UNMSM

Fac. de Letras y C. Humanas

BIOLOGA
NUCLEO INTERFSICO
Ultraestructura. La cromatina y el nucleolo.
Niveles de organizacin. Relacin ncleocitoplasma.
Ciclo Celular: Inerfase y divisin celular.Mitosis,cromosomas.- Tipos.
Dr. Julio Manosalva Bacigalupo

El Ncleo Celular
El ncleo es la parte de la clula eucaritica, que contiene toda la
informacin gentica de la especie. Se ubica generalmente en el
centro de la clula. El ncleo interfsico, es aquel que no esta
dividindose.

Partes del ncleo

Envoltura nuclear: membrana externa, interna y espacio perinuclear,
poros y complejo de poros.
Nucleoplasma: Cariolinfa o jugo nuclear, solucin coloidal.
Cromatina: ADN y protenas
Nucleolo: Zona de formacin de precursores ribosmicos.

Microfotografa electrnica de transmisin de la

envoltura nuclear

Cromatina

Ultraestructura de la cromatina

El nucleosoma es una estructura que constituye la unidad fundamental y esencial de cromatina,

que es la forma de organizacin del ADN en las eucariotas. Los nucleosomas estn formados por
un ncleo proteico constituido por un octmero de histonas, protenas fuertemente bsicas y muy
conservadas filogenticamente. El octmero est formado por dos molculas de cada una de las
histonas H2a, H2b, H3 y H4. Vindolo en un microscopio electrnico, se ve con forma de rosario
o "collar de perlas", ya que est formada por la doble hlice de ADN enrollada sobre sucesivos
octmeros de histonas, existiendo entre dos nucleosomas consecutivos un fragmento de ADN,
ADN espaciador. Cada octmer de histonas est rodeado por 1.7 vueltas de ADN bicatenario.
Otra histona (H1) se extiende sobre la molcula de ADN fuera de la parte central del nucleosoma.

1953. James W atson & Francis Crick anunciaron su modelo

para la estructura del ADN y proporcionaron un marco terico
de cmo el ADN puede servir de material gentico.


2 April 1953
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

A Structure fo r Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

on a s ingle chain does not appear

r eas ons : (1) W e beli ev e that the mater i al whic h giv es the X-r ay di agr ams is the
s alt, not the free ac id. W i thout the ac idic hy dr ogen atoms it is not clear w hat forc es

alw ays bery clos e to unity for deox yribos e nucleic acid.

It i s pr obably imposs ibl e to buil d thi s s tr uctur e w ith a ri bos e s ugar in

pl ac e of the deox yri bos e, as the ex tr a oxy gen atom w ould mak e too
c l os e a v an der W aals contac t. T he pr ev i ously publis hed X-r ay data
( 5,6) on deoxyr ibos e nucleic acid ar e ins uffic ient for a ri gor ous tes t of
our s tr uctur e. So far as we c an tell, i t is r oughl y c ompati ble wi th the
ex perimental data, but i t mus t be r egar ded as unpr ov ed unti l it has

together by hydrogen bonds . This s tr uc tur e as des cri bed is r ather ill-defined, and
for this r eas on w e s hal l not c omment on it.

i n the following c ommunic ati ons . W e were not awar e of the detail s of

W e wis h to put forw ar d a r adi call y differ ent s tr uc tur e for the sal t of deoxyr i bose

r es ts mainly though not entir ely on publis hed ex peri mental data and

been c heck ed agains t more ex ac t res ul ts . Some of these ar e giv en

the res ults pr es ented ther e when w e devi sed our struc tur e, w hi ch
s ter eoc hemi c al ar guments.

owi ng to the dy ad the s equenc es of the atoms in the two c hains r un in oppos i te
dir ec tions . Each c hain l oos ely r es embles F ur ber g's 2 model N o. 1; that i s , the

notic e that the s peci fic pairing we have

the genetic materi al.

F ull detai ls of the s truc ture, i ncl udi ng the condi tions as sumed in
buil ding it, together with a s et of c o-ordi nates for the atoms, wi ll be

bas es ar e on the insi de of the heli x and the phos phates on the outsi de. T he
c onfi gur ation of the sugar and the atoms near it is c lose to F ur berg's ' standard
c onfi gur ation' , the s ugar being r oughl y perpendic ular to the attac hed bas e. T here

It has not esc aped our

pos tulated i mmedi ately s uggests a possible c opy ing mec hanis m for

dy ad perpendic ular to the fibre axis . Both chai ns follow ri ght- handed heli ces , but

publis hed els ewher e.

W e ar e muc h indebted to Dr . J err y Donohue for c ons tant adv ic e and

c ri ti cis m, es pec iall y on inter atomic dis tanc es . W e hav e als o been

i s a residue on eac h every 3.4 A. i n the z -dir ec tion. W e have as s umed an angl e of
36 betw een adjac ent residues in the s ame c hai n, s o that the s tr uctur e r epeats

s timul ated by a k now ledge of the gener al natur e of the unpubl is hed

after 10 r esidues on eac h chain, that is, after 34 A. The di s tance of a phos phor us

ex perimental r es ults and ideas of Dr . M . H . F . W ilk ins , Dr . R . E.

atom from the fi br e axis i s 10 A. As the phos phates ar e on the outsi de, c ations
hav e eas y acc ess to them.

Fr ank li n and their c o-w ork ers at King's C ol lege, London. O ne of us

T he s tr uc tur e is an open one, and i ts water c ontent i s r ather high. At l ower w ater
c ontents w e w oul d ex pec t the bas es to ti l t s o that the s tr uc tur e could bec ome

F oundati on for Infantil e Par alysis .

mor e c ompact.
T he novel featur e of the s tr uc tur e is the manner in whic h the two c hai ns are held
together by the purine and pyr imi di ne bas es. The planes of the bas es are
perpendic ular to the fibr e axis . T he ar e joi ned together in pairs , a s ingle bas e fr om
the other chain, s o that the two l ie s ide by s i de with identic al z -c o- or di nates . O ne

( J. D . W .) has

been ai ded

by a

fel lows hip

fr om

the National

J. D . WATSON F. H. C . CRICK
Medic al Res ear ch Counc il Uni t for the Study of Molec ular Str uc ture
of Biologic al Sys tems ,C av endis h Labor atory , Cambridge. April 2.

1. Pauling, L., and C or ey , R. B., N ature, 171, 346 (1953) ; Pr oc . U .S.

N at. Ac ad. Sci., 39, 84 ( 1953) .

of the pair must be a pur i ne and the other a pyr imidine for bonding to oc cur. T he

2. Fur ber g, S., Acta C hem. Sc and., 6, 634 ( 1952) .

hy dr ogen bonds ar e made as fol lows : puri ne pos iti on 1 to pyr imi di ne positi on 1 ;
puri ne pos i tion 6 to pyri midine position 6.

It has been found exper imentall y ( 3,4) that the r atio of the amounts

Another thr ee-c hain s tr uctur e has als o been s ugges ted by Fr aser (in the pr es s) . In
hi s model the phos phates ar e on the outside and the bases on the i nsi de, li nk ed

c hain c onsis ts of phosphate di es ter gr oups j oini ng -D- deoxyr i bofur anose
r es idues w i th 3' ,5' li nk ages . T he two c hai ns (but not their bases) ar e r elated by a

to be r es tr ic ted in any way.

di stanc es appear to be too s mall .

nucleic acid. T his struc ture has two hel ic al chains eac h coiled r ound the same axis
( see di agr am) . W e hav e made the us ual c hemic al as s umpti ons , namely, that each

be

of adeni ne to thymine, and the r ation of guani ne to c ytosi ne, are

w ould hold the s tr uc ture together , es peci ally as the negati v ely c har ged
phosphates near the ax is wil l r epel eac h other . ( 2) Some of the v an der W aals

mus t

on the other c hai n is automatic ally determined.

T hey k indly made their manuscr ipt av ailable to us in adv anc e of public ation. T heir
model c ons is ts of thr ee i nter twi ned c hai ns , wi th the phos phates near the fi br e axi s,
and the bas es on the outs ide. In our opinion, this s tr uctur e is unsatis fac tory for two

member

i f the s equenc e of bas es on one c hain is given, then the sequence

W e wis h to s ugges t a struc ture for the s al t of deoxyr ibos e nucl ei c acid (D.N .A.).
A s tr uc tur e for nucl ei c ac id has alr eady been pr opos ed by Pauli ng and C or ey (1).

other

H owev er , if only s pec ific pai rs of bases c an be for med, it foll ows that

T hi s s tr uc tur e has nov el featur es w hic h ar e of cons i der able bi ol ogi c al i nter es t.

the

thymi ne ; si mi larl y for guani ne and cy tos ine. T he s equence of bas es

In other w or ds , i f an adenine for ms one member of a pair , on ei ther

c hai n, then on thes e ass umptions

3. C har gaff, E., for r eferenc es see Z amenhof, S., Braw er man, G .,
and C hargaff, E., Biochim. et Biophy s. Ac ta, 9, 402 ( 1952) .

If it is as sumed that the bas es onl y occ ur in the struc tur e in the mos t plausi ble
tautomer ic forms ( that is , wi th the k eto rather than the enol confi gur ations) i t is

4. W y att, G. R ., J . G en. Phys iol ., 36, 201 ( 1952) .

5. As tbury , W . T ., Sy mp. Soc . Exp. Bi ol . 1, N uc l eic Ac id, 66 (Camb.

found that only s peci fic pai rs of bases c an bond together . T hese pair s ar e :

U niv . Press , 1947) .

adeni ne (pur ine) with thy mine (pyrimi dine) , and guani ne ( puri ne) wi th cy tos ine
( pyr imi di ne) .

6. W i lki ns, M . H. F ., and Randall, J . T., Bi oc him. et Biophys . Acta, 10,

192 ( 1953) .

VOL 171, page737, 1953

Material Gentico.
1DNA, 2 nucleosoma, 3 cromatina,
4 condensacin 5 cromosoma

Replicacin del ADN

Transcripcin

Traduccin

Tabla del Cdigo Gentico

Ciclo Celular

El ciclo celular es un conjunto ordenado de sucesos que conducen al crecimiento de la clula y

la divisin en dos clulas hijas. Las etapas, mostradas a la derecha, son G1-S-G2 y M. El estado
G1 quiere decir "GAP 1"(Intervalo 1). El estado S representa "Sntesis". Este es el estado cuando
ocurre la replicacin del ADN. El estado G2 representa "GAP 2"(Intervalo 2). El estado M
representa la fase M, y agrupa a la mitosis o meiosis (reparto de material gentico nuclear)
y citocinesis (divisin del citoplasma). Las clulas que se encuentran en el ciclo celular se
denominan proliferantes y las que se encuentran en fase G0 se llaman clulas
quiescentes.1 Todas las clulas se originan nicamente de otra existente con anterioridad.2 El
ciclo celular se inicia en el instante en que aparece una nueva clula, descendiente de otra que
se divide, y termina en el momento en que dicha clula, por divisin subsiguiente, origina dos
nuevas clulas hijas.

Mitosis

 Forma de los cromosomas

La forma de los cromosomas es para todas las clulas somticas
constante y caracterstica de cada especie. La forma depende
fundamentalmente de las constricciones que presente el
cromosoma y de su localizacin en la cromtida.
El cromosoma se encuentra constituido bsicamente por el
centrmero que divide el cromosoma en un brazo corto o brazo p y
un brazo largo o brazo q. Algunos cromosomas presentan satlites
en el brazo corto.
Segn la posicin del centrmero, los cromosomas se clasifican en:
MetacntricosEl centrmero se localiza a mitad del cromosoma y
los dos brazos presentan igual longitud.SubmetacntricosLa
longitud de un brazo del cromosoma es algo mayor que la del
otro.AcrocntricosUn brazo es muy corto (p) y el otro largo
(q).TelocntricosSlo se aprecia un brazo del cromosoma al estar el
centrmero en el extremo.

romosoma

Genes

Bases

Forma

4.222

247.199.71967

metacntrico, grande.

2.613

242.751.14968

submetacntrico, grande.

1.859

199.446.82769

metacntrico, grande.

451

191.263.06370

submetacntrico, grande.

617

180.837.86671

submetacntrico, grande.

2.280

170.896.99372

submetacntrico, mediano.

2.758

158.821.42473

submetacntrico, mediano.

1.288

146.274.82674

submetacntrico, mediano.

1.924

140.442.29875

submetacntrico, mediano.

10

1.793

131.624.73776

submetacntrico, mediano.

11

449

131.130.85377

submetacntrico, mediano.

12

1562

132.289.53478

submetacntrico, mediano.

13

924

114.127.98079

acrocntrico, mediano, con satlite

en su brazo corto.

14

1.803

106.360.58580

acrocntrico, mediano, con satlite

en sus brazo corto.

15

1122

100.114.05581

acrocntrico, mediano, con satlite

en sus brazo corto.

16

1098

88.822.25482

submetacntrico, pequeo.

17

1576

78.654.74283

submetacntrico, pequeo.

18

766

76.117.15384

submetacntrico, pequeo.

19

1859

63.806.65185

metacntrico, pequeo.

20

1012

62.436.22486

metacntrico, pequeo.

21

582

46.944.32387

acrocntrico, pequeo.

22

1816

49.528.95388

acrocntrico, pequeo.

Cromosoma X

1850

154.913.75489

submetacntrico, mediano.

Cromosoma Y

454

57.741.65290

acrocntrico, pequeo.