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Coleccion Tablas Graficas TC
Grficas y Ecuaciones de
Transmisin de Calor
Versin 3.3 (septiembre de 2013)
SL
SD
D
ST
V, T
A2
A1
A2
Autor:
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
Cantidad Fsica
Frecuencia
Fuerza
Presin
Energa, trabajo, calor
Potencia
Potencial elctrico
Resistencia elctrica
Tabla 1.2: Unidades
Nombre
Smbolo
Hertzio
Hz
Newton
N
Pascal
Pa
Julio
J
Vatio
W
Voltio
V
Ohmio
Smbolo
m
Kg
s
K
A
Cd
Expresin
en
unidades base SI
1/s
kgm/s
N/m = kg/(ms)
Nm = kgm/s
J/s = kgm/s
W/A = kgm/(sA)
V/A = kgm/(sA)
propio del SI.
Existen dos excepciones muy usadas que son: Los grados centgrados o Celsius
para la temperatura ( t (C) = t (K) 273.15) y los litros para el volumen
( V (L ) = V (m) 1000).
2.1. Longitud
Para recordar: 1 in = 2,54 cm;
1 m = 3,28 ft
Unidad
Metro (m)
Pulgada (in)
Pie (ft)
1m
1
39,3701
3,28084
1 in
0,0254
1
0,08333
1 ft
0,3048
12
1
1 milla terrestre = 1609 m
1 milla marina = 1852 m
2.2. Superficie
Para recordar: 1 m = 10,76
Unidad
Metro (m)
1 m
1
1 in
6,451610-4
1 ft
0,0929034
ft
Pulgada (in)
1550,0031
1
144
Pie (ft)
10,76391
6,944410-3
1
2.3. Volumen
Para recordar: 1 galn = 3,78 L
Unidad
Metro (m)
Litro (L)
1 m
1
1000
1L
0,001
1
1 ft
0,0283168
28,3168
1 galn
3,785410-3
3,785412
Pie (ft)
35,31467
0,0353147
1
0,1336806
Galn
264,17205
0,264172
7,4805195
1
kilogramo
(kg)
0,4536
0,001
1
1000
Tonelada (t)
2.4. Masa
Para recordar: 1 kg = 2,2 lb
Unidad
Libra (lb)
gramo (g)
1
1
1
1
453,6
1
1000
106
lb
g
kg
t
1
2,20510-3
2,205
2205
0,453610-6
10-6
0,001
1
2.5. Velocidad
Para recordar: 1 m/s = 3,6 km/h
Unidad
m/s
km/h
ft/s
1 m/s
1
3,6
3,2808
1 km/h
0,277
1
0,91134
1 ft/s
0,3048
1,0973
1
1 ft/h
8,46610-5
3,04810-4
2,77710-4
1 mph (millas por hora) = 0.44704 m/s = 1,6093 km/h
1 nudo = 0.51444 m/s = 1.8520 km/h
ft/h
111810,8
3280,83
3600
1
2.6. Presin
Para recordar: 1 atm = 101,325 kPa; 1 m H2O = 9,81 kPa; 1 bar = 100 kPa
Unidad
kPa
kg/cm
mm Hg
m H 2O
bar
1 kPa
1
0,0101972
7,5006278
0,1019745
0,01
1 kg/cm
98,0665
1
735,560217 10,00028
0,980665
1 mm Hg
0,1333222
1,359510-3 1
0,0135955
1,333210-3
1 m H 2O
9,8063754
0,0999997
73,5539622 1
0,0980638
1 bar
100
1,0197162
750,062679 10,1974477 1
1 kPa = 1000 N/m
1 atmsfera = 101,325 kPa = 760 mm Hg
1 mm H2O = 0,0098063 kPa
1 psi = 6,89476 kPa
1 ft H2O = 2,98898 kPa
1 in H2O = 0,249082 kPa
2.7. Energa
Para recordar: 1 kcal = 4,186 kJ; 1 Btu = 1,055 kJ; 1kWh = 3600 kJ
Unidad
Kilocalora
British Thermal kilojulio
Kilovatio
(kcal)
Unit (Btu)
(kJ)
hora (kWh)
1 kcal
1
3,9683207
4,1868
0,001163
1 Btu
0,2519958
1
1,0550559 2,930710-4
1 kJ
0,2388459
0,9478171
1
2,77710-4
1 kWh
859,84523
3412,1416
3600
1
1 CVh = 0,7355 kWh = 2647,7955 kJ
1 termia = 1000 kcal
1 Tec (Tonelada equivalente de carbn) = 29,288106 kJ = 8135 kWh
1 Tep (Tonelada equivalente de petrleo) = 41,84106 kJ = 11622 kWh
2.8. Potencia
Para recordar: 1 kW = 860 kcal/h; 1 kW =
Unidad
Kilovatio
kcal/h
(kW)
1 kW
1
859,84523
1 kcal/h
1,16310-3
1
1 Btu/h
2,930710-4
0,2519958
1 hp
0,7457
641,18648
1 CV
0,7354988
632,41509
1 ton (Tonelada de refrigeracin) =3,5168
W
Caballo de
vapor (CV)
1,3596216
1,581210-3
3,984710-4
1,0138697
1
Btu/hftF
0,2048
0,1761
1
m/s
1
3600
m/h
2,777810-4
1
L/h
2,777810-7
0,001
cfm
4,719510-4
1,6989
gpm
6,309010-5
0,2271
L/s = 3600 L/h = 15.84 gpm
Galn/min
(gpm)
15850,3
4,4029
0,0044
7,4805
1
2.12. Temperatura
T (C) = (T (F) 32) / 1,8
T (K) = T (C) + 273,15
g = 9,80665 m/s
Patm = 101,325 kPa
R= 8,315 kJ/kmolK
Raire = 287.055 J/kgK
N = 6,0241023 molculas/mol
h = 6,62510-34 Js/molcula
k = 1,38010-23 J/Kmolcula
c0 = 2,998108 m/s
= 5,6710-8 W/mK4
C1 = 3,7420108 Wm4/m2
C2 = 1,4388104 mK
C3 = 2897,8 mK
Bi =
Coef. de friccin: C f =
N de Euler:
Eu =
Factor de friccin: f =
N de Graetz:
hL
ks
N de Bond:
Bo =
g(l v )L2
s
V2 / 2
N de Eckert:
Ec =
V2
cp (Ts T )
p
V
N de Fourier:
Fo =
p
(L / D) u2m / 2
D
Gz = Re Pr
L
DAB
N de Lewis:
Le =
N de Peclet:
Pe = Re Pr =
N de Reynolds:
VL VL
Re =
=
N de Schmidt:
Sc =
N de Stanton:
St =
VL
N de Froude:
t
L2
V2
Fr =
gL
N de Grashof:
Gr =
N de Jakob:
Ja =
N de Nusselt:
Nu =
N de Prandtl:
Pr =
g Ts T L3
2
cp (Ts Tsat )
hfg
hL
kf
cp
k
g Ts T L3
N de Rayleigh:
Ra=
DAB
N de Sherwood :
Sh =
hm L
DAB
h
Nu
=
V cp
Re Pr
N de Weber:
We =
V 2L
w = 1000 kg / m
a = 1,2 kg / m
cw = 4,18 kJ / kgK
cp,a = 1 kJ / kgK
Ma = 28,9645 kg/mol
Mw = 18,01528 kg/mol
hlg,w = 2500 kJ / kg
(kg/m)
cp
(J/kgK)
Acero puro
7870
447
Acero al carbono
7854
434
Acero al carbono-silicio
7817
446
Acero al carbono-Manganeso-silicio
8131
434
Acero con cromo (bajo)
7822
444
Acero inoxidable, AISI 302
8055
480
Acero inoxidable, AISI 304
7900
477
Acero inoxidable, AISI 316
8238
468
Acero inoxidable, AISI 347
7978
480
Aluminio puro
2702
903
Aluminio, aleacin 2024-T6
2770
875
Aluminio, aleacin 195, vaciado
2790
883
Armco (99.75% puro)
7870
447
Berilio
1850
1825
Bismuto
9780
122
Boro
2500
1107
Cadmio
8650
231
Cinc
7140
389
Circonio
6570
278
Cromo
7160
449
Cobalto
8862
421
Cobre puro
8933
385
Bronce comercial (90% Cu, 10% Al)
8800
420
Bronce fosforoso (89% Cu, 11% Sn)
8780
355
Latn (70% Cu, 30% Zn)
8530
380
Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni)
8920
384
Estao
7310
227
Germanio
5360
322
Iridio
22500
130
Magnesio
1740
1024
Molibdeno
10240
251
Nquel puro
8900
444
Nicromio (80% Ni, 20% Cr)
8400
420
Inconel X-750
8510
439
Niobio
8570
265
Oro
19300
129
Paladio
12020
244
Plata
10500
235
Platino puro
21450
133
Platino, aleacin (60% Pt, 40% Rh)
16630
162
Plomo
11340
129
Renio
21100
136
Rodio
12450
243
Silicio
2330
712
Tantalio
16600
140
Titanio
4500
522
Torio
11700
118
Tungsteno
19300
132
Uranio
19070
116
Vanadio
6100
489
Fuente: Frank P. Incropera y David P. DeWitt, Fundamentos de
4 Ed., Prentice Hall, Mjico, 1999. Apndice A.
k
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
80.2
23.1
60.5
17.7
51.9
14.9
41.0
11.6
37.7
10.9
15.1
3.91
14.9
3.95
13.4
3.48
14.2
3.71
237
97.1
177
73.0
168
68.2
72.7
20.7
200
59.2
7.86
6.59
27.0
9.76
96.8
48.4
116
41.8
22.7
12.4
93.7
29.1
99.2
26.6
401
117
52.0
14.0
54.0
17.0
110
33.9
23.0
6.71
66.6
40.1
59.9
34.7
147
50.3
156
87.6
138
53.7
90.7
23.0
12.0
3.40
11.7
3.10
53.7
23.6
317
127
71.8
24.5
429
174
71.6
25.1
47.0
17.4
35.3
24.1
47.9
16.7
150
49.6
148
89.2
57.5
24.7
21.9
9.32
54.0
39.1
174
68.3
27.6
12.5
30.7
10.3
la Transferencia de Calor
(kg/m)
2070
9110
4157
2650
2220
2500
1950
3500
3160
2080
1400
2210
3970
3970
3000
2600
2400
cp
(J/kgK)
708
235
710
745
745
1105
509
675
1122
935
709
765
765
1030
808
691
k
(W/mK)
0.206
13.0
8.40
10.4/6.21a
1.38
27.6
1.60
2300
490
2.29/0.59b
11.1/0.87b
1950/5.70c
46.0
36.0
272
3.98
16.0
106
(m/s)
0.141
6.10
2.80
Azufre
Bixido de torio
Bixido de titanio, policristalino
Bixido de silicio, cristalino
0.834
Bixido de silicio, policristalino
9.99
Boro
Carbono amorfo
1290
Carbono, diamante tipo IIa
230
Carburo de silicio
Compuesto epxico de fibra de boro
Compuesto epxico de fibra de grafito
Grafito piroltico
15.1
xido de aluminio, zafiro
11.9
xido de aluminio, policristalino
88.0
xido de Berilio
1.89
Pirocermico granulada
9.65
Nitruro de Silicio
a
La primera conductividad es en la direccin paralela al eje del cristal y la segunda
perpendicular.
b
La primera conductividad es en la direccin paralela a las fibras y la segunda perpendicular.
c
La primera conductividad es en la direccin paralela a las capas y la segunda perpendicular.
Fuente: Frank P. Incropera y David P. DeWitt, Fundamentos de la Transferencia de Calor
4 Ed., Prentice Hall, Mjico, 1999. Apndice A.
(kg/m)
1200
700
800
1250
1500
2400
2400
1200
1800
50
600
2000
20
25
50
30
2000
2500
cp
(J/kgK)
1050
1600
920
880
1000
1000
1050
920
1380
1030
2810
1050
1450
1450
1800
1800
800
750
k
(W/mK)
0.49
0.17
0.03
0.95
1.38
2.5
1.63
0.49
0.87
0.036
0.14
1.4
0.036
0.034
0.025
0.026
1
0.95
Fuente: Base de datos del programa de calificacin energtica de edificios, CALENER, Grupo
de Termotecnia, Universidad de Sevilla, 2002.
10
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
106
(Ns/m)
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
Pr
-150
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
2.867
2.039
1.927
1.828
1.738
1.656
1.582
1.514
1.452
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.247
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.146
1.117
1.11
1.092
1.076
1.06
1.044
1.029
1.014
0.9996
0.9857
0.9721
0.9589
0.946
0.9213
0.8979
0.8756
0.8544
0.8343
0.815
0.7966
0.779
0.7622
0.7461
0.7306
0.7158
0.7016
0.6879
0.6748
0.6621
0.6499
0.6382
0.6269
0.6159
0.9825
0.9656
0.9753
0.9835
0.9901
0.9952
0.999
1.002
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.008
1.008
1.008
1.008
1.009
1.009
1.01
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014
1.016
1.017
1.019
1.021
1.023
1.025
1.027
1.029
1.031
1.033
1.035
1.037
1.04
1.042
1.044
8.636
11.9
12.49
13.07
13.64
14.2
14.74
15.27
15.79
16.3
16.8
17.29
17.54
17.78
18.02
18.25
18.49
18.72
18.95
19.18
19.41
19.63
19.86
20.08
20.3
20.52
20.74
20.96
21.17
21.39
21.6
21.81
22.23
22.64
23.05
23.45
23.85
24.24
24.63
25.01
25.39
25.77
26.14
26.51
26.88
27.24
27.6
27.95
28.3
28.65
29
29.34
3.013
5.835
6.482
7.153
7.85
8.572
9.317
10.08
10.88
11.69
12.52
13.38
13.82
14.26
14.71
15.16
15.61
16.08
16.54
17.02
17.49
17.97
18.46
18.95
19.45
19.95
20.45
20.97
21.48
22
22.52
23.05
24.12
25.21
26.32
27.44
28.59
29.74
30.92
32.11
33.32
34.54
35.78
37.04
38.31
39.6
40.9
42.22
43.55
44.9
46.26
47.64
11.71
15.82
16.62
17.42
18.22
19.01
19.79
20.57
21.34
22.11
22.88
23.64
24.01
24.39
24.76
25.14
25.51
25.88
26.25
26.62
26.99
27.35
27.72
28.08
28.45
28.81
29.17
29.53
29.88
30.24
30.6
30.95
31.65
32.35
33.05
33.74
34.43
35.11
35.79
36.46
37.13
37.79
38.45
39.1
39.75
40.4
41.04
41.67
42.31
42.93
43.56
44.18
4.157
8.034
8.842
9.692
10.59
11.53
12.52
13.56
14.65
15.78
16.96
18.17
18.8
19.44
20.08
20.74
21.4
22.08
22.76
23.45
24.16
24.87
25.59
26.31
27.05
27.79
28.55
29.31
30.07
30.85
31.63
32.42
34.02
35.64
37.3
38.98
40.68
42.4
44.15
45.92
47.71
49.53
51.36
53.21
55.08
56.97
58.88
60.81
62.75
64.72
66.69
68.69
0.7246
0.7263
0.733
0.7381
0.7414
0.7433
0.744
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.735
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7215
0.7202
0.719
0.7177
0.7166
0.7154
0.7143
0.7132
0.7121
0.7111
0.7092
0.7073
0.7057
0.7041
0.7027
0.7014
0.7003
0.6992
0.6983
0.6974
0.6967
0.696
0.6955
0.695
0.6946
0.6942
0.694
0.6938
0.6936
0.6935
11
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
106
(Ns/m)
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
Pr
310
0.6054
1.047
29.68
49.03
44.79
70.7
0.6934
320
0.5951
1.049
30.01
50.43
45.4
72.73
0.6934
330
0.5853
1.051
30.35
51.85
46.01
74.77
0.6935
340
0.5757
1.054
30.68
53.29
46.61
76.83
0.6936
350
0.5665
1.056
31.01
54.73
47.21
78.9
0.6937
360
0.5576
1.059
31.33
56.19
47.81
80.99
0.6938
370
0.5489
1.061
31.65
57.67
48.4
83.09
0.694
380
0.5405
1.064
31.97
59.16
48.99
85.21
0.6943
390
0.5323
1.066
32.29
60.66
49.57
87.34
0.6945
400
0.5244
1.069
32.61
62.18
50.15
89.49
0.6948
410
0.5167
1.071
32.92
63.71
50.72
91.65
0.6951
420
0.5093
1.073
33.23
65.25
51.29
93.83
0.6954
430
0.502
1.076
33.54
66.8
51.86
96.02
0.6957
440
0.495
1.078
33.84
68.37
52.42
98.22
0.6961
450
0.4882
1.081
34.15
69.95
52.98
100.4
0.6965
460
0.4815
1.083
34.45
71.54
53.54
102.7
0.6969
470
0.475
1.085
34.75
73.15
54.09
104.9
0.6973
480
0.4687
1.088
35.04
74.77
54.64
107.2
0.6977
490
0.4626
1.09
35.34
76.4
55.18
109.4
0.6982
500
0.4566
1.093
35.63
78.04
55.72
111.7
0.6986
550
0.4289
1.104
37.07
86.44
58.37
123.3
0.7011
600
0.4043
1.115
38.46
95.12
60.93
135.2
0.7037
650
0.3824
1.125
39.81
104.1
63.41
147.4
0.7064
700
0.3628
1.135
41.11
113.3
65.81
159.8
0.7092
750
0.345
1.145
42.39
122.8
68.12
172.5
0.7121
800
0.329
1.153
43.62
132.6
70.37
185.5
0.7149
850
0.3143
1.162
44.83
142.6
72.54
198.7
0.7178
900
0.3009
1.169
46
152.9
74.65
212.2
0.7206
950
0.2886
1.177
47.15
163.4
76.7
225.8
0.7233
1000
0.2773
1.184
48.26
174.1
78.68
239.8
0.726
1100
0.2571
1.196
50.42
196.1
82.48
268.2
0.7312
1200
0.2396
1.207
52.48
219
86.09
297.6
0.736
1400
0.211
1.226
56.35
267.1
92.81
358.8
0.7444
1600
0.1885
1.241
59.92
317.9
99.08
423.6
0.7506
1800
0.1703
1.253
63.22
371.3
105.1
492.5
0.7539
2000
0.1553
1.264
66.3
426.9
111.1
566.2
0.7539
Fuente: Todas las propiedades de Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 1985.
Excepto:
Conductividad de Y.S. Touloukian, P.E. Liley, S.C. Saxena Thermophysical Properties of
Matter Vol 3, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970
Viscosidad de Y.S. Touloukian, S.C. Saxena, and P. Hestermans Thermophysical Properties
of Matter Vol 11, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970
12
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
0
0.7715
2.179
10
0.7426
2.169
20
0.716
2.165
30
0.6914
2.165
40
0.6686
2.169
50
0.6472
2.176
60
0.6272
2.186
70
0.6085
2.197
80
0.5909
2.21
90
0.5743
2.224
100
0.5587
2.239
120
0.5298
2.271
140
0.5039
2.307
160
0.4804
2.345
180
0.459
2.385
200
0.4395
2.426
250
0.3972
2.533
300
0.3624
2.645
350
0.3333
2.759
400
0.3085
2.875
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
107
(Ns/m)
93.58
97.11
100.7
104.2
107.8
111.4
114.9
118.6
122.2
125.8
129.4
136.7
144
151.4
158.8
166.2
184.8
203.5
222.2
240.9
Engineering
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
12.13
21.97
13.08
23.02
14.06
24.09
15.07
25.18
16.12
26.29
17.21
27.42
18.33
28.58
19.48
29.75
20.67
30.94
21.9
32.15
23.17
33.39
25.8
35.9
28.59
38.49
31.52
41.14
34.6
43.86
37.82
46.64
46.53
53.83
56.15
61.34
66.68
69.1
78.1
77.09
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
13.07
0.9284
14.29
0.9152
15.54
0.9047
16.82
0.8962
18.13
0.8894
19.47
0.8838
20.84
0.8792
22.25
0.8755
23.7
0.8724
25.18
0.8699
26.69
0.8678
29.83
0.865
33.11
0.8635
36.52
0.863
40.07
0.8634
43.75
0.8645
53.5
0.8697
63.99
0.8775
75.15
0.8872
86.94
0.8983
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
0
1.977
0.8268
10
1.906
0.8364
20
1.839
0.846
30
1.778
0.8556
40
1.72
0.8651
50
1.666
0.8745
60
1.616
0.8838
70
1.568
0.8929
80
1.523
0.9019
90
1.481
0.9107
100
1.441
0.9193
120
1.367
0.9361
140
1.3
0.9523
160
1.24
0.9678
180
1.185
0.9827
200
1.135
0.9971
250
1.026
1.031
300
0.9361
1.061
350
0.8609
1.089
400
0.7968
1.114
450
0.7417
1.137
500
0.6937
1.159
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
107
(Ns/m)
137.1
142
146.9
151.7
156.5
161.3
166.1
170.8
175.5
180.1
184.7
193.9
202.8
211.7
220.4
228.9
249.7
269.6
288.8
307.2
324.9
342
Engineering
13
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
6.935
14.66
7.452
15.43
7.985
16.22
8.535
17.03
9.101
17.84
9.683
18.67
10.28
19.5
10.89
20.34
11.52
21.18
12.17
22.03
12.82
22.88
14.18
24.57
15.6
26.27
17.07
27.96
18.6
29.64
20.17
31.31
24.34
35.44
28.8
39.47
33.54
43.41
38.55
47.26
43.8
51.02
49.3
54.72
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
8.968
0.7734
9.683
0.7696
10.43
0.766
11.2
0.7624
11.99
0.759
12.81
0.7557
13.66
0.7527
14.53
0.7498
15.42
0.7472
16.33
0.7447
17.27
0.7425
19.2
0.7386
21.21
0.7353
23.3
0.7327
25.46
0.7306
27.68
0.7289
33.52
0.7261
39.74
0.7248
46.31
0.7243
53.23
0.7241
60.49
0.7242
68.1
0.7239
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
0
1.25
1.041
10
1.206
1.041
20
1.164
1.04
30
1.126
1.04
40
1.09
1.04
50
1.056
1.04
60
1.024
1.04
70
0.9944
1.04
80
0.9662
1.039
90
0.9396
1.039
100
0.9143
1.039
120
0.8678
1.039
140
0.8257
1.039
160
0.7876
1.039
180
0.7528
1.039
200
0.7209
1.039
250
0.652
1.04
300
0.5951
1.04
350
0.5473
1.041
400
0.5067
1.042
450
0.4716
1.043
500
0.4411
1.045
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
107
(Ns/m)
163.9
168.6
173.3
177.9
182.4
186.9
191.3
195.6
199.8
204
208.2
216.3
224.2
231.9
239.4
246.7
264.1
280.6
296.3
311.4
326
340.2
Engineering
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
13.11
24.59
13.99
25.31
14.88
26.01
15.8
26.71
16.74
27.4
17.69
28.07
18.67
28.74
19.67
29.4
20.68
30.04
21.72
30.68
22.77
31.31
24.93
32.55
27.15
33.75
29.45
34.92
31.8
36.06
34.22
37.17
40.51
39.85
47.16
42.38
54.14
44.8
61.46
47.13
69.11
49.4
77.12
51.63
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
18.9
0.6937
20.17
0.6933
21.48
0.693
22.81
0.6927
24.17
0.6924
25.56
0.6921
26.99
0.6919
28.44
0.6917
29.91
0.6915
31.42
0.6913
32.95
0.6911
36.09
0.6907
39.33
0.6904
42.67
0.6901
46.09
0.6899
49.61
0.6897
58.78
0.6892
68.45
0.6889
78.61
0.6887
89.25
0.6886
100.4
0.6885
112
0.6885
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
100.1
0.5973
2.044
110
0.5808
2.023
120
0.5652
2.007
130
0.5504
1.995
140
0.5365
1.987
150
0.5233
1.981
160
0.5108
1.977
170
0.4989
1.975
180
0.4876
1.974
190
0.4768
1.975
200
0.4665
1.976
220
0.4472
1.98
240
0.4295
1.986
260
0.4131
1.994
280
0.398
2.003
300
0.384
2.013
350
0.3529
2.04
400
0.3266
2.07
450
0.3039
2.102
500
0.2842
2.135
550
0.2669
2.168
600
0.2516
2.203
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
107
(Ns/m)
122.7
126.4
130.2
134
137.9
141.8
145.8
149.7
153.7
157.7
161.8
169.9
178.1
186.3
194.6
202.9
223.7
244.5
265.2
285.7
306.1
326.2
Engineering
14
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
20.54
25.1
21.77
25.78
23.04
26.5
24.35
27.26
25.71
28.05
27.1
28.86
28.53
29.7
30.01
30.57
31.52
31.45
33.08
32.36
34.68
33.28
37.99
35.19
41.46
37.16
45.1
39.19
48.89
41.28
52.84
43.41
63.38
48.96
74.87
54.75
87.26
60.76
100.5
66.97
114.7
73.35
129.7
79.89
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
20.56
0.9992
21.94
0.992
23.37
0.9861
24.82
0.9812
26.31
0.9771
27.84
0.9735
29.41
0.9703
31.02
0.9675
32.67
0.9649
34.37
0.9624
36.11
0.9602
39.74
0.9559
43.56
0.9519
47.57
0.948
51.77
0.9444
56.16
0.9408
67.98
0.9323
80.98
0.9245
95.13
0.9173
110.4
0.9108
126.8
0.9048
144.2
0.8994
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
106
(Ns/m)
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
103
(1/K)
Pr
0.001
1005
4.213
1766
1.757
567.2
0.1339
-0.08021 13.12
5
1004
4.201
1506
1.500
574.8
0.1363
0.01135
11.00
10
1003
4.191
1300
1.297
583.0
0.1387
0.08744
9.348
15
1001
4.184
1135
1.134
591.4
0.1412
0.1523
8.033
20
999.5
4.180
1001
1.001
599.8
0.1436
0.209
6.975
25
997.9
4.176
890.1
0.8920
608.0
0.1459
0.2594
6.114
30
996.2
4.175
797.6
0.8007
616.0
0.1481
0.3051
5.406
35
994.3
4.174
719.6
0.7238
623.6
0.1503
0.347
4.817
40
992.4
4.174
653.3
0.6583
630.7
0.1523
0.3859
4.323
45
990.3
4.175
596.3
0.6022
637.4
0.1542
0.4225
3.906
50
988.1
4.177
547.1
0.5537
643.6
0.1559
0.4572
3.551
55
985.7
4.179
504.2
0.5115
649.3
0.1576
0.4903
3.245
60
983.2
4.182
466.6
0.4746
654.4
0.1592
0.5221
2.981
65
980.6
4.184
433.5
0.4420
659.1
0.1606
0.5528
2.752
70
977.9
4.188
404.1
0.4132
663.2
0.1620
0.5827
2.551
75
975.0
4.191
378.0
0.3877
666.9
0.1632
0.6118
2.375
80
971.9
4.195
354.6
0.3648
670.2
0.1644
0.6402
2.219
85
968.8
4.199
333.6
0.3443
673.0
0.1654
0.6682
2.081
90
965.5
4.204
314.6
0.3259
675.5
0.1664
0.6958
1.958
95
962.1
4.209
297.5
0.3092
677.5
0.1673
0.723
1.848
100
958.5
4.214
281.9
0.2941
679.3
0.1682
0.7501
1.749
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado, Engineering Equation Solver Software (EES), Academia
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
15
psat
(kPa)
hl-g
(kJ/kg)
l
(kg/m)
vg
(m/kg)
cp,l
(kJ/kgK)
cp,g
(kJ/kgK)
l 106
(Ns/m)
g 106
(Ns/m)
kl 103
(W/mK)
kg 103
(W/mK)
Prl
Prg
l 103
(1/k)
0.001
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
0.6113
0.8726
1.228
1.706
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.627
7.381
9.59
12.34
15.75
19.93
25.02
31.18
38.56
47.37
57.81
70.12
84.53
101.3
143.2
198.5
270
361.2
475.7
617.7
791.5
1002
1254
1554
2318
3345
4689
6413
8584
11279
14594
18655
2501
2489
2477
2465
2453
2442
2430
2418
2406
2394
2382
2370
2358
2345
2333
2321
2308
2295
2283
2270
2257
2230
2202
2174
2145
2114
2082
2049
2015
1978
1940
1858
1766
1662
1543
1405
1238
1028
721.1
1000
1000
999.7
999.1
998.2
997
995.6
994
992.2
990.2
988
985.7
983.2
980.5
977.7
974.8
971.8
968.6
965.3
961.9
958.4
951
943.2
934.9
926.2
917.1
907.5
897.5
887.1
876.1
864.7
840.3
813.5
783.8
750.5
712.4
667.4
610.8
528.1
206.1
147
106.3
77.9
57.78
43.36
32.9
25.22
19.53
15.26
12.04
9.573
7.674
6.2
5.045
4.133
3.409
2.829
2.362
1.983
1.674
1.211
0.8922
0.6687
0.509
0.3929
0.3071
0.2428
0.194
0.1565
0.1273
0.08616
0.05974
0.04219
0.03016
0.02167
0.01548
0.01079
0.006962
4.229
4.2
4.188
4.184
4.183
4.183
4.183
4.183
4.182
4.182
4.182
4.182
4.183
4.184
4.187
4.19
4.194
4.199
4.204
4.21
4.217
4.232
4.249
4.267
4.288
4.312
4.338
4.368
4.403
4.443
4.489
4.604
4.759
4.973
5.278
5.744
6.542
8.237
14.68
1.868
1.871
1.874
1.878
1.882
1.887
1.892
1.898
1.904
1.912
1.919
1.928
1.937
1.947
1.958
1.97
1.983
1.996
2.011
2.027
2.044
2.082
2.125
2.175
2.233
2.298
2.373
2.459
2.557
2.669
2.796
3.107
3.516
4.064
4.828
5.967
7.87
11.79
25.28
1793
1519
1307
1138
1002
890.5
797.7
719.6
653.3
596.3
547.1
504.2
466.6
433.4
404
377.9
354.5
333.5
314.5
297.4
281.9
254.8
232.1
213
196.6
182.5
170.3
159.6
150.2
141.8
134.4
121.6
110.9
101.7
93.56
85.95
78.46
70.45
60.39
9.216
9.336
9.461
9.592
9.727
9.867
10.01
10.16
10.31
10.46
10.62
10.77
10.93
11.1
11.26
11.43
11.59
11.76
11.93
12.1
12.27
12.61
12.96
13.3
13.65
13.99
14.34
14.68
15.03
15.37
15.71
16.41
17.12
17.88
18.7
19.65
20.84
22.55
25.71
561
570.5
580
589.3
598.4
607.1
615.4
623.3
630.6
637.3
643.5
649.2
654.3
659
663.1
666.8
670
672.8
675.3
677.4
679.1
681.7
683.2
683.7
683.3
682.1
680
677.1
673.4
668.8
663.4
649.8
632
609.2
580.3
543.6
496.7
435.6
351
17.07
17.34
17.62
17.92
18.23
18.55
18.88
19.23
19.6
19.97
20.36
20.77
21.18
21.62
22.07
22.53
23.01
23.5
24.02
24.55
25.09
26.24
27.46
28.76
30.13
31.58
33.11
34.72
36.41
38.18
40.03
43.99
48.31
53.1
58.53
64.98
73.25
85.24
107.5
13.52
11.18
9.435
8.081
7.006
6.136
5.422
4.83
4.333
3.913
3.555
3.248
2.983
2.752
2.551
2.375
2.219
2.081
1.958
1.849
1.75
1.582
1.444
1.329
1.234
1.154
1.086
1.03
0.982
0.9421
0.9092
0.8613
0.8351
0.8304
0.8511
0.9083
1.033
1.332
2.525
1.008
1.007
1.006
1.005
1.004
1.004
1.003
1.002
1.002
1.001
1.001
1
0.9998
0.9995
0.9992
0.999
0.9989
0.9988
0.9989
0.999
0.9993
1.001
1.003
1.006
1.011
1.018
1.028
1.04
1.055
1.074
1.097
1.159
1.246
1.368
1.542
1.804
2.24
3.118
6.046
-0.08063
0.01103
0.08719
0.1522
0.2089
0.2593
0.305
0.3469
0.3859
0.4225
0.4572
0.4903
0.5222
0.5529
0.5827
0.6118
0.6403
0.6682
0.6958
0.723
0.7501
0.8038
0.8576
0.9122
0.9683
1.026
1.087
1.152
1.221
1.296
1.377
1.567
1.807
2.126
2.576
3.266
4.47
7.116
17.11
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado, Engineering Equation Solver Software (EES), Academia Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
16
q = kT
,
'
$
. Cartesianas: q = &k T ,k T ,k T )
y
z (
.
% x
.
.
$ T k T
T '
,k )
- Cilndricas: q = &k ,
z (
% r r
.
.
'
$
. Esfricas: q = &k T , k T , k T )
./
% r r sen r (
( T % ( T % ( T %
T
&&k
## +
&k
#+
&k
# + q = cp
x ' x $ y ' y $ z ' z $
t
y
y
x
Coordenadas Cilndricas:
x
z
1 ( T % 1 ( T % ( T %
& kr
#+
&k
#+
&k
#
r r ' r $ r 2 ' $ z ' z $
T
+ q = cp
t
r
z
y
Coordenadas Esfricas:
1 ( 2 T %
1
( T %
& kr
#+ 2
&k
#+
2
2
r $ r sen ' $
r r '
1
(
T %
T
&&k sen
## + q = cp
2
2
$
t
r sen '
r
y
17
Ecuacin diferencial
Distribucin de temperaturas
Placa
plana
Capa
cilndrica
Capa
esfrica
d2 T
=0
dx2
1 d & dT #
$r
!=0
r dr % dr "
ln(r / r1 )
Ts,1 T
ln(r2 / r1 )
1 d & 2 dT #
$r
!=0
r 2 dr % dr "
& 1 (r1 / r ) #
Ts,1 T $
!
%1 (r1 / r2 )"
kT
r ln(r2 / r1 )
2LkT
ln(r2 / r1 )
ln(r2 / r1 )
2Lk
kT
r [(1 / r1 ) (1 / r2 )]
4 k T
(1 / r1 ) (1 / r2 )
(1 / r1 ) (1 / r2 )
4 k
Ts,1 T
k
x
e
T
e
T
e
e
kA
kA
Transferencia de calor ( q )
Resistencia trmica ( Rt ,CD )
Nota: T = Ts,1 Ts,2 , e: espesor de placa plana, r1: radio interno, r2: radio externo, L:
longitud de la capa cilndrica
Condicin de
contorno (x=L)
Distribucin de temperaturas
adimensional ( )
Conveccin:
d
hL
=
(L)
dx X =1
k
Adiabtica:
d
=0
dx X =1
Aleta infinita
( L ): (L) = 0
B
C
= (T T ) /(T0 T );
2
m = hP / kA c ;
senh mL + (h / mk ) cosh mL
cosh[mL (1 X )] + (h / mk ) senh[mL (1 X )]
M
cosh mL + (h / mk ) senh mL
cosh mL + (h / mk ) senh mL
X = x / L;
cosh[mL(1 X )]
cosh mL
M tgh mL
e mx
(0) = 1
M = kA cm(T0 T )
18
Esquema
Expresin
L c = L + ( / 2)
m=
2h
k
a =
tgh(mL c )
mL c
a =
1 I1 (2mL)
m L I0 (2mL)
w
L
Aleta recta triangular
1/2
2%
"
A s = 2 w $L2 + / 2 '
#
&
m=
2h
k
w
L
) (
1/2
%
'
'
&
y = ( / 2)(1 x / L )
a =
"
%
C1 = $1+ / L '
#
&
2h
m=
k
w
L
x
19
[4(mL) + 1]
2
1/2
+1
Esquema
Expresin
r2c = r2 + (t / 2)
a = C 2
2h
kt
m=
C2 =
(2r1 / m)
r22c r12
L c = L + (D / 4)
4h
kD
m=
a =
tgh(mL c )
mL c
a =
2 I2 (2mL )
m L I1 (2mL )
4h
kD
m=
D
L
C3 = 1 + 2(D / L )
a =
D
L
[4 / 9(mL) + 1]
2 1/2
C 4 = 1 + (D / L )
m=
y = (D / 2)(1 x / L )
4h
kD
20
1/2
+1
21
1/2
x
1/3
Nux = 0.332 Re
Pr
1/2
x
1/3
Nux = 0.453 Re
Nu x =
Nu x =
Pr
1/2
x
0.3387 Re
Pr
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Nombre
T de pelcula
Polhausen
T de pelcula
q cte
T de pelcula
Churchill y Ozoe
T de pelcula
Churchill y Ozoe
1/3
1/4
2 /3
&
, 0.0468 ) #
$1 + *
' !
+ Pr ( !"
$%
0.4637 Re1x / 2 Pr 1 / 3
2 /3
&
, 0.0207 ) #
$1 + *
' !
+ Pr ( !"
$%
1/4
T media pelcula
Polhausen
T media pelcula
q cte
T de pelcula
Analoga
de
Chilton-Colburn
Whitaker
T media pelcula
Analoga
de
Chilton-Colburn
T , menos s a Ts
Whitaker
10
4 /5
L
NuL = 0.036 Re
331 Pr
0.43
( / s )
Turbulento, medio,
0.7 Pr < 380 , 105 < ReL 5.5106 ,
5
22
Tabla 6.2: Correlaciones conv. forzada, flujo externo, conducto circular, flujo perpendicular
Conducto circular, flujo perpendicular
N Correlacin
m
D
1/3
11
NuD = C Re Pr
12
13
(Tabla 6.2.1)
1/4
NuD = 0.3 +
Condiciones de aplicacin
0.62 Re1D/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
2 /3 1/ 4
[1 + (0.4 / Pr) ]
(Tabla 6.2.2)
n = 0.37(Pr 10),
5/8
&
, ReD ) #
$1 + *
' !
* 282000 ' !
$
+
( "
%
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula
Hilpert
T , menos Prs a Ts
Zhukauskas
T media de pelcula
Churchill y
Berstein
4 /5
C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.027
m
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805
ReD
1 - 40
40 - 1000
103 - 2105
2105 - 106
C
0.75
0.51
0.26
0.076
m
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Condiciones de aplicacin
1/4
Medio,
T Propiedades
Nombre
T , menos s a Ts
Whitaker
- Para la correlacin (14) las propiedades se evalan a la temperatura exterior del fluido, salvo s que se evala a la temperatura superficial
- Las correlaciones para transferencia de masa pueden obtenerse sustituyendo en las correlaciones anteriores Nu y Pr por Sh y Sc respectivamente.
23
Tabla 6.4: Correlaciones conv. forzada, flujo externo, conducto no circular, flujo perpendicular
Conducto no circular, flujo perpendicular
N Correlacin
15
m
D
NuD = C Re Pr
1/3
(Tabla 6.4.1)
Condiciones de aplicacin
5
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula
Hilpert
ReD
5103 - 105
0.246
0.588
5103 - 105
0.102
0.675
0.160
0.638
0.0385
0.782
5103 - 105
0.153
0.638
4103 1.5104
0.228
0.731
Hexgono
V
5103 1.95104
4
1.9510 10
Placa vertical
V
24
Tabla 6.5: Correlaciones conv. forzada, flujo externo, banco de tubos, flujo perpendicular
Banco de tubos, flujo perpendicular
N Correlacin
Condiciones de aplicacin
16
17
0.7 Pr
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula
Grimison
Zhukauskas
Configuracin en lnea
Configuracin cruzada
SL
SL
SD
D
D
ST
A1
ST
V, T
A2
V, T
A1
A2
1
0.64
0.68
2
0.80
0.75
3
0.87
0.83
4
0.90
0.89
5
0.92
0.92
6
0.94
0.95
7
0.96
0.97
8
0.98
0.98
9
0.99
0.99
13
0.98
0.98
16
0.99
0.99
1
0.70
0.64
2
0.80
0.76
3
0.86
0.84
4
0.90
0.89
25
5
0.92
0.92
7
0.95
0.95
10
0.97
0.97
Cruzada
SL/D
1.25
1.50
2.00
3.00
0.600
0.900
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.500
2.000
3.000
C1
0.348
0.367
0.418
0.290
0.518
0.451
0.404
0.310
m
0.592
0.586
0.570
0.601
0.556
0.568
0.572
0.592
1.50
C1
0.275
0.250
0.299
0.357
0.479
0.505
0.460
0.416
0.356
ST/D
M
0.608
0.620
0.602
0.584
0.558
0.554
0.562
0.568
0.580
2.00
C1
M
0.100 0.704
0.101 0.702
0.229 0.632
0.374 0.581
0.446 0.571
0.478 0.565
0.519 0.556
0.452 0.568
0.482 0.556
0.440 0.562
3.00
C1
m
0.0633 0.752
0.0678 0.744
0.198 0.648
0.286 0.608
0.213 0.636
0.401 0.581
0.518 0.560
0.522 0.562
0.488 0.568
0.449 0.570
0.428 0.574
ReD,max
10-102
10-102
102-103
103-2105
C1
m
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.4
Considerar como tubos aislados
0.27
0.63
Cruzada (ST/SL<2)
103-2105
0.35 (ST / SL )
Cruzada (ST/SL>2)
En lnea
Cruzada
(*)
10 -210
2105-2106
2105-2106
1 /5
0.4
0.021
0.022
0.6
0.6
0.84
0.84
Para ST/SL<0.7, la transferencia de calor es muy poco eficaz y no debe usarse un banco de tubos en lnea
26
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
18
19
f = 64 ReD
20
1 / 4
D
f = 0.316 Re
21
f = 0.184 ReD1 / 5
22
23
24
NuD = 3.66
NuD = 4.36
25
NuD = 3.66 +
26
& Re Pr #
NuD = 1.86$$ D !!
% L /D "
27
2 /3
1 + 0.04[(D L )ReD Pr ]
1/3
4 /5
D
1/3
0.14
& #
$ !
$ !
% s"
T media masa
T media masa
Sieder y
Tate
T media masa
DittusBoelter
T media masa,
menos s a Ts
Sieder y
Tate
T media masa
Gnielinski
T media masa
Skupinski
T media masa
Seban y
Shimazaki
0.14
NuD = 0.027 Re
29
NuD =
30
31
Hausen
T media masa,
menos s a Ts
1/3
28
Pr
& #
$ !
$ !
% s"
Petukhov
0.0668(D L )ReD Pr
Nombre
27
NuD
(Tabla 6.7.1)
4A c
con D = Dh =
P
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
T media de masa
T media de masa
Nombre
Tabla 6.7.1: Nmero de Nusselt y factores de friccin, flujo laminar complet. desarrollado, conductos diferente secciones (32)
NuD
Seccin transversal
a
a
a
a
b
b
a
a
b
b
b
a
b
hDh
k
b
a
q!s! uniforme
Ts uniforme
f ReD
4.36
3.66
64
1.0
3.61
2.98
57
1.43
3.73
3.08
59
2.0
4.12
3.39
62
3.0
4.79
3.96
69
4.0
5.33
4.44
73
8.0
6.49
5.60
82
8.23
7.54
96
3.11
2.47
53
28
Tabla 6.8: Correlaciones conv. libre, flujo externo, placa plana vertical, inclinada y horizontal
Placa plana vertical
N Correlacin
34
35
36
n
L
NuL = C Ra
(Tabla 6.8.1)
'!
$!
0.387Ra1L / 6
NuL = &0.825 +
#
8
/
27
9 / 16
!%
!"
1 + (0.492 / Pr )
0.670Ra1L / 4
NuL = 0.68 +
9 / 16 4 / 9
1 + (0.492 / Pr )
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Nombre
Medio, Ts cte
T media de pelcula.
McAdams
T media de pelcula.
Churchill y
Chu
T media de pelcula
Churchill y
Chu
RaL
104-109
109-1013
C
0.59
0.10
n
1/4
1/3
RaL
104-107
107-1011
C
0.54
0.15
29
n
1/4
1/3
McAdams
Tabla 6.9: Correlaciones conv. libre, flujo externo, cilindro largo horizontal
Cilindro largo horizontal
N Correlacin
40
41
n
D
NuD = C Ra
(Tabla 6.9.1)
'!
0.387Ra1D/ 6
NuD = &0.60 +
9 / 16
!%
1 + (0.559 / Pr )
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Nombre
Medio, Ts cte
T media de pelcula.
Morgan
T media de pelcula.
Churchill y
Chu
8 / 27
$!
#
!"
C
0.675
1.020
0.850
0.480
0.125
n
0.058
0.148
0.188
1/4
1/3
NuD = 2 +
Condiciones de aplicacin
1/4
D
0.589Ra
[1 + (0.469 / Pr ) ]
9 / 16 4 / 9
30
Pr 0.7
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula.
Churchill
Condiciones de aplicacin
43
44
& RaL Pr #
NuL = 0,18 $
!
% 0.2 + Pr "
0,29
45
' RaL Pr $
NuL = 0,22 %
"
& 0.2 + Pr #
46
'H$
NuL = 0,42 Ra1L / 4 Pr 0,012 % "
&L #
47
'H$
% "
&L #
1/3
'. Ra cos +
+ %, L
)
%&- 5830 *
$
1"
"#
1 / 4
0.3
'
1708 $
NuL = 1 + 1,44 %1
"
RaL cos #
&
48
T. media
superficies
Catton
T. media
superficies
Catton
T. media
superficies
MacGregor y
Emery
T. media
superficies
MacGregor y
Emery
T. media
superficies
Hollands
T. media
superficies
Catton
10
0,28
1,6
'
1708 (sen1.8 ) $
%1
"
RaL cos
%&
"#
/ cr
-3
1
25
3
53
6
60
49
' NuL ( = 90 $
NuL = NuL ( = 0 ) %
"
& NuL ( = 0 ) #
50
51
1/4
(sen cr )( / 4
cr )
RaL Pr
0,2 + Pr
T Propiedades Nombre
T. media
Globe y
superficies
Dropkin
12
67
>12
70
T. media
superficies
T. media
superficies
Ayaswamy y
Catton
Arnold
31
) Ra Pr &
k ef
= 0,386 '
$
k
( 0,861 + Pr %
[ ln(De / Di )]
Ra =
[D
3 / 5
e
Ra
) Ra Pr &
k ef
= 0,74 '
$
k
( 0,861 + Pr %
Ra =
1/4
(De Di )
[D
7 / 5
e
T Propiedades
Medio, Ts cte
102 Ra* 107
= De Di
T. media superficies
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Medio, Ts cte
102 Ra* 104
= De Di
T. media superficies
Nombre
1/4
+ Di3 / 5
Condiciones de aplicacin
+ Di7 / 5
Ra
32
Nombre
54
& g l (l v ) h'gl k l3 #
!
hx = $
$ 4 l (Tsat Ts ) x !
%
"
55
' g ( ) k 3 $
hL = 1,76 %% l l 2 v l ""
l
&
#
1/3
Re1 / 3
T Propiedades
Nombre
Nusselt
Rohsenow
Kirkbride
1/3
& g l (l v ) k l3 #
!
56 hL = 0,0076 $$
2
!
l
%
"
Flujo externo: Cilindro horizontal
N Correlacin
Re0,4
1/4
Condiciones de aplicacin
Laminar, Medio, Ts cte,
Re 3600, Ja (N 1) < 2 ,
N = N de tubos en vertical
& g l (l v ) h'gl k l3 #
!
hD = 0,725 [1 + 0,2 Ja (N 1)]$
$ l (Tsat Ts ) D N !
%
"
Flujo interno: Cilindro horizontal
N Correlacin
Condiciones de aplicacin
Flujo estratificado, Medio, Ts cte,
1/4
& g l (l v ) h'gl k l3 #
u D
!
58 hD = 0,555 $
Rev = v v
< 35000
$ l (Tsat Ts ) D !
v
%
"
57
hD = C RenD Prl 1 / 3
Nombre
Nombre
Akers,
Condensado a T. media de pelcula
1/2
Deans y
&
#
Ge D
Vapor a T. de vapor
ReD =
; Ge = G (1 x ) + G x $$ l !!
Crossers
l
% v "
La temperatura med. de pelcula se define como la media aritmtica entre la temperatura de la superficie y la temperatura de saturacin
del vapor Tsat.
En flujo externo, placa plana inclinada un ngulo con la vertical, se utilizan las correlaciones (54) a (56) con g = g cos
El nmero de Reynolds en flujo externo se define en funcin del caudal msico de condensado M en la parte inferior de la superficie de
condensacin por unidad de permetro mojado. En flujo interno se define en funcin del caudal msico de condensado Ml y/o de vapor Mv
El Rev de la correlacin (58) se evala a las condiciones del vapor en la seccin de entrada.
El ReD de la correlacin (59) se calcula en funcin del ttulo del vapor en la seccin correspondiente.
Con vapor recalentado se sustituye Tsat en la temperatura media de pelcula por la temperatura del vapor Tv y hgl se sustituye por hgl +
cpv (Tv Tsat)
59
-
T Propiedades
33
,
)
Csf (Tabla 6.14.1)
(Tabla 6.14.2)
% Csf hlg Prl "
62
qmax
- g (l v ) *
=
v hlg +
(
24
2v
,
)
1/4
&
#
$$1 + v !!
l "
%
64
& g (l v ) #
Lb = L $
!
%
"
& g (l v ) #
qmin = cpv hlg $
2 !
% (l + v ) "
h = hr + hc (hc / h)
65
3
v
1/4
& g v (l v ) h k #
hc = 0,62 $
!
v Te D
!"
%$
4
4
Ts Tsat
hr =
[(1 / ) + (1 / ) 1] (Ts Tsat )
Rohsenow
Zuber
Lienhard
Zuber
Bromley
1/4
1/4
1/3
'
lg
0,5
1/2
Nombre
Ja = cpv Te / hlg
= emisividad superficie,
= absortividad lquido
La temp. med. de pelcula se define como la media aritmtica entre la temperatura de la superficie y la temperatura de saturacin del
lquido Tsat.
34
Condiciones de aplicacin
Conveccin forzada, Local, medio, Ts cte
67
correlacin (61)
T Propiedades
Nombre
Rohsenow
Chen
hFB = hc + hEN
hc = 0,023 (k l / D)Rel0,8 Prl0,4 F
68
1
< 0,1
X tt
F = 1,0
1
> 0,1
X tt
& 1
#
F = 2,35 $$
+ 0,213 !!
% X tt
"
0,75
sat
hEN = 0,00122 P
0,24
e
0,736
0,5
0,9
Rel = G (1 x) D / l
Psat = Psat (Ts ) Psat (Tsat )
(
)
S = (1 + 0,42 Re )
0,1
0,78 1
FB
ReFB > 70
S = 0,1
La temp. media de pelcula se define como la media aritmtica entre la temperatura de la superficie y la temperatura de saturacin del
lquido Tsat.
En la correlacin (68), G representa el caudal msico por tubo y por unidad de superficie y x el ttulo del vapor en la seccin.
35
Fluido
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Sodio
Potasio
Cesio
Mercurio
Benceno
Alcohol etlico
Fren 11
Temperatura
Saturacin (C)
0
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
880
760
680
355
80
78
45
Tensin superficial
x 103 (N/m)
75,5
72,9
69,5
66,1
62,7
58,9
48,7
37,8
26,1
14,3
3,6
11,2
62,7
29,2
39,4
27,7
21,9
8,5
F(Lb)
Condiciones aplicacin
Geometra: Tubera
Combinacin lquido-superficie
Csf
1,14
Lb > 30
Horizontal 15mm ID
0,015
Lb > 0,15;
L = radio
Horizontal - 2,4mm ID
0,020
0,84
Lb > 4,26;
L = radio
Vertical 4,5mm ID
Agua nquel
0,006
Agua cobre
0,013
0,013
1,734 (L b )
0,90
1 / 2
L = Vol/Sup
36
Vertical 27mm ID
37
Ji = i Mi0 + (1 i )Ei
N
0
Ecuacin (1b): Ji = i Mi + (1 i ) Fij J j
j=1
Irradiacin:
Ecuacin (2): Ei =
ij
Jj
j=1
Flujo de calor:
Ecuacin (3a):
Ecuacin (3b):
&
qi = Ai i Mi0 i Ei = Ai $ i Mi0 i
$
%
qi = Ai (Ji Ei )
) (
ij
j=1
#
Jj !
!
"
A i i
Mi0 Ji
0
q =
Mi Ji =
Ecuacin (3c): i
1 i
& 1 i #
$$
!!
% A i i "
N
N (
Ji Jj )
(
)
q
=
A
F
J
J
=
i
ij
i
j
Ecuacin (3d): i
j=1
j=1 ' 1 $
%
"
% A i Fij "
&
#
1 /(Ai Fi1 )
J1
...
1 /(Ai Fij )
Ji
Mi0
Jj
...
1 i
A i i
1 /(Ai Fin )
38
Jn
M0(,T)/
M0( ,T)
F0-
(mK)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
2897.8
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000014
0.001372
0.016402
0.072516
0.186035
0.344815
0.519815
0.682947
0.816119
0.911920
0.970641
0.996866
1.000000
0.996887
0.977122
0.943308
0.900197
0.851518
0.800085
0.747947
0.696541
0.646838
0.599456
0.554755
0.512911
0.473970
0.437889
0.404567
0.373869
0.345635
0.319701
0.295897
0.274058
0.254025
M0(,T)/
M0( ,T)
F0-
0.235648
0.218786
0.203308
0.189094
0.176033
0.147781
0.124769
0.105929
0.090419
0.077580
0.066895
0.057955
0.050435
0.038679
0.030123
0.023788
0.019021
0.012571
0.008627
0.003827
0.001944
0.000656
0.000279
0.000058
0.000019
0.819217
0.829527
0.839102
0.848005
0.856288
0.874608
0.890029
0.903085
0.914199
0.923710
0.931890
0.939959
0.945098
0.955139
0.962898
0.969981
0.973814
0.980860
0.985602
0.992215
0.995340
0.997967
0.998953
0.999713
0.999905
(mK)
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
18000
20000
25000
30000
40000
50000
75000
100000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000016
0.000321
0.002134
0.007790
0.019718
0.039341
0.066728
0.100888
0.140256
0.183120
0.227897
0.250108
0.273232
0.318102
0.361735
0.403607
0.443382
0.480877
0.516014
0.548796
0.579280
0.607559
0.633747
0.658970
0.680360
0.701046
0.720158
0.737818
0.754140
0.769234
0.783199
0.796129
0.808109
39
Esquema
Expresin
wi
i
Wi = wi / L
Wj = w j / L
[(W + W )
=
i
Fij
&#
Fij = 1 sen$ !
%2"
+4
1/2
(Wj Wi ) + 4
2Wi
1/2
wj
Placas inclinadas
de igual ancho y
un lado comn.
i
a
w
Placas
perpendiculares con
un lado comn.
j
wj
Fij =
1 + (w j / wi ) 1 + (w j / wi )
2
2 1/2
wi
Recinto de tres
lados.
wk
wj
j
k
Fij =
wi + w j wk
2w i
wi
Cilindros paralelos
de radios
diferentes.
R = rj / ri
S = s / ri
C =1+R +S
j
ri
1 4
2 1/2
2
2
C2 (R 1)
3 + C (R + 1)
2 2
*0 R - 0 1 -'
+ (R 1) cos1 (. + . +%
)/ C , / C ,&
Fij =
rj
*0 R - 0 1 -' $!
(R + 1) cos1 (. + + . +% #
)/ C , / C ,& !"
40
1/2
Geometra
Esquema
Expresin
j
Cilindro y placa
paralelos.
s2
r
s1 s2
&
1 s1
1 s2 #
$tan L tan L !
%
"
s1
2
&D# *
Fij = 1 +1 $ ! (
% s " ()
+,
Fij =
1/2
& s2 D2
&D#
+ $ ! tan1 $$
2
%s"
% D
1/2
#
!
!
"
41
42