{]-Xn-I-c-Ww-

amwk-`-£Ww
thZ hncp-²-am-sWt¶m?
{_mÒ-WI
- p-e¯
- n P\n-¡p-Ib
- pw {_mÒWyw A\p-jvTn-¡p-Ib
- pw tjmUi
IÀa-imkv{Xw A\p-k-cn¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cmWv t£{X-hp-ambn
_Ô-s¸« ]qPm-Zn-Im-cy-§Ä

ico^v tate-XnÂ
a\p-jy-\-S-¡-apÅ Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS \ne-\nÂ]-nsâ ASn-Øm-\ -L-S-I-§-
fn H¶v `£-Wa-m-Wv. `£y-tbm-Ky-am-b-sX´pw Ah-\-hsâ kml-N-cy-
§fpw km[y-X-I-fp-a-\p-k-cn¨v G¡m-e¯pw a\p-jyÀ Blm-c-ambn kzoI-
cn-¨n-«p-­v. F¶m `£-W-¯n-\mbn Pohn-Isf sImÃp-¶Xv {I-qc-Xbpw
lnwk-bp-amWv,- ]g-§fpw ^e-§fpw ]¨-¡d- nI- fpw am{Xw Xn¶m-hp¶ {]Ir-
X-amWv a\p-jy-cn kl-Pa- m-bp-ÅXv XpS-§nb hm-ZK- X- nI- Ä Ime-§f- mbn
\ne\- n¡p-¶p-­v. Ct¸m-gm-Is« Cu hmZ-¯n\v {]am-WnI- X- bpw imkv{X-
]-cn-th-jhpw NmÀ¯m-\pÅ {ia-§fpw ià-am-Wv. 2007 Pq¬ amk-¯n-en-
2007 B-K-kv-äv- 27

k´m\ k¼Â k-ar-²n-
¡mbn _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-
jXv "]p{X-aÙw' F¶ D]m-
k\ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v.
AXn ]Þn-X\pw {]kn-
²\pw k`-If- n t]m-Ip-¶-
h\pw aäp-Åh - À tIÄ¡m³
B{K-ln-¡p-¶ -hm-¡p-IÄ
]d-bp-¶-h-\p-amb ]p{Xs\
e`n-¡m-\pÅ amÀK-w ]Tn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-W-v :-
" Ah³ FÃm thZ-§fpw
]Tn¡-Ww, \qdv hÀjw Pohn-
¨n-cn-¡Ww F¶m-{Kn-¡p-¶-
hÀ amwk-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Acn-
]mIw sNbvXv s\¿v tNÀ¯v
Ign-¡W - w. F¦n AhÀ¡v
A{]-Im-c-ap-ff ]p{X³ P\n-
¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ' .-
2007 B-K-kv-äv-
d-§nb "BÀj-\mZw'-
amkn-I-bn BNm-cy -
\-tc-{µ-`q-j¬ amwkm-
lmcw thZ-hn-cp-²hpw
imkv { X- h n- c p²hpam-
sW-¶mWv Øm]n-¡p-
¶-X!v
""t{XXm-bp-Km-cw`w
hsc Ejn-am-cpsS alm-
t{]-cW \nan¯w BÀ
j-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS
BNm- c - h n- N m- c - § Ä
]hn-{Xhpw D¶-Xhpw
t{ijvT-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p-
sb¶pw ]n¶oSv ZpÀtZ-h³amcpsS k¼À
¡hpw kwkÀKhpw \nan¯w BÀj -
cm-Pm-¡³ - amcpw amwk-`p-¡p-If - mbn'' F¶p-
amWv At±lw ]d-ªp- sh-¡p-¶-Xv.
`mc-X¯ - nse Gähpw ]ucm-Wn-Ia- mb
kaq-l-s¯-¡-p-dn-¨pÅ [mc-W-IÄ e`n-
¡p-¶-Xv, _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I-s\-t¸m-
ep-Å-hÀ ]Xn-\m-bn-cw sImÃs¯ ]g
¡w Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ
{]mam-WnI tcJ-If - n 2500-þÂ]cw hÀj-
§Ä hsc ]g-¡w A\p-am-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-
Ibpw sN¿p¶ EtKz-Z-¯n \n¶m-Wv.
EtKz-Z kaq-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¨mÂ
AhÀ¡n-Sb - n amwk-`£ - Ww {`jvSm-N-
c-§t- fm-sSm¯v Ib-dn-h¶ Hcp Zqjy-aÃ
bn-cp-¶p;- a-dn-¨v- Ah-cpsS kzm`m-hn-Im-l-
m-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶p F-¶-mWv a\-Ê-n-em-
¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.
"`mc-Xo-bX X\n-abpw s]men-abpw'
F¶ Xsâ {KÙ-¯n EtKz-Z- k-aq-l-
s¯-¸än tUm.- [Àa-cmPv ASm-«v- ]d-bp-
¶p:-
""BSv, sN½-cn-bm-Sv, ]ip, \mb, IpXn-
c, Fcp-a, Imf, ]cp-´v, XpS-§nb ]£n-
ar-Km-Zn-Isf AhÀ sa-cp¡n hfÀ¯n-bn-
cp-¶p. `£-W-¯n\v th­n sImÃp¶
arK-§-fpsS tXmep-sIm­v hkv{Xhpw
Krtlm-]I - c - W- §
- fpw AhÀ D­m-¡n-bn-
cp-¶p'' (t]Pv 46).-
arK-_-enbpw \c-_-enbpw EtKz-Z -
k-aq-l-¯n km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. \c-
_-en¡v hn[n-¡-s¸« iq\x- ti^-sâ
IYbpw C{µ-\p-th­n 20 Imf-I-sfbpw
300 Fcp-aI - s - fbpw tlman-¨I - Y - bpw EtKz-
Z-¯nÂXs¶ ]d-bp-¶p-­v.
28
amwk-`-£Ww Ejn-amÀ CjvS-s¸-«n-
cp-¶n-söpw Nne-cn am{Xw ]n¡m-
e-¯p-­mb {`jvSm-Nm-ca- m-sW¶pw \tc-
{µ-`q-j¬ hmZn-¡p-¶p-­v. Cu ZpÀhr-
¯n¡v ISn-ªm-Wn-Sp-¶X - n\v th­n Ejn-
amÀ ""hrYm amwkw \miv-\o-bmXv'' (sh-
dpsX amwkw `£n-¡c - p-Xv) F¶v hne¡v
sIm­p-h¶ - n-cp-¶p-hs - {X.
C¸-d-ª-sXÃmw EtKzZ Ime-L-«-
¯nse Ejn-amsc kw_-Ôn-¨m- s - W-¦nÂ
hkvXp-Xm-]c- a- Ã- F¶v ]d-tb-­n-bn-cn-¡p-
¶p. `-c-Zzm-P³ F¶ Ejn ]ip-amw-k-
t¯m-sS-bpÅ `£-W¯ - n-\p-th­n C{µ-
t\mSv bmNn-¡p-¶-Xm-bmWv EtKzZw ]Tn-
¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.-(6:39.1) .-\qdp-IW-¡n\v Imf-
I-sfbpw Fcp-a-I-sfbpw C{µ-\p-th­n
Iim¸v sNbvXn-cp-¶X - n-s\-¸än ]cm-aÀin-
¡p¶ tUm: [Àa--cmPv ""DbÀ¶- \n-e-hm-c-
apÅ Imf-sb-¸än Xoä-{]n-b³'' F¶mWv
C{µs\ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
k´m\ k¼Â k- a r- ² n- ¡ mbn
_rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jXv "]p{X-aÙw'
F¶ D]m-k\ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. AXnÂ
]Þn-X\pw {]kn-²\pw k`-If - n t]m-
Ip-¶-h\pw aäp-Å-hÀ tIÄ¡m³ B{K-
ln-¡p-¶ -hm-¡p-IÄ ]d-bp-¶-h-\p-amb
]p{Xs\ e`n-¡m-\pÅ amÀK-w ]Tn-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-W:-v ""Ah³ FÃm thZ-
- m- §fpw ]Tn¡-Ww, \qdv hÀjw Pohn-¨n-
cn-¡Ww F¶m-{Kn-¡p-¶h - À amwk-t¯m-
Sp-IqSn Acn-]mIw sNbvXv s\¿v tNÀ¯v
Ign-¡-Ww. F¦n AhÀ¡v A{]-Im-c-
ap-ff ]p{X³ P\n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv''.-
amXm]nXm-¡Ä¡v \Ã a¡-fp-­m-hm-
\mWv _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j¯v Imf-
¡p-«n-bpsS amwk-t¯msS Acn ]mIw
sNbvXv s\¿v tNÀ¯v Ign-¡m³ (C-¶
s¯ _o^v _ncn-bm-Wn) \nÀtZ-in-¡p-
¶-Xv. At¸mÄ BNmcy \tc-{µ-`q-j¬
hmZn-¡p¶ {]Imcw amwkw ZpÀhr-¯n-
bm-sW-¶Ã;- adn¨v A\n-hm-cyhpw \·-
bp-am-sW-¶mWv CXnÂ\n¶pw a\-Ên-em-
¡m-\m-hp-¶X - v.
hkvXp-X-I-fn-X-m-bn-cns¡ "tKmh[w'
]e-t¸mgpw cmjv{So-b-hÂI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I
bpw hÀK-ob Iem-]-§Ä¡v \nan-¯-am-
bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-­v. Fw.-F-kv.
tKmÄhmÄ-¡À hnNm-c-[m-c-bpsS c­mw
]Xn-¸n ]d-bp-¶p:-
 aä-ml
- mcw In«msX {]mW-kw-ibw hcp-t¼mgpw tcmKw \nan-¯hpw amwkw
Ign-¡mw. krjvSn-IÀ¯mhv kI-eX - n-s\bpw Pohsâ `£-Wa- mbn IÂ]n-
¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. hr£-e-Xm-Xn-Ifpw ]ip-]-£ym-Zn-I-fp-saÃmw {]mWsâ
`£-Wa- m-W.v Nc-§Ä¡v AN-c§ - fpw Z-wjv{S-bp-Åh- bv¡
- v- Zw-j{v S-bn-Ãm¯-
hbpw I¿p-Åh - bv¡v I¿n-Ãm-¯h - bpw iucy-ap-Åh- bv¡v `ocp-¡fpw t`mP-
\-am-Ipw. `£y-tbm-Ky-§-fmb {]mWn-Isf `£n-¡p-¶-h\v tZmj-an-Ã.

""tKml-Xy- Cu cmPy¯v XpS-§n-bXv ¯n ]d-bp-¶p:- dm\sU-, `ÞmÀ¡À, tKmJ-se XpS-

sshtZ-inI B[n-]X - y-t¯mSv IqSn-bm-W.v
apl-½-Zo-bÀ AXm-cw-`n-¡p-Ibpw {_n«o-
jp-ImÀ AXv XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn
\m \½-fn AsXmcp If-¦-am-Wv.
C¶v \mw kzmX{´yw k¼m-Zn-¨v I-gn-
ªp. AtXmSp-IqSn FÃm If-¦-§fpw
ambv¨v If-tb-­X - m-Wv''- (t]Pv: 685).-
"apkven-w {Iqc-X'--bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn
"tKmh['s¯ Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Iem-
]-§Ä¡v km[yX Is­-¯p-Ibpw sN
¿pI F¶Xv F¡m-e-s¯bpw lnµpXz
AP-­-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. F¶m lnµp-
Xz-hm-Zn-IÄ DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p¶ cma-e-
£vaW - ³amÀ Xs¶ tKmÄhmÄ¡À ]d-
bp¶ "If¦w' ]än-bh - c- m-sW¶v \½-fnÂ
F{X-t]À¡dn-bmw?- cmam-bWw Bc-Wy-
ImÞ¯n- (53:102) ]d-bp-¶p.
Xu X{X lXzm NX-pt- cm a- l - m-ar-Km³
hcml ariyw ]riXw alm-c-pcpw
BZmb ta[yw XzcnXw _p`p-£nXu
hmkmb Imte b bXp-À h\-k] v Xnw
""AhnsS sh¨v sImÃm-hp¶ ]¶n,
am³, ]pÅn-am³, h³I-cn-am³ F¶o
\mep-Xcw arK-§sf sIms¶Sp¯v hni-
¸pÅ AhÀ þcma e£va-W³amÀþ ac-
¨p-h-«n-te¡v thKw bm{X-bm-bn''.-
C{µ³ iN-o-tZ-hnsb F¶-t]mse
{iocm-a³ aZyw ssIsIms­-Sp¯v koX
sb IpSn-¸n-¨Xpw ]e-Xcw amwk-§fpw
\¶m-sbmcp¡nb ]g-hÀK-§fpw cma\v
Ign-¡m-\mbn the-¡mÀ thKw sIm­v
sImSp-¯Xpw D¯-cI - m-Þ¯ - nepw (4.2.18-
þ20) cmam-bWw ]d-bp-¶p-­v.
s{]m^-kÀ F - ³ tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mb
À a\p-k-var-Xn-s¡-gp-Xnb ]p\-cm-Jym-\-
""bmKw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw amXm-]n-Xm-
¡Ä- F-¶n-hsc kwc-£n-¡p-¶Xn-\p- a- mbn
imkv{X hnln-X§ - f - mb arK-§sf h[n¨v
amwk-ap-­m-¡m-sa-¶pw, bmK-¯n a{´
]qÀh-w l\\w sN¿p¶ ]ip-hnsâ amw
kw `£n-¡m-sa¶pw [Àa-imkv{X-§f - nÂ
{][m-\-s¸« a\p [Àaimkv{Xw ]d-bp-
¶p. a\pkvarXn-bnse amwk -hn[n C{]-
Imc-amWv. a{´w P]n¨v t{]m£Ww
sNbvXv bÚ-¯n l\\w sNbvX
]izm-Zn-If - psS amwkw {_mlva- W - \v CO-
bp-s­-¦n Hcp {]mhiyw am{Xw `£n-
¡mw. hn[n {]Imcw a[p ]À¡-¯nepw
{im²-¯nepw \nbp-à\ - mbn amwkw `pPn-
¡mw. aä-ml - mcw In«msX {]mW-kw-ibw
hcp-t¼mgpw tcmKw \nan-¯hpw amwkw
Ign-¡mw. krjvSn-IÀ¯mhv kI-e-Xn-
s\bpw Pohsâ `£-W-ambn IÂ]-n-¨n-
cn-¡p-Ib - m-Wv. hr£-eX - m-Xn-Ifpw ]ip-]-
£ym-Zn-I-fp-saÃmw {]mWsâ `£-W-am-
Wv. Nc-§Ä¡v AN-c§ - fpw Z-wjv{S-bp-Å-
hbv¡- v- Zw-jv{S-bn-Ãm-¯h - bpw I¿p-Åh - bv
¡v I¿n-Ãm-¯-hbpw iucy-ap-Å-hbv¡v
`ocp-¡fpw t`mP-\a- m-Ipw. `£y-tbm-Ky-§-
fmb {]mWn-Isf `£n-¡p-¶-h\v tZmj-
an-Ã. `£y-§-fmb {]mWn-I-sfbpw `£n-
¡p-¶-h-scbpw krjvSn-¨Xv {_Òmhv
Xs¶-bm-W-tÃ'' (a-\p-kvarXn ]p\-cm-
Jym\w,- s{]m-^-kÀ F³.- tKm]n-\m-
Y³\m-bÀ-,- -t]Pv 53-þ54).-
`mc-X-¯nsâ ]g-abpw ]mc-¼-cy-hp-
apÅ `£-Wco-Xn-bn amwkw IqSn
DÄs¸Sp-sa¶v taÂ]-d-ªXn-Â \n¶pw
a\-Ên-em-¡mw. {_n«ojv C´y-bn lnµp-
a-X-¯nse _mey-hn-hmlw \ntcm-[n-¡-
W-sa¶mh-iy-s¸«v alm-tZh tKmhnµv
§nb ]cnjvIc-Wh - m-Zn-IÄ cwK¯v h¶-
t¸mÄ ""lnµp-aXw A]-I-S-¯nÂ, [Àa-
im-kv{Xm-\p-im-k-\-§sf ]p\x-Øm-]n-
¡Ww'' F¶n apd-hn-fn-¡q-«n-s¡m­v Hcp
hn`mKw {]Xn-Ic - n-¡p-Ib - p-­m-bn. [Àa-im-
kv{Xm-\p-im-k\ - §- sf Bcpw sXm«p-t]m-
I-cp-sX¶pw- Ah ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡-W-sa
¶pw KÀP-n¨ Xne-It- \mSv d-m\sU tNmZn
¨ Imcy-§Ä {]k-à-am-Wv:-
""\½Ä F´mWv ]p\-cp-²-cn-t¡
­Xv?- ]{´-­p- Xcw _em¡mcs¯
DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw a-n{ihpw A\m-im-ky-
hp-amb ssewKnI thgvN AwKo-I-cn-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿p¶ F«p-Xcw hnhm-l-§Ä
]p\-cp-²c- n-¡t- Wm?-.....- sImÃ-¯n ap¶q-
ä-dp-]-¯©v Znh-khpw ]ehn[ P´p-
¡-sf- sIm¶pXÅnb tlma-Ip-Þ-§-
sfbpw tZh {]oXn-¡mbn \S-¯nb \c-
ta-[¯ - b- p-amtWm ]p\-cp-²c - n-t¡-­Xv?''-
(ka-\z-bhpw kwLÀjhpwþ `mc-Xob
kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ apJy {]h-W-X-IÄ,-
s{]m-^.- ]n.- A-c-hn-µm-£³,- t]Pv 62).-
thZ-§f - psS bm-ÚnI hymJym-\§ - -
fmb {_mÒ-W-§Ä Hcp aXm-\p-jvTm-\-
am¡n- hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ arK-_en aqhm
-bn-c¯n Aªq-dnÂ]cw hÀj-§-fmbn
ChnsS \ne-\n¡p-¶p-­v. ASp-¯-Im-
e¯v t\¸mÄ cmPmhv C´y -k-µÀin-¨-
t¸mÄ ssZh-{]o-Xn-¡mbn c­v {][m\
t£{X-§f - n arK-_en \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
BNm-cy³amtcm k\ym-kn-amtcm A¶v
arK-_-ensb FXnÀ¯-Xmbn {i²-bnÂ
s]-«n-«n-Ã. Hdo-k-bnse tI{µ-¸m-d- Pn-Ã-
bn \qdp- I W- ¡ n\v BSp- a m- S p- I sf
t£{X-§Ä¡p-ap-¶n IpcpXn sImSp¯
hmÀ¯ 2002 HIvtSm-_À 13\v ]{X-§f - nÂ

2007 B-K-kv-äv- 29

_en \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ arK-§-
fpsS amwkw `£n-¡p-I -
Xs¶-bm-WtÃm sNbvXn-cp-
¶Xv-.- s]mXpsh kky-`p-¡p-
I-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶v ]d-b-s¸-
Sp-¶ Bcy³amÀ amwkw
Ign¨v XpS-§nbXv Xs¶
bmKm-\-´capÅ amwk-
¯nsâ kpe-`y-X-sIm-­m-bn-
cp-¶p. bmK-¯n at{´m-¨m-
c-Wt- ¯msS l\\w sNbvX
arK-¯nsâ amwkw `£n-¡p-
¶-Xn sXän-söv AhÀ
hn[n-¨n-cp-¶p.
2007 B-K-kv-äv-
h¶n-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯n
se H«p-an¡ {]mNo\
t£{X-§f - nepw ImWp
¶ _en-¡Â]p-cI - fpw
_en-¡-Ãp-Ifpw arK-
_-en-bpsS ]g-¡-¯n-
sâbpw ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-
sâbpw {]Xo-I-§Ä
Xs¶-bm-W.v
"sshZn-I k - m-ln-Xy-
N-cn{Xw'- F¶ Xsâ
IrXn-bnepw BNmcy
\tc-{µ-`q-j-¬- arK-_
en sshZnIasöv
hmZn-¡p-¶p-­.v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p-:- ""]nÂ
¡m-e¯v bÚ-§-fn P´p-_en \S-
¸n-em-bn. CXv sshZn-Itam GsX-¦n-epw-
X-c-¯n A\p-tam-Z-\mÀltam AÃ-X-
s¶. ]n¶oSv sshjvW-h³ [m\y-am-hv
sIm-­p­m¡nb bÚ-]ip-hns\ D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p'' (t]-Pv- 37).-
F¶m EtKz-ZI - m-e¯v Xs¶ IpXn-
c-sbbpw ]ip-hn-s\bpw bÚ-ar-K§ - f - m
bn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv ]T-\§ - Ä
sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. "\h Bcy-hm-Z-¯nsâ
cmjv{Sobw'- F¶ IrXn-bn F³-. -Fw.
lpssk³ kwkvIrX ]Þn-X³amcnÂ
At{K-k-c-\mb hnÂksâ hm¡p-IÄ
D²-c-n-¡p-¶p. ""lnµp BNm-c-§-fpsS
BZy-L-«-¯n IpXn-c-sbtbm ]ip-hn-
s\tbm tlman-¡p¶ Aiz-ta-[hpw tKm
ta-[hpw km[m-cW - b - m-bn-cp-¶p''- (t]Pv46).-
_en \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ arK-§-fpsS
amwkw `£n- ¡ p- I - X - s ¶- b m- W tÃm
sNbvXn-cp-¶X.-v s]mXpsh kky-`p-¡p-
I-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Bcy
³amÀ amwkw Ign¨v XpS-§n-bXv Xs¶
bmKm-\´ -- capÅ amwk-¯nsâ kpe-`y-
X-sIm-­m-bn-cp-¶p. bmK-¯n at{´m-¨m-
c-Wt- ¯msS l\\w sNbvX arK-¯nsâ
amwkw `£n-¡p-¶X - n sXän-söv AhÀ
hn[n-¨n-cp-¶p.
sdaoe Ym¸À ]d-bp-¶p:- ""\à {_m
Ò-W³ ]ip-hns\t]mepÅ bÚ-ar-K-
¯nsâ amwkw `£n-¡W - s- a¶pw ab-¡p-
a-cp-¶nsâ kz`m-h-apÅ tkmaw- -b-Ú-
§-fpsS `mK-ambn IpSn-¡-W-sa-¶p-apÅ
\n_-Ô-\-IÄ thZ-§-fn hyà-am-
bp­v'' (hÀK-o-b-Xbpw Ncn{X ss]-Xr-I-
30
h-pw,- t]Pv 46).-
bmK-§-fnse hym]-I-amb arK-_en
\n¶-tXmsS amwkw e`n-¡msX h¶-t¸m-
gmWv amwk `£Ww {_mÒ-Wc- psS `£-
W-{I-a¯ - n \n¶pw A{]-Xy-£a- m-Ip-¶-
Xv. iin-[-c³ sN¼-g-´n-bn "lnµp-hn
sâ ]pkvXI - ¯- nÂ' ]d-bp-¶p:- ""F¶mÂ
BNm- c y- h ÀK- ¯ n bmK- i m- e - b nÂ
at{´m-¨m-cW - t- ¯msS l\n¨ arK-¯nsâ
amwkw am{Xsa `£n-¡mhq F¶ \nbaw
]n¶oSv hn\-bm-bn-¯o-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
bÚ-im-eI - fpw arK-_e- nbpw sI«-S§
- n-
b-tXmsS A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb amwkw e`n-
¡msX hcn-Ibpw {ItaW amwkw Ah-
cpsS `£W {Ia-¯nÂ\n¶v A{]-Xy-
£-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (t]-Pv 92).-
b´-§fpw bÚ-§fpw \ne-\n¶
Ime-L-«-¯n tKmh-[-¯n-s\-Xnsc
ià-ambn cwK¯v h¶Xv A{_m-Ò-W-
cm-bn-cp-¶p. bÚ-¯nsâ t]cn sIm
¶p-XÅp¶ \qdp-I-W-¡n\v Imen-IÄ
Zmcn-{Zy-¯n\pw ]«n-Wn¡pw Imc-W-am-bn-
¯o-cp-sa-¶-hÀ `b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. P\-§-
fmWv Cu Bi¦ ià-ambn {]I-Sn-¸n¨
Xv-. s{]m-^-kÀ- ]n.- A-c-hn-µm-£³- ]-d-
bp-¶p-:-
""ImÀjnI hnImkwsIm­v s]s«¶p
­mb Hcp ^ew I¶p-Imen k¼-¯nsâ
{]m[m-\ys¯ kw_-Ôn¨ ]pXnb t_m
t[m-Zb - a- m-Wv. Blm-c¯ - n\pw A\p-jvTm-
\-¯n\pw th­n Iim¸-v sN¿m-\p-ÅX - m
Wv tKm¡Ä F¶ [mc-Wtb BZy-ap-
­m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq-. Hmtcm-bÚ - ¯
- n-sâbpw
t]cp-]dªv \qdp-IW-¡n\v ]ip-¡-sf-
bmWv sIm¶p-XÅn-b-Xv. Hcp bÚ-
¯n\v ]pÅn ¸-ip-¡Ä, asäm-¶n\v sN¼
³ ]ip-¡Ä, aq¶m-a-sXm-¶n a¨n¸-ip-
¡Ä,- Nne bÚ-§Ä¡v Imf-IÄ C§
s\ \ntXy-\s - b-t¶mWw \qdp-IW-¡n\.-
vDÂ]mZ\ {]{In-b-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-
hp¶ Chsb C§s\ sIm¶p-Xn¶v apSn-
¡p-¶Xv _p²n-tam-i-am-sW¶ t_m[w
Irjn-hr-¯nbn-epw AtXmSp- _Ô-s¸«
km¼-¯nI hym]m-c-§-fnepw GÀs¸«
P\-§Ä¡n-S-bn ]c-¶p. P´p-_en
Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-sÃ-¦n apSnªv t]mIpw
F¶v AhÀs¡¦nepw t_m[y-am-bn. tKm
h[ \ntcm-[-\-¯n-\mbn A¶v hmZn-¨Xv
{_mÒ-W-cà A{_m-Ò-W-cmWv F¶Xv
{it²-b-amWv''- (k-a\zbhpw kwLÀj

hpw;- `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ apJy-
{]-h-W-X-IÄ t]Pv 72, 73).-
F¶m ]ip-hns\ sImÃp-¶Xpw
amwk-`£ - Ww Ign-¡p-¶Xpw ]m]-am-sW
¶m-Wv- tUm.- Fw.- BÀ. cmtPjnsâ Imgv
N-¸mSv.- alm-`m-cXw im´n-]Àhw 265-þ47,48
tÇmI-§Ä D²--cn¨vsIm­v At±lw ]d-
bp-¶p:- ""ALv\y F¶Xv tKmh-nsâ t]
cm-Wv. sImÃm³ ]mSn-Ãm-¯-sX-¶ÀY-w.
AXns\ sImÃm³ BÀ¡mWv AÀl-
X?- ]ip-hn-s\tbm Imf-I-sftbm Bew-
`\w sN-¿p-I- h-gn- a-lm- lm-\n-bm-Wv- h-
cp-¯n-sh-¡p-¶-Xv.- tKmam-Xm-hn-s\bpw
hrj-` -{]-Pm-]-Xn-sbbpw sImÃpI F¶
Cu A\p-NnX IÀa-¯n R§Ä ZpxJn-
X-cm-sW ¶v Ejn-amÀ \lp-j-t\mSv ]d-
ªp. CXv \nan¯w 101 tcmK-§Ä kÀh
{X hym]n-¡p-w-'' (th-Z-¯nse \nKq-V-c-
lkyw,- t]Pv 30).-
52þmw t]Pn ho­pw ]d-bp-¶p:-
""`£Wap­m- ¡ p- t ¼mÄ sNdnb
Pohn-IÄ XobnÂs]«v N¯p-t]mtb-¡mw.
AXv \mw t_m[-]qÀhw sN¿p¶XÃ.
`£-W-¯nsâ Hcwiw aäv Pohn-IÄ¡v
\ÂIn-bm B ]m]w CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶p.
F¶m `£-W-¯n\v th­n Hcp Po
hnsb sImÃp-¶Xpw ]mIw sN¿p-¶Xpw
]m]-am-Wv. Ascbpw sImÃm³ \ap¡v
Ah- I m- i - a n- Ã . A§s\ sNbv X mÂ
AXnsâ ^ew \mw A\p-`h - nt¨ aXnbm-
Iq. sImÃp-¶h - \pw ]mIw sN¿p-¶h - \pw
Xn¶p-¶-h\pw in£ e`n-¡pw.''
tKmlXy F¶ ""]m]w'' bmK-§f - nepw
bÚ-§f - nepw am{X-aà - , [Àa-im-kv{X-{K-
Ù-§fn-epw- `£-W-ambn amwks¯
hn[n-¡p-¶p. EtKzZ Imes¯ P\X
apXÂ C¶p-hsc F¶mWv a-\p-jy- À - -B
2007 B-K-kv-äv-
Bhmk hyh-Øb - n Pohn-If- n H¶v H¶nsâ `£-Wa- m-Wv. a\p-jyÀ¡v
aäp- Pohn-I-fn \n¶pw Xn¶m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«-h AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-
fpsS t]cn XÅn¸-d-tb-­-Xn-Ã. _p²-a-X-sa¶ Hcp Bibw Xs¶
cq]-s¸-«-¯nsâ Imc-W-§-fn H¶v ChnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ P´p-_-en-
bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp¶ kml-N-cy-¯n C¶ seIfnse
bmYmÀY-y§ - f- psS ta \mw a®n-tS-­X - n-Ã. `qan-bn a\p-jyÀ¡mbn kwhn-
[m-\n-¡s- ¸« At\Iw Blm-c§ - f- n amwk-hp-ap-­v.
""]m]w''- sN¿m-Xn-cp-¶n-«p-Å-Xv?- tUm. Ign-¡s- «. aX-§tfm thZ-§tfm AXn\v
F³.-hn.-]n. DWn-¯n-cn-]d- b - p-¶p:- ""hmkvX- FXn-c-Ã-Xm-\pw.
h-¯n ]­v apXÂt¡ sshZnI {_m
Ò-W-cpÄs¸sS, lnµp-¡Ä tKmamw-k-a-
A-he- w-_§
- Ä-:-
1).- `m-cX
- o-bX - :- - X-\n-ab
- pw- s]m-en-ab- pw,-
S¡w Ign-¨n-cp-¶p. C¶pw Imivaocnepw
tUm.- [À-a-cm-Pv- A-Sm-«v,- ssa-{Xn-- _p-Iv-kv-
Bkm-anepw B ]Xn-hp-­v. hS¡p-In-g-
Xn-cp-c-\-´-]p-cw,- 2005 H-Iv-tSm-_À.-
¡³ kwØm-\§ - f - n sNe-hp-Ip-dª
Blm-cs - a¶ \ne-bn tKmamwkw an¡- 2).- ln-µ-p-Xz-hpw- ln-µp-a-X-hpw,- tUm.-
hcpw Ign-¡p-¶p-­v'' (ln-µp-Xzhpw lnµp- F³.- hn.-]n. DWn-¯n-cn-,- H-eo-hv- ]-»n-
a-Xhpw,- t]Pv 97).- t¡-j-³-kv-,- 2002 Pq¬.-
tKmlXy ]m]-am-sW¶v ]dªv a\p- 3).- k-a\zbhpw kwLÀjhpw;- `mc-
kvarXn t]mepÅ [Àa-im-kv{X-{K-Ù§ - Xob kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ apJy-{]-h-W-X-
sf X-Ån-¡f - b
- m-³- C-¡q-«À- X-bm-dm-hptam? IÄ,- s{]m-^-kÀ- ]n.- A-c-hn-µm-£³-,- Nn-
s]cn-bmÀ- C.-hn. cma-kzm-an-bpsS "a\p- ´- ]-»n-t¡-j³-kv,- 2006 Pq¬.-
kvarXnbpw hÀW-hyh-Øbpw'- F¶ 4).- sshZn-I k - m-ln-Xy-Nc - n{Xw,- BNm
{KÙ-¯nse Hc-[ym-b-¯nsâ Xes¡- cy \tc-{µ-`q-j-¬,- tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-
«p- Xs¶ amwk`p¡p-I-fmb {_mÒ-WÀ ¡m-Z-an,- Xr-iqÀ,- 1990.-
F¶m-Wv. C.- hn. cma-kzman ]d-bp-¶p:- 5).- th-Z¯ - nse \nKq-Vc- l - kyw,- tUm.-
""Btcm-Ky-¯nsâ t]mj-W¯ - n-\mbn Fw.- BÀ. cmtPjv,- ]qÀ-W- ]-»n-t¡j³-
{_mlvWÀ¡v GXv Pohn-I-sfbpw Znh- kv,- 2006 amÀ-¨v.-
tk\ `£n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Poh-\p-Å-h- 6).- lnµp-hnsâ ]pkvXI - w,- iin-[c - ³
bpsS amwkw `£n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ t]cn sN¼-g-´n-bnÂ,- s]³-_p-Iv-kv.-
{_mÒ-WÀ¡v bmsXmcp ]m]hpw hn[n- 7).- \h Bcy-hm-Z¯ - nsâ cmjv{Sobw,-
¨n-«n-Ã''-(a-\p-kvarXn,- A[ymbw 5þ30).- F³-. -Fw. lpssk³,- sF.- ]n.- F-¨v,-
Bhmk hyh-Ø-bn Pohn-I-fn tIm-gn- t- ¡m-Sv.-
H¶v H¶nsâ `£-W-am-Wv. a\p-jyÀ¡v 8)-.- hÀ-Ko-b-X-bpw- N-cn-{X- ss]-Xr-I-
aäp- Pohn-I-fn \n¶pw Xn¶m³ A\p- hpw.- sdm-ao-e- Ym-¸À.- Nn-´- ]-»n-t¡-j³-
h-Zn-¡-s¸-«-h AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS kv,- 2006 amÀ-¨v.-
t]cn XÅn ]d-tb-­-Xn-Ã. _p²-a-X-
sa¶ Hcp Bibw Xs¶ cq]-s¸-«-¯n 9).- a\p-kva-r-Xnbpw hÀW-hyh-Ø
sâ Imc-W-§-fn H¶v ChnsS \ne-\n- bpw,- s]cn-bmÀ- C.-hn. cma-kzm-an,- ]-cn-`m-
¶n-cp¶ P´p-_e - n-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v hne- j-:- ssI-\I - c- n- hn-{I-a³,- ssa-{Xn- _p-Ivkv,-
bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp¶ kml-N-cy-¯n C¶ -cp-h-\-´-]p-cw-.-
seIfnse bmYmÀY-y-§-fpsS ta \mw 10).- B-Àj - \ - m-Zw- am-kn-I,- 2007 Pq¬10.-
a®n-tS-­X - n-Ã. `qan-bn a\p-jyÀ¡mbn -
kwhn-[m-\n-¡s - ¸« At\Iw Blm-c§ - -
fn amwk-hp-ap-­v. Bh-iy-¡mÀ AXv
31