperature is 4 degrees below zero

the

10. There is a cabin

the cliff.

There is a cabin under the cliff

LESSON 41 Otras preposiciones de lugar

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The girl is The car is The cat is She sat The school is

her mother. the two trees. the students. me. two streets.

The girl is behind her mother The car is between the two trees The cat is among the students She sat in front of me The school is between two streets

There isn't any children The entrance is The bakery is greengrocer's. Put the book the me.

There isn't any children among us. us The entrance is in front of me The bakery is near the greengrocer's Put the book behind the chair city There is a fountain in front of city hall

the chair.

10. There is a fountain

hall.

LESSON 42 Verbos modales (I) - "Can"

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I We She summer. You I can answer the question He could arrive at the airport We will be able to help you Can you come with me? You can't enter in the party Could you see who it was? I can't lift this weight We haven't been able to come sooner She won't be able to come this summer You couldn't buy the tickets

I He We

answer the question. arrive at the airport. to help you. you come with me? enter in the party. you see who it was? lift this weight. to come sooner. to come this

10. You

buy the tickets.

LESSON 43 Verbos modales (II) - "Must"

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
He must have come his father. just now. left. bring up their He must help his father I must leave just now They must have left The parents must bring up their children The teacher must be patient The children must behave correctly The thief must have confessed The police must already know the guilty person You must study a bit more

He He I They The parents children. The teacher The children correctly. The thief The police person.

be patient. behave

confessed. the guilty

10. You

study a bit more.

LESSON 44 Verbos modales (III) - "May"/"Might"

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
You cinema. He He may be working She might be in the school May I take this book? Might I listen to the radio? You may not want to go to the cinema He may have sold his car I might go to the cinema this Saturday She might come with us to the party We can't help you You might ask him

He She

be working. be in the school. I take this book? I listen to the radio? want to go to the

have sold his car.

I go to the cinema this Saturday. She party. We come with us to the

help you. ask him.

10. You

LESSON 45 Verbos modales (IV) - "Should"

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
You should put your coat on He should be more polite She shouldn't drink so much You should have asked for help You must study French You should study French We shouldn't go to that party They should help us She shouldn't have done that I should come back before 11 o'clock

You He She You You You We They She

your coat on. more polite. drink so much. for help. French. study French. go to that party. help us. that. back before 11

10. I

o'clock.

LESSON 46 Verbos modales (V) - "Would"

Respuestas Correctas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I would like to go to the beach Would you like a beer? Would you like to come with us? Would you pass me that book? I would like some information about France Could you help me, please? He said that he would come later If you came, I would show you the pictures I would like to speak German I would like to leave

to go to the beach. you like a beer? you like to come with us? you pass me that book?

I some information about France you help me, please? He said that he If you came, I pictures. I later. you the

to speak German. to leave.

10. I

LESSON 47 Much, many, little, few

Respuestas Correctas
Do you have many questions? Yes, I have many questions I have too many questions No, I don't have many questions I have a few questions Do you drink much milk? Yes, I drink much milk I drink too much milk milk. No, I don't drink much milk I drink little milk

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Do you have Yes, I have I have No, I don't have I have Do you drink Yes, I drink I drink No, I don't drink milk.

questions? questions. questions. questions.

questions. milk? milk. milk.

10. I drink

LESSON 48 Still, yet

Respuestas Correctas
He still plays football He hasn't arrived yet Is he still traveling? He hasn't telephoned yet She hasn't found a job yet Are they still with you? You are still very busy Have you fixed dinner yet? She is still in the school He hasn't finished yet

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

He

plays football.

He hasn't arrived Is he traveling?

He hasn't telephoned She hasn't found a job Are they You are with you? very busy.

Have you fixed dinner She is in the school.

10. He hasn't finished

LESSON 49 Like, as
Respuestas Correctas
This dog runs like a rabbit Play like he told you As he was alone, he couldn't come He sings like a star This house is like mine Do it as I taught you She is like her sister I use this book as a paperweight Since he didn't help me, I couldn't finish it Since I finished my dinner, I started to feel sick

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

This dog runs Play

a rabbit.

he told you. he was alone, he couldn't

come. He sings

a star. mine. I taught you. her sister.

This house is Do it She is I use this book

he didn't help me, I couldn't finish it. I finished my dinner, I started to feel sick.

LESSON 50 Quite, rather

Respuestas Correctas
It is quite a sunny day I rather like tennis more than football My house is quite big It's a rather chilly day small. My house is quite nice but rather small

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

It is I ra football. My house is It's a My house is The answer is It was

a sunny day. like tennis more than

big. chilly day.

The answer is rather the the opposite. opposite a great match. It was quite a great match The explanation was rather confused calm. noisy. The child was quite calm The car was rather noisy

The explanation was confused. The child was

10. The car was