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Solicionario 5 Edicion Stewart
Solicionario 5 Edicion Stewart
0, as are the function values of graph | (6)! =I, since from left to Fight, the slopes of the tangents to graph (d) are positive, then 0. then negative, then 0, then positive, then 0, then negative again, and the function values in graph III fotlow the same patternSECTION32 THEDERVATIVEAS AFUNCTION C9 n. 14, See Figure 1 in Section 3.5.00 © CHAPTERS nEAIVATVES 18, (a) By zooming in, we estimate that #"(0) = 0. 4” (4) = 1, 7.0) =2, 25, and f° Q) = 4 () By symmetry. f" (=x) = = 7" (8). $0.9" (—$ J (1) = Rand f'(-2) = 4 (©) Ieappears that” (x) is twiee the value of x, so we guess that, J” (x) = 2x, as LEFM=FO)_ 4, @ HW? i Mo hQx thy a (4) /"() = fim tim ab) 16. (By zooming in, we estimate that" (0) =0, 4” ($) 0.95, © , S” (1) = 3, f" (2) = 12, and f” (3) 27. (6) By symmetry, (=x) = J"). So J" (—H) 0.75, /"(-) 3, S' (2) = 12, and 7" (—3) = 27. (d) Since " (0) = 0, it appears that /” may have the form f* (x) = ax? ae + Using f” (1) = 3, we have a = 3, 50 f" (x) = 3x7. 8) jig EAP oh (84322 434k? +h) 8 7 eS) Ci HO SHI) 2 = fm, : = fim (x2 4 3x41?) = 1 egy = tim LEEMALG) — ji OHIDF BI Ge43) Sh PO) Re HS Domain of f = domain of /” m LEM = SO) _ 4, S— AGW) +3 Ue + AP] ~ [S— Ae + 397] * i = sh A fy SAN MBs? 4 wt 42] = [5— Ae $327] a) 7 =th+ Oxh+ 3h? wy =fi = jim i Tim (44 6x + 3h) = 4-4 6 Domain of f = domain of J” = R. (<3 x? +2) =se othe +h? 1. 7") = fim FE fo) Jin, & +hy thrs2e +h) gg BETA BA? + HP = Qh = 1? + 2h > > = lim 7 = Jim (x? 38h 4? = 25h +2) =3x? = 2042 Domain of f = domain of f=SECTION 32 THEDERVATIVEAS AFUNCTION 101 _ 0 waneverd = (xt ve) | ER- VE Verh VE sb it h Vath Ve, “aa) Tae tae Domain of f= (0,28), domain of f° = (0,90) AFER EH — VOI [ VTETEFH + VIF Vist A+ Vis a els +M—£(9) o (1+ 2x + 2h) ~ + Ye ee es oo 2. £6) =f Domain of ¢ =[—4. 0), domain ote’ = (~$ , xthbt etl 2 10) = pm FETAL = yy EET = tim SHED DODO FAD _ =th iin, he th—-)@ ~bheth-De—) iy 2 be Fh= Ne 1 Domain of f = domain of f/ = (x Lx # 1) 3A 2+x)- (4 . 10h ray hQex HQ Tbh @txtHO+N = im "0 =o m>@txtHG+H QexP Domain of G = domain of G’ = {x [x # 2} L ox = glx) (x GHP - hy 2a) = fin EE gC on ed Sy et ra i mE hee eee HD eb 22x ‘Domain of ¢ = domain of g’ |x #0}. m & tay (4 + Or deh? $18) = 4% Domain of = domain of /’ = R.102 © CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES B. (a) y= ome (b) Note thatthe third graph in part (a) has small negative values for is slope, f"; but asx > 6", f"—» oo. (OF) = lim LEAH = SO) = tim YE FH - Vo JF) + Vo=x h nao h VO—@ FH) + Vo—x [6~@ +M1~6=») t = tim ————! W350 Je=x=h+ Ve=3 Wo=% Domain of f= (00, 6], domain of ” = (—20, 6). ea aN oe er oy @ ” [Gayle +h z 2. (0) $2) = Jim FEAM= LO) a na? a tim | FD | © fy [4 2PM = is i ~H|' aerm =1+2e2 (b) Notice that when f has steep tangent lines, /* (x) is very large. When f is flatter, (x) is smaller.SECTION32 THEDSRIVATVEASAFUNCTION C103 6 6 ; Teeae TH? 6462 6- 60h 2.0 = Leet iy THR = 6-604 HF £0 = jim, 7h i Wb a+ G+ P|) , oh 24 of Cen?) sey This corresponds ~MbAI pati] (Iee) (b) Notice that has a horizontal tangent when ¢ = to /' (0) =0. /"is positive when fis inereasing and negative when Lf is decreasing, 5°(1980 for small values of h For 1978: 5° (1978) = =3.05 S(i980) _ 275 1980 (1982) ~ $(1980) h=2 > s' (1990) = SU%2)= S980) (1980) 1982 — 1980 2 So we estimate tha $"(1980) =} (3.05 ~ 0.20) = —1.62s. + [19% 1980 198219881986 T0819 1919941996 SQ | 305-1625 0.675 0575 0.15 0.10 0205 0075 125 140104 Cl CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES (@) We could get more accurate values for (1) by obtaining data for the odd-numbered years, © 31. f is not differentiable at x = —L or at because there is a discontinuity there: and at x = 11 because the graph has vertical tangents at those points; atx because the graph has a comer there. 32, (@) g is discontinuous at x = ~2 (a removable discontinuity), atx = 0 (¢ is not defined thore), and at x jump discontinuity). Sta (b) g is not differentiable at the above points (by Theorem 4), and also at x = —1 (corner), atx = 2 (vertical tangent), and at x = 4 (vertical tangent), 33. As we zoom in toward (—1, 0), the curve appears more and more like ‘a straight line, so / is differentiable at x = —1. But no matter how ‘much we zoom in toward the origin, the curve docsn’t straighten out we ean’t eliminate the sharp point (a cusp). Sof isnot differentiable at x = 0. 34. As we zoom in toward (0, 1), the curve appears more and more like a ble at.x = 0. But no matter how much, "straighten out is not (ine, 90 fis differ ‘we zoom in toward (1, 0) or (=1, 0), the curve doe — we can’t eliminate the sharp point (a cusp). So Uifferentiable at x = Lim B@) St) 10, GR aIy GT a aa EY —— (0+) (0) £°(0)= jim FOF = LO) + This limit does not exist. and therefore 1” (0) does not exist ©) im ve = = cond f is continuous atx = 0 (e00t Function), so. fhas a vertical tangent at x=0. 2b 2SECTION 2 THEDEAUATWEASAFUNCTION 105 eG)—s 0) _ lim 1, which docs not exist Oe O= by insite g(s)-2@) ag (12 — a3) (x12 4a) (©) 8 (a) = Jin, gS, ag = 1S ET al) (Dg VBA 4 aI) i xi pal a3 2 = I FETE BGI aD ~ 3998 = Fa (6) g (x) = x27 is continuous at x = 0 and (@) oa 2 lina GOL = fing sara = 0°. This shows that x haa vertical tangent line at x = 0, oa Y oa n negafOrt Be<8 PLOW =T 6 ite L@)- 10 k-61-0_ | x-6 _ M6 NR He TAM mo eT , But lim L0- LO _ im. Kool-o tim 2=% BRS TA ee TAI q ~t y- “1 ite<6 - 80 (6) = tim FO=LO goes not eist, However #65) = 6 x6 1 ifx>6 38. f (x) = [x] is not continuous at any integer n, so f is not differentiable at n by Theorem 4. Ifa isnot an integer, then / is constant on an open interval containing a, so_f’ (a) = 0. Thus, F/G) = 0, x notan integer. ifx 20 39. (a) f&) = x |x! 2 it, <0 (b) Since f (x) = x? for x > 0, we have f” (x) = 2x for x > 0. [See ite < Exercise 3.2.15(d).] Similarly, since f (x) = —x? forx <0, we , have f’ (x) = —2x forx <0. Atx = 0, we have 1 (0) = tim LEZ LD — hg E11 tine = 5 LO = Bao a = sah =o = So / is differentiable at 0, Thus, f is differentiable for all x.108 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES 40. (a) £20) = im 0" 2 (4) = fim, LORD LO =) = tim t= LO hot hoot ACh) oe Th ' 0 ife <0 OsM=75 WO-x) ifr>4 oo) x Mcx<4 ‘These expressions show that / is continuous on the intervals (co, 0), (0,4), 4, 5) and (5, 26). Sinee 15,1 0)= Jig, G—)=5 #0 om £00. Ise does not exist, so / is discontinuous (and therefore not differentiable) at 0. lim, ans and fis continuous at 4. Since f (5) is not defined, f is discontinuous at 5. (8) From (a), / is not differentiable at 4 since /* (4) x J (4), and from (c), f isnot differentiable at 0 or 5 1,0 tim £ ACA we have tim f(x) = fim (S—s)= 1 and tim, ft ra 4M, (a) IP f iseven, then a Lex +h) fx) L0 F(x) Fa fi = hi f(r =H) = £6) oy ae tim LEFANAL = jim, fet ax =—n} =~ Jim, a =-/'@) Therefore, /” is odd. (6) If fis odd, then x) a tim LEAMA LY _ 4 f= 4/6) LC9= jim hi =i i = tim LEAM=LOD iy = tim LOE A= S00) =f C(t roid = gt ax =f) ‘Therefore, ("is even 42. (a) © avi 1 (b) The initial temperature of the water is close to room temperature because of the water that was in the pipes. ‘When the water from the hot water tank starts coming out, d7/at is large and positive as 7 increases to the temperature of the water in the tank, In the next phase, dT/dt = as the water comes out al @ constant, high temperature. After some time, d7’/dt becomes small and negative as the contents ofthe hot water tank are exhausted, Finally, when the hot water has run out, d7'/dr is once again 0 as the water maintains its (cold) temperature.SECTIONS DIMERENTIATON FORMULAS 107 From the diagram, we see that the slope of the tangent is equal to tang, and also that 0 < < §. We know (see Exercise 15) that the derivative of f(x) = is /* (x) = 2x. So the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point (1, 1) is2. So. isthe angle between 0 and tan“! 2 = 63° § whose tangent is 2, that is, =333 Differentiation Formulas Ls@=sr-1 > f(y=S-0=5 2. Fix) = axl? = F/G) = =A (10x01) = 40? Bsa PoaP4i = =381 3 RP Ns 2a32-o +2 7. F (x) = (16x) = 4096x9 =F” (x) = 4096 (3x2) = 12,2882? 8B Hs) =(/2) =s9/B%=Bs> = HG) BYW=6% > YW 6 (-9) 718 = Sa RW =5Y = RO= HOw“ t mans 2e dx? is a constant 3 ro = Vidy? = RG) =-1V Tor 2g yn? / — 2 13. g(x) Pte? glade EQ =w-S w/w =v Ros ry PENG) EO ENA Multiplying fist: » = (x? + 1) (x3 +1) ete 3e2 4 Ont 428 3x? + 2e, SxS txt eat] y's Sef 43x? + 2x (equivalent)110 © CHAPTERS OERWATIS B. f(s) =32 53343 = PG) =3: 15x45 5 (Ah -6 =9 Note that J” (x) = 0 when has a horizontal positive when / is increasing, and j” tangent, is negative when is deereasing. Ba 138 19) t M6. (a) 14 a7. (a) 30 0 Bx? 45x! — 15x? Wf @eaxtisextx! = P@=al= ‘Note that (x) =O when / has a horizontal tangent, {” is positive when J is increasing, and is negative when Ff is decreasing. The endpoints of f in this graph are about (1.9, 1.2927) and (2.1, 1.3455). An estimate of /* (2) is LMs5= 1.2997 _ 0098 2088 — 9.264, STS ) Siar > fy FQ) =2/ (8-2) = 0.263002. 2/(5x9) The endpoints of f in this graph are about (2.9, 1.19706) and G.1, 1.33932). Am estimate of /” G) is 1.33932 — 1.19706 _ 0.14226 3isas oe OTS . eat OSoyax—VF = PE)=l—prPat- se S@)=1- sy wom & From the graph in part (a), it appears that /” is zero at xy © 1.25, x9 0.5, and x5 ~ 3. The slopes are negative (50 is negative) on (—00, x1) and (x2,.x3). The slopes are positive (so Fis positive) on (s1, x2) and (3,90).SECTION33 DIFERENTIATION FORMULAS S109 ws , 2-30) (45) “7-9 7% Q-39 Maa Ya Wh =P 420? ayer eis) () . (+ery arth 4) (erta)la)—laxr tb)le) _ cer tad—acr = be _ ad = be ere eres etd? Oa ertay 38.) a. 5 = Ji(e— Ji-41) = Another Method: Use the Product Rule AP (2) = apn" bay a" bee bone? $aix tag => PY) = nays V4 (n= Vag ant? poe + Day bay 42 £G) ney = LMI en £0 Notice that the slopes ofall tangents to / are negative and /”(x) <0 always,110 CHAPTERS DEAIVATIVES 4 fy a3 S43 Si (x) = 3+ 18x — 5.32? = 45! = 1502 Note that /” (x) = 0 when f has a hi tangent, /”is positive when / is increasing, and J” isnegative when f is decreasing 45 (a) 8 Note that /” (x) =O when f has a horizontal tangent, /" is positive when / is increasing, and /” is negative when f is deereasing. “The endpoints of / in this graph are about (1.9, 1.2927) and (2.1, 1.3455). An estimate of f” (2) is Lise Lat _ 9008 — 9.266 We) SG) = > P= BV =2/(5x™9) SQ) =2/(5-29) = 0.263902. ‘The endpoints of / inthis graph are about (2.9, 1.19706) and G.1, 1.33932). An estimate of /” @) is 1.33932 = 1.19706 _ 0.14226 ‘— ont ons. 1 (S@)=x-VE = f'x)al— pe a £@= Lew gig ¥ 0713. From the graph in part (a), it appears that /” is zero at xy © 1.25.2 0.5, and x5 * 3. The slopes are negative (so ” is negative) on (~00, x1) and (x2,x3). The slopes are positive (50 J” 8 positive) on (x1, x2) and (x3, 00)SECTION DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS 114 38-6 47430 4 40 499 1 47 Se = 40 48. (a) (b) From the graph in part (a), it appears that gis zero at x = 0. The slopes are negative (s0 ¢/ is negative) on (—00, 0). The slopes are positive (so 2’ is positive) on (0, 20) Oe@= vei = 1 ge) == 7 . +r (241)? “4 [NT =i © AD@-eN 2 oe = RE Ai Daal = fan an line * rip Tre AGS Dox! = fad an equation ofthe tangent (= Dory beef 1 at o( ~ VF) , a @+)-@x) lax 50. => = OS —F OS ee * * wD WEetD DRErHe MOOD ¥ = —7G5 = —0.03, and an equation of the tangent line is y ~ 0.4 = —0.03 (x ~ 4), oF y = ~0.03s + 0.52, BL y=SQ)SrtV¥ 3 P)=14 4x77, Sothe slope of the tanger ne at (1,2) is," (1) = 1+ $ (1) = 3 and its equation is yrt=$6-Dorvabah412 CHAPTERS DERUATIVES BR@r=aSM=— a 2 O= tangerine atte pint (1 equation isy— $= }(e4 ory = $241 B@y=/O= Ta = (b) 075 weejiere9 [ye “y= = So the slope of the (~~ © (42) (4x) a / tangent line atthe point (0.3) is" 3) = 7 andits equation is J) = 0.3 = —0.08 (x —3) or y = -0.08" 40.54. os BB. (a) (fg) (5) = f S).8' (5) +85) S/S) =) 2) + (-3) 6) = 2-18 = 16 ‘ "6)— f 6) (5) w (2) o=22Lo-s02o gp or £Y') - £08 O-8 oo VOF 86. (a) (f +2) G)= SG) + 2B) =-6+5=—1 (b) (7a) 3) = £B) x (3) + 8B) £B) = 4) (5) + (2) (—6) = 20-12 =8 LY gy = LOLM=LO2B) _ DWEH- HE) _ =” @ (LY @ = EOL M=LO2@ _ OCH“ WE) _ =B __g ‘ (5) ° wor 2 4 LY gy Y@=2B1/'O)-FO[LB=-#B) _ G-DCO-4(-6-9) © (A) ° 1@)-e@P (4-27 2A =8 51. f(x) = Fg) 9 f') = VEE) +80) pr 7,90 SF = Ag +94) sh =2-748 = Las (0) v6) = Fa) /g 2), 500! (6) = LOLOL TNS OH @y=N SOY > =H) + SEA (x) 2 f(x) =f) Ox y= - P= F190) * (y © x2 = £4) Ax) ~ x7 f(x) ** TO VorSECTION 33 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS =O 113 L4af@) Ore Vf) +S) -11 + Olag (va? BAP 4? f(x) — Sat? F Ox) 2x!2 _ xf (x) #27 F x yi = Bee Fo) = so slope (2) =—4. The normal line has slope — 2, so the tangent line at (2, ~3) has 1 4 and equation y43—}O-2or &yp=fw)ar—28 3 fe) =1-2%. So the normal lin isthe negative reciprocal of that of the tangent line, that is, =1/($1)= |. So the equation ofthe normal line at (1,0) is y ~O= I (x = 1) ~ 1. Substituting this into the equation ofthe parabola, we obtain 1, and the slope of eyO for all x, som > 5 for all x 2s 4-1. Ifthe point at which a tangent mets the parabola is (2, ++), then the slope of the tangent is 2 + 1. But since it passes through (2,—3), the stope must Therefore, datt= cee Solving this equation fora we get a? +a43=2a?—3a-2 © ada Yat =0 of =I. Ifa = =1, the point is (1,0) and the slope is~1,s0 the equation is y (- + Dory= |. [fa = 5, the point is (5, 30) and the slope is 11, so the equation: ky 302 11(¢ = Sony = Mx 25 We will sometimes use the form fs + J rather than the form Ji’ + gy forthe Product Fle fa) AY = (fay b+ (fab = (f'e + fia) ht fayh! = f'gh + fat + Sah! 68. (a) (fein = 70. (a) Putting / 2 = hin Exercise 69, we have LILA ILS + IL =f SI OFS &). Atroor =u (by y= (0 3x4 17 482) ey 3 (et 4 ae 4 1 482)" (4 4 982 +17)SECTION DIFFERENTIATONFORMULAS OB Wy =(()=a8 +b? bextd > /'Q)= 3a 42 4+e (-D=6 = Ba $46 = 2e4+d =6(1). £2) =0 => 8a $44 2e-+d=0 2). Since there are horizontal tangents at (-2,6) and (2,0), /” (42) =0, f"(-2)=0 = 12a—4b +e =0@)and /7Q)=0 = Pa ttt c= 0(4) Subiracting equation (3) from (4) gives $= 0 = 6 =0. Adding (1) and (2) gives 85 + 2d = 6,s0d = 3 since b =. From (8) we have.© = ~12a, 0 (2) becomes Rar + 4 (0) + 2(—12a) +3 = 0 12a = 12 (jg) =] and the desired cubic funtion is =3 6a > a=. Nowe = ya gears 72 (4) + (0) = 10,000 suseribers and (0) = 1.2 phone lines pr subscriber « (0) = 1000 subscribers month and nf) 0.01 phone line per subscriber/month, (b) The total number of lines is given by L(t) = s (1) (0). To find L/(0). we first find L' (0 using the Product Rule. £’() = s(n) +nOSO 1!) = (0)! O) +m O)s” (0) = 100,000 (0.01) + 1.2 (1000) = 2200 phone lines /month, 73, Let P (0) be the population and let 4 (2) be the average 1 = 0 corresponds to July 1993. Then the total personal income is given by T () = P (1) 4 (1). We wish to find TO). TO = POA WA] P’ (0). The term P(A repees income due to the existing population’s inereasing income, The term A (1) P(e) represents the of the rate of change of total income due to the inereasing population. PO) AO) +A) P*O) © G,354,000) (1900) + (21,107) (45,000) Personal income was rising ata rate of about $7.322 billion per year, il income at time /, where ¢ is measured in years and the portion of the rate of change of total ,322.415,000, So the total 7A. (a) £20) = 10,000 means that when the price of the fabric is $20/yard, 10,000 yards will be sold. F” (20) = ~350 means that as the price of the fabric increases past $20/yard, the amount of fabrie whieh will be sold is deereasing at arate of 350 yards per (dollar per yard, () RD) = PFD) SL(p) 1 > REQ) = 20/" (20) + f (20) 1 = 20(—350) + 10.000 = 3000. This cans that as the price ofthe fabri increases past $20/yard, the total revenuc is inercasing at $3000/ (S/yand). Note that the Produet Rule indicates that we will lose $7000/ ($ yard) due to selling less fabric, but that that toss is more than made up for by the additional revenue due to the inerease in price TB. f(s) =2 Hil < Land f(x) = x2 = 2x 4 2ife > 1. Now we compute the rights and left-hand derivatives defined in Exeeise 3.2.40: Lem 7 =U h=1 A £0) = tim FOF MA LO fgg 2 HEAT Vand a i wae £U+h h A) = = im, = tim, =o. FO = I, io pee Thus, £0) does not exist since f° (1) & J. (0. , 4 0 f isnot differentiable at 1, But "(x)= =1 h Vy x) =2e-2ife> 1 | for x < Vand /”118 © CHAPTERS DERNVATIUS ba2y ity c= Bam={ ee f-terst + ifsd jim SEEEMT ECD hig ay a ne fim SEEM 8D yg LEMP T got A not h ~ so g is differentiable at —1 and g’ (—1) tim EC4+M= 2 and at h gQ+h) ny = lim +1) = slim |. $0 g! (1) docs not exist. lim, ‘Thus, g is differentiable exeept when x = 1, and -2 ifx<-t ws] 2 17 (@) Notethat x? 9 < Ofer? <9 ee be] <3 @@ —3 3 Toshow that /“@) des not exit we neste tig ! B= £0) gy capping the eam ihchand derivatives defined in Exercise 3.240 ap bees O49) (y= tin LEFDA LO) gg EOF D=0 gy 6-44) = and ig an r lig -0 yh 1.8) = tin, LEED ALO) _ jig LOEWE O gg HHH im 6-4 A) = 6 ho A hoot h poor oh hor Since the lt and ight limits ae diferent ® 64h) i 1/3) does not exist. Similarly, /* (—3) does not Therefore, f is not differentiable at 3 or atSECTIONS DIFERENTIANONFORVILAS 117 TB Ife > Vy then h(x) = |x = M4 42] =a— 14x $2 =2K41 If-2 1 cexist, observe that fs) — hl) ti tim at xt tim, lim, x Similarly, i! (—2) does not exist, 79. y= f(x) = ax ‘The slope of the given line is seen to be ~2, so we musthave 4a =-2 3 a =f" (x) = 2ax. So the slope of the tangent to the parabola at x = 2 is m 1a (2) = 4a, So the point in question 2. Now we simply require that the given line, whose equation is 2x + y = b, pass hhas y-coordinate through the point (2,—2): 2(2)-+(-2)=b © b=2. Sowe must havea =—$ and b= 2. 80. / is clearly differentiable for x < 2 and for.x > 2. Forx <2, /’(x) = 2x,s0 f. Q)=4, Forx > 2, 80 (2) = m. For f tobe differentiable at x = 2, we need 4 =f" (2) = f,Q)=m. So 4x +4, We must also have continuity at x = 2, s04= 72) lim, (4x +4) lim fe aot 4 Hence, b = Vie 8 Fethg =F = fete =f S. msoquton is 20 Lot P= (a,£), Tsipsorthetnget in at = a8) + =, so its -ayory =~ = 2a, sothe 2x intercept is —. Setting y = 0 gives rept is 2a The midpoint ate fn eget joining (0, 2) art Qa.0) 6 (0, ) = P (b) We know the x~ and y-intercepts of the tangent fine from part (a), so the area of the triangle bounded by’ the axes and the tangent is $y = } (2a) e/a) = 2c, a constant.18 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES 83. Solution 1: Let f(x) = x! Then, by the definition of derivative, L)= £0) x= T ee £03) = Lim But this is just the limit we want to find, and we know (from the Power Rule) that /” (x) = 1000, so /' (1) = 1000 (1) = 1000, Solution 2: Note that (x! — 1) = 1) (9? TP ba FD). SO hn sg SED ooo tN) bey tim lim (°° 9 4 bee) Lee eek Led 1000 ones = 1000, as above. In order for the two tangents to interseet on the y-axis, the points of tangency rust be at equal distances from the y-axis, since the parabola y = x? is symmetric about the y-axis. Say the points of tangency are (a,®) and (2,02), for some @ > 0. Then since the derivative of y =x? is dy/dx = 2x, the left-hand tangent has slope ~2a and equation y — —2a (x +a), or y =—2ax — a, and similarly the right-hand tangent line has equation y= ar ~ 2 So the wo fines intersect at (0 a2), Now if the lines are perpendicular, then the product oftheir ) slopes is ~1, so (~2a) 2a) o> a=} o a=}. Sothelines intersect at (0, 241 Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences L@s=s0) lor+12 > v=) =Cr-10)h/s (b) 0G) =2)= = -4 8s (©) The particle is at rest when 9 ()=0 € 2-10=0 @ 15s. (a) The particle is moving in the positive direction when » (1) > 0 €2 2-10>0 o 2%>10 es (¢) Since the particle is moving in the positive 0 direction and in the negative direction, we need to calculate the distance traveled in the intervals (0, 5] and [5, 8] separately. 1£ 6) — fW) = [=13 = 12] = 25 fland 18) = /(9)] =|-4 = (13) =9 A The total distance traveled during the first 8 sis 2549=34RSECTION 3.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIALSCIENCES 119 L@s=sEe <9? 41410 > v= f) =38- 18 HIS =30— NES) B/S (b) (3) =30)(-2) Rays ()v()=0 @ r=1sorss (o@>0 O<1 s WILM-FO) Yo-s I 1@)- /() Total distance 17-10 R@s=s0 (b) 0G) =27-72436= $122 436 > v= PW =3 24436 9 ft/s (©) The particle is ut rest when v (0) = 0.37 — 241 436=0 = 3(¢-2IU-H=0 + 1=2,6, (d) The particle is moving in the pos 1>6. fe direction when v (2) > 0.3(t-2)@-6)>0 © O<1<2or (6) Since the particle is moving in the positive direction and in the 0 ' negative direction, we need to calculate the distance traveled in the s intervals (0. 2} 2, 6}. and (6, 8] separately. IF) = FO) = 132-0 = 32.1 6) ~ FQ = 10 ~ 32] =32 IF (8) — fl = 132 - OF The total distance is 32432 +32 = 96, A@s=/M=0—-HF1 = 0D=FH=40-4 (b) 0G) = 403)’ —4 = 104 trys (6) Wtisatrest when v @ =4(0 ~ I) =4¢-H(P4e4N =0 @ & (d) Iemoves in the positive direction when 4(? —1) > 0 > 1. (€) Distance in positive direction = | (8) — f(1)) Distance in negative direction = | (1) = £0 Total distance traveled = 4067 + 3 = 4070 f ov2 © CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES. ‘ Ya) -1en = nes (y= VOT +1 One (e+? (P+) 5. (a)s () 9) = ys Pry 3 (© Nisarestwhenn=0 « I-F=0 & ¢ (4) ltmoves in the positive direction when > 0 #9 1-2 >0 4 P<1 oF OsF 0 ¢ (@-I)@=6)>0 e OF 6 =(-128)| (isan in se dieton = [(1) == (0+ 8) =) = [581+ [6 = 58+ 4V2 4 12V6 ~ 93,05 |-12V6 ~ 58} = 58+ 12V6 + 87.39 Distance in negative direction = |e (6) — 9) = ‘otal distance traveled = $8 + 4V3 + 12V6 + 38+ 12V6 = 116 + 42 + 246 ~ 180.44 0 Ls()=P 450-1 = ol) ss =32-9-725 @ W-U-12=0 & 3U-)UFDRO et ince ¢ > 0, the particle reaches a velocity of m/s at r= 4s B, (a) At maximum hight the velocity ofthe ball is 0 8/5. 0 (0) = 80 (5) = 16( (b) s (1) = 807 — 16 96 <> 167801 +96=0 <> 16(f = 3) —2)=0. So the ball hasa height of 96 fl.on the way up at ¢ = 2 and on the way down ats = 3. At these times the velocities are 1» (2) = 80 — 32(2) = 16 ft/s and » (3) = 80 — 32 (3) = —16 11/s respectively. (0 = 80-320 @ 3-80 1 §, So the maximum height is s (} = 200 — 100 = 100 ftSECTION34 RATES OF CHANGE IN THENATURAL AND SOCIAL SGENGES © 124 9 (@) AG) Sx? = A(x) = 2r. A (15) = 30 mm? /mm is the rate at which the area is increasing with respect to the side length as.x reaches 15 mm. (b) The perimeter is P (x) A! (x) = 2x = § Ax) = JP Go). The figure suggests that if ‘Ax is small, then the change in the arca ofthe square is Ix. 80 14a) (ae! ago =a approximately half ofits perimeter (2 of the 4 sides) times Ax, From the figure, A = 2x (Ax) + (Ax). If Ax is x small, then A = 2x (Ax) and so AA/Ax ~ 2. (b) The surface area is 5 (x) = VG) = 3x2 =H (6x2) = 48 ¢0). The figure suggests that if Ax is small, then the change inthe volume of the cube is approximately halt of its surface area (the area of 3 of the 6 faces) times Ax. Prom the figure, AV = 3x? (Ax) + 3x (Ax)? + (Ax)’, If Ax is small, then AV = 3x? (Ax) and so AV /Ax = 3x2, 11, (a) 4°) = xr, so the average rate of change is: () AM=42) «in 4 40) (6) The circumference isC (°) = 2er = (7). The figure suggests that iF Avis small, then the change inthe area ofthe circle (a ring around the outside) is ‘approximately equal to its circumference times Ar. Straightening out this ring gives us a shape that is approximately rectangular with length 2 and width Ar, 50 AA~ 2a (Ar). Algebracally, MA = AU + Ar) AG) =x (0+ Ary? — nr? = Dar (Ar) +x (Ar) So ‘we see that if Ar is small, then AA = 2ar (Ar) and therefore, A /Ar = 2a. 12. Afier r seconds the radius is - = 601, so the area is A (1) = (6017 = 3600n0? => A" (0) = 720020 > (a) 4’ (1) = 7200 em? /s {b) 4 @) = 21,600x em? /s (c) (5) = 36,000 em? /s As time goes by, the area grows at an increasing rate. In fact, the rate of change is linear with respect 10 time, BS@)=4ar > Saker = (a) S'(1) = 8x Met {b) 8’ (2) = lor (o) 813) = 24z 1 /t AS the radius increases, the surface area grows al an increasing rate. In fae, the rate of change is linear with respect {0 the radius.a2 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES 14. @) 1) = fer eo theaverage rate of change is Vv@y-V(s) (512) — $x (125) (i) POA P EI ES) ae um? jum V (6) = ¥ (5) $m (216) — $x (125) = reer in Gio in) 1213 pm /pm FENN 6) _ $6.0) - $x 5) See gm’ iy “SDR L OE) SCNT SEY = 102013 sr? /um (b) 1) = 4arr2, so V7 (5) = 100% pom /m, (VO) = fzr => Fr) =4ar? = S(r). By analogy with Exercise 11(c), we can say that the change in the volume of the spherical shell, A, is approximately equal to its thickness, Ar, times the surface area of the inner sphere, Thus, AV = 4zr? (Ar) and so AV/Ar = 4ar?. 15. f(x) = 32°, so the linear density at x is p (x) = f' (x) = 6x (@) p (I) = kg/m (b) p 2) = kg/m (©) p (3) = 18 kg/m Since p is an increasing function, the density will be the highest atthe right end of the rod and lowest atthe left end 16. 4) = 5000¢1 ~ 1/40)? = 5000 (1 — She + rd ‘ ro) (6) ¥’ 0) = -250(1 = 3) = 125 gal/min @) (40) => 1) = 5000 (35 + aby!) = -250(1 — she) 250 (1 = 8) = -1875 gal/min 218.75 gal/min ©) 00) @ Vo) =250 (1 = $8) = 0 gal/min The water is lowing out the fastest atthe beginning — when 1 = 0, V” (¢) = ~250 gal/min, The water is flowing cout the slowest atthe end — when ¢ = 40, ¥"(0) = 0. As the tank empties, the water flows out more slowly. 70 212 + 61 +2, so the curent is O” () (0) 0 ©5) =3 057 40.5) +6 = 4.750 (b) OU) = 3.0)? = 41) 46= 5A The current is lowest when ( has a minimum. Q” () = 61 —4 <0 when ¢ < 2, So the current decreases when 2H 46, 1 < 3 and increases when 1 > 3. Thus, the curent is lowest at 3s. GmM 2 1B (ak tinny? © -2Gmayr force with respect to the distance between the bodies. The minus sign indicates that as the distance r between 2GmM which is the rate of change of the the bodies inereases, the magnitude of the force F exerted by the body of mass mon the body of mass Mis decreasing (b) Given F* (20,000) = —2, find F* (10,000), 2m GM = 20,000° (b) Given F* (20,000) = —2, fin 000), -2 = = Gm y o 2 (20,000°) 3 P' (0,000) = ~~ ge = 2 B= TON . c wie 19. (a) PY = 6° RB (b) From the formula for d¥”/dP in part (a), we sve that as P increases, the absolute value of d’/d P decreases. Thus, the volume is decreasing more rapidly atthe beginning. lat if ey. 6 et (o6~—pop~—7 (“meneSECTION 4 RATESOF CHANGEIN THE NATURAL AND SOCIALSCIENCES 428 0.0570 AC _ 0.077 b) Slope = AE = 207 4 (©) Slope AL 78 =0,006875 (moles/L.)/min 0.01 (moles/L)/min 0.0408 0.0870 cw 2 a 010081 (motes /L.)/min 0.08 ©) _ 0.0570 — 0.0800 008 iy —r on = =0.0115 (motes/L)/min _. 7 21 (a) 1920 my = Oa (my + m2)/2.= (1 +21) /2 = 16 milion/year 1980: my = fHO=7O0 260 75, py m= HO = HER BY (my mp) 2 = (15 +85) /2 = 80 million/year (b) P(t) = at* + bi? + ct +d where a = 2325.67, 6 = = 1.306488 x 107, ¢ = 2.44631 « 10! and d= —1.52658 x 101. (OPM =aP +62 4ctbd = Pi) =a? 42+ {d) P’ (1920) = 3 (2325.67) (1920)? + 2 (—1,306448 x 107) (1920) + 2.44631 x 10" = 14,010,464/year [smaller than the answer in part (a), but close to it} P'(1980) = 78,845,204/year (smaller, but close) (6) PY (1983) = 86,515,627.25 /year, so the rate of growth in 1985 was about 86.5 million ‘year 2 (0) att +0 +er? tat +e for 1983 <6 < 1992, where a 6 = ~344.605.8704, d = 456,421,256, and ¢ = ~2.266939 x 10 (b) Using the values im part (a), 1” (2) = dar? + 361? 4 2er +d. (6) 1” (1988) 0.49559 and 1" (1991) % —1.95946, @ so the interest rate was increasing at about 0,0145512821, b = 115.636927, 4 percent por yearn 1988 and deereasing at about 2 percent per yearin 1991 athe Bic) aki+t (ah Ge (a? kr) (ak 7k (al 2, rate of reaction a 4ICL _ (2k +1) (0?) = (wht) (ah) _ ah (ake + 1—atty ak dt {ake +1)? (aki +1 (aki + 1? Pkt _@ktta-ake a ait ay tak +d ( « ) acl de ake +1 ft (b) Hy =[C]. then a — Sok(a—x) IMiom part (a)]_ =124 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES = fa 5, 4p _fla-N-fa L wl, so = LO-D— fa fa Peg Fg GF Cay 25.) Using» = 75 (KP) wih = 0.0, 1= 3, P = 3000, andy = 0027, we have as ncn of ) 3000 oor - » 0) = 0.525 (0.005) = 0.694 om/s (0.01) = 0. 00) = Fe.073 | 1 (0) = 0.925 cm/s, » (0,005) = 0,694 cm/s, v (0. 1 wom=4 = 9 OQ = 2 an =—-22. whens =3, P = 3000, and 9 = 0.027, we has Om = 2) = FS. When =3, P= 3000, and » = 0.027, we ave 1) = yung (OV 0.0" (0.005) = —92.5FE (es) em, an (0.01) = —18S TH (em) fm (c) The velocity is greatest where r = 0 (at the center) and the velocity is changing most where r = R = 0.01 cm (atthe edge) 1 Ly w@ Of=2 fe G/E Gin ap (b) Note: Ilustrating tangent lines on the generic figures may help to explain the results iy af i (F< O and L is decreasing =f af 4 i (iy FE > Gand 7 is increasing =f isinereasing > higher note yereasing => higher note tin F <0and is increasing => fi decreasing => lover note 2. (@) C(%) = 2000-4 3x $0.08? +0.0002x = C'(x) =3 40.02 + 0.006% (b) C’ (100) = 3 + 0.02 (100) + 0.0006 (10,000) = 3 +2 +6 = $11 /yard. C’ (100) isthe rate at which eosts are increasing as the 100th yard is produced, It predicts the cost of the IOIst yard. (©) The cost of manufucturing the 101st yard is C (OL) = C100) = (2000 + 303 + 102.01 + 206.0602) — (2000 + 300 + 100 +200) = 11,0702 ~ $11.07/yard 2B. (a) C(x) = 84 + O.16r CC" (100) ~ 0.0006x? +0.000003x3 => C(x) = 0.16 ~ 0.0012x + 0.000009x? => (0.13. This isthe rate at which costs are increasing as the 100th item is produced. (b) C101) ~ C (100) = 97.13030299 — 97 = 0.13,SECTION34 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES O15 © Mo. (@) C" (x) = -0.0012 +0.000018x = 0 = G63 and C” (x) changes fom negative to c positive at this value of x. This is where the marginal cost changes from decreasing to increasing and so has its minimum value. ° 200 From the graph, we can estimate the x-coordinate Of the point of inflection to be between 60 and 80, ee 28. (a) A(x) = Ae s)= pI BPO 40) >0 = AG)is increasing hati, the average producti increases asthe size ofthe workforce increases (b) Suppose p' (x) > A (x) Then p's) > PO = w')> PO) = xp'(x)— pe) >0 = BWO= PO) 9 3 avapro so. (ay 5 = BR _ (+4) (9.60708) ~ (40-4 245) (165-99) & (a any 9.65795 4 38.40-P2 — 64-4 — 3840-0? Sax“ (1+ 4x04)? (14x04? ® 6 AtTow levels of brightness, is quite large [8 (0) = 40) and is . uickly decreasing, that is, is negative with large absolute value “This is o be expected at low levels of brightness, the eye is more o ‘sensitive to slight changes than it isa higher levels of brightness. 5 a0 rye 1 PY = nk = aay mre. * 7 = TR = Gooner ~ Gant?" ci Diy vay eve P* o (0.10)] © ~0.2436 K/min = eT MOM OFY OPO] = Foy EOI) +10) 0.109} / 3. ° IP /dt = 0, the population is stable (it is constant.) a woo = pani If 2. = 10,000, ro = 0.05, and (©) Iff = 0.05, then P = 0. There is no stable population, 0 moms! 20 (b) The caribou go entinet 2 C (©) Weave (1) 0.05 ~ 0.001CW = 0 and 2) ~ 0.05W +0.0001CW = 0, Adding 10 times (2) to (1) gives us 0.05C =O. =0 => C= 101. Substituting C = 1017 into (1) results in W” = 0 or $0 and hence, C = 0 ‘0 500. The pairs are (0,0) and (500, 50). So itis possible for the two species olive in harmony.12 CHAPTERS OEAIVAIIVIS =35 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Lys ea 3sine 3 f(x) =1=3eosx SOY Sasing =f) =x cosx + (Ginx) 1 = x cose +sinx yssinx tose = dy/dy = cosx = sinx anx 23 dy/dx = ~sinx —2sec? x ge) =F oost = g)= Csing) + (cos) 322 = 32 cose — A sine secrtiane > 1 2 3 4 ys osx ~ 5 6 seer tant see? 1. ese ~ cot W @) =O (— ese coi) + (6se0) +1 e507 8) = exe = Desc0 cord + ese? BNO) = Jen = WW) = VO(~ e332) + (coud) (UY cot = Bese? Wo fans dy _ xsechx =tns Srey a Wy Tyr > dy _ (Let coss)cosx —sinx (osins) _ cosx + cos? x + sin? 1 ax (4 cos) (¥ cosx? TF eosx "y= = Sin ¥ eos dy _ Ginx + c0sx) ~x (osx x)cosx. a Px + Dim. cose (Ct x)sine + =x)eosn Te sindx 7 dy _ seexse® v= (tan = Hse tams _ sec (sec? x = tan? x + tan any yo tmnt uy (Gana = Ipsec tans _ sex ( tan? x ftanx) tt seer dr ‘sect x Sex seer Another Method. Simplity y frst: y= sinx = cose = y' =cosx +sinx. , eos = (sinx) (2x) _ x (veosx —2sinx) _ xeosx = 2sinx 13) 7 S 14 y = tan Sind + e080) => tan 0 (eos — 0) + (Sind + cos) sec? = sin? — sin (tan + sind sce? 0 + sec WB ysesercotx = dy/ds exer eotx)oots + sex (~ exc? x) = — ese (col2x + ese? x) 16, Revall that if y = fgh. then y’ = f’gh + fe’h + feh'. y = xsinx cos = in 608 x +x cos? x =x sin? x dy OF = sin x cose Fx G08 C88 sinx (sinc) t ) (sin) ) = (6082) cess _ fons) (sn) = (oo) (ome)SECTIONS DERWATVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 127 BW. f(x) =c0sx => fy= Lie so Dy stne = y= sechx = the slope ofthe ta 2 and an equation is —F)ory=2e41- 5. BW y=2sinx > y/ =2cosx > the slope of the tangent line at (, 1) is 2eos ¥ = 2-98 = VTand an equation sy — 1 = V3 (x = £) ory = Vix + 1 SE BB yaxtoosy = yf =1—siny. At(O,1), 9° = 1, and an equation of the tangent line is y — 1 = 1 (x ~ 0), or yartl Leo 2. 1 —— = + (Reciprocal Rule). At (0, 1,» =I, andan Ginx Foose Ginx pensxy ‘equation of the tangent line is y = 1 = =1 (x = O).ory = kL. 25 (a) y= xeosx => y= x(—sinx) +e0sx (I) = cosx —xsinx. So (b) the slope of the tangent at the point (7, —z) is cos x = x sinz = —1 =m (0) = =I, and its equation is yer =a) @ yarn BB. (a) y= seex—2eosx =} y'=seextanx +2sinx => theslope — (b) ‘of the tangent line at (F. 1) is ga2342 y—1=3¥3 (x= Gory see Fuan +2 V3 and an equation is 3x 41 V3,1a GHAPTERS OERVATIVES 2. (@) f(x) =2xbeolx (a) f(s) = VEsinx => f(x) =2 = ese? x Tx) = Je cosx + (sinx) (jx!) e_ NY () sx + = JFeosx + 5% wa &) Notice that /" (x) = O when f has a horizontal tangent. Also, f”(x) is large negative when the graph of f is steep Notice that #”(x) = 0 when J has a horizontal tangent.” is positive when J is increasing and J is negative when f is deercasing 29, y= x-4-2siny bas ahorizontal tangent when y'=14+2c0sx—=0 e cosy=—} 4 x= 3% 42en0r 4g 4 2m or, cquivalently, Qn + I) x & §, man integer. 2 osx. xaoosts -2sinx-1 1 ~Sinx @+sinx) —cosxcosx _ —2sinx — 2esns > 7 (2+ sins? “@singy sina)? when =2sing—1=0 €5 sine =—$ > x= ME 4 2an ore = 2f + 2nn, nan inegsr So y = ho 20. y — and he points onthe curve with horizontal tangents are: (ME + 2em, +k), (24 420m, —J5), man y integer. 2 @xQ= wx S nl) =x'W)=Be0se =8($) =4V3.0 (4) =8(-4) 32 (a) () = 2eoss+3sine => (b) 4 (os exilibrium posi (6) 9 =0 > 1 $0.98, s(t) ~3.61 em, So the mass travels a maximum of about 3.6 em (upward and downward) from its equilibrium position. 4. Since » (3) <0, the particle is moving tothe lef. ~2sins +3 cost => = 2.55, So the mass passes through the for the first time when ¢ = 2.53. (©) The speed fol is greatest when s = 0; that is, when 1 = ty + nm, ma positive integer. 3 From the diagram we can see that sind = x/10 <2 x = 10sind. But we want to find the rate of ehange of x with respect to 0, that is, dx /d0. Taking the derivative of the 10 above expression, dx/d0) = 10 (cos). So when = &, 0(4) = saya dx/d0 = Weos §‘SECTION DEAWATIVES OF THGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS © 129 alt _, dF _ (usind +0030) 0) — wit (wc0s0 — sin?) _ il (Sind — 4050) psind + C080 do (usin + cos)" (u sind + eos)? () = 0 = pW Gind— 0080) =0 > sind= pcos? + twnd=p = O=tan! yw swith part (b) and je = 0.6, we caleulate 0 = tan“! 0,6 ~ 01.54. So the ‘graph is consistent with part (b). sin Se SsinS sin Se rr esr im, = = him 150 Sine 50 2 in SBD) J cos 1 py 80 cos0 Tih a 3 sin Rb vim Si8d Jo sin? ‘sing sind 2a iy 22 = yn (282) sn fn, 282 hy nd = 1-0-0 tans — gg Esiox td sine \ 40 mae Ma x aoe a easy ETT SRI texte SBME o ton aml al ease Dx) /x | Taso im (in) 721 2 a2. tim 3 tim SBA To" aoa es2x 28/4 COS x — Sin? x 3-9/4 (€OSX + lim, ———_— = — soit Gosx+sinx — cos] +sing 43. Divide numerator and denominator by 2. (sind also works.) tin 222 an sind ea A cost m G1) 0 Jim tim — e300 + tan) 950 + tan le sing — 0) fim SiG =D) SVOeRo2 REDE SFT x 44. Lim tim ki130 © CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES d sinx c0s.x c0s.x — sinx (—sinx) _ cos? x 4 sin? x 4 one = = we 0 see? a 2tet s 4 a nx) nx © Aere ZS = Soseextans = d Tt cotx (0 A eins + e081) = a cox esex (— 80x) ~ (1-4 cots) (—esex cots) _ — ese? x + cox 4 eotx cosa —sinx = S02 (ese? a) — Ut cots) (—esen cots) _ —esehe + eos tots ‘eset x scx cotx So cos = sinx = esx 4%. Let |P.R| = x. Then we get the following formulas for r and fin terms of @ and x: z= aor a ok o sing = 5 raxsin 5 andeosS = 2 hh=xeas5. Now 4 (0) = fxr? and BO) = 4 rh =rh 80 AW) gg 327 = i (0/2) * aie BO) ~alsor rh ~ sos x05 (0/2) = lim, $x tan(072) = 47, By the definition of radian measure, s = 0, where r isthe radius ofthe circle. an ’ Bytes ten nena SE oy daar fl 10m on aMtD. = gna Brain O]D) ~ ost Bsin (O72) #50 sin(O7) lim, 88% = 1 combined with the fact that a5 0 — 0, § —> O aso] So = |. [This is just the reciprocal of the limit S36 the Chain Rule 5 1. Let = g(x) =x? + 4x + 6andy = f (uv) =" ‘Then g an = (Su) 2x 44) =5 (x? +44 +6)" Ox 44) = 10(02 Ax +6)! x +2), 2. Letw = g(x) = 3x and y Fu) = tnu. Then & oe (see? u) (3) = 3 see? 3x. Let = g () = tans and y = f(u) = cos then 2 = 2 = (sin) (see? x) = ~ sin (tan x) ec? dx dudx trawe g) = 140 andy =F hea = M8 9 2) (0g Then Se = SESE = 8 Oe) = (LAN = =e@= " co 2 BM gga EE OL SB tetu= g(x) =sins and y= fe) = Ya then = BMH fy ease = SR = EE, = Katy = se = dy _ dy du eagyy(t-try 284 _ a 6. Letu = g(x) = J andy = f (u) =sinu. Then ai ( »(4 ) = 2. 2 F(x) = (8 44x) PG) = 7 (x9 44)? (Bx? +4) [or P88 (? +4)° Bx? + 4)] BFaje(2—2+1) @ F@)=3 (=x 41" Qx-)SECTIONS THECHAINRULE 131 2-44)!" _y 2x22 9. £6) = VIR = (x? - 72) a= a 1 “4 10. s(9= —+— = (P-21-5)* = f= Baa P=) P= -4(2 = 4-5) @r—2 = 80-9 ~ (P=2- 5) WAM == 1? => WU) =F-1/0'7 (14. 1/2) 2 f= MFM =F any = P= 4b any? wet = ame 13, y= c05(a $38) yf = sin (a 4.33) 3x? = —3x?sin (a? +33) (008.x)? (= sinx) = ~3sinx cos? x Wyaatoosx = ¥ 1S. y =cot(x/2) > esc? (x/2)+ 4 16. y =AseeSx > 17. GQ) = Gx -(x2=K 4H)? > G! (x) = Gx ~ 2)! (12) (5x? = x +1)" (1x = 1) + 10 3x — 2)? 3) (5x? =x +)? = 6(3x = 2)? (Sx? =x +1)" [23x — 2) (10x — 1) +5 (5x? =x + 1] = 6(3x — 2)? (Sx? — x +1)" (85x2 ~ Six +9) 18 eQ)= (67457 (8-7) = © = (62 +5) (4) (8 = 7) BP) +3 6? +5) 129 (= 7)" = 12r (677 +5)" (2 — 7) [1 (62 +5) +3 (8 —7)] 121 (672 +5)? (8 ~7)° (98 + St — 21) 19. y= 2x —5)*(8x27 5) > Y= 4Qx — 5)? 2) (Rx? — 5) = 82x — 5) (8x? — 5) — 48x 2x — 5) (8x? — 5) 4 [This simplifies to 8 (2x — 5)° (8x? — s)~* (4x? 4 30x ~ 5) + (2 = 5)* (—3) (8x? — 5) (6x) Dya(t ey er+y? = Y= Px (e242)! 4 (241) (8) (24297 xy = 26 6242)" [: eat ] 34D Dy =xteosny = ¥ (= sin nx) (n) + eosnx (3x?) =x? B cosmy ~ nx sin nx) BF (s)=VEFT (2 +1) = (841)? (2418 > Po=H (#1)? (e) (2 41)" (41) (P41) 29 Se eN ae) y-6\V y-6) W4D0)- 0-90) (=) 13 39-6)? LF) = =F o)= = 5s ) FO) (=) » CS) oF Waa) Oa OTT132 9 CHAPTERS neRWATIVES a) -$Q2-1° a) 3x71? (-3) ae 3x i ay 2D. y= tan (cos) =>" = sec? (cos x) - (~sinx) = — sinx sec? (cos. x) 28. y = 0s. (2sinx co: (sin) __sinx (2cos".x + sin?x) _sinx (1 + cos? x) cose 08 siny (1-4 900s) Anocher Method: y= ans sin <9 yf = sect x sine + tamx cosx = see x sina + sin Dyas = seo2s (see 2s tan 2x) (2) ~ 2tan 2x see? (2x) (2) = 0 Easier method. v= sew x=1 > Moye VET IaNY y= $F Zima? 280 = BA y = sin’ y cust sin? x cos $003 (~ sinc) = Bsin x 05 x (sin ~ €081) sin? (coske) 3 2sin (cos kx) €0s (eos x) (— sin kx) (K) = —k sin ky sin (2.¢05 kx) T4costsjh 6 (1-4 cos? x)® 200s (~sinx) = —12cosx sinx (14 e0s*.x)* 1 L bv eos = an (x2) tan?x => yp’ = see? (x?) (2x) + 2tan. (8) = yf = 2tan (09) seo? (x3) (3x2) = () )) = 05 (sin (sinx)) 608 (sin x) cos + (sin (sias)) => ya vee ¥ oal'tsz) ava faery > yah (c+ Ve) [rater vay 8 (14de"9)] at. y=sin(on Ving) = = 00s (an iis) (see VSR) ( ez) oes) sin sin? x) sinxeosx 2 § (o0s (sin? x) n( x) sin eosx) = = =sussol? = soyas(-Ha+a776 slope of the tangent at (4,2) is /’ (4) = —{ = — and its equation isSECTIONS6 THECHANRULE 133 x +eos2s = s(x) — cosy —2sin2x. The slope of t =F. and its equation is y — tangent at (£1) is =P (x S) or Vir $2y 324+ Be sin(sinx) = y’ = cos(sinx)-cosx. At (,0),»" = cos(sinz)- cos = cos (W)-(-1) = 1-1) ‘and an equation of the tangent line is y ~ 0 = —1(s—x).ory=—x 4m. B.y=VtR = YS+ x7. AU(2, 3), = 3, and an equation of the tangent isy-3=3(0—2)ory= 3x th M@. @y= f= tne) > f(x) = slope of the tangent at (1, 1) is thus f1() = se? £(F yrler(x-Dorysex-z41 (Fe) (29x). The (by wn, 2, and its equation is 48. (a) Fors > 0.) =/W= = ) v2= a) -x(§) =x) Lys _@-*)+ ~ Q-n)F " @-¥ So at (1, 1), the slope of the tangent is” (1) = 2 and its equation is yo b=2(—Nory=2e=1 48. (a) F(x) (by A SS 1 Notice that all tangents to the graph of f have negative slopes and f(x) < O ah 1 1 50. (a) f= = + 8sin? S10) = = (Le Bsin? ax) 16 sinarx) (Cosex) x (1 8sin? ex) Notice that.” (x) == 0 when f has horizontal tangents1S CHAPTERS DEANATYES 51. For the tangent line to be horizontal f’ (x) = 0. f (x) = 2sinx +sin?x => Sf’ (x) = 2eosx + 2sinx cosx = 0 € 2eosx(l+sinx)=0 € cosx =Oorsinx =—1,s0 x= (n+ $) x 0° (20-4 3) x whore is any integer. So the points on the curve with a horizontal tangent are ((2r $) 2.3) ana ((20-4 $) 1) where is any inter indy =2sinx >" Avostx —2eosr-=2=0 © (Cosx—I)(4eosx42)=0 © cosx =loreosx ==}. So On 4 Ux © §, many integer go) = P(E (80 F'B)= f'ON EG) =f Oe’) =7-4 = 28. SH wm Sun => wi (x) =u! (v(a)) 0" (a), som! (0) =u (w (0) 0" (0) = w (2)n' (0) = 4-5 = 20, BB (a) AG) = FCN > MU) =F (eC) 8’ (0.508 (1) = f"(@()-2' () =f’ Q)-6=5-6=30. MH) = BF) > HS) =8' FG) /'().50 = 8 (FO): 0) = 8 B)-4= 9-4 = 36 5B) FO=SUO) > PO=LU CD £O).0FQ)=f LQ) LQ) =S-$=4:5=20. GO =K) > G'E)=¢' OU): £' O06 B= 2 (CO)-¥ B)=e'@)-9=7-9=63. 57. (a) vs) = FO) > w(x) = F(R (*)B' (8). Sow (=f @W)8! N= Be O = (-}) C= F Oyo =ZFC) + vw @)=2(FW)S'O). Sov’) =e (SO) S() =e 2S (), which does not exist sinee g (2) does not exist. () oO) = gig) => w!(x) = g/g @))g'@). sow’ = ¥ ene O=LO¥0=(3)CH BMMO=SEO) = HO=/FO)SO. Soh! (2) = (£2) 7" (2) MP2 -1)(-D=t Wy g@)=S(P) > ge &)=S (7) 2x). Sog'Q) =f (2) 2-2) =4/' A) ¥4(1.5) =6 BLACK) = Sg) > A(x) = (eG) a’). Soh’ O.5) = f(g 0.5) g’ O.5) = 7 (0.1) g’ (0.5). We can estimate the derivatives hy taking the average of two sceant slopes ASR TES 22, my = BETTS 836, 80,7701) 0.10 — 0.17 0.05 — 0.10 Sa 0.7, ma = OR So g/ (058) % (mrt +m) 2 = 06. Hence, h (0.5) © 29) (0.6) = =174 BWeM=/SEY) > KW=/(SONSW. Soe (D=SSOISM =f QF. Devs 2x ~ 2eosx = deos?x — 2eosx —2, and For (1m = For g/ (0.5): my = =-05. : 3-24 $431 6 So yy mbm For (2): m VA = FEST = 26 Sof’ aya EM 9 For f’(I) m= = 04, my = 24=79 98 so p7(ty~ M4 ~ 06. 10-035 13-10 (0.6) Henee, g! (1) = 61. (a) F(x) = f(eoss) = Fa) = 1 (0082) 4 feos = inx/"(e0sx) (b) GO) =c0s(f)) > Ga)=—sin ONG)SECTION3S THECHANAUE C135 82. (a) F@)= fF") = POV= LOO L69= sax! ) Ge «FOr re) wor = ae 63. s(1) = 104 4sin(10x7) = the velocity after r seconds is (0) =s! @) = } 0s (10n4) (10x) = $F cos (1021) ems 68 (a) s = Acos(wr +3) => velocity wd sin (ot +6). 6 nan integer, () Az Oando #0. thens’ =0 + sinlor+)=0 wf td—=ne e& 2nd Qxt\ (2n\) _ Te Dnt 65. (a) BY) = 404 0.38sin = => LB (0.35005 21) (2) = % cos @ 30 + 34 dt (03 =F) (F) 34° Sa dB Tne (b) Att = 1, To = Fy cos 5 016. 280s (3 (80) (#) UI, and (141) © 0.02398, which is 6 LH =12+28sin(He-8H) = LO On March 21, ¢ = 86, and £ (80) * 0.0482 hours per day. On May 21, approximately one-half of L’ (80). 02 tein, Wiki Milo Mathai, it @-2 | @=2" een aren 67. (a) Derive gives g! (0) = ‘and the simplification command results in the above expression. gO= (b) Derive gives y’ = 2 (x3 =x +1)? (2x +1)* (17x3 + 6x? — 9x +3) without simplifying. With either Maple or Mathematica, we frst get yi = 10x +1) 4 =x +1)! 44 2x +18 (2 —x + 1)* Bx? — 1). IPwe use Mathematica’s factor or Simp] i £y, oF Maple's Factor, we get the above expression, but Maple's simplify gives the polynomial expansion instead, For locating horizontal tangents the factored form isthe most helpful te (s » xi4xtl Wes) xsH whereas Maple and after simplification, al} = 20.2598 (b) s(x) =0 > 3! where f has horizontal tangents. /” has wo maxima and lection points. ©) f(x) fone minimum where f has136 CHAPTERS ifivArives 68, (a) IF f is even, then f(x) = f (=x). Using the Chain Rule to differentiate this equation, we get a ", LO = 1 C9) Ax) == F'n), Ths, £8) £1 (3). 80 f" is odd. (0) If is 044, then f (x) =~ f (x). Differentiating this equation, we get /” (2) = =f" (=2)(=1) = "0, s0 /" is even. ra] (okory =/ Obert +okwrsWwse) af) _ LOO) _ fWee)- ss) €6) igor [g@or = nisin“! x (cosmx eos — sinnx sinx) = nsin’! x €08 (2x +x) =nsin” x cos{(n + 1)] (cost xcosms) =n cos"! x (= sinx)c0s nx + e08" x (Cu sine (0) Geos" wos (=sins) cos nx + 60s" x ( ) eos"! x (cos ne sinx + sinnx cosx) = —neos" | x sin (nx +x) = —neos"”! x sin[(n + 1x] eta tyes es west (lostabjds #Oseticomenoar ha in ee > S16 y=? (since y > 0 forall x) ee . 7B, Since 0° = (jg) rad, we have 5 (sind") = (sin 0) = 7h 60 a? = Hg cos M@) S@)=I= VE > PO)= 462) A =F (b) fx) = Jsinx] = re Srv iel 7's) = 4 (sin?x) cosx if'siny > 0 cos if'siny <0 7 is not differentiable when x = nx,” an integer. (©) g() =sin|y| = sin VE? => g(x) = cosIN| ~ cosy = xox cost ify 0 BOB seosx ifr <0 not differentiable at 0.SECTION 37 IMPLICIT OIFERENTIATION C137 =37 implicit Differentiation d / nyade2v—3x? = or = se = art ity 2 %-Wwis0 > Rady = y Serene) = 4 : 2A Ey sn) = 2H pod) i820 Pye kya 3: (248s) = 32-2 >13 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES: a ay a a a (date Fe = a-2ly' ty tary =0 > 2% —W=2y/- Hy = 2 -2yay (e-3y!) + y! ay Y : 2 (<2 eny-yt 3 ys = y'(e £2y) dry -y’ y +n 0. 2 sexy? =f (ey Sy tat Byte by De Ob ty + yd = 4x3y —2xy? 4dr? xt) <4v'y 2 3 Y (Sy 4327? — x8) = dx y — Day) Y=srynae HP4l a 2H ny) =e ya%42e-yy «=» x rt 3x? + 1-29 Another Method: Write the equations y = (x ~») (0? +1) =23 bx = yx? — yp Then yt = EASE 2 EFI VT H=6 = Pots) 4>)+ sO) Wty) =0 = ety P+ beta + Gey Wy + Gy) Pay =O ety +o ly G+ oy? Vi tyvety wy Pe ey x G+ ey? Vet VETY RYTHIey > Hore te Naobsytya @ govt anv emy = yy (sete) _ dowry ty Vy er Das) fae = aE 48 (2 2yy! $37 2t) = 2 (ey tye) » vier 2 “(oa aiees) 7 Another Method: Since | + x?y? is positive, we can square both sides first and then differentiate implicitly 4sinxsiny eos COSY > Aeosx cosy)’ +4siny(—sinxy=0 => y! 18, 4eosxsinySECTION37 IMPliCI| DFFERENTATION 139 16. xsiny +cos2y= cosy => siny + (xeosy)y’—(2sin2y) y" »yyos siny = Qsin2y)y ~ (reosy)y!— (Sing) > y= sa —siny sin (& —y) + yeosx sin = y) = Sins 7. cos (sy) = ysinx => ~sin@e~y)(I—y') =y’sine +yeosx ysinx — cosy 1B. rcosy+yoosx=1 = cosy +x(—siny)y +" cosx ysiny=0 = y= ? ** cosx —siny 1B xy Scot(xy) => y tay’ =e ay) (tay) = (ytxv) [1 4ese%@y)] =0 => vtxy’ =0 [since 1-+ese? (xy) > 0] = y= -y/x 20. sinx + cosy =sinxcosy = cosx—siny-y' =sinx(-siny-y') + e0syeosx = Ginx siny —siny) y/ = cosxcosy—cosx => y’ = S8*(C0sy—1) APO ES OY=6 = OP +RLOP SO + SO) 4x0) =0 = ” Lor +/e) weet 1 «) = Or +7) 3) = oa PO-- Sy OPes * TO" Sears 76 2 2, - 2, xg (x) - 12 BWP =e) = WOK +=Mw+AVO) & Ke) = FEOF arty (2497) ay REY) day ox ro) Toy’ Wheny = Sandy = § weave’ = Geos =~ 390 G+ Sory=—fx—4 eo SQ-n a2 = Dy =6t ay? = 3ayr-20)° T = 1,0 an equation of the tangent line is y23 42 2-194 yl, ee Bee eyed = Bx'Pg ple > Rte Cys (3) b(ebavi)ory= pa 4 .2(0 +)? Ayy! (2 +92) +25yp! = 25x Ae (P+) pend seul so an equation ofthe tangent is y — Bxyt=O4 D8 -s) 3 det 42e yy O when x ore ¥42=0(-0)or) 2 5 Ms? nO = Se) nae oe yr Soatthe point (1,2) we ave y= OC"! 9. andan equation ofthe tangent line is) =2= (= Dory = Sr = § > ) B+ be W2430x) > + 9 cp grand an equation of the tangent is y ~ (~2 (b) The curve has « horizontal tangent where y’ =O ©> 3x? + 6x = epSe(rt2)=0 oo x 2. But note that at x also, so the derivative does not exist. At (2) + 3(-2)? = 8 4 12 = 4,0 y = £2, So the two points at which the curve has @ horizontal tangent are (—2, (2.2) 2) and 25x de (0? +y?) By ayy)" =fG -3)ory When.x = —3¥3 and a ~Z— = 5 = ~z, so.an equation of the tangent is wes 5 (x22) => A(2 + y*) Ox $2yy') = 252-2) > When x =3 andy ~Br4+ 8. 264 DM-P)+OFIP (By) = 0. So.an equation of the tangent line at (0, 2) is () 7 So at the point (1, ~2) we have “leon ey © 3 2.2)SECTION37 IMPLGTOIFTERENTIATION © 141 3 (a) 0,1) and y’ = $ a (0,2). Equations ofthe tangent lines are y = —x + 1 and y = $x +2. ot * (@)y=0 = 3x7-6r4+2=0 = rele ‘There are eight points with horizontal tangents: four at x = 1.57735 and four at x * 0.42265. ‘ () By multiplying the right sie ofthe equation by x — 3, we NX obtain the frst graph, By modifying the equation in other ways, we can generate the other graphs. > 5) 5 y?-)O-2 3 ~ 6 = 207-4 0-2. YUFDOP= 1-2 &+ D0? = 0-2 =xQe-I&-2 @-N@-2 =-D@-2 5 4 4 Beef, eof Is o 7 5 + OF) (2 =I) 0-2) yb? +NG-2) YY D(y?=2) =r -)G-2) =x(?=1) 0-2) =x(x-@?-2)142 7 CHAPTERS OERVATIVES wa @ 3 () There are 9 points with horizontal tangents: 3 at x = 0,3 atx = and 3 atx = 1. The three horizontal tangents along the top of the ‘wagon are har fo find, but by limiting the y-range of the graph (10 a [1.6, 1.7], for example) they are distinguishable. 35. From Exercise 29, a tangent to the lemniscate will be horizontal => y'=0 = 28r—4x (x? +y")=0 > {and there is no horizontal tangent atthe origin.) Putting this in the aye FB Wotethaty=0 > y equation of the lemniseate, we get x? = y’ 28. Solving these to the ou pons are (2545, on) is Since (xo, 9) Hes on the ellipse, we have “SS + A a ey oo -hat = the equation of the tangent at (0,0) i y—yo = 289 (x = xg), Multiply Fhe ae 2 ag 287 ~ 2B. Since (xo, 30) lies on the hyperbola, we have 288 — 8F =2 the equation of the tangent line at (xo, yo) is. + V%Y/Fo, 50 the y-intercept is z (x = x9), So the x-intercept is x9 + 7075. The sum of the 0+ 2/BLTH+ Yo = (VEO VIB) = B42 W/O me y= =F, soute slope ofthe (00+ JET) + (20 + V504/F0) 3B. IFthe cirele has radius r, its equation is x? + 9? tangent Hine at P (xo, 0) 8X2, The slope of OP is perpendicular © OP. pyro! Wax? = gy yep lt = y AI. 2x? + y? = 3 and x = y* inferscet when 2x7 +x —3 = Ox +3) — =O x= —F or, but—F is extraneous. 2x? 4)? =3 => dx +2) = 1/Qy). ALL) the slopes are my = =2 and m: they are also orthogonal at (1, —1) =0 5 =2x/y, and x so the curves are orthogonal there. By symmetrySECTION? IMPUCITDFFERENTIANON «443 Sand 4x2 499? =72 intersect when dx? +9(s?=8)= 72 > 132 there are four points of intersection: (£3, #2),x2—y?=5 => 2v—2y'=0 s 4x2 49)? = 72 > Bet 18yy"=0 ey! = —Ax/Oy. AL (3,2) the slopes are my = } and my = 3, s0 re orthogonal there. By symmetry, they are also orthogonal at (3, —2), (3, 2) andl (~3, —2), the curves 4%. The orthogonal family represents the direction of the wind, isa circle with conter O and ax + by = 0 isa line trough 0. =3 2x 2p 20 = y= —x/y, sothe slope ofthe tangent line at Po (x0..¥0) is =xo/9p. The slape ofthe line OP is y0/x0, which is the negative reciprocal of —xo/y9. Henee, the curves are orthogonal intersect atthe origin where the tangents 4%. The circles x? + 7 are vertical and horizontal. If (x9, 20) is the other point of interseetion, then a9 = 83 +99 = Pan OR). Now x? + 9? boy 28 KN J * by > debt aby 3 y= SE thos the 2x 20 2 ‘curves are orthogonal at (xp, 90) € 2 2x0 4y}—2by0 €> aro + Ivy = A(x} + 99). which is tre by CH).1449. GHAPTER3 DERIVATIVES yar) > yf a3axtandx?+3y2=b = 2 +46yy' gue 80 the curves are orthogonal > x =4¥3. So the graph of the ellipse crosses the x-axis at the points (0). Using impli ieenation tod meget x =ay/ = y2y9/=0 9 ¥ @y—s) = ys = 0-2v3 042. ef =2%. soy (V5.0) = 2225 <9, andy (-vi.0) = 2243 aymx 2) - v3 2043 tangent lines at these points are parallel = (0), Some =2e 50, (a) We use implicit differentiation to find — in Exercise 49, ) ‘The slope of tie tangent line ot (—1, 1) ism = Ci. slope ofthe normal line is ~~ = —1, and its equations —f\ -i+) ey ‘Substituting this into the equation ipse, we get x? x (=x) (-xP=3 => BaF x =I. So the normal line must intersect the ellipse again at x = 1, and since the equation of the line is y = —x, the other point of inerscetion must be (1,1) . dey? Bhatyttay=2 = 2 #7 ¥Qeyts)=ntytay o@ y= Ae soe te @ Byty=teyts @ yOy+N=rQy4) & Piype oP by = 2ety yQxy +1) = xy Qxyt NG) =0 e yaxorsy=—}. Butsys—} = x4? bry =4—} 4250 wemusthave ay, Then Py day =2 > ates?a2 @ xtex?-2=0 © (4297-1) = 2, which is impossible, or x? are (—1, =1) and (1, 1). So £1, So the poinis on the curve where the tangent line has a 52. Using implicit differentiation, 2x + 8yy/ =. Let (a, 6) be a point on y tangent line passes through (12,3). The tangent line is then y — a wp 12), 806-3 Ge-, ‘Multiplying both sides by 46 gives 46? — 12d -a? + 12a, 046? +a? = 12(a +b). But 46? +a? = 36, so 36=12(a+6) > atb=3 = b=3—a. Substituting into.x? + 4y? = 36 gives a® +43 — a)” = 36, soa? +36— 24a +4a? = 36, Hence, 0 = Su? — 24a = a(Sa~24), soa =O ora =. Thus, ifa=0, b= == 3 while ita = %,b = 3% =—3. Soxhe ovo poins are (0,3) and (3,2). A check shows that both points satisfy the necessary hypothesis.