B PH t D B o P a H F H P V D B R PH F B D RH p B D V F QvdSGEG'X6d@QYTCGSSIGTW6yvvQvdTYIWH s

CLR

B D V F vQvdEYIWH s Q)YTQ6d6WYQTClGSSQIGTWyvYTR d3XWCGEWGCA 9 H h a A P PH P a H F H P V D B R PH F B D RH B A D a RH V t DH t B qy | z z 5}u x i pg r r r o p 

g px z y | zy u~}{q x w r r r r r r r r r r r r r r q r r r r g Xx r r r r i pg p H b R a B h B` b R B A R f a vQdTCduWvTYTtIED s

p B` b R o B B A R H h a A P P b P R V H dQ6vTR eYYTnQlmYTldXTY6YQk R t B D D a t B A R B R b D B B F a R j D a hR B ` b aH R b H f a t b FH P B c a R c B B B a H B A R H B` b`H b eTEdeYTSvEGYdSTdiGYgd6IWTvCQ6wIedIWTYSfGYwpd6Q@YTQWvQQdvb R a B D R b A R P R V H b R b c c b r q g xe D b B` t r q i ge c b a` B A R P B DH V U B D B R PH F B D B 9 47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " dYEvb vCTTY6YQTvCCdCs#XywvWGusphfdIWYTXEWC'TD GSSQIGE#CA @866531)'%#!       

CK LD CLR

S Q

CK

LD x0 x1 x2 x3

M M M M

q0 q1 q2 q3

 B PH t D B o aH RH c c b ` bH D B p B D V F vdSQGEGg}IQTWCCdvdQsG'X'vdTCIWH s

F P B D B R V a t B A F H F b t ` a RH a D B f V R B D H c b R V f a t b f B D b h c D b A ` bH D B P B A R R b A vIWHTCc GS1CIeYTRYQIYd6AEWCI}PTW6%dG61TGBCBSY6Ie@TvXYEvCdQEGSuYTvCTR B D B P ` b FH P A R r c B R f a t F H PH D B V B R a R B A R B A a P RH `` b dTGSP#v QHChe e%dCIWTBCT1vSYVIeYQBgQGuwfC'YATvdgWHQYTY)pdgTQ6YQdvda aH R b B f B` a t B A A RH h D B R B F a R r D c c `` IWTvTRWfIeYTRTQGYATGddSmGBCCliWQCV s BCTSWQ`Cv%QH}QG'eE'aWG%TE6CTuQvduQuTEvGb A R a R c BH b P B` t t j t ` t R P D B A R H a H D D b t rvSSCVTpQIQHTedESCYVTYpGW%1dGtuCIWTiTIa#Sp1dGtWCIWHTiSdbQkfIT3rIQCTTYTYTvEGYdF c B R P B U B D PH a R t b D R P B A RH R b H FH P R P f a R R b H F P R P B` a D R` V P B D B A R F H R b D B B c R t b D R V P c B c b B D b b P R H ` bH D B a h R B 9 B D F BSedES6YTY6cdTvgcCduvTYV6CQ1dQsGSP#i}YA 'vdTCVIWH s QlmaYTPQTPQGtEGe%QCTdTdGY H h A P H B H D B o B PH A R D a j D a hR B B 9 f D a R B f B f a t P h R H P b D B a R a a R t b D R P a RH c c D a tH YA Ed31Q`6Ieg{YaiwQ6cCdEGdWH6y)pdIWHTedESCYVEIWHTWC6dbd3QTRGBfCTWsvdQsGSiWH A RH D b ` bH D B P R 7 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " Q66531)'%#! vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

CLR

CK

Modulo-16 counter

Load CK

zero
4

Shift

TC

parallel input

last_bit
shift reg.

subtract
16

CK

D Q

cout

FA

parallel output

shift reg.
cin
1

16

Shift
parallel input

shift reg.

16

CK Shift Load CK

q Ivde

q I

r Ge
&

$ 20 & 3@'$ q e I 8l30 r

x  P b B R RH h B b t A tH A dSSWsD udGECh

q Ivde

30 r G 30

x 

q mQvde

P H FH R B A D a c P V B a R D D b t B A R r D B a B D QH RQIWCc oeYBYTR d3nBSCSnTEvGYTmGdmGTda ` P B B A GRW6VTTDYTRfsdGedbESCYTYTRCdb~dCTGSvTdF QTWIWCvdQGYc D a r R t D R V P B A c b A R D B R b B D PH P RH FH c ` b fH t B k daIWHTWH6cCcdbBYATRDGBCATRGBYAhRetSRGCcSRTDvTTPeBCQHWHdW`TYV'SCIx a R B B a bP Bt P R r R B U BP a x EGYh BD B A Q rGk0 0 r G x Gl x r c a f

p P R b 9 b A D B F D b` P RH D B B B A h RH R t B D D a t a R D b P P B t B P RH q r oH c b De i QH vCA 'dCTR GdTvQH WGdGYCWleETdeSnTvTTeCQH WX1GE'CdE3tx uQ6IYTP H B c` V a A R` V P B D B A R B t H D B c c b R P D B A R a P R V R V a B D WCTEYTe6QlGY6dSE6YTgdlTY6SYIwTvb c b r D B RH A P B A R B cH P H B D 6dmuGSQCTYTYQTCTvb q m8TWH e PR m ) q q q q p h a` B mW c B R b tH c H P b r SvGQC6Qdgsq ) ) e PH f V P B A R r B H R t b PH B fH R B A R R b r ` R B V U B P a x B H R t b B D b @QCT@CTgddWTedQ@TYTwvdWTY'SCIdddWTed@Tv c b r Cduvr r Y h QGd E'WG#vdGCIWESISR 1dGuCIWTlSdWIElGYCdYTgdXYYQH e B A P B ` ' et j t a ` t R b R b t H F H P R P a f a R b t H F H P R P b B ` f a D D B c c b B A R a R V t B A R R b c BH` b B D b P RH B P B A 9 YTvWQ6CvTv#TW6SY Cdb q dWIW6dGYYInSYQ6CISTTde#TW6YI3ddYITdb c a RH FH c ` b fH t B c B a a R F H c a P B D D a t P RH D V a a V a D F D B cH P a x P F H D R RH GYQT6IXGICQESSP W Cdb q YTdCT6dEYTlGYCdvdEGSSs6uYTda YSYIYA u3e c B A R a f V P oH c b D B A R PH D B c c b ` bH D B P R P D B A R R V R V a B 9 q ' x Cdb c d x q eCQTleTTdeQg8dGYQd QIWTvEGduYTdXWCTTuCA gGWIWCc YSYIuYTCdTQIWCc B t H P R t B D D a t PH R ` b fH t B c H PH aH R b D B a B A R a R` V P B D B 9 RH FH R V R V a B A R c b P RH FH RY6YQYTGiGQG'engdY#QwEGYA lv x ~Yh 6QIG WIWCGY#v6TdTGS# V H B A R B B hR B P B` t t a b` B c b PH B D B 9 B A P H F B RH FH c h B b R b A R B D B P p r r r r GdYGYddr x CdYdGYGdYr x q TY6YQwYTR d3IWTvEGda c b r r r P R V H B A D a aH R b D B j D a hR B B A R P R B P B D A tH A h r B` b 9 H c B cH a D aH R b f D a H B A R D B cH P a x q be p 7 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " TdiGY}CT%TSTCusQCdvQvdlW6vQY')TCIWTvsdYYTvGYTCI1h6631)'%#! B PH t D B o D aH b A B RH V t DH p B` b vdSQGEGgXdQ'mCW6GEWXx vQvdW6v9 r r r r r r r r m r r r r r r r r r r s s r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Q w r r r r r r r r q r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r qGYCdvdEGShe D B c c b ` bH D B P DD b t ` b D BR TTvG%dCsGS1 r r r r r r r r r r r q I 5he R V H D B c c b C6YQGCCdv r r r dddr r r r dddr Yddr r r dYdr r ddYr ddd ddd ddd ddd rGdd rdGd r r r r ddG r r r dddr F B D RH A YGTX3WCTP

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

 B D V F 'vdTYIQH s mCTQtdEdvCYQQTuCA 9 H h a A P PH f b D F bH c F H fH R B D B RH A P B A R a P R B R a t B A R PH A tH A h B V` b f V R o B B A D a GSQCTYTdlT1SIeYTXQsQCuCQdtCTP eYYTR d3 D B c c b c a t B P B A R H c B D a R P PH A tH A h D D b t b P B R b D B B F D B c c b c a t B P B A R H c B R V t B o B q a aH RH c c b GYCdCIeSYTQTdSSQsQCTTvGlSvEGYdGYCdCIeSYTnQ~SYGeIgdIWTQCCdhe B R P aH R t B D D a t B A R r a R r B F b D B A R H PH B V` b B A R B A P RH FH GSS~IWTeTTdeCTC'SGdCdEuYTnQQCQduCTYTWIWCc Xx eYYTnTWlSCuSR i R o B B A R A RH h c B P V B a rGY6dlSEYTQdTdSSlQlWTTvGYT'd6TuGSvTdYd@lH 6db q da TWIW6YT}dYQdv D B c c b R P D B A R H c B D a R P PH RH D D b t B A R r b A R D B R b B D F B V` b b P c P RH FH c B A R a B V` b f V P B A R B A aH RH c c CTYTCvIQTWCCdb Xx YT#dwTQ6 TEvGnCTGCQTCIe5YwYTQCuQE'Wd6dnCA 9 i B A R a P RH D D b t B A R D B cH P a t B h B A h P B A PH PH P ` b b B D B c c b ` bH D B P c a t B P B A R a R V B A R R b PH DH b P V aH B D B A R a aH RH c c B A R a RH R b t H FH P R P b B B A GY6d'dEGSCIeTXCTdY6YQH CTgvgQgWd6CIWGTCYTudwIWTWCCdb CTdW6dGCIWETdW` YTR rGY6dTE6YTuSQIegTWIWCXx dgWd6GCTdYdudTQ6g1dGuCIWTTdW` YTYlgvCTSda  D B c c b R P D B A R a R H B f a t P RH FH c i a DH b D B A R a b a P RH R b t H FH P R P b B B A R B A h R b A R B R B H R t b B D b D ddWTedEvuda YQG'eCTwYEYCdCA TCwlGYCdCIeTYTR B A h P B` t t B A R F H D V c b B b R P V f D B c c b c a t B P B A dYYQYT6dTvTTeYdnIQTWCCd YTWddQTedQuYlh GYCd6IeSYTlYEdTIWTQCCdb a R V H B A R r D b P P B t B PH a aH RH c c b B A R H r B H R t b PH B A D B c c b c a t B P B A R P B A t b B D aH RH c c R P D B A R RH R b t H FH P R P b B` B SE6YTgda W 1dGuCIWT#SdWCA 9 GWGewdWTCGSCIeQw CdnSTvTTeC{GWvGdY}da P B` t t B H R V t B P a t a hR H c c b a R D b P P B t B P RH r r r PH aH R b R B P B D B D D b H B A R B t H D B c c b D b H c a t B P B A R F H P V c B f D a D B PH a aH RH c c b PH IWTvTST6GTTvCQuYTle6Q}GYCd@TvCQ6n6IeSuYTYTCnEd3TGQdIWTWC6dQ6A 9 c a f q I 8e x G r

p c B D B cH P a t B R P V f aH R b V U B F H h a`` a B A R r c b B R P H a` V c a f c c b P D B c c b D b H %TGYQT6Ie TCwIWTvC'CQmQQIuCTYvdSSCQEvQCCCdEGCCd@Tv6Q6 B t H P r q b A R D B F D b` B D b P RH FH c i eCQTsI dCTGdTvQTvuTQIWCXx iCTddIWTQCCdYTC3e GuddIWTedESCCTYTwda s a hR B A R a aH RH c c b B A R B A h r a aH R t b D R V P B A R D q RH V t DH   ssQCGEWGt  Cdb s CT@'nEd3TGIWTeC633@dCdCEt vEYc s CTnQYQdvuYTWGet c s B A R c B f D a D B aH R t V e B F b A R P B a s B A R H B V` b B A R B` t D B AR a b GYTd~1d#v x @~YlWCIa s YTQdTdSS#QH dCQdwYA uGSSIGTD 3WCTYTCdGYCdb B A h ` s B A R H c B D a R P P a B V` b B 9 D B R PH F B RH A P B A R c b D B c c R P D B A R a P R V R V a B A R a R c B R t B a t j D a hR B ` b aH R b H f a t B A R H c B R B f B` fH PH aH R t B R B c PH SE6wYTdTY6SYIYTSdSeYCIeEdGYpdCIQTvCQ6wIeCTQ~S1Q6QlQdIWTeSGYCA 9 x q 8e p aH P P B D o B F H h a`` a B A R a R P c a P B D D a t aH R b V U H c B R B P B D vIWTTEC'eYQlmWQI3YTSXCCISTTdevdfIWTvC'}S1TTC P b aH RH c a t r a R ` b V U B D a D B R b B D F a aH R t B R B c B A R r P RH a P V a D F H B f a t P RH FH c i dfIQTWCCIe~GSd6wdwGSvTddIWTeSGY@YTpGTQ6du6CITdQIeTWIW6tXx # P vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

 B PH t D B o D a f b D F bH c F H fH 9 p B D V F vdSQGEGglddsdvQCYQQ'vdTYIQH s
z

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

shift reg

FF out FF in CK K3 K2 K1 K0 c i+1 si y x 1000 1100 0110 1011 1101 1110 0111 1011 0101 0010 0001 0000 0000

 B D V F 'vdTCIWH s QmCTP QIWEYQCA %IYIYQ#GS16IeEvWCCCvSEe'T6TvWGet H h a A PH FH P B c PH 9 A F V a B PH D B R V a t a` V c a f b r c B P P B t a D B D b B` t j t a` D B P RH B t H TWGt GTQ6eCQ 6TeCS@TCTvQIdWsS'eTWX##&vIWTv5CdIEd#dTYTR " R B f B D t H a R c B P V B D b tH F a` b D R o B A RH h P  a h 9 aH R b 4H b F D a B f b P B A " r P aH RH P a c c a y y 3 A RH h P D B R PH F B D B A R a R H j t b c B D a R P PH R V R V a B 9 TWEGSSQIGEYTSQfEd6fTdSTQYSYIYA sq q q GGy 1 q q e x T 2GCIWTQTICQH y y 0 P RH B A R P B D a R P D B A R a B 9 q TW6uCTTdSSGCTd#CA }sm q q GGy 1 q q e x )(&$GCI WTWEI udG@H #dXTW6uYTEdSSuY % ' % " r P a H R H P a B B " a P R H B A R P B D a R P B P D B R P H F B D R H A P a h R B P V a R D b P P B t B P H R H r B ` t t j t a ` t A t b B P R H a h R P B H B t B D D B c c b B A R B A q GEGSTQIGTW6TSCSTvTT eYXQWCdQG'enTWGsdTQ6idWeEGCCdYTnY}u3e B P H t D B o q f B R P R B f B` f a t P a h R e FH P a B F b A t ` bH D B p B D V F vdSGEG'@ST'SP WIel{Yi3IWTddYdCsdQEG' YvdTYIWH s

aH RH c c b ` bH D B P H B a c P b r  B A R a R H j t b c B R D B P H c b c B b` B c PH aH RH c c b RH vIWTW6CdvdQEGSYIYd#YTSQTd6nSEGSCQ6ddYQIWTW6CdW6 A t b B RH D D b t B 9 D B R PH F B D B f b P B A R a R H j t b c B D a R P c b R P D RH R b t H FH P R P b B` R V a c B RH A sdda WTTvGCA lGSTQIGTdTYTSQEd6TdSS6dlSEW6l1dGWCIWTiSdQ#YISQCTP B D P RH B 9 D B R PH F B D RH A P B A R R V R V a ` bH D B P c B R B f B` f a t B A R a R c B R t B a t PH  B A R a R V Tvb TQ6uYA }mGSSQIGTX3WCTCTda C6SYIdQEGTS1W6IeCTSSeCCIeQl!YTdXYYQH D B A R a B 9 q e D B c c b` b A B A R a R H R V H b P B t D a R V R V a P RH a R c B R t B a t B R b F GYTdYA s# wGYCdiWdCwYTSQY6Y#eEd3 Y6SCITWnSSeY6IeSvIk  YT6dr B AR c b B R b R P PH D B R V a t B A R ` b FH P D b B` t B A R D B R B D V F SvTS~QH QGSCIewYT%dCIWTvWGwCTlGS3 YvdTYIWH s )YTP QH SSSlWIe{YQH H h a A P f B R P P R B f B` f a t P a h R D B f V RH b D a q D B R B f B` f a te B` V c a f FH P a B F b A t ` bH D B P B A R a aH R b R B f B` f B 9 q b G6}Q6y)d}d3GSWIehWCCIWTvdldYdCEYdEGSYTdIWTvTWQH YA 1he

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

CK

In

Shift Register

32

out

CK

clear complement CK

FF HA
CNT Mod-32 Counter TC CLR LD

0 q4 q3 q2 q1 q0 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 Done

 7 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " 66531)'%#!

r vd

 B PH t D B o q f B R P P R B f B` f a t P a h R e D B R B f B` f a t ` bH D B p B D V F vdSQGsG'}@SSSW6Iel{Yi3GS1Q6IevdQEGX'vdTYIQH s

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

32

CK

X even

CK X odd

In

In

Shift Register

Shift Register

16

16

CK

FF
out out

clear complement CK

HA

HA
CNT Mod-16 Counter TC CLR LD

0 q3 q2 q1 q0 I3 I2 I1 I0 Done

 B PH t D B o D B cH H c f a` V c a f B` b f f b D F a D S p B D V F vdSQGEGgGCQ'QCivWCCW6vdEddT}T'vdTYIQH s
(a)
CK 1 CNT Q3 I3

q D B R B f B D t H a e aH R b R B f B` f a t RH B` fH P c B H b R a P RH c sGSTe6QYhIQTvT1Q6IeW6W6QTnCQdTCdXQH WCdb Rd1Q6Iet @ a R B f B` f a P{dYIYT@SR CCISETdeIWTvsGudECY#YeSvTTYTlYsdTW~YCQdQCTTQGS1CIeYTR B a B A R a P c a P B D D a t aH R b D B a A t V B R b R P B A R P B A t b B D RH B A h B V` b PH A R A RH h D B R V a t B A c b a` c b B V` b F H c b a` b P dIWdCdYdYQCdIQudb QwSCS#QIWTCduGCTdYlvld~IWTW6CdCd)WCCvIGEe @ B P V a R PH aH R a D B A R a a aH RH c c b c b q B` V c a f P H F D aH R b R B f B` f a t RH @ f a D c B H b R a PH @ a B V` b B 9 @ H P R` V P B D @ a aH R b R V f a IWTvTWIeW6CIECQdTCdQtBdYQdvXYA gBnQTW6TTt&dIWTvTC6Iet BYTSSSwWIew{YiR nvlTTGdGB AYdCTCdIWwvCTwGSCIe~d' A R r f B R P P R B f B` f a t P a h PH x 9 B fH R D B @ B V` b B A R P c b a` R b A R D B R V a t b c B R B f B` fH PH D B cH H SW6##GY'W6c ivWCCf @'vdnEYIWH s QfSSTCQdIWEYYA 986631)'%#! f a` V c a B D V F H c B R B P B D PH FH P B c B 9  77 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC dd

Incrementer

Q2

Modulo-16 counter

I2

Q1

I1

Compl

TC Q0

I0

LOAD

CK

CNT

Q3

I3

Q2

Modulo-16 counter

I2

state 14
Q1 I1 TC Q0 I0
LOAD

(b) z

r B PH t D B o D B R V a GQvdSQGEGg GSCIet

i Xx vdTCIWH s p B D V F

x TgWH qWe qWe XTgWH

r x d T'8e c a f q qWe T' qWe

p B b A B h aH R b t H t B dd6nIQTvGGSP `dGWiIQCYQTP  s1@SvTSSTd6~dSwGSCIeCTYQGEd33fYEdEWfYlSvTSST6YTR B B` A FH A F H q r B R b R P a R j t b a F a R D B R V a t B A R F H t D ae P B A t b B D RH B A h B R b R P R B P B D B A a R F H c c b D a r b A R P P B` PH B V` b B A R B A h B V` b B R b R P R B P B D B A R a R B a F H c c b B R b R P R o B B A SYQ6Cd#d'ddCTlTW#QYQdvYTCYdSvTS1SECwCT@SYIYCCdSvTSleYYTR P B R V f a t j D a h R B B 9 B D V F SYIeTdiGY#YA }vdTYIWH s Q)YTQ#TQGEGeQCTd3IWTYISYA 2V8C31)'%#! H h a A P PH B PH t D B o B PH A R D a aH R V` a P B 9  U 47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " dd vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

CK

Register

Binary ADDER 0 1

x S' qWe

 B D V F 'vdTYIWH s Q)YTP tSSSP QCTdnTdiGYCA 9 H h a A PH f B R P PH A R D a j D a hR B B

`
x

g
x x

| b a B A D a B V` b p P aH P P B D o B B A R H b R a B h P b GCIQTTTCeYTQdTCdu6vf YTCCdv x #c6z Yh d3uYQdv F H P V c b r | b a B R b R P R o B B R bH D a D b B A R c b SvTS'eCSvQECdECCvlCTCdwr x lTz C}TdGlYTd{v{vdb hTY6CQlYTYEGYQT6Ix B A h P B P b t B A R D a P t c P g P R V H B A R F H D B cH P a q x

g g Gg

e d fc

p B B c a R R V H dYueY@SY6Y9

x P B cH D B a i g R b A R R t b B A R B P V B lYQEGd)llvCTedhuYTuSC

q t e B PH t D B o D a f b D F bH c B R b R p B D V F mhIdQvdSQGEGgd3dEdvCSvT''vdTYIWH s
counter loads the value

qq

` ` `

` ` ` ` e
x

| b a #cTz p aH P P B D o B ` b fH H f B A R H P R` V P B R b A vIWTETCe6dCQCTnQTWCTED vCTR

`
u r r r r r r r

` p P h a`` a GlmWQI3 P dbvbf b~IaCQHCdbIW#dIQTWCCIeCTQdTCdwdsdvQCYTITD s vYdIWS6wGS16IeYTR F c a` D a aH RH c a t B A R H b R a B h f b D F bH c B A R f a c B c b a` B R P V f D B R V a t B A AECAgDd3CIaWTWTP6dEDSRXBYTSSvQGSTdSdYTW''vduTYIWH s Q)YTQH dsdvQCSvTSYmhe tH h a P H RH b A R a R c B R bH t a P P b P B R a A RH h r B D V F H h a A P P f b D F bH c B R b R P B A 9 q t P R V H ` B`` b D b A RH h D B R V a t D b H a` V c a f b F H TC6YQvWdEv6nTWlGS16Ie@TvC6EvWCCYTP  Y6866531)'%#!  4 47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC d

15 0

14 1

11 2

10 3

9 4

8 5 counter loads the value

q te B PH t D B o D a j D a hR mhIdQvdTQGEGgd3TdiGB

p B D V F 'vdTYIQH s

dd

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

Q3 Q2 Q0 x clear CK

CNT Mod-16 Counter TC

CLR

LOAD
LD

q3 q2 q1 q0

I3 I2 I1 I0

1 Q1

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 0

Q3 Q2

`
r

p vGg

i g f
r

r r

`
r

p Gg

h r r r r

r r r r r

hi fg

g ddd g r Gdd g r YGd g r r dGd g r dYG r r YdG r r GYG r r r ddG r r YdG ddYr r r r ddG r GdYr ddYr r YGYr r GdYr r r dGYr r YGYr r dYdr r r dGYr r r GYdr r dYdr r r Yddr r r GYdr r r r dddr r r Yddr r r GYG r r r dddr qGg g g g e x g m ` q ` ` `e x ` h a c F H R V a t B A h c B c b a` B a R P B V` b B A R D B cH P a R P D P R B v)YYQTCIeYlYdIWSCQduCTGYQTCIet TE6TGpg

x u eW wu ` y ` pv W wu x lTz y x v | b a d xv p c B H b R a PH aH P P B D o B F H h a`` a B A R r vYdTCdQIWETTCeYQ)WQI3uYTCsq ` ` ` `e x DdaSRetBdb'BSRvbTRTP%6rsqIF)pBYATRnCdXq g g Gg Gg e x dSed'}6Y6CQWQdEv6YTYQTS TCG c b g D a R t B b R V H ` B ` ` b D b B A R F H R B P B D B BD bt a IE1W u EvGRvIYc x v c b P r qFp q1Ge x W wu Cdq $)WH r r x xv 1Ge c b r F y r q F p q r r x W wu CdnGI$)WH r W wu CdnGI$)WH x x v c b r F y r q F p p `
p PH c B c b a` B a R B V` b B QYdIWSuCQduCA 9

B PH h D B A R TQTGYTda r x lTz | b a x v c b P r qFpe r F y r q Fp D a q r GI6sI)!d1G x W wu Cdq 6sIt1WH p P b c B P P B D o B PH ` b FH i g B GdSTTCeXQvdCIQTP lCA 9 r PH q r q F p e B R b R P D B R V a GQ6sI)1nSvTSlGSCIet B A R c b F H R V a t V B A h c B c b a` B R P V f a D B 4 b c b B R b R P R o B B A R F H c b a` c B R B f B` fH B YT6dYQTCIeiYYfCYdIWTCw~TGGif6d@SvTSeYCTCQCdIW'dS1Q6Q R P V f F H R V a t h a c B A R r B D V R b B F H R V a t V ` a P b A D B R V a t B` V c a f B A R R b A R F H f V P P SCYT1CIeiYmY@YTdEYTvCQT16IeiYYdWCIudCGSCIenEeWCCCTvCTnYQCTT#

 47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " 9866531)'%#!

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

dd

 B PH t D B o D B R V a t h a c V a` V c QvdSGEG' GSCIe)YuYdEvWCCa GQvdTYIWH s p r B D V F

i

gk6db g Gg G6WQvCT'EdGYwSvICT1SECGTD c g R B f B` fH R b A R P j D a h R B B R b F B A R R B P B D B aSRcBSPCVBTDGBhlPBoajTtd` rGQvd@BEDYVIWH s Q~maCATPlP H#DGBSCIeYTTW6#vCTTdGYwCA 9 b F H h R V a t B A R P R B f B` fH R b A R j D a h R B B R t B D D a PH A tH A h r GeETdet QsQCCr x x gBQ1G x W wu SvTSP x v BRbR PH q r v W wu YueC x v BA h Bt H

RvheCVFYQTRCVIetBYAhBYcdbIW`BYQ`dvYT6r x x u jW u dCA S6wu b H a c a V b B AR r d x v Bb RP V f B h x u deW wu y q ` ` ` ` ` ` e x g xv x u jW wu y m ` ` ` ` e x g d xv q

i g

`
r r r

g
r r

`
p

` `

i g

r r

r h f r h f h f r r r ` ` x u eW wu y q ` ` ` ` ` ` ` e x Gg d xv x u eW wu y ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` e x Gg d xv q

Id

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

countdown

countup

Q3 Q1 countdown CLEAR CK Q _ clr

CNT

CC4

LOAD I3 L 4 Modulo-16 counter Q3 CC3 I2 4 Q2 CC2 I1 Q1 4 Q0 CC1 I0 4 4 Q _

where CCi means combinational circuit for function I

i g

 B D V F 'QvdTYIWH s QlmYTlSdGTd d3dEdvCYQQTuCA 9 H h a A P PH P B P b t A R a D a f b D F bH c F H fH R B t B V U B D B` t t R V c m r A RH h r D B cH H c t B V U B D r a` V c a f b P R B f B` fH D B R V a t PH de6YEwWG'eiiCCiwvTW'GY'W6eCCT3GEvWC6'TWQlGSCIeQ6A 9 r r r r r r r r dddr ddd r Gdd YGd r r r dGd r r r ddG ddYr r GdYr YGYr r rdGYr r  ddd r Gdd YGd r r r dGd r r r ddG ddYr r GdYr YGYr r rdGYr r rdddr r r S

p PH B P b PH A D a B` b QSdGt CTR d3uW6vTR | P b A D BR V at c at BP B R V R V a c b aH RH P b D R B R b R B 9 q Y6SCICdIWTWTCdsSyeSvTSP YA s1r r e x nCd g c b r x 'r x z dCXGS1CIe@CIeSCA 9 t B V U B D B ` t t R V c m r A H h r D B c w H H c t B V U B D a ` V cw a f b P R B f B ` f H D B R V a t P H de6YEwWG'eiiCCiwvTWR 'GY'W6eCCTw 3vWC6'TWQlGSCIeQ6A 9 r r r q e R V R V 'hY6SYIa r r r dddr ddd r Gdd r r r ddG ddYr rGdYr  ddd r Gdd r r r ddG ddYr rGdYr rdddr r r XS

p B` b R R V R V a c b aH RH P b D R B R b R P F H h a`` a B A R H b R a a R B` b B D dW6vTY6SCInCdIWTQTCdESyeSvTSYmWIuYTQdTCdSuWvTvb x B h P B R b R P R B P B D B` H P P a `` b R b F H j a a g XSvTSX1SEC W6QTTI6dXvYQd'% c b rq nCdus1r e x XQnYdIQ#Yd#YT@EQCld3 g PH c B c b a` B V` b B A R A tH A h D a w w x w | z P b B H F aH RH c a t c b a` P b A D B R V a R P D B d~dWInIWTW6CIedIWb d6lGSCIet SE6CA 9

B PH t D B o D a P D B cH H c t B V U B QvdSGEG'ld3}sGYQWCeCY'TD s vdQvdTYIWH s p B D V F
1 TC 1 0 CLR LD CNT CLK x z TC I3 1 I2 0 I1 0 I0 CLR LD CNT CLK x z

B D V F vdQvdTCIWH s Q)YTP H h a A P b c B D V F a t B c` V a A P P D B R V a t a h R B 9 j a a R o B R B A R a B D V F d~TYI6IenQ6IYT#EGS16Ie@iuYA udSeSYTddvdTYIWH s IwdvTSQb QTGCA 9 a B j b R PH f PH B D B

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

S3 S2 S1 S0

I3 I2 I1 I0 Module-16 Counter

S3 S2 S1 S0

Module-16 Counter

 47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " l'866531)'%#!

dd

 B PH t D B o H P D B R V a t D a f b D FH c F H f 9 p B D V F QvdSQGEGgQlEGSCIed3dEdWCYQQH 'QvdEYIWH s
z first counter z second counter

dd

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

CLK

 1 x dd'1G c a f q r

~  e
x

q r e 1G6

c a f dd'gq

v}(me he |Wq W

x ddq c a f

pGRGBdFBhr x Cdr x m#da s c b D x T6 qWe

W{ z

he

p P H a H R V ` a P ` b D B B F B A R B GIWTYQISpdEGYduYTCA 9

` bH RH H B A R F H D B cH P a t r P f D B dQTWCQ@YTnYQEGYTCIeEGSR c a f t dd'u)

x I86 ddcafq he x ddq q r hSe c a f e q e x m6 c a f dd'q r he q e p x 1h6IWTQCCIet q re aH RH c a h B b B R b V` b B P V R B` r B t B D D V t B D R P D B A R D a aH R V` a P b c a G3Sv6QdGCGWdeCTTYGEuSE6CTddIQTYQIS~C9

x m 6 qSe6 pyx ddcafuuIddm Se T6 p W tq c a f q We qWe q We p a R c B f D a P b D R PH aH R b V U B B t B D D V t B D R P D B YSEd3SCdESXIWTvC'ueCTTCGTSE6CA 9

e d q a isrv
x x x 1he q r

c a f ddq e x Se W qW p P b B t B D D V t B D c a t B P B A D a aH R V` a P B A R B F B GdeCTTCGTCIeTYTR d3nIWTYQISwYTR Gdh c a f t ddx Te fwv p qW e d q a c a f tqW e d q a dd6uTe isr! T6 p qWe

e d q a fwv

aH RH c a t ` bH RH H B A R A RH IWTW6CIedTWCQCTnTWh

qm e fwv W e d q a q m  We

p D aH b A B F H fH R D a P aH P P B D o B F H h a`` a B A R R B F B h R o B R B A R a B D V F dWCYQT%d3CIWTETCeCQmQQI}YTpGdpeSYT'ddvd TYIWH s QTdiGC}YTIED s H j D a hR B B A R f a

  47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " o866531)'%#!

r vd

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

 B PH t D B o p B D V F QvdSQGsG''QvdTYIQH s
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

B D V F 'QvdTYIQH s S1TTCXQTdiGCYCCISTTdeCA 9 H c B R B P B D PH j D a hR B F H c a P B D D a t B

x Gg x qe

` ` ` `

q5 q 5 q

` `

r x q x x

g
x x

g Gg | b a lTz x u W wc d xvu xvu v pW wc

H P R` V P B D PH 9 q QTWCTEXQCA v q x q vCTsCTYQ6CIeCB R b A R A t V P F H c a t D b H B P a a A t B P B` bH D b D b H a R Tv6Q6b SI'YElpGWvQEvvTvCQ#SQH q C'eCuSTvTEeYgQgWIWa TvTW6TvCQ6CTda s B c a t B a R D b P P B t B PH RH H R b R B f B` fH D b H B A R D q dvde BTDvbGt vIaCc R

$3@'$ Y 20 & r x S'l30 qWe x S'l30 qWe

PH c B c b a` B a R B V` b B QYdIQuSuYQdvuYA 9 r x | b a #c6z

q Ivde q Ivde q vde

q 1r x S'Rk x q d& qWe e

q I x S'RsI x q & qWe q r r x x

$m2'$ wY 0 & x q Sw30 ee

$ 20 & 3@$ Y q I x q 0 e

x u pW wc d xvu v
W

$ 20 & m'$ wY q m x q w30 e

xvu wc

p R B F B h r P` b FH P R V a t B A R P B cH D D B GGdGdCIWTCIeCTYQEEGdma i g H r ` R B V U B P a x q # }W%dWTY'SCIs1r x mw8e6QThuQCIeYTuGdGYYldYdIWuQnYQdvYTR c a f q e B t H Pe PH R V a t B A R D B B B A h c B c b a` PH r B V` b B A c b r r PH B R b R P D B R V a t B A R D B B B A h c B c b a` B a R P b A B V` b B A R B P b t PH A R D Cd%QSvTSGSCIeYTGdGYYYdIQnS#dC@YdYTSdG#QCTda s ''gmS'8e c a f q qWe D a c B P V PH B D V R b B h a c R V a t B A R r ` D b`H fH r b c b a` c b PH B R b R P D B R V a t B A R B A h R t B R B c a d3SCuQTCTvlmYiCIeYT6dQEvQQdIQCdnuQSvTSGSCIeYTYleSGYSR D b P P B t B PH RH r B` V c a f PH D B R V a t B A R B t H aH R t V r c a f q TvTTeYQpWd'EeW6C'%QgGS16Ie}YTeCvIQTeCCh Gm T'8Xd3 YQTCIeiYC}SCX q We e D a F H R V a t V B P V B

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

x0

x1

Q0 Q2 Q0 Q0

Q1 Q3 Q3 Q3 CK x0 x1 clear
CLR DOWN

x1
UP LD
CK

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 I3 I2 I1

Modulo-16 Counter

I0 Q3

 7 47 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " 9V866531)'%#!

x x x x x x

e d fc

q ` q5 ` 5 ` q ` ` q

` `

q p P b G6vf

` ` e 

` `

` `

g g

Gg

f a D c B H b R a B D b IT3YQdT6dTv9

xcCdb TC6SYIGTY6CQWQdEv6YTR d3XCIWTTEC'euCA 9 P R V R V a r P R V H ` B`` b D b B A D a P aH P P B D o B B |  #b % | %  % % b r BR bR B c a C'et SvT p P B c a t B R b R P F H h a`` a B A R D B cH P a GC'eSvTSYQ)WQI3uYTGYQT6Ix

r B PH t D B o f b D F bH c B R b R p B D V F vvdSQGEGg}dEdvQCSvT'XYeQvdTCIWH s

x x

q | 5q

 q q b EI6#Qq

| q s q

e d i % dq % b

p P R V H ` a D R a t D B R V a t B A D a P aH P P B D o B F H h a`` a GTYYQ%ITSIelGSCIeCTR dX6IWTTT6'eYQlmWQI3 B A R H b R a B h f b D F bH c B A R f a q R H D t P V P a b A RH he P a D B f V c c a c b q R H D t P V P B YTdTCdutdEdvQCYTITD s ssCWseT6YTdTW3GdGwC6'nCdsCQEeT6YEdb A RH he P a D B f V B B R B P B D B D P B f b B R b R P B 9 B D V F TW3lGdgGwC@dGg1TTCGTgdCSvTSYA YeQvdTYIWH s Q)YTgQH dsdvQCSvTSP CA 9 H h a A P P f b D F bH c B R b R B

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

1/

Ao Ae
1/

0/

0/

Bo Be
0/ 1/ 1/

0/ 0/ 0/

0/1 when the output is not shown 2 or 3 can be used as output

Co Ce
0/0

1/ 1/

1/

1/

Do De

| b a lTz e d fc

 U 7 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " 9Y66531)'%#!

dd

r B PH t D B o D a j D a h R vvdSQGEGgd3TdiGB
Q2 Q1 Q0

p B D V F 'QvdEYIWH s
x Q1 Q0

B D V F 'QvdTYIWH s Q)YTP tSSSP QCTdnTdiGYCA 9 H h a A PH f B R P PH A R D a j D a hR B B dd vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

x Q1 x Q0

CK Q0 Q2

CNT Mod-16 Counter TC CLR

Q0 Q1

LD

q3 q2 q1 q0 I3 I2 I1 I0 0 0

B R b R P r D B R V a t a` V c a f b a R D B R V a t a` V c a f PH A R H c a f a 9 P D B f V ` b fH t B c F H P B c a t B R b R SvTS'GSCIedvWCCuSGS1CIeuvW6C'gQCT3WCGsGuwC'dQGYuYQECV YeSvTSP B A R R B P B D B D B h RH tH` fH P D YTw1SECGTWGQQQTda s s e XGYSYIpGsGS1CIediCT'dWIuQY'enSvTSCA 9 q e r R V R V a P D B R V a t a hR B A R B H F PH B c a t B R b R P B

t t x x t t t t t t x t t x t x x t t t t t x t x t t G)Xxh se jEe

p B` b R F H h a`` a B A R dWvTCQmQQIYT@' B H F P D B R V a t a` V c a f B A R a R V R V a B A R P b dWIQH GSCIevWCCuYT%dXY6SCIlYTXdq E e x Cdb GS16IevW6C'#YTdC6SYIa c D B R V a t a` V c a f B A R a R V R V B AR P b YTdq e e e x e CQEGYQECIeYdeCY'SCQT16IelYA GS16Ie6WQdsv6vW6C'wEd3GYTGddSR F H D B cH P a t r B t B V U B P F H R V a t B 9 D B R V a t ` B`` b D b a` V c a f b f D a D B A R B F a R b A R D B R Va t a` V c a f b c b a` V c a f b P B P D B R V a t B f b P B A R a aH R b R B f B` fH ` B`` b D b B vCTXGSCIewvWCC6dvWC6'SCV GSCIeudTYT%d@IWTvTW66WQdsv6lCA 9 q b e B PH t D B o D B R V a t a` V c a f a aH R b R B f B` fH B c b t P b p B D V F 1hYdvdSQGEGg}GS1CIedvQCCgdnIWTvT1W6QwYdGTdXx 'QvdTYIWH s
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 TC x CK
CNT CLR

BCQdbBYTRnTRWhBCdbIWPQlGBSCVIetBCTRnCdb~SetSGCQ@GdYG x ` r V` A A H c c a` H D R a A c c B R B R B c PH r r r'dBSRvbTRSPBYA 9'Qvd@BTDYVIQH s QHdh)YTP#QHGBS16VIetdvW`6Cc'f@dIWHTvbTBW6QHYcdGTdGnl1he F a A P D R a a V a b a a R R f B` f B b t P b t b q b p P B b B GSPdGtwYATR d3 EGSCIet D a PD BR V a $ 20 ( & $ " 31)'%#! ` B`` b D b c b B c b t P b t R B f B` fH B h P D B R V a t D b H a` V c a f a hR F H WQdEv CddYdGTdGW6Q~sGS1CIeTvC6dEvWC6'ifYTP vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

 74  96C64

Q4 Q2 Q1 clear CK
CNT CLR

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC LD q3 q2 q1 q0

0 0 0 0

Q4

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC LD q3 q2 q1 q0 0 0 0 0

p B` b R F H h a`` a B A R H q` b fH t B c H c B R B P B D PH r D B R V a t a` V c a f B A R a B c a t B R b R P B A R P dW6vTYQlmWQI3YTndQGYhe S1TTCQGS16IevWCCYTduYewSvTSwYTXQH q e e e e x e 6dlGSCIevWCCCTdSvTSYTXq El e x TGYsq e f'SIIet c b D B R V a t a` V c a f B A R a B R b R P B A R PH BDB A h r e c BP a f a PH B R b R P B A R R b A R F H f V P P b r B t B V U B P B R b R P B 9 D B R V a t a` V c a f b c b a` V c a f b F H H f a QS vTSnYTvCTCQCTEd}deCY'SSvTSYA fGSCIe vQCCd56dvWC6 '~CQCQ6wIet c B H b R a P R b A R D B R V a t ` B`` b D b r a` V c a f b P B P V D B R V a t PH A R a aH R b R B f B` fH ` B`` b D b B YQdT6dQH vCTlGS1CIeWdEv6vvWC6'SCGSCIeQCTdIWTvTW6QWQdEv6uCA 9

q e B PH t D B o D B R V a t a R b a aH R b R B f B` fH B c b t P b x p B D V F u3YdvdSQGEGg GSCIedvSyddnIQTvT1Q6QCdGTdXX'QvdEYIWH s
detects state 29 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q0

q r e B R b R P a R P c a P B D D a t c B c b a` B V` b B 9 ` b FH smdYGd@SvTS@SXCCISTTdeYdIWYQdvuYA g8d6IWTP c b a` b P B R b D B B F c b c B R t B R B c PH q r e B R b R P R b A R B D B P B D V F dIWSvEGCdCdSeSGC#mYGdd~dSvTTv6TwdTGT6#w'QvdnTYIWH s Q~lmYT#QGSCIet H h a A P PH D B R V a PH A R a aH R b R B f B` fH B c b t P b t B A 9 c B c B B B D b P B R b R P a ` b R a D B R V a t a R b q QCTdIQTvT1Q6QYdGEdGYvYGYTvSvTTndgdTdSR wGS16IedvSyddlu3e q b e B PH t D B o D B R V a t a` V c a f a aH R b R B f B` fH ` B`` b D b S p B D V F 1hYdvdSQGEGg}GS16IedvWCCgdnIWTvTW6vWQdEv6mQvdTYIWH s

B D V F mQvdTCIWH s Q)YTP H h a A PdbYrvcBYcdbIQ`H1r hePdbcBCc'aetCSvTSYTCd6sI YeuYT'nS1TTCGTQnEQ6YvSeSGYXQd a P q r r r B R b R P B A R c b r q e B c a t B A R c B R B P B D B D PH A tH A h r c B R t B R B c PH vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC dd

E1

T0

clear

CK

E0

E2

T1

CNT

CLR

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC q3 q2 q1 q0 LD

clear x

0 0 0 0

CK

CK

TC

Q4
CNT Mod-16 Counter TC CNT Mod-16 Counter TC CLR CLR LD LD

TC

q3 q2 q1 q0

q3 q2 q1 q0

I3 I2 I1 I0

I3 I2 I1 I0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

E2 E1 E0

x CK

T1 T0

CNT

CLR

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC q3 q2 q1 q0 LD

modulo-8 counter

modulo-3 counter

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 1 0 1 1

B 9 r B R b R P ` bH RH H B A R A RH YA n@SvTTgdQTWCQ@YTTWh YdIWEvwEGSCIefTdvYsdTuQI 8e dnSvTSP CnGSCIet c B c b a` B D b P D B R V a t A R a r c B A t b B D PH q B R b R B A D B R V a a` V c a f B A a B c a t B R b R P B A R PH vWCCnYTR dYenSvTTYTwQq e e e e x e 6dGSCIeyvWCCnYTwd3Y'eSvTSnYTwQH c b D B R V a t a ` V c a f B A R D a B c a t B R b R P B A R P q e x rTGCvsq e TYIIe i'S1TTCGT#QYeSvTSCA GSCIe@dvWCCf BDB A h r e P R B a f a t a hR c B R B P B D B D PH B c a t B R b R P B 9 D B R V a t a` V c a b H b R a a R D B R V a t a ` V c a f b c b a ` V c a f b a B P V P B j b f a H R b R B f B ` f H ` B ` ` b D b B QdTCdSnGS1CIev WCC5CdyvWCC5dS6dvIWTvTW6QWdEv6CA 9 r B D V F vvdEYIWH s QH h a A P PH j D a hR B B 9 D B cH H c t B V U B D B A R a R V R V a B A R PH x 9e ` b FH P c b a` B f b P B 9 B R b R P R o B )YTgQTdiGYYA GYQWCeCY'TCT6dY6SYICTq lhvdCIWTdIQXdTYA dSvTSeY B A R P b c B c b a` PH r B V` b B A R c b c B R t B R B PH q r r e B R b R P B A R r aH R b R B f B` fH B c b t P b t B A R D YTldYdIWQCQdYTCddSeSGYc 1GYGdSvTSCTYvIWTvTW6YdGEdGYT#da s D B cH H c t B V U B D q t In'XGYQWCneCY'Tb mhe q e B PH t D B o D B R V a t a R b a aH R b R B f B` fH ` B`` b D b S p B D V F u3YdvdSQGsG' GSCIe@dvSyddnIQTvT1Q6Q%QQdEvX'QvdTCIWH s
TC

B D V F 'QvdEYIWH s Q)YTQTdiGCYA 9 H h a A P PH j D a hR B B q e B R b R P c b a` c b q e B R b R P R t B R B c a R c B B B h D B R V a t a R B A R H b R a a R r P V sI ndnSvTSdIW~CdlI 3dSvTSeSGYSGYw#GS1CIendvSydYTdTCd@S6GC'A 9

t t t x (Ee

x x (ju

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

E2 clear x CK CK

CNT

CNT

CLR

CLR

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC LD q3 q2 q1 q0 I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC LD q3 q2 q1 q0 0 0 0 0 E2 E1 E0 0 modulo-6 counter modulo-5 counter

T2 T1 T0

dd

q t e B PH t D B o D B cH H c t B V U B D b a aH R b R B f B` fH ` B`` b D b S p B D V F mhYdvdTQGEGgwI'GCQ'QCe6YEdnIWTvTW6Q%WQdsvTvvdTYIWH s
z

x 9e ` b FH P c b a` B A R a R P c a P B D D a R V R V a RH V t DH sq lhd6IWTdIWwYTSXCCISETdet Y6SYIXW6GEWGt B 9 D B cH H c t B V U B D PH A R a aH R b R B f B` fH ` B`` b D b B A R P h a A P B D V F YA wGYQWCdeCY'T3lCTddIQTvT1Q6QWQdsv6YT)YTvdEYIWH s QmCTTdGY H h a A P j D a hR B q t e B PH t D B o D B cH H c t B V U B D b a aH R b R B f B` fH B c b t P b p r B D V F mhYdvdSGEG'wIXGY'W6eCCT3dnIWTvTW6YdGTdXx vvdTYIQH s

detects state 26

Id

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

Q4 Q3 Q1

clear

CK

E1 E0 T2 T1 T0
CNT CLR

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC q3 q2 q1 q0 LD

TC

0 0 0 0

clear x

Q4

TC
CK CK
CLR CLR LD LD

CNT Mod-16 Counter TC CNT Mod-16 Counter TC

x CK

q3 q2 q1 q0 E1 E0 q3 q2 q1 q0 I3 I2 I1 I0 I3 I2 I1 I0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T2 T1 T0
CNT CLR

I3 I2 I1 I0 Mod-16 Counter TC q3 q2 q1 q0 LD

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

modulo-7 counter

0 0 0 0

 a H R P a f R A FH D B A R R b b F H c B t B D r b B b A B h B A h B R b R P ` a B A %d6nWuXSITIWEYTvYQCeECwdmCnYwSvTS@W6IYTR PH R b A R c b r q r r r r r r r r r r re PH B R b R P R B P B D B A R B A h c B R b D B B F PH aH RH c a x 9 B 9 R D a A P D B QuvCT~CdmYddddddddddhQSvTS1SECYTCdSvEGYdlQIWTWCCIet lYA uGTdYETGd B c b f B b t P aH R t B a t D B R H `` b r B H` j t a` t B A P B cH P B c b c B DH V U B D B D b P B R b F a r D B B h a  R o B Yd~dG#CIWTeCCIeEGSQddYQTWGYTR YTCd~TWC'TTvuSvIY%GdGmlsGeSR B AR a BD V F YTgdIvd@EYIWH s QSC6d8YWnTYTgddSSCQuvYGYTvld6WdW#'dvd@TYIWH s H c B P V P a H oH P B A R a c b B R P H r c B c B B B D b P a H B ` B h 9 B D V F H h a A PH P B R b c b P a H QlmYTP~SvIF6d6d6W YTC~GSCIe~CIIYISYdb vQCCuQdTySSiu3e i F H P V D B R V a t P V a f a a R V a` V c a f `H b R c B R PH hR b q R B R B A R B D V F GoeSYTdaIvdEYIWH s QIWTvTW6QYTdCTCIWTeY6IeTdCd#SvIF H aH R b R B f B` fH B A R b A R P aH R t B a t B D a f c b P B R b B a f r P a H D B h B P b A aH b R B B` fH B 9 TDd%6d6~WGGdCdIWTRvTfWQYA v x S YldeEdSCr x e Cd x e B A h c B t D a B RP V f c b P B ` b B 9 r e P B R b R P R B P B D B A R A h c B R b D B Bw F c b B D ` b B D b YVQdvYA @sqmddYGQHSvTSuSTCYTdBCSvEGYd~YdTWdEvr x e x e x e dYQd v a P B V` b B YA 9r x e Cd x e x e x e x e cGYs1ddddhuuTCwmddYGe I T3SvTSeYYTR c b B B B h rq r r r r re B RP V f q r f aD BR bRP R o B B A B t H eCQ ` ` ` ` x S IWETTCe lCATTfW6vbCT@TdiGYwnSeSGC}QXmddYGdSvT' aH P P B D o B B R P R B B` fH R A R j D a hR B b c B R t B R B c PH q r e B R b R D V F 'dvd#BTYI WH s H)YTpPSvICdbpd6uW 9 YQECVGSRCIaeCIIYISCdlvWC6'TvC6 p1he h a A P P Hw B R b F c P a H F H P D B V t P V a f a a R V b a` V c a f D b H b q b D B R V a t D b H b H ` b FH P GS16IeTvCQQvdCIWEXq xlhCI%`dCQHEDGBpS1QdW6Cd6 ` ` x 9e R V a x b f 9 b a R R B` b H V U B PH c b r B A h PH R V R V a B A R R b A R B D B P YQuY6SYIXYTvCTXdTGS#

s s p P B V` b B R b R GCQdwSvTSP a B t B V U B P F H h a`` a B A R P b A R q D B R V a t `H b R c B R PH hRe D B R V a t a` V c a f b c b D B R V a t a` V c a dweCCS@YQ)WQI3wYTldC#sGSCIeQdTySSQli3GS16IevWC6'@~6dGSCIevWCCf b a c B P a f a t D B R V a ` B`` b D b c a dSIIeGSCIet QQdEv6'f eSYTudfIvdEYIWH s QmYEnGSCIeCA 9 b PH R o B R B A R a B D V F H h a A P D B R V a t B  7 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " l666531)'%#!
vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC dd

IWHTEPTDCeBBCTR#SRPCcCIaSBETDdetgRvbCTRrvYrdrddG x a P B o A a P D a A r r t t x t t x t t x )x)}xt)

` ` t t t t t t t t

q e B PH t D B o D B R V a P V a f a a R V b a` V c a f `H b R c B R PH h 9 p B D V F 3YdvdSQGEGgGS16Iet CIIYISCdvWCCvQdTySTQX'dvdTYIWH s

q b e B PH t D B o D B R V a t P V a f a a R V b a` V c 1hYdvdTQGEGgGS1CIeCIIYISYd@vWCCa 'dvdTYIWH s p B D V F

dd

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

CK
CK 1

D Q 1 Q
T 0 Q Q0

D Q 2 Q
T 1 Q
Q4 Q2 Q1 Q0

Q1

D Q 3 Q
T S 23 2 Q Q2

D Q 4 Q
T 3 Q Q3

D Q 12 Q

Q4

 aH R b D B a D B A R a b R D b R P a R c b B D B D b B A R c b r B V` b vIQTvEGdGYTdYdlTvTSSYdTEvnGCTnCdYQdv B A R c b a` P D B R V a t A R a YT~dIWEGSCIeTdw x Y vSTGS6QQeCY'S@CITD YTWvGSvTSSYTtIE#EGSCIet B A c B R D B P H PH B t B V U B P F a h B A R H r P B R b R P B P B A R f a D P D B R V a B A R B a f B D ``H YTd)TvQh dCIWTuGSEWCu'SvTT#vuTSYIa ISSdYT6dsq vu dSvTSP ` b FH P R B P B D b ` B R b R P R b P b R P B f aRR a B AR c b r a e BR bR aR P B a F D BR V at aR B AR S'dGSCIefdSYTnr x YGGdSvEGCd#dCEGY6SCInda | YTCddSTGTCQH B A R B c BR bD B B F R a BD B h R V R V a D B AR c b c BRD BP a z B B a R c B R D b R P B t B V U B P B A R r P b B f R b A R r c B R D B P H F H B PH B t B V U B P B A R B`H A h P SdSTvTSeCY'SYTvGCduvCTvSEGSCQYQe6YTCTWQ6QH v6}z rwYA 9 e g d SvTSvQGWQITSIelYTYh QH d v Y6SCIa YA gsSTGTCQlEGEGSedEvCsYh g B R b R P R b P H D~ B ` ` a D R a t B A R B A P R V R V B 9 q c B R D B P H B D B h P D B R t b D b A t B A | | x d e ~d IWTQCCIeYTdSvvWTed#QlC6SYIa | YTSTGSCQ#QeCY'S@CITD h aH RH c a t B A R c B R b H R t b PH R V R V B A R c B R D B P H PH B t B V U B P F a b B A B R b R P ` bH RH H B A R a R j t b P B a F D B`` a D R a t B A c b r c B R b D B B F PH 5YdSvTSgdQTQCQ@CT~SfEd6dGWQIES1IeYTR 6dvSvEGYdQ x Y6SYIYT QH R V R V a B AR q P B R b R Pe c B R D B P H PH B t B V U B P R t B D D a t b B A D B`` a D R a t j t a` B A P R B f B` fH R b A R j D a hR B B A R A RH SvTThSTGS6QleCCSueTEde@dYGQQITSIeTWYTR TW6Q#v6TTdiGYYTTWh D B A R B F a R B D V F GYTGddSdvd@TCIWH s Qd)YT#QSdTlQCTd3TdiGC uYTlTTCGSCYTQTdsd6vWEG H h a A P PH j P b R PH A R D a j D a hR B f B A R P P B D D B P V B A R B fH R A t b B r c aH D B B PH t D B o j t a` tH a D R t B` B B A D a f b D F bH i B R b R p B D V F IvdTQGEGg@TWQ6ITSeWuYTR d3tdsdvQSvT' YvdTYIWH s
A,B,C

j t a` t B a ` a D a P B D b P R V H B A R B R b D B B F R b A R P a R R V A P V B A R a P R V R V a B A R R b A R B f V P P b B TWGuYIWCIXd3XGTv}TYYQuYTuSvEGYdXvCTCISSC6EC6YT%dTY6SCI#CTv6Tl6TTd | P B fH R c B P P B D B D B h P B j B A R B A GTSTTCuEGGduYTnYlh d ldCIWTlSvEGYdlGS1CIeQCvSTT6uTGX6ISSY6 ` b FH P b P B R b D B B F D B R V a t PH A 9 c B P P B D B D B h P a R R V B A R P B fH R a D B f V B A R R V a t a R c B P V PH D B R V a t D B A R a b r P R V R V a c B DH V U B B A R B R b D B B F a R D B c D a YT}QTudGC'YT}1CIewSSCGSCIeGYTdCd1GTY6SCITWC'TD YTlSvEGYdwSGYEd G'eQ6WTWCuY6Yi)fCdwGSCIenEvW6C'nCQTCSW6QQSvCCduQH dEdvQ6SvTSP D B o B` H R` V f R V H b c b D B R V a t a` V c a f b F H P V c B R B f B` fH ` B R b V U B c b P f b D F bH c B R b R b A t V B D V F fsCYvdTYIQH s mYEuQE'QCITSeWYTd dEdvC@SvTSYC31)'%#! H h a A P PH j t a` tH a D R t B` B B A R D a f b D F bH c B R b R P B A 9   7 4 4 $ 20 ( & $ " vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC r I

Init

B,C

A1

B,C

A2

A A A A3 A4 B,C B,C B,C

A5

A,B

Error

C1

A,B C

A,B C2 C

B C3 A,C A,C

A,C B1 B

B2 A,C

B3

B4

 B PH t D B o j D a h R B j t a g ` bH R B V U B p B D V F IvdSGEG'TdiGYT%vdT1Y'' 'dvdTYIWH s

vd'1IlsYig6}1T%vyi1i8m'uYhuvIvXC8CiC

A B C

A A A A A C C C B B B B 0 0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MUX 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

3210

CK

CK

CNT

CNT

CLR

CLR

LD

LD

Mod-16 Counter TC

Mod-16 Counter TC

q3 q2 q1 q0

q3 q2 q1 q0

I3 I2 I1 I0

I3 I2 I1 I0

0 0 0 0

B4

push button

circuit used to obtain A, B, and C

CK

D Q

RED

GREEN Q

YELLOW