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4.2

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SECTION 4

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IONIZATION ENERGY

TABLE 4.2 Ionization Energy of the Elements

The minimum amount of energy required to remove the least strongly bound electron from a gaseous atom
(or ion) is called the ionization energy and is expressed in MJ mol1. Remember that 96.485 kJ 1.000
eV 23.0605 kcal. In Table 4.2 the successive stages of ionization are indicated by the heading of each column:
I denotes rst spectra arising from a neutral atom; viz.,
M(gas) : M(gas) e
II, second spectra from singly ionized atoms, and so on for successive stages of ionization.
Spectrum (in MJ mol1)
At.
no.

Element

II

III

IV

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Sc
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr

1.312
2.372
0.520
0.899
0.801
1.086
1.402
1.314
1.681
2.081
0.496
0.738
0.578
0.786
1.012
1.000
1.251
1.521
0.419
0.590
0.631
0.658
0.650
0.653
0.717
0.759
0.758
0.737
0.745
0.906
0.579
0.762
0.947
0.941
1.140
1.351
0.403
0.549
0.616
0.660

5.251
7.298
1.757
2.427
2.353
2.856
3.388
3.374
3.952
4.562
1.451
1.817
1.577
1.903
2.251
2.297
2.666
3.051
1.145
1.235
1.310
1.414
1.592
1.509
1.561
1.646
1.753
1.958
1.733
1.979
1.537
1.798
2.045
2.10
2.350
2.632
1.064
1.181
1.267

11.815
14.849
3.660
4.620
4.578
5.300
6.147
6.122
6.912
7.733
2.745
3.231
2.912
3.361
3.822
3.931
4.411
4.912
2.389
2.652
2.828
2.987
3.248
2.957
3.232
3.393
3.555
3.833
2.963
3.302
2.735
2.974
3.47
3.565
3.9
4.138
1.980
2.218

21.007
25.027
6.223
7.475
7.469
8.408
9.370
9.543
10.540
11.577
4.355
4.956
4.564
5.158
5.771
5.877
6.474
7.089
4.175
4.507
4.743
4.94
5.63
4.95
5.30
5.536
5.73
6.2
4.410
4.837
4.143
4.56
5.07
5.08
5.5
5.96
3.313

VI

32.828
37.832
9.445
10.989
11.022
12.177
13.353
13.629
14.831
16.091
6.274
7.004
6.54
7.238
7.976
8.144
8.844
9.573
6.299
6.70
6.99
7.24
7.67
7.34
7.70
7.95

47.191
53.268
13.326
15.164
15.238
16.610
17.994
18.377
19.784
21.268
8.495
9.362
8.787
9.649
10.496
10.719
11.516
12.362
8.738
9.22
9.56
9.84
10.4
9.9
10.4

9.022
6.043
6.99
5.76
6.24
6.85
6.91
7.43
7.75

12.31
7.883
8.55
7.57
8.14
8.76
8.97

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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS

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TABLE 4.2 Ionization Energy of the Elements (Continued)

Spectrum (in MJ mol1)
At.
no.

Element

II

III

IV

VI

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa

0.664
0.685
0.702
0.711
0.720
0.805
0.731
0.868
0.558
0.709
0.834
0.869
1.008
1.170
0.376
0.503
0.538
0.528
0.523
0.530
0.535
0.543
0.547
0.592
0.564
0.572
0.581
0.589
0.596
0.603
0.524
0.68
0.761
0.770
0.760
0.84
0.88
0.87
0.890
1.007
0.589
0.716
0.703
0.812

1.382
1.558
1.472
1.617
1.744
1.875
2.073
1.631
1.821
1.412
1.595
1.795
1.846
2.046
2.234
0.965
1.067
1.047
1.018
1.035
1.052
1.068
1.085
1.167
1.112
1.126
1.139
1.151
1.163
1.174
1.34
1.44

2.416
2.621
2.850
2.747
2.997
3.177
3.361
3.616
2.704
2.943
2.44
2.698
3.2
3.099

3.695
4.477

4.877
5.91

9.847
6.641

5.2
3.930
4.26
3.610

6.974
5.4
5.668

1.850
1.949
2.086
2.13
2.15
2.26
2.40
1.99
2.114
2.20
2.204
2.194
2.285
2.417
2.022
2.25

4.820
3.547
3.761
3.90
3.97
3.99
4.12
4.26
3.839
3.99
4.10
4.13
4.13
4.203
4.366
3.216

5.94
6.325
5.551

1.791
1.98
1.810
1.971
1.450
1.610

3.30
2.878
3.081
2.466

4.083
4.371

6.64
5.40

0.979
1.17
1.11

1.93

2.78

10.4
6.82

7.487

8.52

1.037
0.509
0.67
0.587
0.568

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TABLE 4.2 Ionization Energy of the Elements (Continued)

Spectrum (in MJ mol1)
At.
no.

Element

92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102

U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No

0.598
0.605
0.585
0.578
0.581
0.601
0.608
0.619
0.627
0.635
0.642

II

III

IV

VI

Source: C. E. Moore, National Standard Reference Data Series 34, U.S. Government Printing Ofce, Washington, D.C.,
1970; W. C. Martin, Zalubas, R., and Hagan, L., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data, 3:771 (1974) and National Standard Reference
Data Series, National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), No. 60 (1978) for the Rare Earth Elements; and Cohen, E. R. and Taylor, B.
N., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data, 17:1795 (1988).

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