PLANT OPERATIONS THANG res Cottons al Gas Pres ety, and Fel! Operation 41 | BASIC PROCESSING KNOWLEDGE Bill D. Berger and Kenneth E. Anderson | ‘The Petroleum Publishing Companycat © 1978 three No ot ek nay econ eh ise te recom, tet wen personne aie seascape Contents retace Chapter {Basic Mathematical Formulae Use In Procesing taper # Temper on Hest Propane cf Terperaae ard Hest, Chapter 3. Hoat Troster Chapter 4 Preasure Prsau in Sttonay Fuse Howto Determine Presses Prosuced by Lines Preis Panopies Necassn for Pecsning (uz on Prncpes of Presse Chapter §. Principles of id Flow Fane Soaring it Fow enaving be fle ot Hod Pow Eel of Poe Sie, Pings, nd Rouges on Fulé Pom Chapter 8. Enaray wer © Era Pic for Ratan Uso Effin. Putra Erogy © Work chapter 7 Patzleum Ctamiary Saves of Organs are xg Cameunas hemcs| Prope of fyercatons frames Conpaion irs ard Ope Hse {iz on njrocaon Chonisny Chapter & Comprohenve Review Quiz Sopendee A” Conversion Tblee aPreface asc Processing Kanrldge tf volume ia seve fee desig for he ef super, fremen, opis, a ters who work a ‘loci, wh ede ol ling, pote, mata compeson Stns ot plane Each vobme ssnependen yet the information ine soul beef valu tho ied sve we tse jst being xi carers in be Indy Tas secs gre fom Plow Operations Tang Moma suc bean of ong sanding Some ofthe rin teal as ee tial and addon hs iat or Modern Penoean-A Bac Primero te Ins This fast vole ie innded to provide 2 backgound of materi, utns, import ens, problems, pauperis of tpl Dau ad wes, ‘Sonia rupees of hydocmbens, and some formule ‘Ath ts tet ows arate pou st of atoms are clemetal A ption wo at an igh Sool agra en sole the ms ‘Shoplet cocets pst This rina et on sot cles in eli plan peace, annals compe’ scoped by the Iecwoay ery” I contne sample robles with etal soutons aed resi 0 be waked ye eet ‘lane optton in he petolun sade del with tempera, est, cate orate compress, hyd, dlr, vacuum, combos fine, ent. chemist, sys, a te sed pies An ndersandig of th otra pened sou bes sel in atop. Too meh [ren camot placed on he ec for og a borough view Oe, ns hathave Ree se int rig say tet wil stout lsy on rreainghe aus woul ik to exes ti precio to Mi G LPs, of ‘te Picum Pblhing Company, who conived his projet, Mis exe Sta ou Mas ard MS. Bes Bo, whotyped th mars Spe ftuks are aso die Bates and ior forthe ane of atrial ial, Preeti Steams Generation amd Use saatwsee, 1998 in erge Ken Andon ae ae Basic Mathematical Formulae Used in Processing Most of your routine wok as an opt wil a0 equ te we of ‘plicated ethene however, the coding of peas, ow reste et doer mae keowdge of simple masher, Thi capes eve of atcratic tt you have ered in the fs hat ou ean eli fee we in bing yon Deer endeeand the “ow” and "wey" of you ‘ery work leis not presented in a egissing of Scie acc ‘Mathenats sate, to and ngage Matemates bt om 2 fim ova of go lope a dy esonin, ad poses seth, ep by ip fom the simples process more advanced plc "a petal, case wihntc cost of tbe opeatons of ain, sbiatie, ulilinon, and dsioe 0 ype of mers esr y te Cigis 12.3 cand by sng thse options you oo ale 0 solve many pobles "ato of mathematic ta ted to aihmetc ss i adeute in olecanding. sre pilin of ne opens A. poiceny in -tormang even the ot single opertos lab cables person 1 = Prolene ast detmne relay Bar woul be ipo with arinee ove. Algeta is comnuton of atime a wich tes cd yb are Sed wo presen tite ques whose stl vlbes may oy et beee ee Agere Expressions An algebra expres ioe that expres resent 8 mumbe by the sigs nd symbole. A mune algebra expression oe consisting ‘icy of ses and numer asin (1+). Alera gee xeon ‘ne with gene amber or ers ain TP, ‘prada be esa ane in ring to ote bers, 10 the prot of 5 22 Woon to or mere numbers ae mui ogee, ech of then ot te oda of ay combination of thm i elle a far of the ot ta he oduct ty, in wich the facts ae 4, 9, 4 and 49 ‘ny factor of prot thrown 2 the cuit of te oda the seniniag facts Inthe prodict 4. 4 the concen of x). x16 be refit of, y i te coeliient of x, ee. The tamer pat ofa ‘ptesin ical te merical coin 6 48th mural cotta 49, I gcse signs of option +, — x and + have he same meanings sina The sin is gtetaly omited bewees etal nubs. a8) (9) wen and meas +i be mii By 9 To estate a algtea expen 9 find ts mune value. We cn find the ure, of Sette, tale ofa she exessn only when we ow te lat of the Kes inthe exes Example: Find the vale of Sry fx = 3, and y = 6 Solution: ay = 4x 3K 6 = 7D Exponents ‘An eponent,o power, anuner writen othe ight of and above ance umber to nce ow’ any tes the lt eo be thes a acto The uae o be mulled by tel called the ae To expe eto when afar fie ties," nse of weg 0, Kis expeed ae? The sane ose when te valu othe eters ae expressed as adft au. x = 3 then expe could be writen, 3s aed ead" th power", oF 32343 The Rue of Exponeats a mulipcain tf te pod of ro exe powers hing the tame Bite, atthe expen. Buamples 8 = 89 = et The Rule of Exponent in isons obtained by ence comin as fn the numero ad devomine sch oc wth uncommon feos, uch as eweoe Phe Zero Exponent: Any mumbo, excep 20, vie by se esas ina tent of 1 Thas k= Noor p= 1 av ifmaa.then moa = Candin iis cae whee tn genera fo, 2 m= awe would bie = a = aL Any base, except 220, fected by 20 exponent eu 1 ‘The Negane Exponent he ale of expt in isons apy tl cases, sms apply when m6 reer tan Ths and B= Pte Any base lected by «nga exponen hese a 1 vied by that samosas by pov expo of he ame bole vale as be ete exponent ‘ny far of an age tmay be tafened fom mumertr 1 ent, ice vers, by changing te ig of he exgoent fe far vamp = ample 4 oe “he rail sgn Vt th sare meaning ing ainitmetc. VE mean he sare rone oft. 8 aca he sabe tor of 8, Wea te Joarh ooo tT sal mabe nthe al thal sgn 08 ‘te inde ofthe vst The in peerly desta he que 0 3 thoen V, wthut a soll? fa the ange ofthe adel iA srm is expen or porion of an expreson whone pas are ae sepwated by lis oF «mious nig. Inthe lgerac expresso, using heat tamer formulas Q = UA ATO, Ud, and AT ae tem of Be expeson, The val of em depends ponte vale fe er ats. A ten ose sign is pli pie erm an a rn whos sin nim is 2 ‘eptive ter Tote em ving the ae eral par ae ele eer. ‘The folloing are examples of Iie tema: xy, — 'y,6xy and — 2p “Tose term ht re tlk inhi tral prt alle nie erm The fowing are unlike terme: Tab Ay, 6 FR and QR ‘A monomial im alge exresion cooing of bt oe tem. Baan x ‘Apion, of mation, nla expesionconsising of wo roe tens Example x ~ 29, and 20+ uy ~ Soe +9 A bam 6 & plynowiaof two tems Example: 2 — ah A inom is polyol of tee tema. Example: 2a + 4b = 9. In perfoming a svies of cir options the mukpctons ae Bample § 245 44x5—6 @sntasax5 6m Wi nrssm-6 Postive and Negatve Numbers amber gate than 20. In sn, malipiaion and dvsion ress we tHeaye postive. Such it alo the casein berction if the uber he Sura ssl than the nme is bing Sbece oa I we Hy 1 ‘obec le wake fom a salle ne, tei as orale or ang In plat operations is necessary to dal with mumbers ss than 220. A TT egtve uni abr ee an zero an i reine hina is ‘rampes 10. Io sgnpecdes «nab, assumed t Be pose ‘An example of he ao for agave numbers sen ina sasceson of subactioas Ia wich we sac acces mambers om 6 5 Inthe above example he reminders become les wt 0 seach, ad wen the rar comes lest a 2, tis ined by plcing the Teauive sgn beloetThs he emo for defining negative saber as 8 omer ethan 20. The dein i coret thea f we conser ‘alte sips that pocde te guns. The ositve and negative signs oly ‘ont ference tm 20. As far as apie rine i conceredw epave pomber say reper a ger sis alu tan soe postne mum “The able value of a number i Ks value without rgd to sgn Enanple: tant +8 Bot) +8a0d Save he same able vale At tines wo apc th abl val of «nabs, ich, we wet 0 a5 sete Poise and nets rambo may’ be eteseted spb as shown,Sook 4 sale may be wed ill bth adn and sion 2 evorme in rithmete 210 4, we may Din ata out 0 the righ (or onthe vera ssle coun 4 unis petunia te sm 8 Adin Positive and Negative Numbers Now sappse we x64 +3 ad —4, ‘We coun nits tothe igh (ron he vera a8 us op) sd om Pocono th to down othe vera) nso dong weotin wr which the sum of +3 and To ad wo or more amber wh ie sigs, find he soft able ales a rei hs sam withthe commen sg, Bamps +2 -3 To a a postive mabe ow negative number, fi teens of heir abso vales and peti to he eat espn of he oe ha bus he eer heat vaae. Euample: 2632 w When te or mote aes nbers fo edhe signs) ‘te sm the postive nabs fin te sm of the naive ures) dese suns alge by nding he diferense oft bs aes tnd wsng te Het ofthe 068 that has te reer abit ae Example: —9 ‘The sgt um of oor mote numbers he ea isin by ding hen secs wo te eceing rule. (ref the word ad wll find fhe oleae) Fr The srt of pose (+ and negative (—)manbers:Sobaction ay te hugh of ea rces of determining wht mer mst Beaded wen ner nade to rice star gen mumber. When we subse +3 om ‘Tyand gt +4, we have found that +4 mm be added Din der toch seat 3, or add 3 an 4 = 7 From dh i abrved tht sabato the ives of ation ‘To ile this pnt we wil nen esa graph as stow blow Problem #1: surat (+3) tor (+7) er town a8 (+7) — (3) = ? Slaton ‘Te uneton anon prota #1 "whl nbs! eda 3 wi gv 47° Uh te ve! scala, stan st and coue op ul 97 i etch Ti ‘eaure 4 us ert te erence Problem #2: untat (~3) tom (+7) or Sow 5 (+7) = (3) = ? Solio: “The unoon asked proto #2 what member noes ~3 wl ve +7 Ung sone sat at “3 aracountneaonbe'afuriato 7. Threauts 0 tnd beceso was racssary fo aut hth postne drecion, he (erence +10, oF (27) (3) = 10Problem #8: sbac(+) fom (—7) or as sown (7) ~ (+3) =? Salon ‘he queson sean pola #3i¢-whst mot ndd08 1 19 il ve =? ‘gan ung tse we slat 3. eng oaum he number fun o 7 Ths Fete 0 uns: ut becouse was necessary ty cout be neg econ, tre oterree B10, or (-7) (23) = 10. Problem #4: stract(-9} fom (-7) oa show (7) ~ (-2} = 7 Soon The qosien asad in problem #4, what uss a3 wi ge “7? on sing tose we saat = an caun he nme fun. tepures tne ho negate arecton, Hence, (7) = (-3) == ‘Stomiag up the ergeing tamper, ne fav he fllving sobs tee Stulbng the dove examples sates he flowing 1 Sobacting postive nmber (+) ean aig mptive 2 Sieacting# neti number) kau 0 ating «postive umber (1) ofthe sine asole ee ‘To subuat oe number re anther, cage sign of hese nd The number fe suas cal subd. Te mer fo wich the saben bat called the mend. The fo scald the ‘stn or iference ‘ample: Minwend = 80 siraend Rensinder = ~10 How many deuce muse He tepeae oe 10 change om + Fe Sotrnend = 3 How many depees mat he temperate ff cange fom +670 “e? Answer! Miicod = 6 Reminder = TD BAS MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE . Adon ond abiractin of ke rms In ait is ot pose oa tte guts. For example, we shat incest tga, wc cn never a quits ves hey a expe ine ame wit “Te alton o sutton fel ferme anne bce ot tc ony te Inc, teats the aie Ir fasts ay stand fo ei ier ample slits of he ter sample 2 Suteacton of ike tm: ab 2ab sample 3: Addiae of ule tems; 8 2h -lny Adition ant Subzacion of Palani: Plypanials xe alded or sutra by sang ih ts athe same cola een combing ems {cach eolanm, a wih moma Example | Adon of polviomis: 24h + Sed + wy dab ted sane 2: Subuation of poyomiak: Sab ded Y “oan bery Suet eT Oey rovping Many tines isesesry nese 00 ter, quis tte te tet bythe sme pean. And it sometimes devi Be abe ‘epee wo ore te which re ob cored a one quay Te "ip for oupng these toms te pares rack, race} and Tina Te st eee pled rand he eso be rp. (oxy) (e+ bland fy" + 22) All ve he sae meaning, at stecocks es ae be conse a one gun. Ths 10 ~ (41) means the quan (41) 9 be bested fo I, of 1 to Be sec om tnd ene emai $e oe braced rc 1040 ve aia remainder of T Simla — 8 y + =) mean hat he som of y+ eo be saben Tye vnc ied mainly with ras sgm an actos VST and ESF "tnee tans caste vineulundeoes the division ofx + 9 bye ~ ination grouping the tem in the amertr and denon Remenbe that the iol 6 Sign of sooping Parents o et sign of poupng preceded by plus sign may te removed witht any the change “oremove pres te sans oupng precede bya minus in, ngs the sgh of every ter that wos inl in the sgn oF poping Example (a + B) = The sum ofa + bit be sda for me Cl change he Sigs nd a algal, remember Wl nd Bae ented a posite 25) change 1 preteses or te signs of grouping cut on within aot, emone the inner roping fet Bump: 4 [2a + 3b - a=) 3a = ee reer to Des ab eda pee ray To enclose ems within signs of grouping proces by «plus Sip rewrite ‘heteme without changing the sine Examples ved ty a4 ed “9) To enclose tems Within Sas of grouping peceded By sis ig, searie the terms changing the sens of the tems enclosed Maton i sometines dele the pes of cnaued aon. ample 2 4may be towght of ding? or ines ox2 42-42-42 = 8 Ther a illeence when the wale i aon such as 2 Yi. We won ot sty, we add deefourth a atin, This con be ewrten a8 2 which woul be the sme a ading nes. We Would io obo, however to rato ae be lipo get, as 34 28 We may handle the problem, asx 2= 3X2 =f oe PbS Es Jn the multiplicton of pose an negative nantes, we ae dalog with ‘tush postive and ete mes in wc it becomes neces to dterne what sen the rover wil fate when combinsions of thse amber ae ‘apie In order to detcmige wa Sign (+ oF) te pro wl ae, ts resay 10 follow thee rules 1, The produt of two nmbers having Like sen spo Brame (3) C49) = ay Cen rey {#2 The rodet of two sumer having wie sgt is nese. Buamples (4x) (9) = xy Cay = ry +3 mre han facts ae, the Ferpong aes eto be wed ‘secretive. The pod of never amber nga acts poe, The oduct ofan mamer oF negate facts is nepie Example: (0) O49 G2) = tye (9 (20 ya anys COM Ca = Haye Mutiptiction of monomil: Rae #1. Fi the pod of he numeri coeticens, ging ithe pope sin, pls ot miss, coring the sor tokio of potve (+) sad meat (~) numbers Rule #2. Mulply this sumer roduc by the pret of he Ite! acon sing the ele of expones a apable ‘Example: Mutipty —9 4? 0 by 6 ab? Sn (3B) (Gab!) = > 6) x aH BEE — taMulipetion of Polyomials To mipy point by meaomia, ‘mp cack er ofthe palbnomil by the oom nd wif session the eee tems With he proper Hans Example: S448) = Cx rex oe +0 = 0 Daaeh- 228 +66) @exsey~Qax -2ab) + aux ory be aah san ‘To mukiply plywomials by polynomis, emily every teem of the rican by cick term the ir and ad the paral pret, Bump @ +496 = 5) 26-5) +46 ~ 9) = (2 = 10) + a aH = pean fa a+ Sb = 2004 5H) ~dbat SH = G+ am) — Wad + 20H) e+ ab—dab- ae 28d 6ab- 0H Dhsion ‘The division of siete expeson regis the devslpment of ein rues ad aew meted in conmeton with operons nving exponent For ‘he purpose of review, the follwing dtnon te gies A'The dent @ umber, ce guaniy, tti be svied B.Thedviorisanamber by whch uc uty, to be divide (© The quest we rat obtained by cvson. Tht, Patent — Quecent Dhisin postive and nega mbes: Bocuse cvs teaver of ulpiction, the method of he Ler wil serve a ana It developing tthe for dvs, areas ‘Those relions can be aso in applying the rules for malice or vison. the posible cates may fe eps flow Gm sm =? som = 2 (2) =p =? Cae cy Because division is he inverse of muhipicaton, we apply the res fe rolipicaon of postive sa megane manbers an get the follwing 4) + 4 = He beams (46) (48) = 432 (2) + 8) = “4 tease (4) G8) = 2 (42) + (C8) = 4 peeawe OO) = 2 Cm) Co) = 64 peeame (4 5 (28) = 2 The flowing rales apply: To divide pose wad veptive number: ule #1 both mbes have Ike sigs, the quote pose Rule #2. bot muobes Inve nike signs, the quot 6 wept “To divide ose monomial by snot uke #1 Pind te intent of the abwte wakes of the numerical coefcets, fing the oper ign acing Wo the eles for divin a postive and sgatve mbes Rl #2. Determine te Feral coefeients witht prope exposes, at sie them ater the mimes! cote! found in Rule #1 hone sample: Divide —9 2 bt c by 3a He none Tee To ve polynomial by # monomial: Rule #1. Divide ach tr of the avend by he dr Rule #2. Unie the rests withthe proper spas chained bythe dvs. Solon eaeDhide Iba De aS Fa eh eae Solsion: 168 bc — Sa EF aa ote Tere Sb- ect auatons ‘An equations mathe Sateen tha wo nabs, utes, ae qu The elit ign (=) i id fo sept the two el quaes "To seam equtn i find he valve vals of the known number tia wl sty the eqton, This vahe i ill the root of he ein vanpe fa +4 = 1, the equation comes seit nly whenais 508 fe the oot of the equation, "Anam 8 tho fa, ht ssl videt an es 0 forma root ‘The varoesmetids of ling equations ae deed om te allowing ations: 1, equal numbers rae to unl numbers, te sms el Tater the same umber ay be al to bah mewbes of ah equation without esuoying the aly Example: 31+ 5 = 20. AS! 2 to both sid of he fqston aod acomes 3a +2 = 20-42 Ma = Swecanslve oh ‘Susie to chick for aecurey 3 a + 5 = 2 ‘Siituing 3 ora @ & 5) 4S =D =m Gx9+Ss2-2 non 2. The same numer may te sais ror bth memes of an eqn widoutdestoying the sialy. 3 Bash members fan station aye mato byte sae umber without estoying te ely 4 Bath members ofan equation may te dvd by he same number without Akesoying the eg ‘Amel quay ny bested for any tom ofan tion witout estoy the ei 1 Both members of an eqton my bert the same power without esuoyig te equal 7 Lie rots may he exact of toh memes of a8 eguton without Aesroying he egy The whole of anything egal te som of all pas 3: the same etn receded bythe se sgn, occ in th member fa fon, may be cared 1. The sgn of ll te ems of an ogion mary be changed witout destoying the xu 11 term may be warsposed fom one member of an equation to he te, rode tht sign is changed Forming end Sling Equations Te tion of mos probs cri wii an eqution that congo vroa observed data with own fs Enample what umber increased by 17 is eq 5376) (+) 7) = 33 reir- 3 X= 36 poof 36 + 17 Powers of Ten A thor trowlege ofthe powers ea te ity tap te theory of expat il resi gest ndtemiing in appormiton For eka, {23 wa ean $2200, ee. frat many tro a deed. But x common ter reatng i nly 20 approximation We might fad 422 ps ona ceruin FRere pugs boner 4 pcnon gauze malt show the presto be {221s ps. Any nimber peeing measurement, ote amount of ae ‘quay, express te acitcy ofthe memset The Hue que ae own a sigfiar ues amples OOD caret 10 tee signet figmes 1.1415 i comet to fve signin figs "The powers tn cab us to wokall oben by wig convene whe anbets One easton isthe proper plicing of the decimal pis. Table [1 fontine some of the mips of 10 rom this able zen that ny devin may’ be expres a2 whole ui ties sme negave power of en Allo any Inge mum may be xpd as some oeptve poner of te. "To exes decimals 4 whole amb ins power often, move he kil pot to he gta cont the umber of plas Yo he xia ose ‘The numberof plses counted i the pope mei power off, example: 0.00422 ~ 4.22 « 107— ong san ming nl ingle en = ~ | arte si» 2500» on = | Ee = Satie ze Gaalesiae i ieaat ae, ten 1 the four power | Hd Ekin soon. oe i | $s arn a 30905 29 Tapeingamhs waite ar immagine | a ‘he sicimal point 6 the le and count he uber of pcs tote eri ‘ina pot. The number of plas counted wl eve the rope Posie power Reciprocal The recipes of umber 1 died By har sume of Example: 536,000 = 58.6 108 ) agen aos Mutipicaion wih powers of ten follows the rile of exponents a Tees nkpetion sees in the ener on > 3P (en a, ia eas, exponen ‘The ponetsat Example: Mainly 000822 by $3600, Soliton O22» $36,000 = 432 10 x 536 % 10 = 26192 Io = 26192 The poner of poe she same a the post of th poms of he fac, ta OYE = Ay Division with powers of tem Slows the re of exponents i vn 8 ee ample (10° x 109" expres inthe general fom, = 108 x 19" = 10 pee . ‘The power fa action uns he power of the mmeaor viedhythe Example 200. BA Bg = 9 x 10 oe of he dominate, at is y= Earp: @-8 108 gt Combination of mln an dion wit power of ei come i 10 *NA lH ® 8 rasa nines Temperature and Heat eat is form of energy. A bs wf phys is hat cerry may be ‘nto oe on kind oat, aca be reste or eee Het Is only oe form ofeeay, teh certainly th most conan an ence entra The wis i which et messed therefore, ae actly i egy Tey canbe wad express quan of ery wich my of “The anu of het i cared in Bt. (Bish thermal wit) on ‘slr. The Bt mort common industri mesic of heat athe US. Behe amount of ea coded orate 1. of wer IF In aerator, at messed ini ald calorie: oe calorie apsimaely the heat ergy needed ore the eer of ne gam of wate ore degree Ces, ‘more eval defined he het eneayregused 1 rae he eet of ne grim of ater from HSC w 188°C ‘The calories the metic anit heat quay. Bees tcl, eine {oe bse, aay sal ni timer commonly expen a te anc of eat esosy tae he epee | Klgac (Wch 100 gla) of wrt dare Cel. ‘Do aot confuse at mensre in nis with temper earn co2 ‘hemometer Roce dona definions an ales ave Den asignd. The mse svi sytem (Sysem nemo) being oped i amo al he cote™ asic PROCESSING KNOWLEDOE ete wring hens Stes Te 1 toes ant fest mio per de nat fhe venga Siete esi rete 1th stouerty IF Ande nga Cares) wo fi oe et Sul ee ote of | Rg of war fC Reel be Intra Cl ei Ltrs Kibet et Te ea'S ae tome anal Cate om eres Cle BLUE ru pr The towne low a O05 of Fan we tees see Tey bane ie inf hn nk scat ome ft fea canbe cane A et aye Seale ero sme ceo om mechs cone thu ‘ne looting wil gh off st 10. 8 en ith i scence Awan lb es hen et abo 32 Btu ptr At tp mr logy eco epae 237 B feof bas The fc of Best won 4 sean a 1 seinem, Wich fest aed to mil he epee sk Toate enpente n sont eing och is sy Shee y sping fol te ise Chon oi Heig way css te of mat When 9 pips in bened te pipe expands Bes ope sessile allow ke ein ns es tao ope iat he wef expansion Siping we vometunes wed Dien ws il xpnd in lect uous ‘When aw id bese in cine rape spe, estan ‘cro Tithe epuson, prc hg, on ent ery ge 1 Singeoe poses shipment et ln ay aes atl cance cas te sal nnn, wich make up al t,t bse wonder. Ti set iment cnact them sure Hea cn ano, ene cong Tags of te. Heating some sl wil chang hm 1 tgs and cety to uc. Coling psn chngs hem gi ad esl 1 Stun Fr cane, when war bes an en ean om i © ‘Sangre evenly ne (asl) Th caning om, or stances, Betws aud, and soi iknow a change of se Gi, gus and sobs are dileret sales of mater “4 Chemical change. The king of «maha bow the chase rite of rabbi the atc head change io es etre which fn "ars chemical econ which gs fle andre heat Thermal caching isa veiery example of + reaction cause By high ferpesue, 'S Elst efot.Two difeeet tale welded together ean coment Beat cin cecil energy Tas principle swe i he fir mene temperature by aie of thermocouples 16 Kinds of et Ite Heating ad coating of gas, and sol, several diferent Kinds of Det ae fund ‘Tempra i «mess af he hanes or coldest of btn, The Ihemometer iran nstument sed for determining he ogra of lo space. Thee ae several types of themomete wed for thi pose (oe TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT) Sone of the cninea thermometer ens essentially of sme confined subse, suchas meer te volume of Shc ctunges wih a ange in temperate One example the clin iemoneter tat is sel-tegisering temeetr fr deterninng body tempers: he common wether hemiomete nc mer Id in the ub fer mesg. siesptc tumpeatie. Other temometer inl te ‘bemocouple elec ressune ints, pl proms un ie "Temperate canbe measured by several seals sow Table 2-1 a {ig 21 The temperate scale commonly we no bos, ts dt US indus isthe Fatt seale CF) Wee now converting ote Cele seal (C), which was fomeny calle Cid sae, te Unie State o enfant me stom Two atonal se, in indy se te absolute 20 temperate, ats ~273.16C Wound ofl 273), oF 459 08 F (ound off ~460F). These ae called absolute sles hese "0" oo these Seales the lowest temperate mankind can eter reich, The aol ale wing Celsius dees athe temperate ital aed te Kelvin sate (Rte abso scale wing Fabrentet degassed be Rankine sale (8). The teers frm oe acl to ater cn Be ey rathesutcalcleltions wing known fortssample The emperatre of coliag wae ee in eal 10" F Wha iste ening Cals, Rankine and Kevin? Anwer:Fatrnbet C = 5/9 Mh o3, C= 9/9" WO-32 aPC ne = FM) = KC = (022) 18> 10K © 18 FC Fiend = FF a0 = 180 + "441 ~ GMP. To covet om Fakooeit to Kelvin yb acomplisbe by fist converting o elu hn adding 279, nth example, we mou singly aul sy = PK ‘TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT eat exchange, tac, nd any eer problems involing eper ‘aero in all phase of bot pt operatons an omptesson Means ti icaing,eoning sod cotling enpeatics re eesay he OE erat equine. estatetd properties of subsace,sch as hema expansion ration n'a efter ae wad By conti fenpratite messing iste tens Those intents wary in thr precision dependieg on te Ope ized and subwance vied ell as te design of the istumen. Tei vow that an city thmonter emt be bdo esse all te tempat ofa refinery becuase esc ition of eprare E z ow z 3 es 5 & ze £ 3 3 es ada z 2 x 6 fo ¢ 373° 100°. 212° 672° Water Boils 273° 0° |—32° 492° 255°-18°. 0° 460° Water Freezes O° -273° -460° 0° Absolute Zero Terpeaare iossanee, comsucton, ef and thecloreapcial herman: ae segue Some of tee insromsns ae Fusion Pyometers For ape chemical let or compound, sic 3s snerery or wer fon oeange fst sali ogee a ed Temperate The mela pists of such mater re hrf uae Fed pins for temperature sels ‘The fson of pyemctc cone i sorimes ed in inary aa meth of essing hgh cempertres in rect beating umaes These cones, sll Poramide abot tches high, are mae of sled mtr tht ck a ‘ened teers The pyemeeic ine aul or he tener ange from 1100 o 300" F.Fsonpycomces ate also mad in the form of| ‘mon, pit an ples, and are ane up 200" F Vapor Pressare Theater. Te vag reso ig depen on ts temper. The hang of spor peste with vempetae is tizd inthe ‘pe pesue hemomet. The working tage of ven soumedt ined toevea ane depres ad uly ex tween ins 29a pl TF Expansion Type. Mout stances expand when heated, and in many cnet the mnowtt of expansion ix alot diecly proportional tothe change of teoperae Thifts utie ia various eso emotes wig Ess, Sos or igus. Two types of es themomees re wed Tn oe cesta as Volume iain. and changes in presse ar wed © reste changes in temperate Inthe ier, cons press smote, ad changes in ‘ohne ae ose 9 meme changes intemperate. Nivopen filed erate uae or ateperate tang mis 20910 ls 100" F “Te expnson of lig tte inspec thermometers sma #0 the ‘pes premenstrual where te bulb eaplay be ecole ied i gui. Mercury suitable for ranges of minus 4” Ft pls 100". The Tigsdinlss thernonser is = simple, diet reaing, and conven pwable lscumen tha is widely used ia many aes Mercy, the mcs omnony sed ig sattctery fom minis 0 at ator it ering Pris ap to bout «OF “The exgrsion of solids when heat sapien mesuenest lite cosine of thermal expnson se jie fcetofice by Heing ot eling ofa iets. When the sip i eed he exprsion fest foro side han te ter, which cates a bending tec Tht seit Aediaion Typ. Asi be ei iio, Tea ey al low temperate snd ge hgh teers At Iw tengeses ‘Mision icy ne ine ange, til he hana ee A ‘vl, tenon be lm taba 100" Fad png {gh geo twat white ier empeees The tempera ot Incl abve 10K? Fem be eed by th ae at on oF el, the ear sel gh a fellows Dusk isd 1000" Meum chemyred —1250°F. Oraese s0"F Yellow 950°F wie oF ‘Two typ of ener meuaing inser, he pc! pyromete nd the rasoo poner ae el on the radiating popes of materi, Optical Prometert By ishing an ops! pyromae on 3 bat obit Iwighes of the object can he compared vist with the righ of | aie sure of ration within the nme, sully = Rater Best ‘angst amen Radiaon promos In one sp of ration promt, lation rom he ht bay, epares of wavelength is absorbed byte nse. The et abscptin eased byte temperate ri of dicate termocoe within he nen, cated oi he aperatine fe ot sac which ‘he yromat is shed ‘Rasim pyomster eo cabo termining semper of he Resistance Thermometer The secweslsiance hemor i based onte reltion of tera 0 the cecil proper of mete. Tey may be ‘ied ove a tnge of empertes om minus AN? Ft 8007 F hentai esi eines of cals with tetera i lt ect ropa ‘The Thermocouple Ths thermocouple pencil x he onthe reaon of reals A temoouple come of to cls codices of dia neil joited ater extents frm acct Ione ofthe anton i mini aa temperature ight han tha of ear ap elem ce (em) Setup, preducing 2 Now of tent ah he ica (So ip 2-2), ‘Te mignde of the net en depends onthe dilerence between the lempraes oft junctions and the mia wed fr the cont, "The piscieadvartags of the themmacople in meaning temperate te senaity of application, rapidity of reponse though vil range of temperate, high depee of acearcy. diy, sear cerody a rela low cos, coneience of cenaized eadg or recrting fom oe | ‘may remote point nd split of aplestion ts quip or coe ad ‘eplaton of tengsaue flame PO.32, Twos eras daar maa ore thea tem atO. ome 8 (oer bacax a was ere Fr high emperte dy permit nstaliion of where destive contac iy, ence fe maybe extend tone scien gy of respons, by wig closed-end poten bss of allay or amie meri In sect es, sheathed) maaesun oid ltd emnocepe was Rave een used to rte the wie om he dtiaig ft ofthe tone Ako, sheaths may te mae of stile eel Tn he mesrrement of wne-coia!fuace-wal ibe temper i recor opie pecan froth te haope ction as Tea wires tease the deste hgh temperate ame sper 04 in wre canes, ln depois, Temperature Measurement Recorgers Intempertte codes, 3 poner pera mechanism somal ass ie side-nne of pte creo bloc he ile recived rm be themoeouple. The action of sieve corinsed with the movement ‘padi chat tat eaves at agen ped. Inthe mdm Yeo, change of hemocouple em ses up an cet imslace which, upon being amplified, asl to ve reveing motor at iss te sieve i be pop ection Fo reste the cc to alan Response to cilia immediate, aes fs atin of oe ‘ced or one heoctuple,o «apd caning of may hesocoupes maybe Temperane fF Ise Pipes The temperate of id gu, est ‘aor owing under peste ough pipe ic wstlly renal y ass ‘temonet,aneecicalesianc hort or thmocopl, ca iat Inst int thermometer wel projecting i the fi, by a hemacole ated Wo de use of te pipe wall” When wing inside tbe Pre Inesuenens, a hemos wells sal sete inte pp. Tis satel tube cloned atone cn, serene welds into the pipe al Heat Balance Since ets fom of energy and ecg cat cea ce estoyed i wep cetain acne nr it apse Fue weean expect find he se ua of het energy coming a ones th best erg soe r converted io ante typeof egy Ts aig of est in” ag “het oat” called et olnee‘The amount of fest (2.4) aed 04 guid elt pounds of substance mulled by i specie heat (Cp) mpd by te ineas io temper (ST), Forex to Bes [0.000 of Reig i rom 20 F 10 [SOF wonk! eee 1,000 > 500 «0.56 % 130 = 252MM Ba (he ‘pss heat esting ol = 06 an thee ae appoxmately 100 of esi ‘Spee Host Aithoug eae heat or met subanes cg omted with senile bet, bet ed fore he temperate or 10 vapaize 8 Subsance wil vy fom substan substance FO most acti PPOs ‘ural 1 F For expe, te heat outed wase th perature of 1 1b of| fine 1°. is | Bt To at [Tb of er I” Fold region 00570 Be The specie best of ser Is treo 0.0570 ‘Spo ess of vaso bids and vais ae oom sso os See Since the sei et of lb Js tan wate, be sane aust of hea pe youd wllease be alcobol get hte than te wae. This ability of water {0 id moet hin most er Iii within 2 ed epee nese i ne reson way war wad exenaely fr cooling a the riey PROPERTIES OF TEMPERATURE AND HEAT est tnser hot dierent ete on sce When sing or removing, heat uses no hung of Sate on he substance nd alvay hows UP ‘change ia epee fh substance the et lo SENSIBLE HEAT For example, heating atin he Rone fume or besing water athe hot-water ester re ckampls of senile et, ince ei tare and ended 3 3, nd te water saned aad end a 2 i, 1 sing or removing heat docs ot cats «tempest change, bt docs change the ysl sate fa eae thet cal LATENT HEAT The ot Len means ble, Late hea hier ea” Reais oes st ave 9 change of tmpente Toten Heat hat taee forms: Late Heat of Fusion, Latent Hea of eporaton and Latent Hea of Condensation The bes ccs) change 2 gid os ps he tent heat of vpizuton This same st of ea st fe removed € condense gat to a lid ad ited tem et of ‘onda, The est which is de ome a si talent toes igus ele Ian het of fn, “Lave bet of puta ad contention ae econ ei) ‘pert than tnt et of on sl teat es apron or ‘osemsatio, ox mati Inge cmpred wt its sensible eat Thats why ‘oven onder which condenses 10,000 po day of psn ger andres more conling ater han cole whi at oi 10000 er dey of id gasoline angle: To beter explain thera ind of et we wil star that we have 1b of ke at OF (18 C) 1 tf wen eto he ice unt itis 32°F (FC), we wl ot mel any sce The Beaded eine te e fo O F(—16°C) 10S EC) Seale beat ine tele dnt change sate (ot frm). or hs change af temperate forthe 11. of ce reid stout 15.6 Bw of sensi beat, or sou L201 8 U4 fr ech-F temperate ri, ihe ha 1B for eh °C 2 Tonle ie anther 16 of heat mate ad. Tis 4B ffeil ot incre the epee tu ony capes he ate or soo Tigi and is called the tet beat of fin. 3, Ie conte het the guid wate fom 32°F (0°) upto ts oiing ae of 212° F (100 C) we mast ad 180 Bw of sensible ba “Atmore het sa othe water wil ol and tu nse; 970 soe Bu ve to baddest vaporize the 11h of mater Tas 970 B 8 (of rt sow in the te ate est. Te epee ofthe xn wil be ZI F (100 Ce same a he wate erpIf te seam were heted above 212°F (10°C) stxnnspere presse, te sito! test wool aise the tamper of he att This at eee et commonly ale sopereat Itesteam nee heed fom 212 F (10? C0312" F (155°C) he amount of eile at aed won be 48 Bo the efiery superheated ox preven condnstion dete eat Suet inthe Ssibton Ines “To sammie: Heat ce fom 0° F. (18° C) wo 2" BC) — Met ie a 32 F.C) — Laer best of fasion Heat wate fh 32° F.C) 6 212" FO C) — Seoable Rest — 80 Bt Bai water a 212° Fr C) — Lae beat of pecan — 970 Bw Siprheat seam — 212" F, (1 C) to 312° FASS" C) — Senile het 48 Be, Points To Remember Tepe i « este of hotness or claes. Temperate is norte same ase Hea sone fom of en. Energy aont ceed dsp. Hat is meas in Bus or in cles, Heat can cause (1) clang in tampa, 2) change of size thermal expo) (3) change of ste, () chem chage, sa (8) elect elle Seu eat hs a change of sate, ely temperate ange Latent eat as a einge of se, caled “Tien ea. andthe mo teperte Speile hat 4 mesue of the eatoling sbi ox eat pes poe (1) how much trl, (2) Bow Bs (3) speci heat, (4 sie, and (3) latent bet Heat Transfer est, at form of cony,canot be ete or dsoyed Hest ean be tested fom one subnet ats. est layed ps om warmer bjt colt oes. When awa subsare comes incon wih cold subaance the eneret males fhe tram subsance oie wi the moles ofthe ol wae, giving ome of {energy tothe cold moleuiee Tiss ony one way 0 bane Met Ine ety, tamer of teat ey impact. The sucess operatic of mot process i dependet on Soe applkston othe pines of heat unter Where wc re banding hot materi we may ile the sytem alt est im where the materia cold me my ito Rape eae Ersent equipment Signed tak al advange rosesing et, nae in al wet operation. “ise mete of wt transfer a concn, conection, and vaition ‘Contin ihe tse of eat at occurs by dat tact bewcen to bet at ileon temperate, o the nae rn pat fat abet © | ‘oder part of the same objet, wihout movement ot ening of pricks Iasier spoons pled in cp oft oe th handle of te soon Will stot Du tte mola colons, heat tanec tthe ‘pon. The spon boxes bet ce i guns es nde cies gets gly (ole since ost se tet Sy, whe oe cb ofan on poke placed {a te, te ter end wl get 10 otto toch If however one end ofa ‘nde ror co n'a fie the ber end il be warmed arly a ‘Ween conclude om this al meta ss ol condor of besa wands pur conduct of ha Figue 3 demonsuts How heat ante condeWax Ball 0 1. Mow Peto be cond high» me rough met rod. Figure 32 shows th lent metals conct st t ‘ite rte, \Conston the war of heat rom one lise other within gai or 8 by ming one portion of lig orgs with he fhe. coud be eine a fhe process by which gases and guide move about, dv 1 cluges femperte and presse. A yas of Ini epands when heated bsomes| Upland moves upward gravy pls the ese le eed a gud wear" waster of heat by conve i ws both a ing a 8 feotng out homes 1 ste ralatr 5 god example of heating by convection Air incotst vith erator warns tnd es bec ice tant era nthe Teom isispacedty coke ai A simple example of ow comvectoncaents Raia the tune fet om x hese yt coker dy by et waves he wanster of beat eleromupatic waves. Sie © zo ‘ens ration can rarer energy tough ergy spe Unite condctoe fd convection, ration dic ab egue «saben to tater bet ‘The eat we gt rom te sun a example of ation Anuher exe it warming one's seit by av open ie The sient tei gets wa whe te ppt serio col Tem acund snd the con sie warmup andthe Wax Balls Silver Copper Steel Rods ‘warm se cols ft Sie you eae actly aching he fie arin ‘han ety ccm Lieve, amt be et tanmsson by convex ierealy these nest th fies I nd ee ety comes he fed er would have oon warmed Heat ays or ted et) te Very iil Light ays case hey move insti insight dos, and th seeped gt To receive beat ‘dom you mat fe abe to "ice thet obec ch aig heat Furnace operation a good example of the we all dee mos fo enemiting eat. The fumes 6 equiped with ay or set thes tees Stu ling ite burr rte eat fo the mel aes Tose des ‘thet cn "ce th lame and hrfore receive ral best we call fat ‘abe, am ht part of the face i called the val son eat Conducted teh the wal ofthe te he oT Het tater by condition. The velocity ooh he aes = igh enought use ture flow This mining ofthe warm loving est othe wall the he ‘rt cole nthe mid the ibe an eagle of etn by conesan Hsing of sme fone fei aa ascompliied By coat wih Te ses Hea! ges fom sombation of th oe he and pas ough heGlass full of water ‘SAWDUST _ hE FC famace sk, A bank of tbe placed ota hey come in conte with hot ne {ase cn pick up ctsieable het fm the pcr Sich a of bee now the preter or conection Seton of the face. Heat is wasfoned tothe oil inti maton by Bath convection ad condo, [FINDING HEAT TRANSFER RATE Heat rane rate te speed t which eat ser I tas bow Inge the Betanlr equipment mst Re and in many ess avo ims ait capac Most atarfr appears ale all hee tps of hea wale (comdueton, conection and ation). In each of he he, beat i tabfered by afeat means and. theo, item fetes mast Become, Heatsranfer rate by convection semine by he psd vee ot ising of he i, sich tae flow In most ass te in apd soe matin, for ter roses seasons, cay the et ay adel. The Seed st which het i taser, hy ration, frm one sje 0 anaer ‘pends epon fur tings 1 Distance between he objets, Heat ys dip otha ot wit stance jos at Hah ray gtr he Carter away the ih Te ale of eat sf by ran vats ier wth the agua of te diane This Ines that yu stan fot om an ope fe you wil sive 9 mes 22h abt Rest than you sand 3 fet ava 2 Sis ofthe abject ceiving heat. Two 204 raat es in x farce lacie wie the eat ia ie in that one 20-4 abe wil fall (Sher things ae Kee the sme 3. Temperate deren Between he objets Hen alway flows rm = high trprare ton lower temperate The amous of eat eased by ado ares the aslutetemperatie ote fur owe For example, 2 fhne at .100 F (1 able rp FrenkstoRaskine ="F + 460" wl ait 32% more eat a atercooked teat 217 F. han witha flan at 100 F. (46 absclue tanger) 1 Typeface Bright and shiny sacs refit eat just as hy rele lg Dak and dl surtaces aber at. Obect wich re good absorbers of eat ae lo god rats ne which fet bet ae poorest ators For tmainum et ation, home ator hal pit lak coler sd tot bight and shiny clo ike aluminum ‘Ther wich suf conde trough a miei epee pon four T Ava The er he rahe mote es tat can be conde ina given 2 Temper diference. The greater the tne iflrence between ot and ol te fate the bet ase vl bs Fenperatre ibe ving ose Shc pes the eat tough Temperate sno vole im an cletie Sout or press ie Ryda sstm 3) Thema consti. Te bit ofa mail cond het skeen eer condi For example, copper coma t ealy ad d to hve high thermal condciay: wood a god strand is «Tow eel conducvty Mess sally fave igh confoivites, Gates or Intl which tap atm pockets have very low comes, Candee ‘pers Rave vey high cnlucties. "Thcknoe of mitrl The pet he tance the Rest a 6 moe thelower he ie translrwl ie. When ea conde rm ne subse 0 nother it uly has 4 pate tough several het "aris," ech having Girne cendicthites, For example, comer seam space beter Seam ves up i tent heat of condensto the meta be boweet Fret ge fo his tal thas ope foagh "fi of comening sea web outst. Condesing vapor ins have hip cotaces Once eats iru the sem i has pas tough the metal wal of te tabe Met Sho aah condi Heat ow so pas ough i a at geo Cheon boxy ofa. Tis i ey poor ood of et an it wil Tit he rte at which het wil be unsere "Ta help compere fr some ofthe lone in best was, base of he seve "bues fins te nl ce es of nda water abd gs ‘Golfo insene te aot of metal in ort wit he cai a Itai imconact with he meta is moved ater, sl wl be thie and ot nat te heat smc Therefor hough he “in “Te te t which hea ansened canbe worked out by a matenatiest formas Q = Ux Ax 7 (ee Table 3-1) Qs or te hese atin Ben pet hou U iva nmber much ike Bema conde excep tt Std othe bility fa ents oss et nea of ne mat Iecald wheter offi. For sae, ia the stove example of tbe lig of heat pase rough he condensing teu in teeta thea te tie ai ily te eal bei esd by the heat taster cote “The ably of the etal tobe onl 4 pass Bea i known ab its cera onda. A i ie ace though which Rest pss, AT i he epee Siferencebotwcen the bot and sold materials KS nea s9 Fe umn = Woe spec st Tangata Charge reoss (U2 ON TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND HEAT TRANSFER RATE Tonge 1 a meanie of hones or eodrast 2. themometer {tn atonet ube ordering ih epee # boy sce 3 Raraer eae neue seniors poe a Haat he sane as terperare 5 Stor at ener, 4 Sana het Ie "e cueon cf beng hot or cls het noceesay fo chang & baud © vo oat which changes mo omparture of an cet 5 Latent net Ie Pl ot cout encpt a amperes above 512 F286" C)2 © can case vary gh rsauesn aquerent ‘ine tarmocoupe principe 1 absced ohn reson temperate the lca pope creas 2 s'becod an the expan of re © ls bad on he hon of etre ‘men we Bol water te vapor leaving the surtece ofthe bolting gle 2" man th las 2 colder han has se se mgr ‘One pound of team at 212° F. (100°C) has $e an apa ot a FF 00 6) ile pst man pou of war af 212 F 00". th sare arr of Pat a 0 pound cf wal at 212 (100-6) “erraee te tmperture of quent of water tom 10° C1 90°C, wit wrt tet haste sen Solhwat up most lgud hyrocaroone {reqates more at an oes pe same wah of weet 5 tequtes esr arma f het axhectng up he sar wat of wae ©. fess las ost han strap tu sve mage of wae ‘alin tn temperature ot 0 of water om 018°C) 08° F30" } wl ecu soo Bee 00 Btw ‘ine matiematical formula used to workout he rte at which het tranetered | ‘he Sunrieson of ha rm 8 Resta oy a carbo by eat th rant o es tom one par ofa Body to acter at fhe se ody winat mavement oman of pre hana hat rom ane pare eante wn @ quo ge by fain one pono gu or go mh fw One Pressure PRESSURE IN STATIONARY FLUIDS “Te em had wd to dengue oth sie and tes. A Madi 2 sbwance wish ba definite mas and Yolume, at costat tempers aod ete, bat sno die shape A tid camo stain a sea ses under ulin conditoas. Thee wo bai class of Masui and ess, {we must inde ot cas when we peak ls. Lig and passe tke fecae both ae very save of movable. They both have weight Liguis we ids which ave definite volumes indent ofthe sap of tie comic, under coatoes of constant temper and reste Las ‘nl sume the ie of he coniner and i's pat of whch Is ein olune to te amownt of lig Gencaly lig ae thgpht ofS Being emconptesie, tht Is tr volime does mot change wih © change fa reste, however test hve sown lle. Foren, wat sete) 2 seat pst 65,00 pour pr seach as 1 eet ein in elu But for pac! puronce we wil comider gids 5. being ron-compressile sine we alte king nena ch ver resus that 65.090 Gave ets which se comes: ase Wl vay in volume file ‘esl coting tem Ue gas, whic ave deine volume er given ass of the igi, he vole given as of gas wil change tbe ‘tie, Gis avs ae dissed in the Eiet of Press on Gates. Gass mot be conned in open conines aii x.Wola, otc, Pressure tn syngas apes we mnt dacs te ilferece beeen he teem foc weight and pve Fc nan + ps ox pl. Weight means eaves Presi means he ps plo wiht pe ont ae of he sce teted won, Pes at be defied: Farce» Areanctad ug, oo et nit ea Weight isthe ewvnes of an abet or susie ‘Ava ample of weigh fs sll eject with definite dimensions, et ws sume tht th sli best 3 fang 2 we and fe ight, 50 we tow att onsins Gc voume = 1h) We wl asume tats pectic tpoity (Sz) 25 (wich ean ha it? 5 ties evista wate), Wecan nhac callie mepht Water weighs 62416 peru fy $824 x Zen Ise Ib perce ft % 6 ~ 936 fal weight me poe he sod jet om nat fas, OU! weigh 936 Ts And, it would make mo lence we placed it 09 ie ead or eer side "To nip understand the ference betneen wept sn ress, supose We place te ahve sll objet on kx endo lasurace such ma paved set Kove he reser predial m h set wl e iferenthanpaig 00 | Sido ack Hii placed on cd thew e259 econ with the set fd the pose il be (36+ 2 468) ot 468 per og ‘We may change his 018 per in by dividing hy 14 ice eae 8 sq in int ag ) 68 © 168 = app 3.25 pt 1 pled on ks roe Siac >, here wil be Tacoma wih he eet. Te pes Silbe 36 = 6 156) oe 1961 persg RS = 144 = agp LON Et placed 6 the pease would e936 = 3 = 12 = 144 = app. 2.16 pa) (Se Fue 41) “The word esas some mening zy evroue, The frm fen wed lnconely and penne bs feeely confined wi force once A meas of palo push sd i omaly express in pounds oe ‘ioeams ‘Presue Is oc pr i aes ad commonly expressed in pounds por sir foot (al) oF fonds pe Sou Ch (PS). Gravy The eect ot gravity depends om he dent of the Hid The en wae is 62-41 pero. or 0361 perc. (L eu = 1728 255 = sot) Gravity exes pul of 62.418 on ah cubic ot oF cuin - Of fatal weight fai abject is 936 Panis. ressre depends onthe vayits place 3.25psi, 108; vente The let of rv om wate depends ca usb desta te wae ad {te amount of wate. andthe sme We oral mate Gravy eer allot SISlb oneachex fof 40" APL cue sine psi any 2S Ven. fe of water ‘esiy 6 pull HOW TO DETERMINE PRESSURES PRODUCED BY LQUIDS Als hus egies) ave woh. Watt weg pote 24 1 perce. fh Aire amompbere presen? Feige pox 0.076 1h pero Hydrogen, Be het as known, weighs proximately 0.033, pe ee ‘Si al is have weight, hy cet pest pine walls tha al them, The pose eet by gud ata given pit or heaton in ese ‘pends up the Hight of lig above Tis res independent of be Shaye of te vessel Dire igs weigh diffrent moat forte sme tolome aed, therefore, wll reat len pss, one cb foto wt i pio comer 1 high, 1, widenJong te tal ac thease otro te comin would be 62419. This tere would te dibted over an as of sine ot 1 9 in The ewe on ay en sare ich would be 62 415 diced by 68. the esate thus equals 0438 pl Ifthe conse weighed 6b andi fl of wate cl on ast of sae, the nal weight wool! he 68 41h (624 + 6) ithe water was esd and ele with uit, te he esse wou te eee and So woul the Ya weight be deren, bower the weit of {ie contner would rin the ame Suppo the pln specie aN) {07S the weight of eu fof gasoline wold be (62.4 75) = 46818 ot toande off 0 4 a, To find he pes inp 47 = 144 = 0527 ps ttl ‘eit of satin and combiner woul te 3 1 nwo (est arawry crt 2 fare cate 83 oe Sos po a Gontee wow 07s or Neca Bore 5 Soo ‘oppose the sotier wee replaced by one messing high, 1 wie, an 1 lng nd ed wih water he peur woul equa 2.4 3 > 14d 13 pt och fat of water height wil develop 0.438 pi or example, i 100 tower wer filled wih wate, tssure of 43.3 fs wuld te eal the avo af he ower Now sappose ee woul! Ke to Know hw any fet f| ati teu wo price Ip. Using the 10 fot tower san example, we Spl divide eight of wae (100. by 48.3) ~ 2309, of unied ff > 231 soeach2 31 of water = |p Abo you might te meres in krowing the egies measurement of 2.31 fin nes (231 % 12) = 277 fches sp. ce 27 A865 icles ap. "Te fin orl rea xed ot any given pin is veel, pam, Hine will depend up the bepht or weight aed bing bane pls any ‘uel esse Bing exe on thud Suppose we ha ese ied with ‘rte tpt of 20 sown Figure 2. he vse ope ote ‘mops th presse that woud be indeted by preva gage aed ‘he boo of the veel moult Be 20°% 0439 of 86 pa CLOSED a, a «2 aya of ward woo Sippow we cine the opening inthe ves an i esse tothe ves with compre Bs th be peste ag atte op of he veel als 2a pa nds determine the preset he tom of te vessel me woakt haveto alte peer rode byte eight water tothe press pode bythe comprened a The peste page load a the Dolo a he sel rol ed 2086p To pt the peste athe Bo of «pes ves, {Ste esa proce y the ih of lu rset roost ‘Srepretd aio fs. Exenal press can alo Be erred nthe sae of Tut in slowed veel eo the vapor pres of he lig Foc example if 40 high loved veel contincd 20 of gasoline at IMP Fhe esa ‘ese tbe bots woud be 185 pi Why ths press? "Vapor great of gloat 100 Fe = 12 ps Pree due to fight f esac BO % O37 = 65 ps Total posure 18.5 ps« Aste PROCESSING KvoMLDGE ‘Six Principles of Liguls Pressure ‘Tere ae ix tule pipes ta apply to guid ese, They are Tie pesue of lig nan open esl ety poprsoal othe easy of te iui 2. The pres of «gud i an open vessels sty prporna tthe ep of eligi 3. The pes exerted in x perpendicular deton to any ace om “Aan given point tenet the safe of gud he presse i exentd ‘lyin al recon. The presse tthe Doom of conine susie yt se and stage of the coin Fic spl conti Iii ae transmit al portions he gud witout ts. “The Fist pic i stated by Figure 4-3. Here ate shown 140 vce, conane A boing mercy of I ich dept, teeter B. ong rater ot 13 586 ces dep The esse a te Bato ofeach the same cane mercary i 13.346 (ded off 0 135) tines the weight of wat coins A mere fied the same ig as conn the he Sue a he tte of cnt A woul be 13 a th a that in B- Hence, te Clown peste of i nan open ves! i propatona oe Higa ‘ens, Wen th gu density changes, te pes aa in dep changes Tie stout The specie avi (Sg ofa iad i dwt comparison of les of the iid to te deny of water Ihe presse of wate at ie ‘eps maid by the specie ay of anther iid here te rose created by th ew i othe given pth. ein frm P= 433 esp hand 3 here P= presse in ps bh bei in fee Se = specie giy Many pesue meastenens ae made i terms of ‘aces of ecu edicovned arin Hp). There a 12 ines non ot, so dvcng 39s 12 = 192 app. which pve the posure for 1 i. of mere. (Lo mescry sighs a0 Tb pp. an will bud op 59 pi for exch 1 tof beght) "Te second pri seated by Fgue 44, Hee we shown tee Mercury approx. approx, A92psi. 492psi ‘eral connec iin crseseton en. The depth of water in Ait Tit, Bis 2M and Cis 3 The posure athe Dot of A 33 pate bom of B, 856 psa he ttm of C, 129 ps "The pete exerted by water 43 pi for every foot of depth (abo ssid to on STATIC PRESSURE) Ligaid molecules se vey mabe, and ‘ich ais he weight of ll of he molecules above andi arn ths od is enue! te bt ofthe coming, "The fist tod second pipes canbe cambio exablsh a reatonstip Ietween pes, high rd dens. Ths eat be xpessedineaion formas folios: P= 435h(whete Pisin ps and sin Jandh = 2.31 P (where Fis in ps and nis inc Seale tA | 433 psi B66 psi 1.29 psi Note thatthe pressure which i two times te depth of water in Ais twice the pressure in A, Likewise the pressure in C,is' thie times the pressure in A. ‘The til principe is ilar in Figure 4-5 Suppose comin having tu sides ial wate. Then he peste ot vrs ides ete weit of te waters in th ection shown y the sal ao, perpen oe rll he conn. ft pres were any ther ton os inate by ‘sto¥s BB, thn te water Would tt ving dawewad lon the sds, ‘using the cet 1 ise. We know tat ai placed in a oan eso ‘ssume a positon of st ‘The fourth pnp nesta any given point beneath he rfc of 2 ‘ig, he pear exerted ally in alesis. Tis fact abe Beer derstood by usuatng 2 cote fled wih 3 ui then raving som ‘eescting the drton in which tbe ese isang andthe mage of the presure (Figure 6). ‘The posure sows inreae in length wih an incense in deh [2 asi PROCESSING KNOWLEDGE Ane isaion of th ping ie shown in Fgue 4-7 To ges te inserted wate ie, one the tpn tor he tom. When ee ie shatin and th water a eth gs wld the same ese ‘he fit pipe stad by Figure #8. Hee are shown a aber of contin of sou pest each having te sae cw econ ae the com, tamely 59a "The rere the foto of esh exact thes, fr te dawowind esse a gui on Be tom of ont ndopenent of he ape of the contains ie a og a he Jp od or sac bead) he ae Pipe six sas ht ces apie ta contin gis transmit at yortons of hig witht I latn sd tgp fe ona id Pressure is the same of the pipe filled with liquid, except forthe slight ference in depth of the liquid {nacht corner a shown in Fig 4-9 and te Hulda mo pct go nce is pened in the gid equal tthe pres Bing apd BY the fino esuming th gd snot come). This restr ain the reece ste by he dp of he au, The um of BO esses nls the ttl prem te ston sown in Fie $9 has ae of 12 inches contacting the id and oc of 20 tape on he piston then the ange tov! end 240 pa pls esa cased by te dat ofthe hii, Using he flowing syntas P = peso inp tiene: P= Fx A= 20 x 12 = 20 Faces apie 0 conned iu te tani 1 all portions ofthe Iau witout les * Thi pple xed in hyn (a mechs) ys aks, rman clini use his pice for option ts dali jack ha fre ene o he sal pon, hen tm tase Being applies wanarites trough he hid, wi ssw th ae Piston Tis pressure on thes ston is conser ito a rete’ Fece om he lige piston, becuse of the groersuace area ofthe Inge pon The Aiference Pree he vo Fores de) ppt o the suc es tte two pistons (See Fue +10)“ asic PROCESSING KRONLEDCE FG 6a, Pose wee cones ore ‘To sete tis pric, asa these pon Ais 219 in ad the ase of psn Bis 10 iI ace of 0b apd on pston A, bow ‘much frei aval from piston B?Sice the pressure the same oa the Serie of ah pistons a rari norm oso the hg he prestie of pston Ais Py = Fy A, Py = fee on Plo A, y= fore on pion A, A, = sea of piso A, Py = 0+ 2 = 25 Sine the peste ir tanemid witha os = and sine epee se to the force dived bythe ae, Pa = Fr = Acand Ph = Fy ~ Ay tasping Fy = Py Ay Fy = fore pis B, i he Ay = en pon B, Py = presete om pon B, pt Fr = G5) x (lon) = 2500 (ans) PRESSURE PRINCIPLES NECESSARY FOR PROCESSING Because gies respond 0 eal oda epersurs apd ec they vee propery of empress its possi fo then vata nthe ete inty Alsen sss or ee a ils harmed a 61. Fe aramason seg & a ps. Ninoge, oxygen, ad many te ess estore in drums 2d ner {nord in cylidt to conarets.Netrl gh pes by compress pid tough pipelines to consumes to be wl soe! ‘Stam is peer ands held une ese 0 be wed in steam emis steam pus, an steam bios gh ese Bore-ine gs moved fo {s souce To the pine of se ough pes ‘To tidy ome othe pails goverting te beuvoc of ass, suppose we ste mt common pt rower Airs orm tht al kot ‘asteingagecoreven ashing weight or volute, ye we ERO th esselar 1 pein cma he fled ith gid ulest the i ft erased. Ste i does ave weight tui p sate peer much he sane a do isd Oe eae fo ofa weighs abou 0.08 BA ror 10 wie, 20% long abd hgh as 100, of atin weighing abot 18 The ep layer fai which anesthe earth eet a prewar onthe sie te earth‘Amospheie Prossure Lit podues presse he ttn of 2 conales, nd the Hanke of sunoyphee ir pluses pesue or the cath and eveything oni This presse called mop press a epee at al ines. Tat este etd by lis Spends onthe denaty of te gids Thi peice ao Seplies to gas. A big ference eta tbe density of gases ake ta of iu) tates ready withetaepesintempestne The amosperic este fares tea bested and cold, A Barometer eased wo measure dhe {avinion it stoepere penta A sea level ae Ideal conto) he onphere prewar 8 107 pst ovat! caus vations in toi rere Frm ss level high leva, the sttospere peste Sees, The Gece It ese Ou tenet depth of he a rls at higher elevations Ts fact bas ab Smpotan bearing on plant operations ihe leans, The ficiency of {neal combina engines ks, th Pgh that water can be aed es pgs ese ay A plt operating near Deve il eft fen ne car Hooton doe Yo smote: pes = ae ne Femur Ine Pa re Lcouge Pressure ‘You wil ce ht here te wa to pel age inthe tionary tit spell pane” and "zage" Some manutactaring companies we the word {Bugs oo el istrumets Tn process work we ante in bow mich presse thre i hn jst stopere pete. Thtefoe, ost finery goes ne ates 0 hat “0 nessune ° onthe gage aosphevcprese. On hist of page eta, eee, Et ponds pe sure fc (a. Tere sesame gages, howe, where "npc pene i show a 14.7 ps Arig om thi pe gape ‘ald pounds pee squae itch abslae (sa) Avtolate Pasture Atopic pes is hays sen aol has is let on ese. tn dr to Beer understand gage fending incest to ei able esr peg prom, tats pre ua ayer vacant & 20 ‘eiseace,A pret acum iO pounds persue loch bola, bein ‘in gage pense uses normal nop presi zr lt, Pi.) The conversion teveen able ese and gage pres is made by ning te elowing equine pea pig + 147 pig = pia ~ 147 Mot of your gages wil incetepie ABSOLUTE SCALE CONGE SCALE 167 psn ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 0 pis (At Sea Leve) © pia eRFECT VACUUM =147 pie When presse i estan aospbere preset el a acm. A ‘acum is koa fui. Yeas ago it was oven hat a old be slot completely withavn fom vessel, ceaing vaca Hs inpossibleo pump ‘Shoe lth oat of conanr an ths ake pect vac Ops), tut enough sr canbe pumped cut t be flv. Ast, vacua pumps wee found onlin boca. The it as fund {hath pricpie ofthe race cold be iceleere Ele igh bulbs a ‘ey ules we mate with «\aeuum which aks Bee mae efficent A ‘acute 6 wed onthe condenser of ou stam turbines, in out silat Jrocect ad in cir vehiguaion proces, ‘Since we have ound th si is weight and sts it any valle spac, veka tere reste Like wnt in sonnei eer mich roseamows thi fc when he mae apf al spies 22 inches in dete We pron thom together or teres ft and pump ont hear 3 ey ‘ctl vaca publ. Hook eght bore to pl her pat THE Pores tat the atmosphere eters an iamense aneut of presse xanpe led wih wate all he as dplaed 1 ining of he over then wed without opening vent the op cue wl ced with sib serous damage the eupmeat sic sopra 147 ps tng verted onthe onde of the tomer ‘Another meas lor ising acta is op the placement of i, Iyaiogen, ore gas With a conical Haid so a seam. fer tbe eacondenable fds fave bon toruahy dpsed, the vets i ten Slowed to co! wile not veo, a very eleive vasum Is peduced the ese being staned ra factions tower euiged wih overhead onder it pole 0 crea vaca even wile easing by ng 50 tut oling water onthe conde. Forts ssn, ti wily porn at eolng we condensers be cel coal whl tearing Ix gel lpn that suticet Yeats be eft open we the ever coking to gtd pit the cenon of 3 vacuum Presaure AMlcts Boing Point ‘ne ofthe mio ues for presente ener to change the ong pint of iguds. Fo example, ter borat 212F (100 C) The sane eta being poi apes lig byirocabons. or example, at aca pipe stl the presare is edocedf es than Ips, wt he est that hea a oiled i ist) ate itt temperste of abot TOF GTI"C ). Witt {he vacuum the fod would have to be bet to ve 1 100° F. (°C) 0 Bl oll te eaty oi AV th igh temper devin caching woud ho rem Ponts to Remember Presse Is ftce or eight pr at ace. All ade Uigeids and pases) have weight AL ois id up sat peste The amount of sic presse depends onthe fight of id and the eoty oo the aba’ of the vee hid pretest inal econ equally, ‘The weight of al canes am amosphere presse of 17 psa Les than 147 pia is acu, ‘Asal resi ovr en Ua tank oven ca reste rg forces “Atmosphere peste ean colapee veil hat fave acu sie CConsnring ess i sel rig of fom vse fk mo ‘ope sete wil create 4 acuun, EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON GASES esol way eee hat atmosphere premise of 14.7 ps area eve i Being comtanty applied to al equipment At soc a te itera reste na veel allowed ofall below aospbere pes, we begin > tthe eel one res Forename, 101 30 uf the rene 1p ee ha stop. he force atthe atop woukt ‘Get, on ony one eal of the ru, would fe about 110,000 Tb ’ vars can be manued witha meray clus (So Figue 4-11) Fate nhs Svs We mentoned mercury woul bul up 1 9 ps res be fot of eight If yaar api oe oy odo ngs bead fhe hoo end putin a aro cry th mcr wl se oe fot reer» 5 9p tun atoapere esta Theresa tht the meray cle rice {shat an ir temoved fom the fp ofthe tte lower festive han timorphene pressure is cred above the cluna of MCU and te tuple pressure outa te tab pubes the mercy =p ‘Since i the simone preset sping the mecuy op, te stery wil se only abou? 12 (212. 3.9 piper = 187 ps) ‘She tris ihe tan meray, normal sopra wil sh wer 993 8f Bigh i seatrm Tins why he pnp he wal canothane 2 ec sata lit higher than 33.8 Tis also why suction conditions oo 2 amp ae very import i the pump 60 opeate pope ‘Almost al ofthe rfiry roe gage read vaca sn chs of macy tes ha atop peu Since 29.92 in. agpon 212) of meter ‘svat 0049 pi Forexample,10in of mere acai theme a9 ler thin snosphonc pee, or 98 psa (147 49 = 98) cas Under Pressure as asset compres. When composed te eesed nme tty tun os omer st fo lod conti, te ga wl mic ‘ith outs pes ands oo sited. Aris mite of coos gn 2dof ose makes if, 8 we now i poe Airs wed for many oe hing, ‘ch as olin, ining wh fc pi, a mes for Easing ent) ‘Guo ae fae which ae compen hes wl ayn volume tthe ssi! contig them A gat bosiogener Hid Jo’ dest alow conty. The volume of 2s vais with 8 fnperanre and presiare THs ‘saoship sry import ov in andi, serine a ping all ues. TO tester undrsan!he aioe a gu us oa at sone of he as tha WT hata gas wll do oder varying codons ‘Thee 61 meseraberliiombipfetcen the volume excpd at th reseed bya fined weight of sy as Ths elas was discovered out 300 yes apo by 8 sled, Rober Boyle called Bayes Lae With a PERFECT VACUUM Would support a column of mercury this high 29.92 inches ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Pnessune « Boyle experiment with se upp in the shot, losed ent a he (ee Fgae 412). The tapped sit wa subjected wo noesing Pee a8 more reo wat pute im he open end ofthe take Tees dita fe his ‘apcient proved ary ange ely, sey, that he psu aid ATMOSPHERIC. TMS More mercury was ated each experiment + T Pressure col Exerted by si facesed Mercy ‘Air Under ums Presue | [RG €12 Tipe Fabs wnt By Fao Bove® asi PROCESSING KHONLEDGE bythe volume at that pasa nes the same ramber each tne Fortis ‘gry tobe te al he ne he sane terpere ast be mie Boyle's Law ane sated in his way ta fie temperate th pot of the posure andthe volume of gen Weight of gas coms Azer way of tng Bol's Laws that fora fixed erate sat ‘sight of gs, the pres is iver) proprio wo the vlune—and the ‘rite is mel proportional the esse. Tis mean tat one o ese ‘anes changes by lator of m rupone n= 2) the eke changes by he favese factor. (514) Inher wots You double te pes, you Fave the volume. OFF you doable the voi, you ave the essa. has, i Sti of sas wih pressure of sy, 20 psa (2D poubds pt gua iach Be) mst be rede 1/10 these, he abo press wil veo Be incre I0 tines a+ much e200 pa “Theol as many vb ues inthis neesay oko the such of bois, gas conan ppnes, ein oder to know how mecha ge may be competed with sale. ‘Temperature Changes Atect Pressure and Volume Suppose the temperate of he gas is change, we the presae i ep onsant How wil te lume chs? "Tis quton was sided and aneeted in 1787 by French sient, Jacques Chases Hiv experiment showed tat ll ats expend bythe sm ftom of thir odgiaal volumes when they ae hed over he sane vemperamse tange. Thi is called Charles’ Law Tisepeimen can be checkout ty we of sul re sla he, boat 20 in eg nd hosed tone eA hap of meter placed in the ake ‘ough te open end whe oling it opie The mere falls and evenly trapeasarpe of sinh boom the abe Sine the hc has ere ee, the length of hea cola cn be used as mews of ts ame. AS the be Is and coved he mecuy plus will move up down hes eps econ sd thus mana costar pes. The volume maybe essed 1 diferent empeates and eordd with changes in volume menaenents “This cia wil te forse Chk experiments sowed hat th same esl te tine fo all pes, ‘Since at any given temperate, te product of P x V i const, the incase in V (ole) a costa P (ese) the empresas thats proc P > V eet insets ith empress Soa Teeamettpelugsen ay teeny aera sect nara ting asa tntnfepene aad Sar aietemepriaine nese cee SSmremmacn Saenet eee verge Fmialnitile ane Saupe iaeiea ea See eine Shite rab aacetiea avons wit bef CL wr a a See ere eee es Seo peor ac api hs aya be ps de atte e's eae ous nt ae ‘Sth cuay aes pus neu pt ae at TES pacar! ee ae cae ea alee artes areas Se Pen Sere Sot mee oie core STs ae re mitre aie ar Sic i pap awa se wc area his aca siaert ee ps TiTpnuee erga caus arma ce Races a pier ec sei vtivnpepntsmnder mses mnagie SEcpmneet seaman eepeogentse Selena tao parte at 5 en) nd by transposing cick eqition: Ving = aT and Ving = Ra the ? combintin of tet eqns reveals tat Ra” = Ra or Ra ~ Ro an “Troe constant the same forall “ea sea is efeed o asthivr ps constant Soe have theoquson of ste for one ne fan ial pas PVyy = RT Fora ceri ues) es of eles this equaion Becomes PV = nT thas, bre V isthe tal volume of () rok of gas at temperate T and eesre Pa sinc (he weight of ws ied bye molecule weight ‘an be iter: = Eby sbi this in equation above (PV = aT) We tsomes py = weit ‘This egpton ha ted pata vale since hr is no Lowe gs that ensse san eal gas. The equation does dsc te Beavers el scat ow presi nd hrf, gies a bas for develo equations nt deste the Pua al ais at high esses. Ti ie) Usa n ‘leulting gas compresibili You might arte name fr eal gat ‘expesied athe el gs nw, the general gs lm, Ft pest el Kes ind ht he maria aie ote comma R depen oe ts ed fo expos pes, prac, and volume, Whea pesute sexresed ‘np, (gage pesure + 14.) the volume inca fe, temperate in dees Rankine (F-+ 460), ed mos in pound mes mst be wed. Accord 0 ‘Avogis's | pounce of any eal gas ocapes 379.404 fa OF {ed 14.7 pa Using tintin negation PV = aR ad anepsng the equation 1 PY, ten R = IX 394 quit rad R = PY wen R = HE 38 10,73 pin. o,f. mole "Rankin, tesefre 10.73 the valu of as constant Rin emis of ps, cu fol, “Rankine ‘Ouro ps i 8 mine of many clement, however, for paced poses we can sume apposnutly 884 mehae, 1% ethane and 5% [opan sof ers Methane ass molecule weight) of 16. As ble et ‘scale the weight of methine gas conned at S00 psa and 70" Fn ‘lindr with ole of 1 Assume tha th ethane ian "eal a" itm wer gn Mh Soleo PV ~ BERT wasps the egton comes = BAY ant sing the Known ales i bees = (50 psn) (1) (12 w= ADA CO FF ae 0 = 1688 (169 rounded ot) Dato’ s Lastest the al pes of a mine of ae ie mo the paral esis whieh woul be exened by each fhe consti if each {ns wee ospy alone these voume asthe mise, This mean fx ea ‘olumes Vn oreranpethiee pss (A, Band al athe sume tmpertre 1, tua ifetent pees, Py, Py and Fe we all ue ass a ple these ofthe ohne V hen the esting presse Ps ein oP + Py a e, Po et, ech gina mit lls th etievohine and eet 4 rae ‘ndependent of the te ges: ‘Araga Law tes th etl vlume cape by 2 mite of pest caval wo te atm of te volimen which nou be onto by each of the oosiaets when at he sume press and tenperare as th mixes. Ti av Ferlito Dao’ La, bat consider he ative eet of vm ina of ese fal die gases ate at pss, and epee T, batt volumes Va. Ve ané Ve, then, nen combined so tht T and P me apchange, the ‘Apparent Molecular Weight ‘Mos gas mntres ar composed of mlectles fig vatous ss nd ‘nt eat caret to hats gt mitre a3 deft molecu wei, Nowever, gu minute belves ari were apr at witha define leat seit This moles nephtis now ss an apparent nese weit Specie Gravy of « Gas ‘The speci raity fea dfn eae dnt ofthe ao the deo iy a tae a te sane temper and pressure. AS an tangle the molecular weight of dey ait 6 29. The molec weght of methane is 16 Wat st specie gravity of mete? ‘Solin: A pound-molecula-weight of ny gs coupes volun of 39 eu 1 60 F and 14.7 per in bole. Therefor, 291 of a oss he same space asthe 16 bf mtu. Thrlo. he rif he wept of 373 Cu. of methane the weight ofthe ane vole of ai 16 + 29'= 0888 In ake words S54 isthe specific pay of methane Kine Eneay Acco to tery, cls atm fay sss ae in sons suse of motion a al epee above asl zr. solid te molecaen secreted in tbeirmovemes by atc foes which al then wer ied ‘ston so tht the moon conesponds toa iran mer tan Hw.“The molecules 8 do tie the eigboroat of sal pi, tu ecole seared fom ech other. Tey vel tpt ine wi fn averge veloc (0) which ncests ste trent fhe as increases. “Tenperate,tecoe, simply a meas ofthe eon o Kee neyo the molecses “The molecu of the Es oolide with he wal of he cote ad with aber molecules. Tis, the selocy an te Geton of the lees ae ‘Constant chinging ns undom maser Pree sinpy he comand ect ‘ofthe collins ofthe molecules withthe sige halls of te conn ‘Wat happens a ble 1? At you cool «gv a constant ese ‘wltne get salle and smaller Wil the noe seperate ov cabs 9 har the vobne ofthe st wil tecrme ao? This wl pot acy Rep rome ‘ll real gases evenly condeme 10 tigi Let Us sappse ‘indent id ot cer. When tol is teaced the molecules would tive no icc energy. The rnules woul cease o move anole sist the wallow each ter ap, Rees alone have ese Te oman | ‘eal the simpy elle unr he xe woyphetc pene volume tht of the gas would be zero Ligh abo ices ia votame when they ae head Since Duis ae limos nonimpesbe, presses wil crest enormously if coat ‘ls of ie is ested most important ees thi tin handing Tide inh refinery aie so be su on ond saute open or ‘eee pened tht the volume expansion, essing rom oui soe, cn te elec Sima, on eat exchanger, the os side sold alway een an ole w od verpreniig ares of he ea pick om tbe ead ‘ie. Fr the me esa, spe comaizr shoul alas ave about 10% 38 Space etaove thei allow for thea expen so 81 vad ping te container CGxes ae compesibie gids are nly lily 20 ander very Bigh pposues 1X pris tomogenous fd of low deesity and low visas. Gates wil vary in volume Fil the Yess consiing Be. ‘The volume of gu ves wth ks eperae and presse Nawal gas Isa mike of many eleneats Spec gravity of «248 6 ao oft density t he density of ry a gis lo incre in vole when they ae hee PRESSURE PRINCIPLES DEMONSTRATED Demonetaion 1, Figure 4-13 16u.Ft. 624 Lb. 250Lb. a. 612, Pome wa deena ‘TOTAL FORCE (or weigh) = PRESSURE x AREA PRESSURE = FORCE (or weit) UNIT AREA Webaves cubes, mesring IR % 18. Lf. 0 Each weighing 62.4 cach. The tal weight i approximately 250 “Taal fone = Pest % en = 280% TU faea Ug 2) ~ 250 rewire = Force Since 19. = 1445 im then ech sin as pes 0250 = 14 = 1 7p If weremone th tp Sees, we wl veal foce = presse x rca 624 1 = 62.4, Presare = Pore + Untzea ~ 62.41 nd 624 = 144 = 0453 pi« asic process KNOWLEDGE Demonstration 2, gue 414 Mercury Wat App. 27.7in, | ‘App. 2in. ips. tp Apsi. G14 Doh, paaae ener ‘Thee ferent tigi enercary, water and gana pled in ee takes each having rose-sctonal eof qm Bos ach agi a3 ‘fern spesfi ravi, wl take diferent eight of gu eet eae “The pres ge i obi thet aurumer sin er operation “Tay sre thn one hae years a he fist "mater tube sty ber the te of & rena gap0 for demining tam dru presse still « reguement een though modem conto an ineoks make overpessing Lever Mechanism and Gear Sector Internals of boiler vitally imgonsble The Bourdon take gage (Figs 415) sees {ype of gage hich has boon axed for pee aden Although lnproveent have en made construction and cacy the basi rine av me camped | (our On PRINCIPLES OF PRESSURE © th wag of oar in conse decease ‘3 What the pressure In pounds per guar Inch athe bottom ofa ank ovning fu shat of 1kbas si 4A pump has maximum eicharge pressure of £2. pa. What the ‘maximum eight that water eon Be pumped with te pum? (0 Pea. 5. Aun gh ea to 20 wah ean A rossi gag on {oportne rum ends 125 pai Aprestre age on bono i ea ces tan Tas peo © noe an 129900 Paes Sn peti on «Hat eds vote wa Sa cosa ae 9 7. ha quay of gt oth prmire of 10 ps is pot int anotar {oni tnetalarwtutwiiboks presuein the corte? oa ee © iOpen «Gna pound mole of rar occplee 379 cut 60 Fat 147 pin What rhe won? 2's 1 int tocar welt of methane? 3 oe 2 2b 10. finch fe fooingequBt0n efor the lea as ls? won Beyer cer Principles of Fluid Flow guid in on wl oie to ow les he pth of ow ilk nl it sesh iow evel, Tecore o move nud om oe pao Sot, elymeeany opovde «dung camel nd the i wil ‘ow the deed point Wate espe to eis fom resevis i he ‘nonin witout the ase of pars. Ths dfeence in elvan pees he ese 10 move te Wale, Sometimes Fefened fo a8 gravity how “Tomove wate fom a reset ower than he ty antes pole ed rashes te pe of frie a which we we mbt meet "The moveret of ts (beh Iu and gases) ery impor nthe toca indy If oa observe an atin liner) You wll ce ht les spine make upscale cote unit Tse pies heels aed ates of fey "We cannot depend upon pay How to move i inthe tory except in some ined opertns The may fas that We ae vig fom ow Prete thigh presse pnt. To move tio or 1 to high esse Toucan exter or chanel soe of res Fague 5-1demonstates he neces or appying mechanical presi fra simple operaion "Toner Aus a bation lvl of 10% Toes A an B ope a he same presire The refinery process rues tht the Booms fram Tower A be ans io he op of Tower B. As evil pot out, ii il low teaches its ow eve or nl some ote fre ope In ican, here ism fre gpg te flow no the ul wil move om he wea he ee tt he lve! i the He ste sme a Bat In Tower A,Sige he procs eqs ta the Sat rom Tower A be move the topo Foes Bt iscvident that meine x extra peste mat be ed in ‘ort taser thi In sacs might ie pose 1 ase the presse ‘on Tower A, however t mest fay proess, we sly inal Purp | te sito fom Toner apd pam tthe top of Tower Bt iy we nt ‘oly ove the ei But me move at wha rt me wish By egUlig te ‘peton of th pump ot by wing one of the vais type wot ves, DERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE (One ofthe sin principles invting Hid ow wat deslped by a man raped Heal. Dail Berotl «Sais sleit, shoved that na tom ‘ith constant fw rate, ery is ansfored fom one fo othe er each tine he pp ros seton sz changes Hispicpe ates at he sus of he A B res coy std inca vations pits ina.ystem must be constat {tom aes constant When the pipe dante chinge, the eon) change, imac enigy tus ete dete or incase, We kaw tht ety cat ier be teed nr destoyed 0 he chang in Kit ery ste ff by 2 decrease or increase in poste. Tas Usted i gue $2 ‘Any gud le maton posses four ferns of egy. For example 1 Petal ot ead ster the top of 2 tank 5 Sue of ese pressure ctened iid «fe, 4 Heatteat prea in ne de by fice “he tea eet ld in ton as any ie ol othe sumo the Forms of ecry Bocas ery can nether be cea of cestoye. is powsble to convert one form of ney nto acter, such at veloc i etie.Some capes of comesin of energy at: Pnps—mechancl to velocity: mechanical o esse Steam siphon presse to wel Water tamer sels to pres Filing ank—prevse 0 vel 9 ptt ‘fitment understanding of tee rns wil make i pone to explain Some ofthe paca aspects of gud ow RG 61, Demonraon of ree rig pee oa oan” fusic PROCESSING KHONLEDCE FACTORS DETERMINING LQUD FLOW ‘one of te min factors tt determines the pss! Sup of @ ele operating it he ate of fl Thi apis al is, mene hat both Ids andes te ids But othe rset ne will be dicosing Higi w. Having Seco at what te «ur apr, tes becomes a roblem of | roving te suit bes ited to do he ob. Les ft ic tacos atest ig lw pipes Wicosty isos is mess of he rtne ffeed y it 0th lie ton opr In constig thew of ds teuph ieies,vcosty Could be conte epnive cua compared wih is ei, ety, which sen pone characteris. Bath quis an gases is andar ake a that telus of ah ae in api oon ela ‘oh ober Becaie ofthis motion, seer gus aoe gases have define stapes. ths propery of lity eat makes pipeline want of mates possible ‘Vico tesisance to maton must be ovecome. Tis esc ws ale id ston. Fr sving probe in low, tas ben fa be ‘noe pastel define, aig ae to and devise sales of measreet fet somty than foe Muy” The iscosty of gui decreases with nessing tempers whe the viscosity of aes nen with ncesing temperate Messing noun of ple hg eis we range of ales eco som af thin wera flow a fey, hoes re ick a tatty low tall Ki ab string tt oe mening meres ible fo al igs. The measurag iastuneas we called viscomees of Sonetines vscosiets. They usally meas the fix cine fr given ‘uy fig ow by pity eu sh vera be, Bascal. tbe Somer consis of 8 terpertre-cntoled tah io which i ped» ‘ape fe gid the eed. A sample co igi calectd and tbe tine repaid fro flow doh he tle the oto ofthe cone is ‘eck Tis tne thn he mene ofthe viscosity n SAYBOLT SECONDS UNIVERSAL ($5U). Thee simples ate wally taken at wo oF mone temperate a shown in Fre 53. “his icometer ie tabe ore with ont rade ils. Messe lowe 40 aed shove 1.000 SSU are not precise, but vales oxide this range ‘danined by oer meh te fen covered tthe SSU ele siny ‘acon Water or White Oil ‘Stopper Removed When Timing Starts Since sos causes quia esis ates he peformans of at pumps andthe presse drop (AP whee panping hough 2 even pipeline (AP) "Vacs i als import in a refinery Beas, in atoning performance of he umes, any prods mat mest vic” specie ins in ener 6 insure proper peaton of machines Jn he movemeat of lg Here ae two Kids of Now. Lamina Bow cause ofthe once of oe amiaicn ot thin ena set of iit ‘lowing inde ser Ober names oh tp ow ar stearic flow lw ese ols fv ight unboken Ues, "AS lg veocy increases, te eye shape of tbe concentric Innit subject onsen ire Gre. Aloe cal velo, the flow pater Dogs to beak down, and liquid mon beomes moe tule, The trlnce incense ui he igi parties fw near ‘Gecon, and all ow forward aso these veloc tall pl in he pipe AL his and higher vloties he i is sei Be in rule How (See Fue 4,Laminar Flow TAA Turbulent Flow Most petoleum bycocrtons ae ready be on he oer Thi 1) intelaton othe reference plne.Avtereusple cul Be a ark of wae 100 Ih above te srface othe earth ht has pot eeray of ese ecg G88 xB). When a sel sting i steed (or comes) Hal as teal energy sored i he Sing The general concept of sted ey i when nejet or ss us mone crt tha ks suounings, i ends to give off eng an in 0 Sg, ecomes more wate ‘When You bea a objet, 300 incre tre esa by puting emery ie ti te form of fet When the source racing he hes emeved. he het har mene sed energy ts ote than) sy suroudigs. and it inmesity pod ogo energy pin inthe fem of Bet. te objet hasbeen ase high enough pratima glom—that sve off ner inte fu of Light a6 wel "Tis cooling of = ot cbt ani reaches the temperate of is sanoundings an the Bow of gis rom high power cleats ae eames ‘ofthe aura teeny of sym bese mare sabe by Towering hei ‘ergy content, at, By ing tents) ‘The sco ene sts, nt omer, termined by mtn eo. ‘eis hl te post of mass mulipled by the gure of he veo) of by KE = SMe, where M is mas and vis velo in cs, As poten ated) ner puss Ho th sored sae o's wk contin, is converted Wine nergy. Ths, te weigh alle tom ts elevation pottery (w > 1 iconv ini energy 2M) bythe ee the eight eases ah Velocity energy ithe ney Hud psseses due ois matin. Tis enrzy i commonly called Kiet energy ani basal exposed KE = aN whee KE = hectic ene. tb peng. M= mas, React, However, ei fer defied as: M where D = density. Ib per cof 42 = acceleration dhe © gravity 022 per se pr see) thar KE = 9 DE ENERGY PRINCIPLES FOR REFINERY USE Rees sappy cory in many wal oes Case, kerosene, esting it, sel feo, and iid petocum pss (LPG) Tes te wed fer ene purpose rode energy. We ze intrested in eery not only sate ‘nthe min roc, bat ao Beas we i energy ins any way ening ‘Refs wse abut ui fea for every 10 units hat sl Energy ives the pumps and compress, ste faces, and gt tubs "Enegy is eased a ifrent us Some othe moe como ui ctey a sted beow KINDSOF ENERGY unr Hee (Bish Thermal Uni) ‘or Cal Rilogra-Calore) Biscty Ht (Kwa Ho) Means Wark pte Gtonepower oe)FLL ot Poan) FLL (Ft Poa) inti ving Preeti een “Thee law cen py ta tough energy canbe unsere 0 changed frm oo form to ater, i eannt be ceed of destroyed. ‘We cal fami with mar examples of changing ene) fom ne form 0 snober (See Figue 6-, Tor euampl, a finery ay el fos i a lstri-pomer company The onary intr brs thi fs i oles. The ed chemi eety ofthe foo hanged i est egy by bring he fl Ths et enegy (Bt) 61, ts En ent how wy b eete w treme t wise to pode stam which coming Het eng and stored eware corey "Te scam eft ge tine which asforms the Bet a esr ery ofthe seam it mechanical energy (ing ofthe sa This inns enero let en) ithe nro Eli ney is so ack © the etiney whee x conver it mechanical eneay BP mats. In i i eomproso, metal eo) changed ino plessue enetgy sich stad te compres a The compres ait energy may then Be toed todhive ana Famer The mesial enery of thea hame sed © Fee up corte nin dt 5s change i heat nrg. Ths ea eer rum pte oocete ad sending at and evenly nds up making the The enetgy my mtb valle or se ut ti il ound in he frm of heat eneey ‘racing pp with eds vale st wl et yp and possibly in the sea rape the gs ein pope, and rp the pup csng f ‘ery spt intone of egipmet, rete se ort wi id ay out "Te unary ppoe offer) equipnen eer change ese oa ome fe 0 ater off ter emery fom one plas fo sate Fans, Hower, pump, os, compress, bins, egies, fu, tule suit, and oe cach conser one Bind of eery io soother kid ‘ea exchanger, an lactic cal, oa compress aiine move oar ceeigy tom ove pice 1 ant Tnanorice pe met, pesre nea inthe s never ie Knee (oe vlc) eng A fn aroun o oe Rad of nergy can be tansformed nto 90 mare tha «fied aout ofa Kn, For example: Oe (100 ste) can be shane io 3.15 Bt fhe enerz¥—20 me, n> le The sue reat be changed so 1,31 ptt The eons of trent eugy ni to one ante can be cq aginst x crimes TM. Baan (M sanding for 1:00) a follows TM Bie. = 0293 ky. 1M Btw = 0399 bp-tr (one th isthe amount eng nade rae a Lb. wegh 1 in wish) TM Bleu. = cemical energy les by tsa 1x. of bing ol1 MB on = aprox he moan of ea ent comand iat of steam TM. Bo = 196,000 taneous ~ ht enegy of 128 10> lncanesemt ght bulbs Burning or 1 tou (See Tale 6-0, i aso Er rue NT COST PER UNIT. COST PER Bt ine ‘ood Coe 0 ‘exer oa: Tor 2 mt Gee of Baral i nae Nets Gas Mu. 150 oats econy Ke co corr Ponts to Remember ‘Ter eto bs ny sit, Poets Egy ad Kine Ene. Pl Ems. ie ete ed CW ‘lol sored ee Swred ey com be fle a Kacey “inc ner termine by esmton oreo by it emy nce ie lid ye uo of temas ow a he eb of te Roving sea fli ‘Vehely evry te cou te ha poses ae 0H on Ts cy is comual aed nee ety efecs copy egy in mary oe forms Enyce many fms Ircan be et, ceil meta Kini Aoving)s ptnil (oed bh) ne Towiy can be changed for one frm oat Erp cont be eet or dseojed Wwe cm pat someting punt) mt se oc ot oben EFFICIENCY: PUTTING ENERGY TO WORK ‘When we speak of he elf mer, fmae Het bulb, pump, ‘ompresion, ee we wvally es the pte! of ent tat Went ito te pent anced pi tan of ney fhe id we deste hh Tora fic. fo stamp te ecto B.'s pres ote ture fe cd hea he pte seam ne rcs es HD tt {xc 10 Bu fel bess bt in be poco tem, he face ‘Thee of matin te a of et nergy ove ota itso enery poe) nt. No rch gs ut machpows ores 2 bdlveel wt Tie aye ame lo oe ofc weed Nexig That why popes cton ache a np. Hey is wal exes’ as pce fxcney ~ QB — Qu = apt — os ea ~ Capa + oer ta ce pat = 2g ce: Opa apt Bene (8) sane for letersi a lets oad cute found wo be A289 bp. wa elie? “Aone Se 1p = O46Rw 42899 = 129 x O76 = 319 tw Teneticeny = omg pat =31 99° 40 = crete 20 pore tics strc we des gees f pons: ison pangs, Roy perpen Cl pang The son pmp wtf oar ponvechpent up. owt re of te pts tates ype or act Ae ‘Peat wout. e pun mes up ad dw or ak fe 8 tescesing motion. This, the ao reened fo een pas "xorg si fe poo ons the fe So cae wes beings gin te ng one ks, en ot ‘oweh te eee om te erate "The teal dachge ate ont ely coped by myn hi ‘oti (of ne ends) bye oton sd fhe cana le eas fom eames = ARSN Crt amp wit |p) tee = cre iio per ‘Ap = crust wen of pa a 5° ote, or dats o piston evel i ies “pel, elton: pr mine pm)“he cossestional ae ofthe io ound fom Ap = 0.78 where isthe poston deter in inches And AyS pees the vohume. We ate ined in gals er ine, 20 coin 1 gl = 000835 som “Tos the eon becomes Q = (0.0043) (0785) SN 1 = O13 & SN (or oe pump wih owe Poston that single act, o simplex, Bch ren pcs with ony oe stoke) when Cslulting dole ang o ae. PDS. te etosrsectoal sen ofthe ro taste src rom the volume o one ef te amp | flow ein gpm. ‘ston iamste nines Piston sate io ices sd i pn Example: A psn pnp hs piston damats be) of na stoke ofS inc and ped f 20 tpn, What te tert charge ate fhe pp? Solution: Q.= 0.0088! SN = (0.008) (4) (5) 34) = (0.034) (16) 5) 600) = S16 gm | piston pup willalnays ave some water ak ack it te suo ie of the pump mn do tobe lt nd ott ales nts and opening tthe ‘rat more th piston change zon She pr wil aot cathe ‘ane ep th noel ution, Seppe te pomp isthe bot pOblem a sgpae of 46 pe. Then he acta dscharge aes 81.6 ~ 46 = 77 em, "re effin of the pump isthe aca dsp rate divided by the acetal te orn thease 77 81,6 = 936 or unde lf otry pumps often alle pumps const of wo ih) esting gs. he pears eaten pp reton and om pockets apis th pur ing. “Theil cad tee pokes nd epee rom etn bck tothe sto sie bythe gh enesting of the pears Each pocket cues» definite st of tigi om ston seo the dcharg. The vole ofthe pkst mp, The hort dcr ae sae with hegre = dplcement “peed. The siplacenent shout he hen by the pomp manufacturing cary i iesons tht canbe woreda to ota gpa, Retry pps have sgage ad he fey can te comput by acta ‘conta pump oper on «diferent penile tan the pio ot rotating pr The cenferal pump own ted A cena pa Cot of anc mote n'ai shal a is used yt pap cing ‘vith nt side and outside Aca the cettugal foe of eve cases 8 {elon to tel as is tron tthe ner ofthe ane. Tee ese he sme ential pp coms tom ‘hoe ae several far tht dling the charge re of» ceniugl ng Uy fine see than the piston an ting pup eeu of Ing spygeEficiencis we ico work mathematical, a ar aly calcd fn cht and papi of opel pop ous spats of Se ot al fhe eesti to pment i ei, he et mist 9 semnentere. Tale 62 lt ypc efklence fr common pce of epoca {ol shows where the reminer ofthe ent ees, Mt fhe and eegy sin te form eaten Ia pracy atl wasted encgy ina finery eves ends up as bea eogy which "els egy, whon under coml wef; however, energy, evn in sal mounts, canbe dangerous when i soit of coma or when i is od Pound or pound, gasoline has more ed com enegy tan dpa Congres arc ul arock ot tend ofa oe a eo a at of compressed sin with 2.00 pg ht roe ini st er pd sieht when he ve acide Me pa ecb of hese can igus gts mothe feeds ofa eipoeaing compres, the compressor ‘nga bythe moving piston tough he alos ronconpesibe gid othe stinger eadPetroleum Chemistry ena! coe of potest of protons pla neon. Experiments end show tht very sr as the same umber of lets has pets. The hoy hat postey charg prin om the uses ‘ofthe ao, and ound rt an el aur of lestons whose gave ‘args tance the pose charges ofthe rots in he cone the stor. ay oa : ‘aw wane All mtr sem ob sey cl inmate er mpi ete 5 eee live Mater i anything wich ceepis space aed has weight and hes ee Perecamcce | es tn bors rl of ay be er yor Ege ‘cncr—ty vee, fein, ting, al Solng Te av so tin oF ‘Canny et Cocina ‘tr dt ae vibe, san a, ge and soe per Bet et tetanic ves 8 eee | oer of mer iy mace ad hve won ye mae acing cat | TM Soha cor Smecee of ine i ns coo = 2 = etn Pu Gas we 2 fess eae homoge ert hg fe cmp f mis ode eee See Gnas | Snr opr mat ih emai te a "Sine Sn evelyn mc ode apf ey sal pe eed ae = cain, Som, Thee a a anos lites amr of itera kinds of moka om Ge June ts cash in ft my ie Lindos we we Kn ee ree eg Fea anne ar | sna The ava ac mle ache ae oer Tae any tne sl aceon eed en cas eee st ru Gas | Soa ener on ” i ldaatied sarees wero inline hea om ay exgesne usrecent gt : eee | ‘we believe tat an atom composed of a cloud of lctons tht ole abou‘Ts seon, which spastic wih no lec charge i a ound in te rocks ofthe st, but Beate ey ate eects” aewal they are not ‘ised by the neitiey caged electrons ute th mle. These ectons tose ey apd oud hele at pes of unde of iso sod ‘Atom ce and mass. The leon fv tee she! sound the aelews an give itt te tr An om sth sae ple in which Inner ant divided by chemical spartion the chests nt of ater. ‘ut wow itis esosby wll elite that some are made up of he ery tc sar elctoes and pees Tnosibing som dmensons we we wi of eg cle te ago, sic sone Renee oceans (0 0000K01 cm ) Diametesaf omic nok rage fom a tendiawandh wo baedoasnh of 2 "The tom has ly ae but mas. Wit he tm the aces, shih copes oly town tla of he volume of the tm, coming shout 99.95 perce of the sonic mass ‘tors ear may sombine form molecules. A molecule may comprise of dierent Lind. ‘A occ i the smallest portion of any substance which cana be subvied farther wither is poperies Being desnoyed. A molecule i an esreationof tre which ae bound ogee et om group by some kind of Clete attacon, The aunber of sfoms in a molecule vans wih he ace ‘A ae air, thee ae inytwo known clement ow to ein ‘re anda amber oh hae been ad by man in sry. ARO isthe smlest uni ofan slement Every elena i specal cortinaion of rotor, cketons and nesons Each element i ented by te umber of| rotons ins nce ans eine y 2 aera syn. Hysogens "Semeat number 1 and it combination of ene ton and oe elton “Compounds ae combitons of clemet, feed maily ugh the ining of fone Tos ore by ie rocenes se clled gnc composnds The ute compounds are known at lnvganis compounds Crude ols compeand composed os of hyogen and carton Persons sal anal vig tings mast depend on he yi restos our ca fori existance. Atte eset tine, manasa mare mae of he net expt he mri ofthe ert for the existance of fe ame ow i Hs ality oid ad se eral and energy sources have alloved hin {0 como and my bis evioement. We mst nd wil an mre aot ot ines re nas wth have no dle chet compton ud cin e spate by physical means sch a silig, fikering, or cemoging Frample ae mi gna, cde oy and commensal “Atoms ae the sales paris ofan let which can xt an til have the popes of the element. They ate the pisces tha combine 1 frm ‘etl combined with ne stom foie, which a xe. The corpo ae and thi is fequny the cae " ‘A molec he salle pari of «compound which an exist nd il ave th property fhe compound. One som of crite combined with one ‘om of dum kes oe ned ofa st Ts mol of at wold be ‘vtenely soul Each pin of tbe lk contsine aboot 14 elon iio Orsanic compos. To ad in clsying the showsands of teen compounds, he cert has ake the on no tw min group ena tebmoupe The ngs group consis of he compounis of cabo, which we {alt ganic ong Al of he Myon the ener al in is Inorg compounds. To ots main goo of compounds, consisting of ‘Te ehomiary ofthe mottled intganc cemisty ‘Ode ofthe mos common tiny aplon of ntgani chemin shat of newton of side My refinery poser noe the oe of 28 in oma ih is. The os ving thse processes musth eatbed wieasic ‘ods or oe simi compo, sch sox sh, oro any tases of ad "The chemist shows this operation wih an equate: MSO, +2 NOM —» N’80, + 2 HO Safire seid + cutie = son salle + waer“The sid ad casi on he et are arsine, bt he sm sian tbe wae ich re formed ae sot Thus he a Has sen "newt or made CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM wenn 4 [ELEmERT A ‘or Q Sm he | ‘Iron Satie «Fe (TORE). —omPouRT Loss a Melee | won” Mh x rohit vote: AAO em nate: K ia 4S, Inte oution,stoms th elements inthe compounis Were epesentd by symbols H stand for hyiogen, osu er nye, an Na osu, The numbers inate he mbt of fms of ech clemet nech molec of ‘te conpound Inasense the chen Frmuli ari which lls te cet ‘hat gor nto aking he oti ie ake ep tel cok wba Ate xa of eutazaton inthe refer isin crude ils, wher they 4d ammonia othe dilation tower to seal hydrogen che (HCD, hich ban sid. The chemie would show thi recon with de exon NOH + HCI NHGCI #0 Ammonia hydroxide + hyskopn clare ~ anit chose + ‘Lanon juice and vinegar exaple of wok acids. Bes ge sin ling in water slo and netlize aids Household ammonia we god ‘ample ofa bse. Wea acids nd cs fue te reiy and tis cesar oa some wa of measuring ter cocci, For ewe a pl if the concentration of the ak or bse low ‘When we alan aid or ate mater te moss ofa and base teak sp no ektialy caged parler elle ios, which the chemist shows Casein wae: NaOH — Na” + OF Safe acd in wate: H,SO, 24 + SO¢ Soc syd yon fone") te contain ios goes up inact soluions. Siac ss ih OF ions, te concentration of OH ae got pin arc solutions The pl stunt we ue in th resiery reset on ‘instead ow mach se nbs spect A pl vate ow? (0-7) infcaes an ai olton. A pH value above 7 7-16) inde Solace, sd pl vale of ea 7 nds pte nar cnet oon Forunaly pH can be mess uly an scart, we ean ae 9 insrmens in ny paces whee neces 6 ono te acihy of wae They ae wd at aciblesk detedos on isobutylene wits whte thei sensivty makes posed soles of cid int the oling watt. efor the sid ge sag enought cae serious cues, ‘On cre sil pH instunens ate wed 0 contol he aon of oihich base ad to noualie HC athe code and present erosion, The DH tells when need ad the ammonia rat to matin complete The fern fais of hydarbons have rent hemi properties we wee ten ue gently ner chemically ad ot eter inochi restos easy ‘They five no double fonds and are sometimes cle suas or awated Ioctons, sie hey aleady ave the muxinum amour of hyogen ‘leis on he ter hand te quite esc, They ae calle! usr or svat hytearons beau they are ht of ydogen ad ave dxble ands We tke advantage of thi ect of olefin im many way in tbe For example, at loa uns we fed a mix of tue and ble no an absorber tome cotining sla. Nethingbapen te betes jst tebbles trough the ower unchanged. The butlene dsaed ye Tvgh, because ofthe dobl bool. When wer and seme ae, bale ld ter combine chemically to form alc. The chemist woud show he Hpac + SO Balers Salt om yu K Seconary bul sia hen s eH + HOH 4 Hud moe Second buy sie Water *t Secondary by abil Another example th polymeinton of poplenes aa ply nit Here ropes ae poerized ofr ppl Cy ayn Cia or "ein gsaline. This s done wing high temperate and igh esr and 2 ‘lst Again th prop inthe fond puss heughnchenged | beeen hee bE EE EL, | s Reet alkylation and the manufactue of synthetic rubbers. Molecules formed by these Feutoas ae vey large and may coon oer 10D earn toms fc toed wake na pte ce Eee Soci oTake Teac ema pans ae | SPIES a en ey pee os noha es cl elon abe caneass, golne, mide dilates, anf oi samples of mide dilaes tre keene, dsl and Resting ol ‘Year ao, ol toe main recs wee amature —gsoie Hah al ci and ben) fuel il Quality reine for the roaus were low ad onsequeny they sould be eo Sty fromthe ede oll witout farther processing “Tous moet high-quiy stndads,a welsh demad or may ae wot foment pci es, miny process Beyond iia partion of be fruie of ae ee, “Tere we, of couse, Many specifications vo mee in matting hiehepnde esoline Howcvr one mai oe extane amber, ually Bes ls frkeber he hydrocarbon cata will ake ood asl. The higher the ‘ane umber, be ese ithe stkck gay ofthe feel. Lise Tale Tiare some ype! ydccrtons and ther cstane sane "Toe opes of dsarbon compounds, whic, when mite opie, give 8 iggy ssi, ae Te shor chain lent 2 United ave double boo. 2 Contin ts of ranches 4 Ao (sch a Bere) Mowcaw Bang ose ‘oot ‘nt ner Eyre cite 186 ear Prepjone one "tr eu yan cos a ak tecnare cis ‘as oom Isenrone con! 2 em Pons cite 2 eat (eopenane ite 2 Sout Nersre oon 1 at Hegtane Cee es ° sane cae as —1m care Hoy oom Borzone trea oor Youre ze corm “Mestad or mater Remember we mist hie igh-stane components patie mite it is tbe good engine fe HYDROCARBON CoMPosmTON HYDROCARBON is he name given t the Inge family of chemi compounds made up eeiey of cxben and hope. Cue ol a mixte Sempous! slat etely of hyiocarone, with afew ober compos ike Iycogen slide (HS) preset in some cas ‘The singles hyéocaon is tual gs or methane. (One exon atom is connect to fou hope toms. In any compound ade ‘po eatbon an byzoen the cata ats teve a6 Gough ey had four ‘sand he iyaogen toms eta a ah ech adel oe am. Each rm (tthe carton siom must says be oscil, tht, must be Boling ‘omsihng, eter jose stom canter caton aoa. “Tet ate milion of fete way in which carbon and hyekogen sos can be conse topte to oom hyoarbon leas. Toke eset kep tk of the difeent compounds, the chemi bs vied thee mater i Several large fais and woke out naming sytem to help dvrbe ese Compounds ia a systnute may. Paris Te is amily o res of ysocaton she pring. Te simplest member of ths seins meine BY aig one marcato tara two move Bydogen sons, we cam cme methane to etic. " fee wee Blume EEC Pope tha tr wad en mr cto and te gets ve pa, th pee fe pet oly Tee fet nye fut 4nd 0 yes net wr wie hae ‘coma! tn)" ale weg in Atiough bth ofthese compounds have the sme numberof ach Kind of ato they have leon gates, bili, ee Asthe nurer of carbon toms incency, te nimber of diferent sargeneas posible ao incense These tee ira pain or eae: ve bexanes oe seaton wats mine beplancs or sevencatoe pais: aed 6319 fleet aralis with 20 carbon ators an 2 ysogen tos ae pose. Table 2 hows the common ones op hh sopentane. Nott paratiameseod 2 chan ay -128 3 Propane OM 4 © Bere Cie TET a “haha” raking eld the eis. Eyene This we calla double bond and each molecule of an oltin has a easton of | eee t opine amp | weet bn | ia | on Han" Simian and eins ontines hv hing shape ad hey ae ee cated ecole or jones. A conmon ante aaa Thee thee compu 3 up we cle te tuys. eee Sows mots veto tess le bods ia ore, dey ae * cate nics odes. Acme dein drive fom pel sd ed iartaking gatherers bone ane vs conmon Ons when peatine ‘ont tuwe FORMULA stRUCTURE - “The mos npr ments of te tin emia en Table 7-3. = _ rier wee aeadae,” he n ly teah | ene at -_ woke we comeced so fiy fr asng The conpransecaledeyeic | feces The sine putin ald Sclopone | 2 roopine cae con, 2 metayane cay » Simi, dhe i mee | Hee Crete | Ste | eyene te wey By Su | bbe bn a 5 Apnea wes ® 4 we GRE EE _‘SPECIAL BENZENE PROPERTIES (ne pric sng 976 compound i 9 important at has such sei open that forms the bass for sep fay of Socios alld me Alle so-so stem nthe refinery conan eer benzene | rember of fal sich at You a probaly sliety familar with npaene without knowing is me, Movil te td rom hs meal olen nope sa few of the towands of members ofthe been fai Remmi tat arora ae bl when sad when hey sont the ski, and proper prteive equipment mast he wor ‘QUZ ON HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY Peas lace a crcl round the etn on of your answer on Bank ‘were pcb "Te most widely accepted theory Is that hyérocerbons ar: (3) pan ramos {3 orwans coremunse (6 lemens 2. Crude ol iss mixture composed almost ently ot: {5 nyogan ard open (©) nyopen sue (e) puis (6) Pyerccarons uate eosin rot very cami ete becuse (a) uraarles (sour with H atoms 4 Give the name of one oltn found in einer ram, In gaeral the mote carbon atoms that» molecule of hyrocarbon {She lower te bolo pt of te hyaocarton {3 the hover te bing pont the hyrearon {6} mason no rence th Sing port 1. Wnih one of these nyrocarbons would make 2 good fed 10 8 Dotmereation unit? (a) cout (2) prvyone (© posene 7. The nape produced athe cate racker ders in one way rom the napa Cuts a pipe sil becouse ft conan! [a) ower perce branches tan macewone (2) hohe perce of moat (6) ner pet of pratine haocrbons4 iat 9p of chm atone pce when wr canes Ss s (a) vapoaton| al (c) latert Wl 4 fu al faa 4. rt pres a at ry enya een 8 ee ce 4 () tt {0 sourated wits hyrgen stom | 10, wat tem we aetna. | ’ | 6 | (2) oouare (© pons ) {6 bane {9 scone,Comprehensive Review Quiz Yew pay cage mit te era ange tom +507 uty 6 2 by 3 2? Murpy (22 — 5) (2+ 8) te (+32) by (8) a sues ye 3 eae toto strge tank messi 2 fat n darter ani 21 fet in hat (a) Hew mary sue ast of sgl a ate atom of to nk? [B Wrote ceuntereace ofthe ak nat? (© How mary square fet of stots m ho ote ta? (6 Wnt he vue ohare ak? (9) How many bares of cue a wil Rl? nbs of he eugo t peter clang ween 127F. what be eaeg 300F Ii takes 200 M1 Btu per day fo keep a house warm, how may ai of war par eay woul Rao so be ees Pveugh hs rar? ts huge nom mht i fe bal havea ena? Lat heat ot ‘Atunace sung OM MLL por hut et OF, 7M BL 99g {ean te or How mah i ang ot ote sak? Whe ho mace hoary? ‘ conereson of seam eT Mt. pa Assume Seam candeeae faves te healer at 250 How ary Pouns par hour so ae reared? (athe net tarened foto hq nthe tk ens {heen of wg ee Dats n ecrarae (5 Mace te ube tuna Ir cave eae (6) Make te te Bune say 0 vomore (a) Tey save one a Nt oo ety (a) per (© weer (2) tam sane (ah exe (2 weve (2) fat th same1 Wy i the Ft ager mate send wih neon one lo ithe cue? (Calas roger aout 1000) (a) To tap he sa coos {5 To edocs Pao us rom to regenerate (6) fis eas fo sul hauton an he nao 2. Wa 6 tho mos! mpatant reason fr mantanig Ngrvlety ol How (toto tow) tou 8 funace le? Check on OMY (aaron vcs hss lawl ston suing Miter nace ‘icon (e) Arion voy, at nse wl Scrase causing poner nace (o) Ato voy, tho wt ey aginst meses of ho tubo casirg poor feat ranar sn roi bs cog 2 Wich exchanger ogi, a8 raed oom, wl artr te mos hea o ® To 4, wei] fl echanger hoi 22 Moar station above, he tanga (1) ot botany tov fn ncaa stl! se So pera hol Pena (change ‘cuig) whe he towrSotone sream tporaze at 2 romana’ he ‘Sin an aca ran he same woud haan oh amperes (3) ote loo steam loong be £3 exchanger? (Gop (©) Go dom (2) Bema the same £2 Weare mating a ow rats of 2000 9 par hour teow the tow Ising horace Furnace ote! longer ODF Conon charge ‘de cent cnr coe cet hoe erprae Mas ‘F Secon 1250 Fea 0 1 geeton00 Miu hau 8 Secton—10 Mata Mou rae to both secon same No fame impingement ct, We ned o make an astment, tu we wart o min bot te 200020, ria trace. Whe neo te eto seusmorts wi baby est ‘rinceasad ron ong onthe harace boar 8 sussoem segues? J nde 8 ted ToToner(a) ose sown on caper. (6) Soxe nar praraoe ofl fous ugh A acon o unc (Goce sare secen marr 124, Astaam patra 100099 ohare fa Tho al beam is be tetostom 28 Sette mr Space tok "GO eat rane coir for ureter 1008 oe oq fo oach mare a he forma Pas ante etel6 = UA aT 0. content» ara» temperate ‘tareoe between the Wo sroame (e) uty of hast needed Bt ger Pow (0) Af nwand to dve tal rch Neat {@) Seam lonpertve noose 1 go that ST. Steam: 100° F., /— STEAM HEATER ° ite Condensate 25,200} al mater (spe! 25a) reun of roth bcwishtec tater “re col water eens 807 now mary Bua hes does Pe wate Goatees 1 Btu (OC) mer wore, Rakes Btu tohas 1 of 120°. Hot Water Cold | Water OIL HOT WATER HEATER [ (20016) | {2 above haste 75% icant, ow many pound hang witha rode 25 gore ster awn at 120 Soce ely at a mush ha ‘iors eed ni hare bam sags of hl?” {Ssurng te ara 73% ser icine, PEW much ew bo saved by feasirg he ae che hobnaarhete 180% 1 othesing = 18 wat) .180 F Hot Water 120 F 25 Gallons (200 1b) (a) Specie het {3 Serato ne (6 tent nest 28 nat kn of ha ued ote above problo? Appendix A itis nay ogame Kiogtene una i)convson Factors conversion Factors ont nt te ts es 87538 te o75 Busha USM antag ev et 216042 cube 078 125 374 = $78 125 ‘Centimeter (0.028084 tet; 0.389701 inches ae | BE SS REE ems 3 me Sh oes Bh Re ceca SA cr gm ge Be OBS coer Seater Samet gh ae Sie SEE ERS Tae ae Ee Be 5 Bes ap pehetae wie BR Ee Rho| = ieee eee SE Been | ER RE ne amma ivaezeee 030 75) zraesuse= 989 75 Hectere arith ses: 107609 10" square feet. oem Se Rie | ERE tt Pe Be me Be | Sem ipeerees Blow Baw BS = 30h Ba i, ee ae Bhanu SE Bowen St Poe ee Sh ae Se | pp Be BE Bow | |S SST meee Reon 3 ee oe so Eee rant eT met Tee car teeBacion oa! Sausre Centimeter Sauer Foot Sauere neh Sauare Meter See ae US. r—1.1019 to Sar depen (shor) 8474 klogams pase aceealt cneee eens wes Fluid Weight Conversion Table eae aaagal BREED EGSE goeE: ages!Fluid Weight Conversion Table 222 B68! area 288 BSBER gaze gea38 S58ay gurus Ege8 eaaey BydaH aaeEe f eazes a2 aa3 2oats 0: nega user minus i sprint eau! > voee 2 toge Mathematical Symbols and Constants 5-077 ton § = 0198 1 seo to 1 oot) Length and area = 9g tot 100 contre (on {o00 mle er) = 1969 por min = oSaet eg mie+ oa cant (o3 em) 109s rtitore Weight ° = 10t8 hngrme + pan 8) = 16 cuca 1 ounce (62 = 020 pound + 9a = 648 mira 1 pount per fot = 1488 por mater 1 mato foe) = $000 sora + kgm 1000 grams 149 pee maar 1 etic tot 1 caie malar ev 1000 mags fg) Volume (oem 42 US. goons 53 moet gato 108 cite yas 1000 cu cores (2) 0509 ex ber minDensity sertpe = 00824 co m parts = 1711 grams per cu m ‘on pr US gon 1 ca m per Kegan = 1802 et por * = bse grape US. ga + 1am pe ee = 584 gain se US. ge Water at 62 F (187 6) oe 1US oat leu Water at 98.2 (4), manbnum deny ae mer = Seco ogre 1 her = 3 gem 1 ha per cum = 1 grim por Mar =» part par oan 4 ppercom —1/rgipar iter = 7 pat got mien (opm) Pressure 1 aimephore = 1a we 942 9) moraty = 1038 ig par sa em 10000 ig par 2a m 1422 pwr sa + tn HERAT = 48 egeae per 56m 1 pr saute in = 2008 hand of macry ‘00703 kilogram por sq om 1 an er square ch ~ 1406 wrap 8a mm 1m oso water = 01 tg por sa em 1m nead of mercury = 1380 per ea em 1 iogram por 53m = 1 rm ead of wate 7358 mm of macy por sa nm = 0741 ton pr sn In tes conversions, aces and fot of water ae mene at 62 F (167 ©), millimeters ad mets of water at 39.2 4), an nes, lite, odHeat, work, and power ‘he Bish thermal ei Bt) or te Klogrn-Calai (Ca) were eiiy ied he ea rege asthe teeta of | pound or ilo of sree) For {a vespectvely. Rest Intra Cale as Been {Eid 1960 Itruona Klowat-hoor The Bie is deed fom te Incas Calorie foo he relation I Cal per Ag 18 Bw pet Ib. The {frcoces ales than 005 o 1% and ae ttre, forthe apses of ese tbls, nelle + Bah ms ust) 177847 teorpeunds (76) = Me ogensns 1 Bu par 088 Calo por ia 1 ou pat cu 10 cal par ev meter 1 ry pat oq = 2712 al por sq ater 1 ou pera 8 F = 468 cu per 29m, 1 Bur, 99k 1488 alt, 2g m. Cr 1 cate (Ca = ses tor pines 1 cal ger Kogan 18 Bu oor pour Cait, sa mC 0672 out, og RF 1 tana 0109 Koger 1 Koger (gm) = 728 feted 1 Howat oe 1 hesepeme 1 hlorateur a 1 por sepomer our 1 hg pr mare np howe 100% bor etna = Ti Sega 5 = 1st het noweponer $3.00 focepounes per mn 50 tot aun pa se = TB klogenmetre por sc = 25451 8 (545) = 622 Calas 2234 por anepowec te ~ 3318 Bu (a, 3.45 & evaporation tom anda S12 F) pe ah ening soon pt houré Conversion Factors ' a ogan ERPS or cane omi oe Table of the Elements 7 ns a etme Symbol amie We. Atom woe BE oe ws oe ; is ° Berne & ne Son tn re eon & ae a eum & tea uss eer $ se = Bo Siee rotrs ‘Coumbium & a9 ee & a ee ein & ae ae a Sram s ee 203 ‘Gadolinium Gd 1569 a = = 7 Darel ove, aye means of bare! = 42 gas Holmium: Ho 1649 ‘on H "3eee = : : om" z : on e 7 EA nae ? if ie i 8 2 = 5 2 & a & 2 Fon : oo Manganese wn 2 ae Unum a is wera ‘e % 208 Vanadum v | ann ae © 8 rH = i 2 a Kose & oH = ¢ a ig = : : @ Ean z 5 ia : 2 8 u ie z 2 8 some ta getter c=, z : 8 | eons = z fs = 5 SS san 5 6 at }Appendix B Quiz Answers Cuz on Chapter 3 1 Cut on Chapter 5, 80 (e) Wecoaty ee nate cao rs a 58. (a) One 12 tre (0) cam be Inrased by opening the yous vahe 0) 625 pi. (110 pa ‘Quiz on chapor 7, p 117 2. (a) nyocrbons 4 tye; prope: tuyere: enfan; ern 5 (0) to norte toting pal of te yaacebon © 0) proptene 7.) ahr prent of sromates 8) rove 98. (cata win myaogen atone 1. arte (0) sopane rue (2) if) Bune ramees (9) (a) sabtane 1. (9, tan: () not show: () 10, bane: () 8, propane (©) 7 propee: 1) 3 rerogan (a) 2 carton: (4, ears (0 1, eons; 6) ret shown) 5, etene; 1) 3, mate (ute on Chapter 8p. 120, Lom -6x2%5-60 susan (=) 12 rminir #2 dope 3. Cosh! (aa) = 6 x 3) x a x ramoershave sg ar nga Sh rurtor av kes +52) Co = 19 att bia za + 12 Sab7 (a): hoa = (Samat, OF % 07054 = 99°» 07854 ~ 6042486 or reunded of 806.25 20 (0); Croomrnce = dameter = 91616 = 92 1416 rounded 1005 foe (©): Opin area = (orenarance hea oso by he of NE MBty = 075 % Hast leased by He ob © = 100 © 1 B1ue) CF) x (180 ~ OF Indexwe | Nice we oe cts g Res a ite ee cn | ee lee a an Moding we of 2 | Sie: Sepa Minow a 97 aes | See ie Pest

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