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P R E S E N T

S I M P L E

A F F I R M A T I V E

I DO / LIKE / WORK
En su forma afirmativa, el PRESENT SIMPLE se forma con el sujeto seguido del verbo
que se conjuga (infinitivo sin to), sin terminacin alguna, excepto la tercera persona
del singular que aade -s.
I
YOU
WE
THEY

HE
SHE
IT

WORK

WORKS

TALK

TALKS

EAT

RUN

EATS

RUNS

Examples.
I walk to work.
She lives in France.
They speak French.
He reads a book.
IMPORTANTE!
El verbo en tercera persona del singular acaba en -es cuando el verbo termina en -sh,
-ch, -ss, -x o en la vocal "o" precedida de consonante.
-El verbo 'to have' en tercera persona singular es 'has'.
- Los terminados en "y" precedida de consonante cambian sta por "i" y aaden
tambin -es.

Examples:

I catch (yo cojo) -- he catches (l coge)

I kiss (yo beso) -- she kisses (ella besa)
I go (yo voy) -- he goes (l va)
I mix (yo mezclo) -- he mixes (l mezcla)
I study (yo estudio) -- she studies (ella estudia)

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USOS MS IMPORTANTES DEL PRESENT SIMPLE

Para acciones habituales o que ocurren con cierta frecuencia
Examples:

He goes to bed at 9 oclock.

I always get up early.
Children love cookies.

Observe que el present simple se usa con adverbios de frecuencia como always
/ never / often / som etimes / usually, etc.

Examples:

I never eat breakfast.

He always arrives late.
I DONT - PRESENT SIMPLE NEGATIVE
En su forma negativa, el Present Simple se forma con el sujeto seguido del verbo
auxiliar do, la negacin not y el infinitivo del verbo que se conjuga (sin to).
En la tercera persona del singular el verbo auxiliar se convierte en does, seguido de la
negacin not y el infinitivo del verbo que se conjuga sin terminacin alguna.
AFIRMATIVA
I
WE
YOU SPEAK
THEY
HE
SHE
IT SPEAKS

NEGATIVA
FORMA COMPLETA
I
WE
YOU
THEY
HE
SHE
IT

FORMA CONTRACTA

DO NOT SPEAK

DON'T SPEAK

DOES NOT SPEAK

DOESN'T SPEAK

Examples:

Mark doesnt like children.

Davids pen doesnt write very well.
They dont remember my telephone number.
We dont know the answer.
You dont like coffee

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NOTAS !
- En la forma negativa no se aade -s al infinitivo de la tercera persona del singular, ya
que el auxiliar does concuerda.
- Do y Does son verbos auxiliares que se usan para la negacin, no se traducen como
"hacer" (traduccin habitual del verbo do). De este modo, la negacin del verbo
"hacer" sera:

I dont do the washing-up.

She doesnt do anything special at the week-ends.
PRESENT SIMPLE INTERROGATIVE
En su forma interrogativa, el Present Simple se forma con el verbo auxiliar do seguido
del sujeto y el infinitivo del verbo que se conjuga (sin el to).
En la tercera persona del singular, el verbo auxiliar se convierte en does seguido del
sujeto y el infinitivo del verbo que se conjuga sin terminacin alguna.
AFIRMATIVA
I
WE
YOU
THEY
HE
SHE
IT

SPEAK

SPEAKS

DO

DOES

INTERROGATIVA
I
WE
YOU
SPEAK?
THEY
HE
SHE
IT

Examples:
Do you like chocolate? --- Te gusta el chocolate?
Do they speak Japanese? --- Hablan japons?
Does he play a musical instrument? --- Toca un instrumento musical?

SPEAK?

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RESPUESTAS BREVES
AFIRMATIVA
Yes, I
Yes, we
Yes, you
Yes, they

do

Yes, he
Yes, she
Yes, it

does

NEGATIVA
No, I
No, we
No, you
No, they
No, he
No, she
No, they

don't

doesn't

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I do.

Do they speak Italian? No, they dont.
Se puede aadir las palabras siguientes al principio de las frases interrogativas para
construir preguntas ms especficas.
WHAT: qu? --- What do you mean?
WHERE: dnde?--- Where do they work?
WHEN: cundo? --- When do you clean your teeth?
WHY: por qu? --- Why do you live here?
HOW: cmo? --- How do you go there?
HOW OFTEN: cuntas veces?/ con qu frecuencia? --- How often do you play tennis?
HOW MUCH/ HOW MANY: cunto? --- How much do you spend?

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Presente Continuo)

El Presente Continuo o progresivo equivale en espaol a la forma presente del verbo
"estar" ms el gerundio del verbo que se conjuga.
FORMACIN:
El presente continuo se forma con el presente del verbo "to be" + la forma " -ing" del
verbo que se conjuga.
AFIRMATIVA
FORMA COMPLETA
I am working

FORMA CONTRADA
I'm working

he is working
she is working
it is working

he's working
she's working
it's working

we are working
you are working
they are working

we're working
you're working
they're working

NEGATIVA
FORMA COMPLETA
I am not working

FORMA CONTRADA
I'm not working

He is not working
She is not working
It is not working

He isn't working
She isn't working
It isn't working

We are not working

You are not working
They are not working

We aren't working
You aren't working
They aren't working

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S P E L L I N G
La forma en "-ing" se obtiene aadiendo la terminacin "-ing" al verbo (infinitivo sin
"to") :

work --- working

go --- going
Algunos verbos, sin embargo, requieren otros cambios en su ortografa para
convertirse en gerundio :

1. Si el verbo acaba en "-e" muda, sta se pierde antes de aadir "-ing" :

smoke --- smoking

write --- writing
2. Si el verbo acaba en "-ie", se cambia "-ie" en "y" antes de aadir "-ing" :

lie --- lying

die --- dying
3. Si el verbo acaba en una vocal y una consonante y adems es monoslabo, o
polislabo con el acento en la ltima slaba, se dobla la consonante final antes de
aadir "-ing":

run --- running

stop --- stopping
4. Si el verbo acaba en "l", se dobla la "l" en ingls britnico, no as en ingls
americano :

travel --- travelling (britnico)

traveling (americano)

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USOS
Se usa principalmente para expresar una accin que se est realizando en el momento
en que se habla (una accin en curso).

He is eating. --- Est comiendo.

It is raining. --- Est lloviendo.
They are listening to music. --- Estn escuchando msica.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS INTERROGATION

Al hacer preguntas con el presente continuo, el sujeto va detrs de am / is / are,
seguido por el verbo + -ing.
INTERROGACIN
am

working?

is

he
she
it

working?

are

we
you
they

working?

Examples:
Are you watching television ? --- Ests viendo la televisin ?

Is he listening to the radio ? --- Est escuchando la radio ?

Are they looking at the statue ? --- Estn mirando la estatua ?
Is Mrs. Jones eating apple pie ? --- Est la seora Jones comiendo tarta de manzana ?
Where is she going ? --- A dnde va ?
What am I doing ? --- Qu estoy haciendo ?
Is it snowing ? --- Est nevando ?

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RES PUES TAS BREVES

Al contestar preguntas de este tipo, no es necesario repetir toda la frase completa para
decir s o no. Lo normal en ingls sera contestar con una de las siguientes respuestas :
Yes,

I am

No,

I'm not

Yes,

He is
She is
It is

No,

he isn't
she isn't
it isn't

Yes,

We are
You are
They are

No,

we aren't
you aren't
they aren't

Examples:

Are you watching this programme ? "Yes, I am".

Are they talking to John ? "No, they aren't".
Is it raining ? "No, it isn't".
Is Tom working ? "No, he isn't".

PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Se usa el presenta continuo para hablar de algo que est ocurriendo ahora, en el
momento de hablar o para hablar de algo temporal.

Examples:

The water is boiling. Would you like tea or coffee ?

I'm living with my sister at the moment.
Look. John is wearing his new suit.
Se usa el presente simple para hablar de algo que ocurre habitualmente o con cierta
frecuencia o para hablar de estados permanentes o verdades generales.

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Examples :

Water boils at 100 Celsius.

I live with my sister.
John wears a uniform at school.
They always / often / sometimes / never / usually walk to work.

PRESENT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS

Sin embargo, hay verbos que normalmente no se usan en presente continuo, sino que
solamente se usan en presente simple, como son los siguientes :

REMEMBER
MEAN
UNDERSTAND

FORGET
DEPEND
BELIEVE

LIKE
LOVE
HATE

WANT
PREFER
KNOW
NEED

COMPARATIVES
El comparativo de los adjetivos de una slaba se forma aadiendo "-er" al adjetivo.
Todos los adjetivos comparativos van seguidos de "than" .

SHORT ADJECTIVES (1 syllable)

Add "-er" at the end of the word
A plane is faster than a car
old --- older
My father is older than me
cheap --- cheaper
Gold is cheaper then diamonds
cold --- colder
The North Pole is colder than Spain
long --- longer
A year is longer than a day
new --- newer
My car is newer than yours

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Adjetivos cortos
que terminen en "consonante - vocal - consonante".
Doblan Doblan la ltima consonante y se aade "-er". la ltima consonante y se aade
"-er".

Man A is thinner than man B

Big --- bigger. An elephant is bigger than a mouse.
Thin --- thinner. My sister is thinner than my mother
Adjetivos cortos que terminen en "e". Aadir " - r " al final de la palabra

large --- larger. Madrid is larger than Pamplona.

Adjetivos cortos que terminen en "y". Suprimir la "y" y aadir "- ier".
happy --- happier. Helen is happier than Ben.
pretty --- prettier. My mother is prettier than my sister.
dirty --- dirtier. Your car is dirtier than mine.

David is happier than Ben

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Adjetivos con dos o ms slabas. Poner "more" delante del adjetivo.

expensive --- more expensive than. Diamonds are more expensive than Gold.
modern --- more modern than. Computers are more modern than typewriters.
Adjetivos irregulares: (no siguen una regla)

GOOD
BAD
FAR

BETTER
WORSE
FARTHER/
FURTHER

Real Madrid is BETTER than Barcelona.

Barcelona is WORSE than Real Madrid.
Pamplona is FARTHER from the sea than San Sebastian.

NOT AS... AS (NO TAN... COMO)

Plane B isn't as big as plane A.

The Irua Park Hotel isn't as expensive as the Ritz.
Summer isn't as cold as winter.
A BIT + COMPARATIVE / MUCH + COMPARATIVE

Zaragoza is a bit bigger than Pamplona.

New York is much bigger than Zaragoza.
NOT AS MUCH AS ... / NOT AS MANY AS...
(NO TANTO... COMO / NO... TANTOS...)

They don't have as much money as you.

My school doesn't have as many students as yours.

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THE SAME AS ... (EL MISMO QUE)

We finished at the same time as you.

SUPERLATIVES
El superlativo de los adjetivos de una slaba se forma aadiendo "-est" al final.Todos
los adjetivos superlativos lle van delante el artculo "The" .

Adjetivos cortos terminados en dos consonantes.

Aadir "est" al final de la palabra.

Car A

Car B
Car C
Car A is the fastest of the three cars.
old --- oldest
My grandfather is the oldest in my family.
cheap --- cheapest
Car C is the cheapest of the three cars.
cold --- coldest
The North Pole is the coldest place on Earth.
long --- longest
The Amazon is the longest river in the world.
new --- newest
The Concorde is the fastest plane.
Adjetivos cortos terminados en
"consonante + vocal + consonante".
Se dobla la ltima consonante y se aade "est".

Man A

Man B
Man A is the fattest of the three men.

Man C

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Adjetivos cortos terminados en "e". Se aade "-st" al final de la palabra.

San Francisco

New York
New York is the largest city of the three.

Toronto

Adjetivos cortos terminados en "y". Se suprime la "y" y se aade "-iest".

happy --- happiest
pretty --- prettiest
dirty --- dirtiest

I'm the happiest person in the world.

She's the prettiest girl in the class.
This is the dirtiest river in Spain.

Adjetivos de dos o ms slabas. Se aade "the most" delante del adjetivo.

expensive the most expensive This is the most expensive car on the market.
modern
the most modern That is the most modern building in the city .
Adjetivos irregulares: (no siguen una regla)

B
C
A is the worst sportsman in the world.

Adjetivos irregulares: (no siguen una regla)

B
C
A is the worst sportsman in the world.

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GOOD
BAD
FAR

THE BEST
THE WORST
THE FARTHEST/
THE FURTHEST

This is the best team in the football

league.
This is the worst film I've ever seen.
The Canary Islands are the farthest
region to the south of Spain.

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S O C I A L

E N G L I S H

One difference between classroom English and real English is you must understand when
to use Formal or Informal language.
Formal or Informal English is simply the words you choose to say in different situations
and with different types of people.
------------------------------------------------

Una diferencia entre el ingls del aula y el ingls real es que debes entender cundo usar
el lenguaje formal o informal.
Ingls formal o informal son, simplemente, las palabras que eliges decir en situaciones
diferentes y con distintos tipos de personas.

The king is not someone you would expect to use informal English, or slang.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

No se esperara que el rey usara ingls informal, o jerga; sino que se espera que sea muy
educado.
Situations range from extremely formal (Eg.: a cocktail reception with members of the
Royal Family) through to extremely informal (Eg.: drinking a pint of beer in the pub after a
football match).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Las situaciones pueden ir desde una muy formal, como una recepcin con los miembros de
la familia real; a otras mucho ms informales como una reunin de amigos en un bar
despus de un partido de ftbol.
Most situations are somewhere in between.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

La mayora de las situaciones suelen estar entre esos dos extremos.

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GREETINGS and how to reply to them.
(Ingls social: Saludos y cmo responderlos).
1.- How to greet someone you know in an informal situation (a friend, family member, etc)

Cmo saludar a un conocido en una situacin informal (un amigo, un familiar, etc)

Greeting

Reply

(Saludo)

(Contestacin)

Hello.

Hi.

Hola

Hola

Hi, How are you?

Fine thanks, and you?

Hola, qu tal ests?

Bien, gracias y t?

Hi, Hows life with you?

Not bad, thanks.

Hola, cmo va la vida?/ qu tal te va?

No va mal, gracias.

How are things?

Alright.

Cmo van las cosas?

Bien.

Hi, are you alright?

Yeah, not too bad.

Hola, qu tal?

Bueno, pues no muy mal.

Wasssssssaaaappp!!

Wasssssssaaaappp!!

qu pasa to?

qu pasa tronco?

Gmorning (from waking up until 12:00

p.m.)

Buenos das (desde la hora de levantarse hasta

las 12:00)

Gmorning

Buenos das (desde la hora de levantarse hasta las

12:00)

Good afternoon

Good afternoon

(from 12:00 p.m. until 18:00.)

Buenas tardes (desde las 12:00 hasta las 18:00)

Good evening(from 18:00 until going to

bed)

Buenas tardes (desde las 18:00 hasta ir a la cama)

Good evening

Buenas tardes (desde las 18:00 hasta ir a la

cama)
Good day mate (used at any time in
AUSTRALIA only)

Good day mate

Buen da

Buen da (se usa a cualquier hora del da pero

slo en Australia)
Gnight (not used as a greeting, only to
say bye when you go to bed)

Buenas noches (no se usa como saludo, slo

para decir adis al ir a la cama)

Gnight see you tomorrow

Buenas noches, hasta maana (no se usa como

saludo, slo para decir adis al ir a la cama)

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2.- How to greet someone in a formal situation (at work or with people you don't know
very well, etc)

Cmo saludar alguien en una situacin formal (en el trabajo o con gente que no conoces
muy bien, etc)

Formal Greeting

Reply

(Saludo formal)

(Respuesta)

Hello. It's nice to meet you.

Hello. Nice to meet you, too.

Hola, encantado/a de conocerle.

Hola, encantado/a de conocerle tambin.

Hello. How do you do?

Hello. How do you do?

Hola Cmo est?

Hola Cmo est?

Hello. Very nice to meet you.

Hello. The pleasure is all mine.

Hola, es un gusto conocerle.

Hola, el placer es todo mo

Hello. Pleased to meet you.

Hello. Pleased to meet you, too.

Hola, un placer conocerle.

Hola, un placer conocerle tambin.

Hello, nice to see you again.

Yes, it is a pleasure to meet you again.

Hola, encantado/a de verle otra vez.

S, es un placer verle de nuevo.

Good morning(from waking up until 12 pm)

Good morning

Buenos das (hasta las 12:00)

Buenos das.

Good afternoon(from 12 pm until 18:00)

Good afternoon

Buenas tardes (de las 12:00 a las 18:00)

Buenas tardes.

Good evening(from 18:00 until going to bed)

Good evening

Buenas tardes/ noches (desde las 18:00 hasta ir a

la cama)

Buenas tardes/ noches.

Good day(at any time in Australia only)

Good day

Buen da (se utiliza a cualquier hora, slo en

Australia)

Buen da

Good night (not used as a greeting, only to

say Goodbye when you go to bed)

Buenas noches (no se utiliza como saludo, slo

para decir adis al ir a la cama)

Good night, sleep well

Buenas noches, duerme bien.

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INVITATIONS
(Invitaciones)

FORMAL
Invitation

Reply

(Invitacin)

(Respuesta)

Would you like something to eat/drink?

That is very kind of you, thank you.

Le gustara algo de comer/ beber?

Muy amable, gracias.

Can I get you anything?

Do you think I could have a..?

Puedo traerle algo?

Cree que podra tomar?

What would you like to eat/drink?

Could I have aplease.

Qu le gustara comer/ beber?

Podra tomar .. por favor?

Would you like to come with us?

That would be very nice.

Le gustara venir con nosotros?

Eso sera estupendo

INFORMAL

Why don't you come with us?

That sounds great.

Por qu no te vienes con nosotros?

Eso suena bien.

Do you want a drink?

Ok

Quieres algo de beber?

Vale

Do you want anything to eat?

Alright

Quieres algo de comer?

Bueno

SAYING GOODBYE
(decir adis, despedidas)
FORMAL
SPEAKER 1
Goodbye

SPEAKER 2
Good night. I hope we meet again.

Adis

Buenas noches, espero que nos veamos pronto.

It was very nice to meet you

Ha sido fantstico conocerle.

It's been a pleasure to meet you, too.

Para mi ha sido un placer conocerle tambin.

INFORMAL
See you. See you soon.

(Nos vemos. Nos vemos pronto).

See you later. (When you have arranged to meet again in a short time).

Te veo luego (Cuando hemos quedado en ver a alguien en un rato)

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Take care.

Cudate
Bye.

Adis
Cheerio.

Chao
You can combine expressions, for example: Goodnight. See you soon. Take care Goodbye.
See you later. Take care. Bye.

Tambin se pueden combinar expresiones.

APOLOGISING:

Disculpas
Differences between "Sorry", "Pardon" and "Excuse me".

Diferencias entre "Lo siento", "Perdn" y "Disculpe

A conversation between a princess named

Kathy, and the painter named Leo.

Una conversacin entre la princesa Kathy y el pintor Leo.

Excuse me, but I couldn't help but notice that you are smoking in my sitting room

"Disculpe, pero no he podido evitar ver que est fumando en mi saln."

"Pardon?"

"Perdn?"
I would appreciate it if you could please stop smoking in here.

Le agradecera que dejase de fumar aqu"

Oh, sorry, didn't know it bothered you.

"Oh lo siento, no saba que le molestara"

A Conversation Between Carl and Dave

Una conversacin entre Carl y Dave. (Situacin informal)

D. Sorry I didn't help you tidy the table Carl, do you need help with the dishes?

Perdona que no te ayudase a recoger la mesa Carl, necesitas ayuda con los platos?
C. Don't worry about it. It's no problem.

No te preocupes, no hay problema.

D. Are you sure?

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Ests seguro?
C. Absolutely. Go and watch your T.V programme.

Claro, ve a ver tu programa de televisin

D. Thanks Carl

Gracias Carl
C. No problem

No pasa nada
Some examples of how to use Sorry, Pardon, and Excuse me.

Ms ejemplos sobre el uso de "Sorry", "Pardon" y "Excuse me"

FORMAL
I beg your pardon, but don't our children go
to school together?

INFORMAL
Excuse me, don't our kids go to school
together?

Disculpe, pero no van nuestros hijos al mismo

colegio?

Perdona no van nuestros nios al mismo colegio?

Please excuse my son, I'm sure he did not

mean to break your window.

Sorry about my kid breaking your window, I'm

sure he didn't do it on purpose.

Por favor, disculpe a mi hijo, estoy seguro de

que no pretenda romper su ventana.
Pardon? I didn't hear what you said

Perdn? No escuch lo que dijiste.

Siento que mi hijo rompiese tu ventana, estoy

seguro de que no lo hizo aposta.
What did you say? I didn't hear you.

Qu has dicho? No te he odo.

I beg your pardon, but I'm sure we've met.

Excuse me, but don't I know you?

Disculpe, estoy seguro de que nos hemos visto

antes.

Perdona, pero yo no te conozco?

Please excuse me. I think I stepped on your

foot.

Sorry, did I step on your foot?

Perdona, te he pisado?

Por favor, disculpe, creo que le he pisado.

More Examples of Formal and Informal English

(Ms ejemplos de ingls formal/ informal)

It is obvious that some expressions are very formal, some others are informal. Some are
confusing. It all depends on who you are talking to, where you are, if you are with your
friends or family, or maybe in a job interview.
--------------------------------------

Es evidente que algunas expresiones son muy formales y otras muy informales. Algunas
son confusas. Todo depende de con quin ests hablando, dnde ests, si ests con tus
amigos, con tu familia o quiz en una entrevista de trabajo.

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Lo siento
Me temo que ...
Muy amable
No te preocupes
De nada
No pasa nada
Ni lo menciones
No, en absoluto

I'm sorry
I'm afraid that ...
That is very kind of you
Don't worry about it
Your welcome
Think nothing of it
No problem
Don't mention it
Not at all