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Agradezco a todas las personas que me han permitido desarrollar este


proyecto de investigacin, especialmente a mis directoras Dra. %HJRxD
-RUGi$OELxDQD y 'UD2OJD$PSXHUR&DQHOODV por su
dedicacin y apoyo incondicional.
Tambin quiero agradecer a la Universidad Politcnica de Valencia y al
Instituto Politcnico de Leiria que permitio mi mejora personal con esta
investigacin.
A mi familia y amigos gracias por todo.

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