TEMA 12 Centrales Hidroeléctricas

UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERA
ELCTRICA Y ENERGTICA
CENTRALES
HIDROELCTRICAS
Jos Ramn Aranda Sierra

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ALTURA DE SALTO APROVECHABLE

La energa disponible en un salto de agua depende de la altura de este salto
No se aprovecha toda la energa del salto debido a las prdidas de carga en tuberas, canales,
compuertas, que se pueden asimilar a una reduccin del salto de agua
Salto bruto HB es la diferencia de cotas mxima y mnima del salto; es decir la diferencia de
nivel entre el sitio donde se inicia el salto y el sitio de desage de la central
Salto til o disponible Hu es la diferencia de nivel entre la cmara de carga y el final del tubo
de aspiracin
Salto neto HN es el efectivamente utilizado por las turbinas hidrulicas

Salto efectivo Hef representa la energa que la turbina cede al alternador:
H ef = H N T
T: rendimiento de la turbina
-15-
-16-
POTENCIA DE UN SALTO DE AGUA

Potencia terica, PT, de un salto de agua:
PT =
ET
m g Hu
m
=
= g H u = ( Q ) g H u ( W )
t
t
t
Q: caudal (m /s)
Hu: salto til (m)
: densidad del agua = 1000 kg/m3
g: aceleracin de la gravedad 10 m/s2
PT = 1000 Q g H u ( W )
PT = g Q H u 10 Q H u (kW )
-17-
Potencia elctrica, P, suministrada por el alternador:

P = PT = g Q H u 10 Q H u (kW )
: rendimiento global de la instalacin (tiene en cuenta las prdidas

en las tuberas forzadas, en la turbina y en el alternador)
P tambin se puede obtener as:
P = ' g Q H N ( kW )
': rendimiento que incluye las prdidas en la turbina y

en el alternador, pero no en las tuberas forzadas
HN: salto neto (m)
-18-

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UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA

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