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Anteproyecto Rhona C. Ramirez R
Anteproyecto Rhona C. Ramirez R
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Es"o re*resen"a la *en#ien"e #e las ($r%as isoen".l*i(as en el *lano P@T4 La ($r%a #e in%ersi&n
?o$le@Thomson 6CI?T< es el l$+ar +eom1"ri(o en #i(ho *lano2 *ara el ($al el (oe,i(ien"e ?T es
i+$al a (eroK es #e(ir2 #on#e la "em*era"$ra no %ar'a (on las e-*ansiones isoen".l*i(as4 Es"a
(on#i(i&n (orres*on#e al *$n"o m.-imo #e las isoen"al*as *ara $na "em*era"$ra #a#a 6Ni(hi"a 8
Lei0o%i(i2 9::;<4
La ($r%a #e in%ersi&n "iene ,orma *ara0&li(a / e-hi0e $n m.-imo o *i(o #e *resi&n #e
in%ersi&n a $na "em*era"$ra in"erme#ia 6Ba+hi+hi2 Laee 8 Ma"in2 9::N<4 Es"a ($r%a se*ara las
re+iones en las )$e el en,riamien"o o (alen"amien"o o($rre2 /a )$e #en"ro #e la re+i&n 0or#ea#a
*or la ($r%a la "em*era"$ra #e(re(e ($an#o la *resi&n #e(re(e2 res$l"an#o en $n e,e("o #e
en,riamien"o ?T 6UV :<4 M$era #e la re+i&n 0or#ea#a2 la e-*ansi&n *ro%o(ar. $n a$men"o #e la
"em*era"$ra / *or lo "an"o $n e,e("o #e (alen"amien"o ?T 6UW :< 6Miller2 FGH:<4
E-is"e *or lo "an"o2 $na "em*era"$ra #e in%ersi&n m.-ima2 Tinv
max
a $na *resi&n PX :2 la ($al es
o0"eni#a e-"ra*olan#o la (on#i(i&n #e in%ersi&n a (ero *resi&n4 De i+$al manera2 la ($r%a *asa a
"ra%1s #e $na Presi&n #e in%ersi&n m.-ima2 Pinv
max
*ara $na "em*era"$ra )$e #e*en#e #e la
na"$raleza #el +as2 es"o *$e#e %erse en la ,i+$ra F4H4 A *resiones ma/ores )$e la *resi&n #e
in%ersi&n m.-ima U es siem*re ne+a"i%o 6Jisnia72 FGGG<4
Mi+$ra F4H E3em*lo #e $na ($r%a #e in%ersi&n / las l'neas isoen".l*i(as *ara #i,eren"es
e-*erimen"os #e e-*ansi&n a#ia0."i(a he(ho *ara #i,eren"es (on#i(iones 6Jisnia72 FGGG<4
En +eneral2 la ($r%a #e in%ersi&n ?o$le@Thomson se e-"ien#e #es#e $na "em*era"$ra #e
in%ersi&n m'nima2 o0"eni#a *or el (r$(e #e la CI?T (on la l'nea #e *resi&n #e %a*or2 has"a $na
"em*era"$ra m.-ima )$e (orres*on#e al l'mi"e #e +as i#ea a $na #ensi#a# / *resi&n i+$al a (ero
6Miller2 FGH:<4
Ni(hi"a / Lei0o%i(i 69::;< *resen"an el "ra"amien"o ma"em."i(o re)$eri#o *ara la #eri%a(i&n
#e la e($a(i&n #e la ($r%a #e in%ersi&n2 en(on"ra#a (om5nmen"e en los es"$#ios rela(iona#os (on
la #e"ermina(i&n #e la misma 6?$ris 8 Jenzel2 FGH9K Dila/ 8 Bei#emann2 FGA;K !eanY 8
Meroi$2 FGG9K Dar>ish2 Shaheen2 8 Al@M$h"ase02 FGG;K Ma+hari 8 Ma"in2 FGGHK Eor"e7aas e"
al42 FGGHK Colina 8 Oli%era@M$en"es2 FGGAK Ma"in 8 Ba+hi+hi2 9:::K Ba+hi+hi2 Laee 8 Ma"in2
9::NK Ba+hi+hi2 B$ssain#o7h"2 Bozor+mehr2 8 Ma"in2 9::H<4 Para ello $"ilizan la e($a(i&n F4F2
e-*resan el #i,eren(ial "o"al #e en"al*'a en ,$n(i&n #e la *resi&n / "em*era"$ra H(PT!2 / en
,$n(i&n #e la %aria(i&n #e en"ro*'a / *resi&n2 / ,inalmen"e a*li(an#o la rela(i&n #e Ma->ell2
o0"ienen )$e la ,orma #e la CI?T es:
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La ($r%a #e in%ersi&n ?T *$e#e ser (al($la#a a*li(an#o la (on#i(i&n #e in%ersi&n #a#a *or la
e($a(i&n F49 a ($al)$ier e($a(i&n #e es"a#o2 / si+$ien#o #os (aminos: (al($lan#o T *ara $n
%ol$men a#imensional 6x#v$%< #a#o2 (omo lo ha(e Dila/ / Bei#emann 6FGA;<2 o (al($lan#o x
*ara (a#a %alor #e T2 / l$e+o los %alores (orres*on#ien"es #e P se o0"ienen resol%ien#o la
e($a(i&n #e es"a#o4
La ,orma +eneral #e $na e($a(i&n #e es"a#o (50i(a es:
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En es"a e($a(i&n los %alores #e a(T!2 %2 d / c %an a #e*en#er #e la e($a(i&n #e es"a#o
sele((iona#a4 Dar>ish2 Shaheen2 / Al@M$h"ase0 6FGG;<2 *resen"an las #eri%a#as #e las
e($a(iones #e es"a#o $"iliza#as en s$s es"$#ios al a*li(arles la (on#i(i&n #e in%ersi&n2 / los
%alores (orres*on#ien"es #e a(T!2 %2 d / c2 #e i+$al manera lo ha(en Ma"in / Ba+hi+hi 69:::<4
Para el (.l($lo #e la ($r%a #e in%ersi&n #e mez(las #e N (om*onen"es2 los *ar.me"ros #e
(ohesi&n a(T!2 / #e (o%ol$men %2 se (al($lan a *ar"ir #e los *ar.me"ros #e los (om*onen"es *$ros
ai / %i2 a*li(an#o re+las #e mez(la#o (l.si(as2 las ($ales %ienen #a#as *or las e($a(iones:
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Don#e2 xi / x' son las ,ra((iones molares #e los (om*onen"es2 los (i' / li' sin los *ar.me"ros #e
in"era((i&n 0inaria en"re los (om*onen"es i / '4
Ni(hi"a / Lei0o%i(i 69::;<2 es"a0le(en )$e si la mez(la m$l"i(om*onen"e se en($en"ra en #os
,ases al realizar la e-*ansi&n isoen".l*i(a es ne(esario (al($lar la CI?T *ara la re+i&n 0i,.si(a4 El
(oe,i(ien"e #e ?T #e,ini#o *or la e($a(i&n F4F a*li(a #e i+$al manera *ara $na mez(la 0i,.si(a4
Para lo ($al se #e,ine $n (oe,i(ien"e #e ?o$le@Thomson a*aren"e2 as$mien#o )$e la e-*ansi&n #e
la mez(la #es#e $na sola ,ase has"a $n es"a#o 0i,.si(o es isoen".l*i(a:
n H
P
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En es"a #e,ini(i&n #el (oe,i(ien"e ?T a*aren"e se in(or*oran #os e,e("os: el e,e("o isoen".l*i(o2
/ el e,e("o #e la #i%isi&n #e las ,ases4 Por lo "an"o se es"a0le(en #os a*ro-ima(iones *ara el
(.l($lo #el mismo:
La a*ro-ima(i&n %ol$m1"ri(a se #eri%a $na e($a(i&n similar a la *resen"a#a *ara $na sola
,ase2 *ero in(l$/en#o el "t (omo %ol$men "o"al )$e in(l$/e el %ol$men #e la ,ase l')$i#a / el
%ol$men #e la ,ase +as4
El al+ori"mo #e resol$(i&n #e es"a a*ro-ima(i&n im*li(a as$mir )$e si la CI?T e-is"e en la
re+i&n #e #os ,ases2 en(on"rar $n *$n"o 6T2P< en #i(ha ($r%a re)$iere la sol$(i&n #e $n sis"ema no
lineal #e ncTF e($a(iones 6(orres*on#ien"es a las nc e($a(iones #e e)$ili0rio "ermo#in.mi(o / la
(on#i(i&n #e in%ersi&n en la ($al el (oe,i(ien"e a*aren"e UZ X:<2 (on nc)* in(&+ni"as 6ni( (on (X
+ o G2 e iXF2 nc2 / (on al+$na #e las #os (on#i(iones P o T<4
Es"e sis"ema *$e#e ser res$el"o $san#o i"era(iones ani#a#as *or el m1"o#o #e Ne>"on@
Ra*hson2 en la ($al el ,lash PT se res$el%e en el lazo in"erno2 *ara (al($lar los ni( / la (orre((i&n
#e P o T en el lazo e-"erno4 En es"e (.l($lo el *rimer %alor #e TI es el o0"eni#o #e la in"erse((i&n
#el *$n"o 6P2T< #e $na sola ,ase (on el 0or#e #el #ia+rama #e ,ases4
La a*ro-ima(i&n en".l*i(a: %aria(i&n #e en"al*'a en es"a a*ro-ima(i&n se e-*resa la
en"al*'a (omo la s$ma #e las #os (on"ri0$(iones2 el "1rmino i#eal / el #e la en"al*'a resi#$al *ara
$na mez(la 0i,.si(a4 El (oe,i(ien"e #e ?T a*aren"e es e-*resa#o (omo ,$n(i&n #e la %aria(i&n #e
la en"al*'a "o"al2 l$e+o *ara (al($larlo se $"iliza $n al+ori"mo similar al *resen"a#o *re%iamen"e
*or la a*ro-ima(i&n %ol$m1"ri(a4
La a*ro-ima(i&n en".l*i(aK ,lash isoen".l*i(o o"ra o*(i&n *resen"a#a es #e"erminar la
CI?T en la re+i&n 0i,.si(a2 realizan#o (.l($los #e ,lash isoen".l*i(os (on es*e(i,i(a(iones #e
6P2H< (on las %aria0les #es(ono(i#as T / ni+ o niG realizan#o $na serie #e ,lash en el lazo in"erno /
$na (orre((i&n #e T has"a al(anzar la es*e(i,i(a(i&n H#Hesp en el lazo e-"erno4
)*4*- E61ans!7n Is/ent<01!"a
Para realizar la e-*ansi&n isoen".l*i(a #e mez(las m$l"i(om*onen"es es ne(esario %eri,i(ar la
*resen(ia #e #os o m.s ,ases2 Na+/ 6(i"a#o en Eor"e7aas e" al42 FGGH< a*li(a el (ri"erio #el *lano
"an+en"e *ara %eri,i(ar la es"a0ili#a# #e las ,ases4 Para es"o se %eri,i(a la es"a0ili#a# #e la ,ase
ini(ial2 si es"a se en($en"ra en $na sola ,ase2 se "oma $n es"ima#o ini(ial #e la "em*era"$ra ,inal
6T*,< $san#o el (oe,i(ien"e ?T *ara $n es"a#o ini(ial 6P-2 T-<4 Se %eri,i(a la es"a0ili#a# #e las ,ases
en #i(ho *$n"o hi*o"1"i(o 6P*2 T*,<2 / si se *resen"a $na ,ase el sis"ema se res$el%e me#ian"e la
(orre((i&n i"era"i%a #e la "em*era"$ra has"a i+$alar la en"al*'a en el es"a#o ini(ial / en el es"a#o
,inal4
Si *or el (on"rario se *resen"an #os ,ases en el es"a#o ini(ial o en el *$n"o hi*o"1"i(o2 se realiza
$n ,lash isoen".l*i(o *ara (al($lar la "em*era"$ra ,inal2 as' (omo la (an"i#a# #e las ,ases
*resen"es / la (om*osi(i&n #e las ,ases2 en am0os (asos *resen"a#os la es"a0ili#a# #e la ,ase es
%eri,i(a#a #e i+$al manera en la ,ase ,inal 6Eor"e7aas e" al42 FGGH<4 Una o*(i&n al"erna *ara
#e"erminar si ha/ *resen(ia #e #os ,ases es realizar $n ,lash isoen".l*i(o en el *$n"o ,inal *ara
#e"erminar la "em*era"$ra ,inal2 la ($al se (om*ara (on la o0"eni#a #e la ($r%a ?T *ara $n %alor
#e *resi&n #esea#a2 has"a i+$alar #i(hos %alores4 Del (.l($lo #e ,lash se o0"ienen la (an"i#a# /
(om*osi(i&n #e las ,ases4
Los (.l($los #e ,lash *ermi"en a s$ %ez #e"erminar la en"al*'a a las (on#i(iones #e sa"$ra(i&n
6*$n"o #e 0$r0$3a / *$n"o #e ro('o<4 La en"al*'a #e $n ,l$i#o *$e#e ser (al($la#a *or la s$ma #e
#os (on"ri0$(iones2 *rin(i*almen"e la en"al*'a #e +as i#eal H
ig
2 / la en"al*'a resi#$al H
res
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H H H + =
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Don#e T- es la "em*era"$ra #e re,eren(ia2 es(o+i#a ar0i"rariamen"e2 / H-
ig
es la en"al*'a #e +as
i#eal (al($la#a a esa "em*era"$ra4 .P
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es la (a*a(i#a# (al&ri(a #e +as i#eal la ($al se o0"iene #e
la e($a(i&n:
N
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T . T . T . . .
p p p p
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Valores #e los .p*/.p0 *$e#en ser o0"eni#os #e la li"era"$ra *ara los (om*onen"es li%ianos2 /
las si+$ien"es e($a(iones *ara las ,ra((iones *esa#as:
.1 .1 K .
p
LGNN9 2 : 9;F:L 2 : :9A9H 2 : NNAA; 2 :
F 2
+ + =
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P P 9
9 2
F: PA 2 G L; 2 P F: :N;A 2 : FLPN 2 F G9GF 2 :
+ + = .1 K K .
p
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Don#e CM / E se (al($lan (on las e($a(iones:
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9
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K K
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APLHN 2 : FLFHA 2 :
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La en"al*'a #e +as resi#$al se (al($la $"ilizan#o la misma e($a(i&n #e es"a#o )$e se sele((iona
*ara el (.l($lo #e la ($r%a #e in%ersi&n #e ?o$le@Thomson4
)*= DISE>O EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDIMIENTOS ? EQUIPOS A UTILI@AR
Para la (onse($(i&n #e los o03e"i%os *lan"ea#os se es"a0le(e la si+$ien"e me"o#olo+'a a se+$ir
#$ran"e el #esarrollo #el *ro/e("o:
Re%isi&n 0i0lio+r.,i(a en las 0ases #e #a"os #e *$0li(a(iones *eri&#i(as #is*oni0les en
la Bi0lio"e(a Cen"ral #e la Uni%ersi#a# Sim&n Bol'%ar / en la Bi0lio"e(a Mar(el Ro(he
#el Ins"i"$"o Venezolano #e In%es"i+a(iones Cien"',i(as 6IVIC< *ara:
o Sele((i&n #e las (om*osi(iones "'*i(as #e +as na"$ral )$e ser.n $"iliza#as *ara los
es"$#ios #e sensi0ili#a# *lan"ea#os4
o Re(o*ila(i&n #e #a"a e-*erimen"al #e los (oe,i(ien"es #e ?o$le@Thomson *ara
mez(las #e +as similares a la mez(la #e +as na"$ral2 *resen"a#as en es"$#ios
*re%ios4
o De"ermina(i&n #e la e($a(i&n o e($a(iones #e es"a#o a $"ilizar *ara (al($lar la
($r%a #e in%ersi&n #e ?o$le@Thomson 6CI?T< #e mez(las2 *ara las #is"in"as
(om*osi(iones sele((iona#as *re%iamen"e4 Para es"o se es"$#iar.n las e($a(iones
#e es"a#os m.s (om$nes $"iliza#as en es"$#ios *re%ios en los ar"'($los
en(on"ra#os2 / se analizar. ($ales e($a(iones *resen"an $n me3or a3$s"e #e la #a"a
e-*erimen"al $"iliza#a en #i(hos es"$#ios / )$e *$e#an ser a*li(a0les al ,l$i#o
o03e"o #el *resen"e es"$#io4
C.l($lo #e las ($r%as isoen".l*i(as $"ilizan#o las e($a(iones #e es"a#o sele((iona#as
*re%iamen"e4
C.l($lo #e las ($r%as #e in%ersi&n ?o$le@Thomson *ara las mez(las #e +as sele((iona#as
me#ian"e las e($a(iones #e es"a#o ele+i#as2 a las ($ales se les a*li(ar. la (on#i(i&n #e
in%ersi&n *resen"a#a en el mar(o "e&ri(o / se #e"erminar.n los *$n"os en el *lano P@T4
Vali#a(i&n #e las ($r%as #e in%ersi&n o0"eni#as (on los #a"os e-*erimen"ales
*resen"a#os en la li"era"$ra2 me#ian"e la #e"ermina(i&n #e la #es%ia(i&n es".n#ar en"re
los *$n"os #e la ($r%a e-*erimen"al / los *$n"os #e la ($r%a o0"eni#a me#ian"e las
e($a(iones #e es"a#o sele((iona#as4
Se realizar. el es"$#io #e sensi0ili#a# *ara #e"erminar la in,l$en(ia #e las %aria0les2
*resi&n2 "em*era"$ra / (om*osi(i&n2 so0re la e,i(ien(ia #e re($*era(i&n #e los l')$i#os
#el +as na"$ral:
o En el *rimer es"$#io #e sensi0ili#a# se ,i3ar.n las (on#i(iones #e *resi&n a la
en"ra#a / sali#a #e la *lan"a #e e-"ra((i&n2 / la "em*era"$ra #e en"ra#a / se
$"ilizar.n las (om*osi(iones sele((iona#as *re%iamen"e2 se $0i(ar. #i(ho *$n"o
so0re la ($r%a #e in%ersi&n #e"ermina#a *ara (a#a $na #e las (om*osi(iones2 /
si+$ien#o la l'nea #e en"al*'a (ons"an"e en #i(ha ($r%a se #e"erminar. la
"em*era"$ra ,inal al(anza#a me#ian"e la e-*ansi&n isoen".l*i(a4
o En el se+$n#o es"$#io se sele((ionar. $na #e las (om*osi(iones "ra0a3a#as
*re%iamen"e / se ,i3ar. la "em*era"$ra #e en"ra#a2 la *resi&n #e sali#a re)$eri#a
a+$as a0a3o #e la *lan"a #e e-"ra((i&n / se %ariar. la *resi&n #e en"ra#aK #e es"a
manera se #e"erminar. las "em*era"$ras al(anza#as en la e-*ansi&n al se+$ir las
l'neas #e en"al*'a (ons"an"e en la CI?T4
o Minalmen"e *ara la misma (om*osi(i&n sele((iona#a en el se+$n#o es"$#io #e
sensi0ili#a#2 se ,i3ar.n las *resiones #e en"ra#a / #e sali#a re)$eri#a a+$as #e0a3o
#e la *lan"a #e e-"ra((i&n / se %ariar. la "em*era"$ra #e en"ra#a4 Para (a#a $na #e
las "em*era"$ras sele((iona#as se $0i(ar.n los *$n"os en la CI?T / realizan#o la
e-*ansi&n isoen".l*i(a se #e"erminar. la "em*era"$ra ,inal al(anza#a *or la
e-*ansi&n4
Para (a#a $na #e las e%al$a(iones realiza#as se realizar.n los (.l($los #e ,lash
a#ia0."i(os *ara #e"erminar la (om*osi(i&n / la (an"i#a# #e l')$i#os o0"eni#os me#ian"e
la e-*ansi&n isoen".l*i(a en %.l%$las ?T4
Minalmen"e $na %ez o0"eni#os "o#os los res$l"a#os2 los mismos ser.n +ra,i(a#os /
analiza#os *ara #e"erminar (&mo in,l$/e la *resi&n2 la "em*era"$ra / la (om*osi(i&n en
la "em*era"$ra ,inal o0"eni#a al realizar la e-*ansi&n isoen".l*i(a2 / la e,i(ien(ia #e
re($*era(i&n #e los l')$i#os #el +as na"$ral4
Los ma"eriales )$e se re)$erir.n *ara el #esarrollo #e la me"o#olo+'a *lan"ea#a se limi"an a
$na (om*$"a#ora (on sis"ema o*era"i%o Jin#o>s2 Mi(roso," O,,i(e2 / $n *a)$e"e #e
*ro+rama(i&n )$e *ermi"a a+ilizar los (.l($los #esarrolla#os *ara la resol$(i&n #e las e($a(iones
#e es"a#o en la #e"ermina(i&n #e las ($r%as isoen".l*i(as / los (oe,i(ien"es #e in%ersi&n ?o$le@
Thomson4
REFERENCIAS +I+LIOGRFICAS
Bona#onna2 T4 69::P<4 Asociaci3n vene4olana de procesadores de gas5 .ondiciones para el
desarrollo de la industria del gas natural en "ene4uela5 Plenaries / 6"I International Gas
.onvention4 E-"ra'#o el F: #e Di(iem0re #e 9::A #es#e
h""*:==>>>4%enez$ela+as4ne"=%ersion9=*#,=PLENARIASO9:AVP!O9:9::P=PLENARIAS
O9:O9AA(ro0a"O9G=P4O9:Ti"oO9:Bona#onna2O9:AVP!4*#,
Colina2 C4 M42 8 Oli%era@M$en"es2 C4 6FGGA<4 Pre#i("ion o, "he ?o$le@Thomson in%ersion ($r%e o,
air ,rom ($0i( e)$a"ions o, s"a"e4 .ryogenics5 782 H9F@H9A4
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T9ermoc9imica Acta4 :8;2 PN@L94
Da Sil%a2 M4 69::H<4 Introducci3n a la ingenier<a de gas natural5 2anual del participante4
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!$o2 B42 8 !halam0or2 A4 69::L<4 Natural gas engineering 9and%oo(4 Bo$s"on2 T\: !$l,
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