Hiroaki Nishikawa Thesis2001

!
$" #
%'&)(+*$,.-/&10'&)2+34&)-5,768,
9;: &)2+*.2+LP<=(?>A>@34,5<Q>A&)(+*C<=BDR/E42+&)E (+"4< FF <=&G>+B$>A>A< 2S: LN*C&)BD(8>AHI34,.< (?>A: &J,.<=KMTCLN(+E4<=<UKGOI*.K)K L F <=B$>
] 9 <=(+*C2+HI,.W=<U&)Bg^\fSB434TCV&)<B4*X<=h'WY<=>AB4*C(+&)&G(SB4iC*.<=T_(+L[2+,.Z\&GB > 34#:a&)K)*.` *CL\W=2+&)*Cjk<=H4B$&)3 >AW@#&G34OI&)WT$,.bcB * F H4Ed>A&)B4T/e
l.mCmdn
V*XWY>A*C(A,.K1bc* F_F &G>+>A<=<.o
Z\Z\(+(+*.*.LNLN<=<=2+2+2+2+*C*C( ( Z\` F 34&), K &): Hg,.(Sp\qsvQrt,.*X(+B4<.&usbc3I,.&)(+HM<=(+2+*CB
Z\Z\(+(+*.*.LNLN<=<=2+2+2+2+*C*C( ( vw{c(A<=, B4F B4<Yi.>A3a,.B|xyp1qI<=ZP<=*z( 6c<=K)K
9%'&)K)(+K1*$rt,.&)-/TC&13$0'>A2t&)2+rt34&)<=-52+,7<=68(?iC, < : l.mCmdn
2+&G> : & _W=&)K)< 4< dHM<=(+&J,.(8>@, F <=B q

&)&

[6c*CE4K :
K)&)-.<S>A*U>A3I,.B4- Z\(+*.LN<=2+2+*C(8Z\34&)K)K)&)H p\qXrt*X<tLN*C( " <=&)B4T F# , : iX&)2+<=(=u/LN(+* F 6t34* F

K)<7,.(+B4< : 2+* F ,.B # q >c&)2c34&)2 " ,.W@-/E4H 6t&G>A3_LNE4K)Ks*.L1& : <7,.2 >A3I,5>c3I,.2c-.<=Hd> F <t6c*C(+-/&)B4T *CB_>A34&)2
W@3I,.K)K)<=B4TC&)B4T (+<=2+<7,.(+W@3D>A*CH4&)W.q , F TC(A,5>A<YLNE4K1,.K)2+*>A*_Z\(+*.LN<=2+2+*C(t{c(A, F i.,.Bkp1<=<=(=uIZ\(+*.LN<=2+2+*C(
vw<=B4B4<Y>A3axyq4ZP*z6c<=K)K ,.B : Z\(+*.LN<=2+2+*C( ` F , : ,.(SvQ,.(+B4& LN*C( " <=&)B4Ty*CB F# W=* F_F &G>+>A<=<,.B : LN*C(
>A34<=&)(SW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&GiC<UW=* F_F <=B$>A2t,.B : 2+E4TCTC<=2?>A&)*CB42=q
B >A34<tOIBI,.B4W=&J,.Ks2+& : <.u [6c*CE4K : K)&)-.<S>A*U>A3I,.B4-_Z\(+*.LN<=2+2+*C(8{c(A, F i.,.Bgp1<=<=(8,.B : >A34<V<
HI,.(?> F <=B$>\*.L 9 <=(+*C2+HI,.W=<t^\B4TC&)B4<=<=(+&)B4TLN*C( >A34<S*CH4HM*C(?>AE4B4&G> # *.Ls>A34<8>A<7,.W@34&)B4TQ,.2+2+&)2?>@,.B$>A2+34&)H q
j|,.B # >A3I,.B4-/2[TC* >A*Ujk(=q *C2+34&)34&)2A,vw* " , # ,.2+34&4,5> vw* "$# B$>A<=(+BI,5>A&)*CBI,.K 9 W7, : < F# &)By0'*ziX&
jk&)W@34&)T$,.Bg6t34*_3I,.2 " <=<=BkH4(+*ziX& : &)B4T F <w6t&G>A3k, >A<7,.W@34&)B4"T !+* " ,5>t34&)2S2+W@34*X*CK q
c6c*CE4K : K)&)-.<w>A*_>A3I,.B4- F# HI,.(+<=B$>A2 &)$B #C,.HI,.BkLN*C(t>A34<=&)(tE4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : &)B4T ,.B : 2+E4H4HM*C(?>7q
c>A3I,.B4- F# LN(+&)<=B : 2'34<=(+<U&)Bajk&)W@34&)T$,.B|,.B : &)$B #C,.HI,.BDLN*C(S>A34<=&)(t<=B4W=*CE4(A,.TC< F <=B$>7&q % &)BI,.K)K #
,.B : H4(+&)B4W=&)HI,.K)K # u >A3I,.B4- F# 6t&GLN<LN*C(S34<=(tE4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : &)B4T4uI2+E4H4HM*C(?>7uM,.B : LN*C( " <7,.(A,.B4W=<.q
&)&)&

!!
"#$&%'%("#*)+,.-/
"#$&%'(01 2
"#$&%'33
"#45.2/
6
347+
"98:";
+&*)
"#& qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq <
nn qq ln 9 xw:4(+& : :g&G>A9 &)*C: BI,.,.HdK >@V,5>A<=&)TC*C(+B <=<=2tqU*.qUL qUI% qU(+<=qU< : qU* FqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq =n
= fS34<=2+&)2 Ed>AK)&)B4< qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq >
n q
"#"98?46@A@$BCED&)*+F'G*"; H+";I46& qUqUqUqJ<LK
ll qq ln fSfS3434<< p1bc<734,.*C2?&)> W= <w` R/*.LEI,.fS(+34<=2< jkxw(+*z& iX: &)B4qUT qUxwqU(+& :qQqUjkqU<Y>AqU34*qU: qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq nnNMl
= fS34< bc34*C&)W=<w*.L fS34<0'*C( F qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n#O
ll qq M
>A34<=('0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K ` W@34< F <=2 qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq lXn
t
r
=
<
J
K
5
,
A
>
)
&
C
*
4
B
+
2
4
3
)
&
H
A
>
*
l qQP F H4K)< F <=B$>@,5>A&)*CB_qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq l9M
"#"#"98:3+&0'1"; J& @R"; S"#& qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqTKVU
d=d= qq ln fS9 34xw<<=p1* <7F ,.2?<Y>>A (+` &)W"R/EI B$,.>A(+<=<=(+2H4jk(+<Y<Y>@>A,534>A&)* *C: B LN*CqU(&qQI% (+qU&)< qU: qU(+&)W@qU34qU2;sW qUjkqU* qU: <=qUK qUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqqX=Yl >=
d=d= qq ll qq ln Vxw&)<=2+* W=F (+<Y<Y>A>A&[7Z(+&),5W >A&)` *C*CB K)Ed>AqU&)*CqUBgqU*.LqQI% qU(+qU&)< :qU(+qU&)W@qU342;qUsW jkqUqU* : qU<=qUK'qQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqXqX==YM>
= q l q = fS34<Up1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2jk<Y>A34* : qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqX= O
d
d=d= qq M= 9 0':4E :F &G>A<=&)(+*C&)W7BI,.,.K K < Z\d(+HM*C<=HM(+<=& F (?> #<=B$>AqU2qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq MM =P
d= qQP 9 0'*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(S^ 4, F H4K)< qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M >
"\G]8?6*^*37+0&&"#_3+&0'1"; H à"; S"#& qUqUqUqTbdc

&Gi
p1&)B4M <7q n,.q(tn % # p1HM&)<=B4( <7" ,.*C( K)&)9 Ww: ^\iCR/<=EIWY,5>A&)>A*C&)*CBB42 qUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq PP mn
M q n q l p1&)B4<7,.(+[& Z=< :D9 <=(+* : # BI, F &)W=2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq P
M q n q = {cE4(+TC<=(+;2 Ws^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq Cm
M q l 0'*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(S% # HM<=( " *CK)&)WQ^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq $l
M q l q n bc*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CBkp ,76t2qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq $l
M q l q l EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< %I*C( F E4KJ,.< qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq =
M q l q = %I*C( F E4KJ,.2cLN*C(8>A34<Urt<=2+& : EI,.K qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M
M q l q M V<Y>A<=WY>A&)B4T bc* F H4(+<=2+2+&)*CB .^ dHI,.B42+&)*CB qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq >
M q l Qq P p1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2 %I*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CB qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq YO
M q l q rt<=2+E4KG>A2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq m
G]8::"C34"# 3+&0'1"; à"; S"#& qQqUqUqUqUqUq
PXq n b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B|^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=o
%I*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CB qQqUqUqUqUqUq =
PXq n q n xw*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq =
PXq n q l rt<=2+& : EI,.K qUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M
PXq n q = fS34<Up1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2jk<Y>A34* : qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
PXq n q M ^\R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=<w6t&G>A3k, OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : qUqUqUqUqUq O
PXq n qQP xw(+& : jk*ziC< F <=B$> qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqX> P
PXq n q rt<=2+E4KG>A2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq Odn
PXq l b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B|^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=o
%I*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CB qUqQqUqUqUqUqUq O
9
"
F
F
PXq l q n Z\(+* K)< *.L\bc* H4Ed>A&)B4T_p1&GL >A&)B4T % K)*z6t2 qQqUqUqUqUqUq O
PXq l q l 9 B 9 W=W=E4(A,5>A<Up1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2 ` W@34< F <!qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq nzm$l
PXq l q = 9 fS34&)( : ( : <=('p1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2 ` W@34< F < qUqQqUqUqUqUqUq nzm >
PXq l q M fS34<Up1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2jk*ziX&)B4T xw(+& : jk<Y>A34* : qUqUqUqUqUq nCn =
PXq l Qq P jk*ziX&)B4T EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K1xw(+& : 2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq nCn P
G*"98 & :)
S"#& qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqU
q <LK$<
qq ln f8 6cB4<U* VV& & F F <=<=B4B42+2+&)&)*C*CB B42 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq nn lXlCln
q =fS34(+<=<V& F <=B42+&)*CB42S,.B : {c< # *CB : qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n l P
M qn

33
"#4A L< KVU
0";0"#+346*^ Kdc

9, : iC> # <=H4WY>A&)W7&)*C,.BkK1TCH4(+(+& * : " ,K)< : F ,.Hdu>A < :

"$# ,.BD3 F <Y>A34m * q : >AqU* qU>A34qU<QqU2+*CqUK)EdqU>AqU&)*CqUBgqU*.L[qQ,yqUW=qU&)(+qUW=E4qUKJ,.qU( q P
9>A&)*C> Bg# H4H4&)(+W7* ,." K1K)<TCF (+& : q , qU: ,.qQHdqU>A< qU: qU"$#qUqU,.BDqU( qU F qU<YqU>A34qU* qQ: qULN*CqU(8qU>A34qU<QqU2AqU, F qU<QqUW=qU&)(+qUW=E4qQKJ,.qU(SqU, :qUiCqU<=WqU q P
fS34<U, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# rt*X< W 2 F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB_2+W@34< F < > m q qUq
fS& F 34[& <QZ7,52+>A*C&)K)*CEdB >Aq&)*CB qUW=qU*CB$qU>AqQ*CE4qU(+2tqU* qU" qU>@,.qU&)B4qU< :qUqU2+& F qUE4qUKG>@qQ,.qUB4<=qU*CE4qU2+qUK #_qU"$qU# qU>A34qU<wqU(+qU<=2+qQ& : qUEI,.qUK qUF qU&)B qU q
r9t<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CB|, >A(+&J,.B4: TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>gqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq l =
: ,.2+HI34,.< &): ( K)*.&)B4LU<>A(+&)&JB ,.: B4&)TCW7K),5<=>A2 <=28LN*C>A(34<U6t,.34KG&)>AW@<=3 (+BI,5&J>A,.&GiCTC<.*Cq BI,.K qU2?qU68qU,.H4qUH4qU&)B4qUT qU&)2qUqULN<7qU,.2+qQ& " qUK)<.qUq qUfSqU34qU< q l
9: ,.HI2+34,.<&)(P: *.K)LI&)B4>A(+<'&J,.&)B B4: TC&)K)W7<=,52 >ALN<=*C2 (P>A6t3434<w&),.W@3KG>A<=: (+&JBI,.,5TC>A*C&GBIiC,.<'K/>A2?3I68,5,.>cH4iXH4&)&)*CB4KJTw,5>A&)<=2 2 0 >A34 <'f i.LN,.<7K),.& : 2+&&G"> # K)<.*.qPL1fS>A3434<<
TC(+& : q qUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq l
=dq n fS34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Kw,.B : >A34< < 4,.WY>k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 LN*C( ,.B
W=&)B &)(+: W=&)K)W7<=,528>AW=<=*C28B4>AB434<=<QWY&)>AB4< &G: >A&J"$,.#K ,.K)B&)B4: < >A2+34<=<wT F OIBI<=B$,.>AK12'HM,.*CB 2+&G:g>A&):*CB4*.>+2S>A*.< :LP>AW=34E4<Q(?iCB4: <=* 2t: (+<=<=2=&)2+qSB HM: qQ<=&)WYW7qU>A,5&GqU>AiC< <=qU: K # qUq "$qU# Xq = n
:
&)B : &)W7,5>A< : "$#
=dq l fS34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Kw,.B : >A34< < 4,.WY>k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 LN*C( ,.B
W=&)B &)(+: W=&)K)W7<=,528>AW=<=*C28B4>AB434<=<QWY&)>AB4< &G: >A&J"$,.#K ,.K)B&)B4: < >A2+34<=<wT F OIBI<=B$,.>AK12'HM,.*CB 2+&G:g>A&):*CB4*.>+2S>A*.< :LP>AW=34E4<Q(?iCB4<=* 2t: (+<=<=2=2+qSHMqQ<=WYqU>A&GqUiC<=qUK # qUq qU Xq = l
=dq = fS34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Kw,.B : >A34< < 4,.WY>k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 LN*C( ,.B
W=&)B &)(+: W=&)K)W7<=,528>AW=<=*C28B4>AB434<=<QWY&)>AB4< &G: >A&J"$,.#K ,.K)B&)B4: < >A2+34<=<wT F OIBI<=B$,.>AK12'HM,.*CB 2+&G:g>A&):*CB4*.>+2S>A*.< :LP>AW=34E4<Q(?iCB4: <=* 2t: (+<=<=2=&)2+qSB HM: qQ<=&)WYW7qU>A,5&GqU>AiC< <=qU: K # qUq "$qU# Xq =Y=
=dq M 9 TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W_(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB *.L8>A34< < 4,.WY>y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.L8>A34< %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W
F * :"<=K !$#LN*C%'(&)( , %*m( u1q =a,.B ,.: B :>A34 <y W=E4m(?iC m < M : q|2+E4fS(?34L ,.< W=H4<yKJ,.&)2 B4:< <Y&)OI2 B4: < <Y: OIB4< +: -"$, # % ] .e

!$#%'&)( %*(16t34<=(+< >A34< W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : "$# >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #
W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42S&)B ] =dq l e q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqU: qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqX=
=dqQP fS34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgLN(+* F ,.B|*C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A*C( # &)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk,.B >A34<U< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)E
>A&)*CBD,.2S>A34< : *.>+>A< : W=E4(?iC<.?q > < : TC<=2=q qUqQqUqUqUqUqU: qUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M/l
=dq fS34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|LN(+* F , 2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>w&)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.B >A34< >A(A, !+<=WY>A*C(+&)<=2w*.L
>A34<wiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 ] : *.>A2@e ?q >y< : TC<=2=q qUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqU: qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M/l
=dq fS34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgLN(+* F ,y2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>t&)B4&G>A&J,.KM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q M < TC<=2=q qUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M/l
iX&
n qn
n ql
n q=
n qM
l qn
l ql
l q=

=dq >
=dq O
=dq nzm
=dq nCn
=dq n l
=dq n =
=dq nNM
M qn
M ql
M q=
M qM
M qQP
M q
M q
M q>
M qO
M q nzm
M q nCn
M qn l
M qn =
M q nNM
M qn P
M qn
M qn
PXq n
PXq l
XP q =
XP q M
Sf 34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.K ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A] &)*CBD,.B : >A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] >A34<Q2+*CK : K)&)B4<ze q qUq M P
>AfS3434<4< P 2+>A*C3 K)uIEd,.>A&)B *C: Bk>AW=34E4<(?iC>5<y>A3D&)B iC<=E(?>Au &)#dW=u <=# 2 e'] : 2+*.HI>A,.2@W=e <yq?,.>yB < : : TC>A34<=2=<Uq>A(AqU, !+qU<=WYqU>A*CqU(+&)qU<=2 qU*.qQL\qU>A34qU< qUl qUB : qUu q M
fS&)B434&G>A<y&J,.H4KM(+,.* B !+<=: WY>A>A&)34*C<B42OIBI*.,.L\K >AK)34*X<yW7,5W=>AE4&)*C(?iCB4<y2 *C*.B$L >A>A* 34<iC<=(?|>A&)W=,.<=B 2t: *CB # , kd&)H428KJ,.&)B B4: <=&)2 W7,56t>A&G< >A: 3a"$>A# 34< Xq M
fS34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBDW=E4(?iC<U&)B ] E u #du # eS2+HI,.W=<.q M < : TC<=2=q qUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M >
fS&)B434&G>A<y&J,.H4KM(+,.* B !+<=: WY>A>A&)34*C<B42OIBI*.,.L\K >AK)34*X<yW7,5W=>AE4&)*C(?iCB4<y2 *C*.B$L >A>A* 34<iC<=(?|>A&)W=,.<=B 2t : *CB # , kd&)H428KJ,.&)B B4: <=&)2 W7,56t>A&G< >A: 3a"$>A# 34< Xq M >
qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M O
qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq M O
fSW@3I34,.<_(A,.(+WY<=>A2+<=& :(+&)EI2?>A,.&)K Ww(+H4<=KJH4,.(+B4<=<.2+<=qB$>A2UqU>AqU34qU< qU,.(+qU<7,DqU*.qULcqU>A34qQ< qU>AqU(+&JqU,.B4qUTCqUK)< qUH4qU(+* qU!+<=qUWY>AqU< : qQqU*CB$qU>A*DqUqU>A34qU< q P l
9>A<=(+>A&)(+2?>A&J,.&)WwB4TCH4K)KJ<,.B4&)B|<.q >A34qU<yqQH43qU# qU2+&)qUW7,.qUK[qUH4KJqU,.B4qU<qU6tqU34qU&)W@qQ3 qU3I,.qU72 qUZ=qU<=(+qU*kqU,.(+qU<7,qUqU&)B|qU>AqQ34<yqUW@qU3IqU,.(AqU,.W qU q P l
f # H4&)W7,.K1B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$>t6t&G>A34&)BD, >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(8<=K)< F <=B$>7q qUqQqUqUqUqUqUq P =
B4&G>A&J,.K ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq P M
B4&G>A&J,.K1xw(+& : qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq P M
bc*CB$iC<=(+TC< : ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C( m y,.B : n m qdqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq PYP
fS34< % &)BI,.K xw(+& : qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq PYP
K)2+p1&)& B4<YF L<=>7E42=o qKG>@bc,.*CB4B$<=>A*C*CE4nzE42+m (+K #2 uz*.q[2?L >@rt,.(?&)TCW=>A&)*3$B4F>7TSo H4LNbc(+Ed**C>AF<B$:>A*C>A*C34E4B <(+2 ,tTC*.(+O L& :d< *C:,.BQB TC>A: (+34& ,.<: BQK)&)<YB*CL :Hd>7q&)>AW7& nF,5>S>A,.< B4K.: * TC"$: (+#&<=: 2 >AW=3I34* ,7< F iC>A< 34H4"&)EdW@<=>A-.<=< <=B: (
(+< F *ziC< :k: E4(+&)B4Ty>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgH4(+*XW=<=2+2=q] nzm qqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq P O
bc*CB$iC<=(+TC< : ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(8>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K ] M q = n e qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq dn
bc*CB$iC<=(+TC< : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(8>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K M q = l eqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq dn
` 34*XW@-grt<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB o n qUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
bc3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQrt<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB o m qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
p&)1B <Y: L >7&)W7o ,5^\>A< K)< >AF 34<=<UB$W@> 3I&),.B(A,.< dWY>AHI<=,.(+B4&)2?2+>A&)&)*CWwB 2+q\HMrt<=<&)TC: 3$iC>7oP<=WY^\>A*CK)< (+F 2=q <=B$qU> &)qUBqUW=* qUF qUH4qU(+<=qU2+2+qU&)*CqQB qUq 9 qU(+qU(+*zqU6tqU2 q >
fS34<wOIBI,.K1TC(+& : LN*C(8>A34<QW=E4(?iC< : 2+34*XW@-sqqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n
` *CK)Ed>A&)*CBgW=*CB$>A*CE4(+2SLN*C(8>A34<Q2+34*XW@-sqqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n
fS34<wOIBI,.K1TC(+& : LN*C(8>A34<Q< dHI,.B42+&)*CB q qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq l
` *CK)Ed>A&)*CBgW=*CB$>A*CE4(+2SLN*C(8>A34<Q< dHI,.B42+&)*CB qtqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq l
9 M$m l.m TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# >A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q qQqUqUqUqUqUXq >
fS34: <w&)(+TC<=(+WY& >A: &)*C&)BB >AqU34qU<wqU2+*CqQK)EdqU>A&)qU*CB qU2+qUHIqU,.W=qU<qU6tqU&G>AqU3DqU,.BDqQ<qUdqUHM*CqUB4qU<=B$qU>A&JqU,.KqU2?qU>A(+qU<Y>AqUW@34qQ&)B4qUT qU&)BqUqU>A34qU< Xq >
V<YOIB4&G>A&)*CBg*.L 2+& : <wiC<=WY>A*C(+2tLN*C(t, >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< Uq\qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUXq >Y>
V<YOIB4&G>A&)*CB428*.L < : TC<QiC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.B : ,.B4TCK)<=2t&)BD, TC(+*CE4HD*.LP>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=u /q4qX>Y>
iX&)&

!" !$#%!&(')!&*+,-&".
2143
!576
0/
8143
!5"9;:

=<

=<

?>
A@>CBD
PXqQP
PXq
PXq
PXq >
PXq O
PXq nzm
PXq nCn
PXq n l
PXq n =
PXq nNM
PXq n P
PXq n
PXq n
PXq n >
PXq n#O
PXq l.m
PXq lXn
PXq lCl
PXq l =
PXq l9M
PXq l P
PXq l
PXq l
9 qn
9 ql
9 4B <Y> 6c*C(+-g*.L 2+H4(+&)B4TC2=q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

bc*CB$>A*CE4(tH4K)*.> ]] m p1<YiC<=K)2@e8*.LP>A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ]] - lCl ec*.L q qUqUqUq
bc*CB$>A*CE4(tH4K)*.> = m p1<YiC<=K)2@e8*.LP>A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB - lCl ec*.L 'q qUqUqUq
B4&G>A&J,.K V<=KJ,.E4BI, # TC(+& : 6t&G>A
3 P > >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2S,.B : = Ym O B4* : <=2=q qQqUqUqUqUqUq
9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
9 n Cm > m TC(+& : q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
W=2+*CE4K)(?EdiC: >A< &)&)*C2?(+>AB <=(+qH4& " (+EdqU<=2+>AqU<=&)*CB$qUB >A2qU,.>AqQ(+34*CqU<_E4B qU< :4qU,.>AWYqU34>qU<a2+*CqU,.K)&)EdqU(?LN>AqU*C&)*C&)qUK8B ,.qqUB qQbc: &)qU(+>AW=qU34K)<=<|qU2Q,.qU&)&)B (?qU:LN*CqU&)W7&)K8,5qU>ATCqU<y<=* qU>AF 34qU<_<YqQ>AB/( qUE# qF qU<=qU` (+*C&)qUW7K)&,.qU: K q
9 F <=2+3DH4K)*.>t*.LP>A34< I*z6 2+HM<=< : q 9 l.m nzm TC(+& : q qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
kiC<=(+2+E4
2 ,.K)*CB4T >A34<Q(A, : &J,.K TC(+& : K)&)B4<w,5
> OCm q qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
9 B4*CB/E4B4&GLN*C( F (+<=TCE4KJ,.(c>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(8TC(+& : q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB ,.(+*CE4B : >A34<a,.&)(?LN*C&)K8,.B : >A34<|,.&)(?LN*C&)K8TC<=* F <Y>A( # q ` *CK)& :
W=2+*CE4K)(?EdiC>A< &)*C(+B <=qH4(+n <=C2+m <=B$>>A2m >A 34 <_TC(+< & 4: ,.q WY>qU2+*CqUK)EdqU>AqU&)*CqUB qqUqQbc&)qU(+W=qUK)<=qU2QqU&)B qU: qU&)W7,5qU>AqU<yqU>A34qU<_qQB/qUE F qU<=qU(+&)qUW7,.qUK q
fS&)B 34D< ,.2+*CB K): & : yK)6c&)B4<=<(+< &)B F : &)<7W7,.,52+>AE4<=(+2< :>A34&)<yB K) &)B4< B4*.*CL ( FW=*CuXB$&)iCB <=: (+&)TCW7<=,5B4>AW=< < : (A"$,5# >A< W=&)n(+W= XK)<=q28fS,.34B <: <=2?>@(+(+,.*C(+(2
(>A+<=342+< HM<=WY >ATC&G(+iC& <=: K #2=qqqUqUqQ&)2UqU>AqU34< qUB/qUE qUF qU" qU<=( qU*.qULtqUB4* qQ: qU<=2 qU&)qUB qU>A34qU< qU(AqU, : qU&J,.qUK qU: qQ&)(+<=qUWYqU>A&)*CqUB qU*.qUL q
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *CB , #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)K ,5>y>A34<k,.B4TCK)< *.L ,5>+>@,.W@- nzm u
,.> Bm : M$>Am 34< TCTC<=(+* & F: <Y6t>A(34# &)K)<*.L1>A34>A34<Q<w2+*C,.K)&)&(?: LN*CW=&)KE4q[(?bciC<U&)(+(+W=<=K)<=H428(+<=,.2+(+<=<B$>AB/2'E F>A34<=<Q(+&)< W74,.,.KMWY2+>'*CK)2+Ed*C>AK)Ed&)*C>AB4&)*C2cB *Cq BgqU, q
fS34,.<B :2+*CK)a& : 6cK)<=&)B4(+< <QF&)B <7: ,.&)W72+,5E4>A(+<=< 2t: >A&)34B<U K)&)B4<QB4*C*.(L[F W=*Cu B$&)iCB <=: (+&)TCW7<=,5B4>A<W=:<y(A"$,5# >A4< W=&)=d(+q8W=K)fS<=234<,.B <=: (+(+*C2?>@(',.&)(+B 2
(>A+<=342+< HM<=WY >ATC&G(+iC& <=: K #2=qq qUqUqQ&)2UqU>AqU34< qUB/qUE qUF qU" qU<=( qU*.qULtqUB4* qQ: qU<=2 qU&)qUB qU>A34qU< qU(AqU, : qU&J,.qUK qU: qQ&)(+<=qUWYqU>A&)*CqUB qU*.qUL q
B4&G>A&J,.K M$m l.m TC(+& : ,.(+*CE4B : , #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)K q qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : qqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CBg>A34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.KMTC(+& : q qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CBg>A34<U, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
9&)2 2+: <Y&G>8iX& *.: L1< R/: EI&), B$: >A(+*|&)KJ,g,5>AHI<=(A,.,.&)(QK)2 *.L >A(+&J,.>AB43ITC,5K)<=>c2 2+3I ,.(+,.<B ,U: B4 * : "$< # I:q\,.^ 2+,.34W@< 3g: R/K)EI&)B4, <=: 2(+&)LNKJ*C,5(w>A<=>A(A34,.< K
H4E4(+HM*C2+<Q*.L W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4Ty>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K1,.B : >A34<QTC(A, : &)<=B$>7q qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
W=*CB$>A*CE4(+2t*CB|,y(+<=TCE4KJ,.( TC(+& : qqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CBg>A34<Q(+<=TCE4KJ,.(STC(+& : q qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
W=*CB$>A*CE4(+2t*CB|,.Bk, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : q qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CBg>A34<U, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
9 H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<QK)&)B4<7,.(S,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB >A*_,yLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBD&)BD*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB q qUq
9 H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<QK)&)B4<7,.(S,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB >A*_, W=E4(?iC<U&)Bg>A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB q qUq
iX&)&)&

@
BD
OCm
O$l
O$l
O=
O=
O
O
nzmdn
nzmdn
nzm M
nzm

nzm
nCn l

nCn l
nCNn M
nCNn M
nCn P
nCn P
nCn
nCn >
nCn >
nC#n O
nC#n O

n=M
n=M
9 q=
9 qM
]
9
q
>$eS,.B : ,_H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<K)&)B4<7,.(t(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CBa*CBa,_E4B4&GLN*C( F
l
TC(+& : 6t&G>A3PXq qUqUqUqUqUqUqU] qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq nNM4n
fP(+<=*CKJ,5H >Ao &GiCfS<34<=<a(+(+*COI(=(+qw2?> p1:*z6c<=(+<=&G(i.?,5jk>A&G&iC:4<a: K)*.<.L o 9 9 WYq >Al EI>$,.e Kq K)*Xh'W7H4,.KHM<= ( ?jk<=(+& (+:4*C: (+K)2=<.qQo {c^\*.K)>+< >AF * F <=B$ot> 6t^\&)K)2+<<
F,.(+<=<QB$H4> 6tK)*.&)>+2+>A< < :(+<=&)KJB,5>A>A&GiC34<'< <=F (+(+& *C:4( : K)6t<&G>A*.3_L <7>A,.34W@< 3|F <=*K)< : F &GOI<=W7B$,5>S>A&)6t*C&GB >A3 ] 9 q l Ce q[n fSCm34q;< KJ,.qU2?qU> >AqU34qU(+<=qU< q nNM4n
fS"$# 34<w,y< >A434,.&)(WY: >t 2+*C*C( K): Ed<=>A(S&)*CrtB E4] B49 TCq<= m vwe Ed6t>+>@&G>A,_3 jk! <Y>A 34* n : q m 6tu4&G,.>AB 3: >A34<w B/l.E m F q <=(+qU&)W7qQ,.K qU2+*CqUK)EdqU>AqU&)*CqUB q nNM =
, # ] e\iX2=q , # ] rt<=KJ,5>A&GiC<Q^\(+(+*C(@e ,.B : >A34<K)&)B4<7,.( K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2cO4>A2=q nNM =
^ 4, F H4K)< ]] ,$e q n q m ^ m M q qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n P l
^ 4, F H4K)< ] " e q n q m ^ m$l qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n P l
^ 4, F H4K)< ] Wze q n q m ^ m$l qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n P =
^ 4, F H4K)< : e q n q m ^ mdn qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n P =
0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K1,.B : < 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42cLN*C(8>A34<Q2+W7,.KJ,.(S<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q n q m ^ m = n P O
0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K1,.B : < 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42cLN*C(8>A34<Q2?>A& 2 # 2?>A< F q n q m ^ m =q n P O
fS34<w>A(A,.B42+&)<=B$>'(+<=TC&)*CBD*.LP>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB4282+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+< 9 q n l qyqUqUqUqUq n Cm
fS34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K ,.B : < 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgW=E4(?iC<=2'&)Bg>A34<QH43I,.2+<U2+HI,.W=<.q qUqUqUq n Cm
OIfS(+342?<a>'2?< >A4<=,.H WYq >gqU2+qU*CK)qUEd>AqU&)*CqQB qU,.qUB :qUqU>A34qU<|qUB/qUE FqU<=qU(+qU&)W7,.qQK'qU2+qU*CK)qUEd>AqU&)*CqUB qU* qU" >@qU,.&)qUB4qU< : qQ,5qUL >AqU<=(_qUqU>A34qU< q n M
fS34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBD,.B : >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBD,5L >A<=(8>A34<Q2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H q n M
^ 4, F H4K)< ]] ,$e q n q m ^ m M q qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n n
^ 4, F H4K)< ] " e q n q m ^ m$l qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n n
^ 4, F H4K)< ] Wze q n q m ^ m$l qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n n
^ 4, F H4K)< : e q n q m ^ mdn qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n n
, # ] e iX2=q , # ] rt<=KJ,5>A&GiC<Q^\(+(+*C(@e8,.B : >A34<wK)&)B4<7,.(8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2SO4>7q
^\R/E4&)KJ,5>A] <=(A,.K fP(+&J,.B4TCK)<=]2=qqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n >
, # e iX2=q , # rt<=KJ,5>A&GiC<Q^\(+(+*C(@e8,.B : >A34<wK)&)B4<7,.(8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2SO4>7q
` -.<Y6 fP(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=qqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n >
%IE4B4WY>A&)*CB
9 qQP
9q
9q
9 q>
9 qO
9 q nzm
9 q nCn
9 qn l
9 qn =
9 q Nn M
9 qn P
9 qn
{ q n
{ q l
{ q =
{ q M
b q n
b q l

:
:
:
:

:
:

:
:
:
:
&

=dq n
PXq n
fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2t*.L >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2=q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2t*.L >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C( ] 9 q l >$e qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
=.( : *C( : <=('rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,_jk<Y>A34* : q_qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
M >A3D*C( : <=('rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,_jk<Y>A34* : q qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< ]] ,$e o l qqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< ] " e o =dq qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< ] Wze o >dq qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< ] : e o M q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< ] ,$e o l qqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< : e o M q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C(S>A34<Q2+W7,.KJ,.(8W7,.2+<.q PXq qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C(S>A] 34<Q2?>A& a2 # 2?>A< F q l q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C( 9 q >$e q ,PXqqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< ]] ,$e o l qqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
^ 4, F H4K)< : e o ,PXq qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

9 qn
9 ql
9 q=
9 qM
9 Qq P
9q
9q
9 q>
9 qO
9 q nzm
9 q nCn
9 qn l
9 qn =
9 q Nn M
{ q n
{ q l
{ q =
{ q M

M
OM
nN$M m
nN/M l
nN/M l
nPm
nPm
nPn
nPn
nPM
nPM
n PYP
n PYP
nP>
nP>
n $l
n YO
n YO
n YO
n YO

9 q 9 B 9 KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<Ujk<Y>A34* : LN*C( B4< V& F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K Z\(+* " K)< F 2 qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

99 qq ln ^\B$(+>A(+(+*C* (t: <=E42?WY>A>A& &)F *CB,5>A<=2qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
99 qq ll qq ln p1p1*X<7,W7:,.K&)B4<=Ty(+(+>A*C<=(t( F ,.BI2;,.K qU# 2+qU&)2 qUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
99 qq ll qq M= ^\0'(+E (+F *C(S<=(+<=&)2?W7>A,.& FK >A,5<=>A2?<=>A22SLN*CqU(tqU,.W=qQW=E4qU(AqU,.W qU# qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
9 q = 9 K)9TC*Cq (+=d&Gq >An 3 F ^\qQR/E4qU& : qU&)2?qU>A(+qU& " qUEdqU>A&)*CqUB qUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
99 qq =d=dqq =l 9Z\(+K)TC*C*CHM(+<=&G(?>A>A3 &)F<=2S*.LqU>AqU34<QqU&GqU>A<=qU(A,5qQ>AqU&)*CqUB qULN*CqU( F qUE4qUKJ, qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
9 q M 9 H49 H4qK)M &)W7q n,5>A&)*C9 B4H42 H4(+qU* dqU& F qU,5qU>A&)qU*CBgqU*.qULPqULNE4qUB4qQWY>AqU&)*CqUB42tqU,.qUB qU: qUW=E4qU(?qUiC<=qU2qUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
99 qq MM qq =l 0'B4E &G>AF &J,.<=Kd(+i.&)W7,.,.K)E4K <'&)B$H4>A<=(+*TC"(A,5K)<>AF&)*CB2\LN*CqU( qU*CqU( : qU&)BIqU,.(qU# qU: qU& qU<=(+qU<=B$qQ>AqU&J,.qUKI<=qUR/qUEI, qU q
9 q M q M >A<={c&)R/*C*CEIB4E4,52B >A: &)*C,.qUB4( #2yqUqUqUi.,.qUqUK)E4qUqU< qUqUH4qUqU(+*qUqU" qQqQK)< qUqUF qUqU2DqUqULN*CqUqU(DqUqU*CqUqU( : qUqU&)BIqUqU,.qUqU( # qUqU: qQqQ& qUqU<=qUqU(+<=qUqUB$>AqUqU&J,.qUqUK qq
9 qQP rt< F ,.(+-/2 qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
{ q 9 ` 34*X*.>A&)B4T_jk<Y>A34* : LN*C( 9 0'* : <xw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
{ { qq ln 0'` 34* *X: *.< >A?&)xwB4T_<=B4jk<=(A<Y,5>A>A34&)*C* B : 9 qUK)qUTC*CqU(+&GqU>A3 qUF qUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
{ q = rt<=2+E4KG>A2qUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
b q ^\(+(+*C(t^\2?>A& F ,5>A<=2 BkfP(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(txw(+& : 2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
b b qq ln 0'E F ^\(+<=(+(+*C&)W7(S,.LNK *CfP( <=2?>AEI2 , : qU(A,5qU>A&)qUW qU%IE4qUB4qUWY>AqU&)*CqQB42gqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq
V q 9 xw<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K &)<Y6 &)Bgf86c* V& F <=B42+&)*CB42yqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
V q n % # HM<=( " *CK)&)WQ^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42qUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq
d&
nlO
nn =l Ol
nn ==Y=l
nn == O
nNnNM/M/ll
nNM P
nNnNMM >
nNn MP >l
nP
nn CMm

n
nn

nm
=
nn
>

n>m
VV qq nn qq ln p1p1&)&)B4B4<7<7,.,.((+&[Z=9 < : :DiC9<=WY<=>A(+&)**C:B# BIqU, F qQ&)qUW=2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq nn >>Ym=

V q l b8,.V E4W@q n3 q # = rt{c&)< E4F (+TC,.<=B4(+Bk2;Ws<=^\R/EIR/,5EI>A,5&)>A*C&)B4*C2B qUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq nn >> P
^Sq 9 p1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2 0'*C( F LN*C(8>A34<U^\E4K)<=(t^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 qUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n#OCm
^S^Sqq ln 9 B$>AV(+* & F: E4<=WYB4>A2+&)&)*C*CBBI,.K)qUK # qUbcqU*CqUB42+qU&)2?qU>A<=qUB$> qU` qU<Y>'qQ*.qUL qU qU,.(+qU&J, qU" qUK)<=2SqU,.qUB qU: qU >AqQ2 qU^\qUR/EIqU,5qU>A&)*CqUB4q 2 n#n#OCOdmn
^S^Sqq M= 99 Vj|<=,5W=>A* (+F& HMLN*C*C2+(8&G>A>A&)34*C< BD9 j|W=,5*C>AE4(+2?& >A&)W ` qUE qU" 2 qQ# qU2?>AqU< F qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq n##n OO M
^S^SQqq P fS F 34H4<K)<0'F *C(<=FB$>@,5LN*C>A&)(8*CB_>A34qU<UqU^\qUE4K)qU<=('qU^\qUR/qUEI,5qU>A&)qQ*CB4qU2;qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq #nn#OOY>O
^Sq ` E F_F ,.( # qQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq n#OYO
%cq bc* F H4Ed>A&)B4Ty>A34<U^ 4,.WY> ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB428LN*C( 9 &)(?LN*C&)K Z\(+* " K)< F 2 qUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq l.mdn

d&)&

"!$#&% ('*)+'*'*,-.*$+'*'*"/

B4<2?>A(A,5>A<=T # >A*y2+*CKGiC<, H4(+* " K)< F &)2 >A* &)B$>A(+* : E4W=<w, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K : <=TC(+<=<=2S*.L1LN(+<=< : * F q 9
TC*X* : < 4, F H4K)<w&)28>A34< F <Y>A34* : *.L[p ,.TC(A,.B4TC< F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)<=(+2 LN*C(8>A34<wH4(+* " K)< F *.LPOIB : &)B4T W=*CB
2?>A(A,.&)B4< : < X>A(+< F ,wLN*C([6t34&)W@3 ,Q2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : H4(+*XW=< : E4(+<t>A*wOIB : < X>A(+< F ,wL ,.&)K)2 " <=W7,.E42+<
*.L\>A34< W=*CE4H4K)&)B4T *.L\>A34<i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2'>A34(+*CE4TC3|>A34< W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>7q 9 W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>w&)2 K)&)B4-.< : 6t&G>A3
>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB ] *C( F , d& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBseciX&J, ,gp ,.TC(A,.B4TC< F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)<=(=uM,.B , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K : <=TC(+<=<
*.L8LN(+<=< : * F uP6t34&)W@3 W=*CB$iC<=(?>A2>A34< H4(+* " K)< F &)B$>A*|,.B E4B4W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B4< : *CHd>A& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBa6t34<=(+<
,.K)K[>A34<_i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2QW7,.B " <_>A(+<7,5>A< : ,.2U&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>7u ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< ,k(+<=TCE4KJ,.(UH4(+*XW=< : E4(+<
" <=W=* F <=2Q,.H4H4K)&)W7, " K)<.qwfS34< & F H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBD&)2 >A3I,5>Q, : & _W=E4KG>wH4(+* " K)< F " <=W=* F <=2w2+& F H4K)< "$#
&)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4Ty< X>A(A,yi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q
B W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K IE4& :: # BI, F &)W=2=u.< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2[*.L4LN(+<=< : * F ,.(+< *.L >A<=B &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : >A*
& F H4(+*ziC<t>A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q B >A34<'KJ,.B4TCEI,.TC<t*.L OIB4&G>A<'<=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2=ud, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K
: <=TC(+<=<=2 *.L8LN(+<=< : * F ,.(+< &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : >A*|W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>y34&)TC3 *C( : <=(U<=K)< F <=B$>A2&)B >A34<_LN*C( F *.L
<=&G>A34<=(_,.B &)B4W=(+<7,.2+< : B/E F " <=(_*.L B4* : <=2 *C( 2?>A*C(+&)B4T < X>A(A, E4B4-/B4*z6tB42g,5>_B4* : <=2_2+E4W@3 ,.2
: <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 *.Lt>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q fS34< LN*C( F <=(W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2 >A* ,|K)*XW7,.K TC(+& : (+<YOIB4< F <=B$> ] *C(
<=B4KJ,.(+TC&)B4T_, 2?>A<=B4W=&)K ec6t34&)K)<>A34<UKJ,5>+>A<=(8>A* >A34<UE42+<*.L\, 34&)TC3 *C( : <=(S&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB LN*C( F E4KJ,
>A* (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>g, 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q B >A34<=2+<kW7,.2+<=2=u8>A34<kH4(+* " K)< F : *X<=2_B4*.>_B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # " <=W=* F <
n

l
2+& F H4K)<.u " Ed>t>A3I,5>t&)28>A34<QH4(+&)W=<Q*CB4<Q3I,.2S>A* HI, # >A* * " >@,.&)Bk, " <Y>+>A<=(t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q
9 B4*.>A34<=( TC*X* : < 4, F H4K)<S&)2 >A34<', : !+*C&)B$> F <Y>A34* : 2[OI(+2?> &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : "$# #C, F <=2+*CB M LN*C(
,.<=(+* : # BI, F &)W *CHd>A& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CBaE42+&)B4T|W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K IE4& : : # BI, F &)W=2=q 9 > # H4&)W7,.K H4(+* " K)< F
&)2', : (A,.T F &)B4& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CB_LN*C(t,.B|,.&)(?LN*C&)KM6t&G>A3D>A34<UTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t2+E4W@3 ,.2S>A34<^\E4K)<=(
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42w,.2W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>A2=q 9 BI,.&GiC<y,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 &)2 >A* <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A<>A34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>7uM6t34&)W@3 &)B : &
W7,5>A<=2P>A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB*.LI& F H4(+*ziC< F <=B$>7u "$#UF ,.-/&)B4T ,'2 F ,.K)K$W@3I,.B4TC<8&)B<7,.W@3 : <=2+&)TCBi.,.(+&J, " K)<.u
,.B : >A34<=Ba(+<=W=* F H4Ed>A< " *.>A3k>A34<UTC(+& : ,.B : I*z6 i.,.(+&J, " K)<=28LN*C('<7,.W@3aW@3I,.B4TC<.q'{cEd> >A34<UW=*C2?>
*.L 2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34<QTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 " <=W=* F <=2tH4(+*C34& " &G>A&GiC<=K # < dHM<=B42+&GiC<ULN*C(S,yKJ,.(+TC<B/E F
" <=(c*.L1>A34< : <=2+&)TCB i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q B >A34<, : !+*C&)B$> F <Y>A34* : 2=udp ,.TC(A,.B4TC< F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)<=(+2 ] *C(8, : !+*C&)B$>
i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2@e ,.(+<S&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : 2+*U,.2[>A*Q<=K)& F &)BI,5>A< >A34< I*z6 i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2[&)B >A34<t< dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB_*.Ls>A34<
TC(A, : &)<=B$>7ud(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4TTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4Ty<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42cLN*C(8p ,.TC(A,.B4TC< F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)<=(+2 ] , : !+*C&)B$>8<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42@e q
fS34< W=*C2?>y*.Lt<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)B4Tk>A34< TC(A, : &)<=B$> B4*z6 , F *CE4B$>A2U>A* F ,.&)B4K # 2+*CKGiX&)B4Tk>A34< TC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42',.B : >A34<, : !+*C&)B$>t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t*CB4W=<QLN*C(S<7,.W@3 qcfS34&)2t&)2S&)BgL ,.WY> ,y6c<=K)K <=2?>@, " K)&)2+34< :
>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<&)BD*CHd>A& F ,.K W=*CB$>A(+*CK1>A34<=*C( # M/l 6t&G>A3D>A34<U,.& F *.L[(+< : E4W=&)B4T >A34<UW=*C2?> *.L[2+*CKGiX&)B4T
>A34<'W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>c<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 6t34&)W@3 &)2c,.B4*.>A34<=( &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<'(+*CK)<t*.L1p ,.TC(A,.B4TC< F E4K
>A&)H4K)&)<=(+2=q fS34< F <Y>A34* : &)2QB4*z6 6c<=K)K <=2?>@, " K)&)2+34< : &)B *CHd>A& F ,.K : <=2+&)TCB H4(+* " K)< F 2U,.K)2+*4uP,.B :
" <=2+& : <=2'&G>t3I,.2'(+<=W=<=B$>AK # LN*CE4B : , B4<Y6;,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBD,.(+<7,duI<=(+(+*C(t<=2?>A& F ,5>A&)*CB LN*C(SLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBI,.K
*CEd>AH4Ed>A2 2+E4W@3 ,.2K)&GL >*C( : (A,.T|6t34<=(+<=&)B >A34< : <=2+&)TCB i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2,.(+<_>A(+E4B4W7,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(+2 ] *C(
K)*XW7,.K TC(+& : 2+[& Z=<z)e u O q B >A34<=2+< W7,.2+<=2=u1>A34<y< X>A(A,gi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 B4*.>Q*CB4K # (+< : E4W=<y>A34<yW=*C2?>
*.LS2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : 2 " Ed>y,.K)2+* F ,.-.< &G>HM*C2+2+& " K)< >A*|* " >@,.&)B E42+<YLNE4Kc&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB >A3I,5>&)2
*.>A34<=(?6t&)2+< : & _W=E4KG>7q
<Y>w,.B4*.>A34<=('HM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # ud>A3I,5> &)2'B4*.> ,.2'6c<=K)K <=2?>@, " K)&)2+34< : ,.2t>A34<=2+<y,.H4H4(+*$,.W@34<=2=u &)2S>A*
&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<g>A34<D<=K)< F <=B$>A2y6t&G>A3 , : !+E42?>@, " K)<gB4* : <=2=okW=(+<7,5>A<D< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2_*.L'LN(+<=< : * F &)B
>A34< LN*C( F *.L8B4* : ,.K\HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB42=qgbc*CB42+& : <=(,DK)&)B4<7,.(Q, : iC<=WY>A&)*CB H4(+* " K)< F 6t34&)W@3 &)2Q<=R/E4&Gi.,
K)<=B$>Q>A*k2A, # &)B4TD>A3I,5>,D2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2QW=*CB42?>@,.B$> ,.K)*CB4Tg>A34<_, : iC<=WY>A&)*CB : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB q 9 (+<7,.2+*CB

, " K)<68, # >A* F *ziC< >A34< TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2&)2Q,.K)*CB4T >A34&)2Q, : iC<=WY>A&)*CB : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB q " iX&)*CE42+K # u >A34&)2
H4(+* : E4W=<=2 >A34< < 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,5>y,.B # &)B42?>@,.B$> *.LS>A& F <.u\,.B : B4*z6 >A34< : & _W=E4KG> H4(+* " K)< F
" <=W=* F <=2'>A(+&GiX&J,.K qch'BdLN*C(?>AE4BI,5>A<=K # >A34&)2'H4(+*XW=< : E4(+< : *X<=2 B4*.> TC<=B4<=(A,.K)&[Z=<Q<7,.2+&)K # >A*_2 # 2?>A< F 2
*C( 34&)TC34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KtH4(+* " K)< F 2=q >g&)2 >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< : <=2+&)(+< : >A* W=(+<7,5>A< , F *C(+<|TC<=B4<=(A,.K
TCE4& : &)B4TH4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<'>A3I,5> : (+&GiC<=2c>A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>7q 9 W=KJ,.2+28*.L F <Y>A34* : 28W7,.K)K)< : F *ziX&)B4T
OIB4&G>A<k<=K)< F <=B$>A2 lCl :u = OI(+2?> &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : "$# jk&)K)K)<=( M u P &)2_*CB4<kH4(+* F &)2+&)B4T ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3
&)B >A34&)2QW=*CB$>A< X>7u &)B 6t34&)W@3 >A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>7u ,.2w6c<=K)K ,.2w>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u1&)2 : (+&GiC<=B "$#
,kK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB q fS34< F <Y>A34* : 3I,.2 " <=<=B 2?>AE : &)< : H4(+& F ,.(+&)K # LN*C(
>A& F < : <=HM<=B : <=B$> H4(+* " K)< F 2=o|>A(A,.W@-/&)B4T 2?>A<=<=H LN(+*CB$>A2g,.2_>A34< # F *ziC<|&)B >A& F <k*C(_-.<=<=H4&)B4T
,.Ba,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CBa*.L , 2 F *X*.>A3|2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F *ziX&)B4T_&)Bk>A& F <.qtjk<Y>A34* : 2 W7,.(+<YLNE4K)K #
>AE4B4< : LN*C( <7,.W@3 HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.('H4(+* " K)< F 3I,7iC< " <=<=B 2+34*z6tB >A* TC&GiC< & F H4(+<=2+2+&GiC<(+<=2+E4KG>A2=u >A3I,5>
*.>A34<=(?6t&)2+<w(+<=R/E4&)(+<=2t,.BD< dW=<=2+2+&GiC<UB/E F " <=(S*.LPB4* : <=28>A* (+<=2+*CKGiC<w(A,.H4& : K # i.,.( # &)B4Ty2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42
F *ziX&)B4T &)B >A& F <.q 0'*.>A&)W=<D>A3I,5>_>@,.&)K)*C(+&)B4T|>A34<|W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K8TC(+& : &)2_B4* K)<=2+2 ] *C( <YiC<=B
F *C(+<ze & F HM*C(?>@,.B$> >A3I,.B & F H4(+*ziX&)B4T , B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KM2+W@34< F <w*CBD,UO d< : TC(+& : " <=W7,.E42+<Q,TC*X* :
TC(+& : : *X<=2_B4*.> : < F ,.B : ,.B < dW=<=Hd>A&)*CBI,.K)K # TC*X* : 2+W@34< F <k6t34<=(+<7,.2 , TC*X* : 2+W@34< F <k2?>A&)K)K
: *X<=2 : < F ,.B : , TC*X* : TC(+& : q B$>A(+* : E4WY>A&)*CBg*.L >A34<< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2t*.L LN(+<=< : * F &)B >A34<wB4* : ,.K
HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB428&)28>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q6c*C(?>A3 # *.L[, HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(S,5>+>A<=B$>A&)*CB q

(+
# # "!
Sf 34&)2w>A34<=2+&)2Q< dH4K)*C(+<=2w>A34< HM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # *.L F *ziX&)B4TgTC(+& : 2=u " Ed>Q>A34< LN*XW=E42Q&)2w*CB 2?>A<7, : #
2?>@,5>A< H4(+* " K)< F 2=q BU*.>A34<=( 6c*C( : 2=u56c< ,.(+<\W=*CB4W=<=(+B4< : 6t&G>A3U,SW=KJ,.2+2 *.LX>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2PW7,.K)K)< : TC(+& :
, : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB o F * : &GL # >A34< TC(+& : >A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+< >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBQLN<7,5>AE4(+<=2 ,5> ,'2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<.q[fS34&)2 &)2
,.BU<=2+2+<=B$>A&J,.KX&G>A< F &)BUW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K IE4& :U: # BI, F &)W=21>A* : <7,.K$6t&G>A3,.B&)B4<YiX&G>@, " K)< : &)K)< F_F ,do
>A34<'W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K4TC(+& : u$*CB 6t34&)W@3_>A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<S>A* " <'W=* F H4Ed>A< : u F E42?> " <t>@,.&)K)*C(+< :
>A* ,.K)K >A34< I*z6 LN<7,5>AE4(+<=2t6t34&)W@3 us34*z6c<YiC<=(=u ,.(+<,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<*CB4K # ,5L >A<=(S>A34<UW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB q 9

TC*X* : < 4, F H4K)<_&)2U2+34*XW@- 68,7iC<=2y*CB ,.B ,.&)(?LN*C&)K\,5>U>A(A,.B42+*CB4&)W_2+HM<=< : u[6t34&)W@3 (+<=R/E4&)(+<_< X>A(A,

(+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u # <Y>D6t34*C2+< HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB42D,.(+< -/B4*z6tB *CB4K #
q xw(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB &)2
>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< ,.B &G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC< H4(+*XW=<=2+2 &)B 6t34&)W@3 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB ,.B : TC(+& : ,.KG>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB &)2
,.KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<=K # (+<=HM<7,5>A< : ,.2 : <=2+&)(+< : q fS34<=(+<_3I,7iC< " <=<=B B/E F <=(+*CE42U,5>+>A< F Hd>A2w&)B >A34< HI,.2?>
W=*CE4H4K)<*.L : <=W7, : <=2>A* TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|, : ,.Hd>A&GiC< TC(+& : 2=u u

,.B :
!"
# $
u " Ed>B4*.>A34&)B4T E4B4&GiC<=(+2A,.K 2+<=< F 2 >A* 3I,7iC< " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : # <Y>7u1,.B : &G>(+< F ,.&)B42
,.BD& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>S(+<=2+<7,.(+W@3a,.(+<7, &)BgW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K IE4& :k: # BI, F &)W=2=q
j|,.B # *.Lc>A34< W=E4(+(+<=B$> , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CBa>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2(+<=K # *CB *CB4< *C( " *.>A3 *.Lc> 6c*D> # HM<=2U*.L
2?>A(A,5>A<=TC&)<=2 LN*C( F <=2+3U,.KG>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB q B4<\&)2 K)*XW7,.K F <=2+3Q(+<YOIB4< F <=B$> : <=(+<YOIB4< F <=B$> ] 3 F <Y>A34* : e
nCn u l u YPXu P O u l >du l &)B 6t34&)W@3_,W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.KXW=<=K)Kd&)2[2+E " : &GiX& : < : &)B$>A*2 F ,.K)K)<=( W=<=K)K)2PLN*C(
34&)TC34<=([(+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBy*C(\,wTC(+*CE4Hy*.L B4<=&)TC3 " *C(+&)B4TW=<=K)K)2\,.(+< F <=(+TC< : &)B$>A*Q,KJ,.(+TC<=([W=<=K)Kd>A*Q,7iC*C& :
E4B4B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # (+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u >A3/E42,5>+>A< F Hd>A&)B4Tg<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.L8<=(+(+*C(=q 9 >U>A34< W=*C2?>U*.L8,
2+& F H4K)< ] @u #du vUe : ,5>@,Q2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+<.u F <Y>A34* : 2 " ,.2+< : *CB_>A34&)2 2?>A(A,5>A<=T # * <=(c,UTC(+<7,5> I< d& " &)K)&G> #
>A* : <7,.K 6t&G>A3 , 6t& : <y(A,.B4TC<y*.LcK)<=B4T.>A3 2+W7,.K)<=2=u , > # H4&)W7,.K[LN<7,5>AE4(+<y*.LcW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K IE4& :
: # BI, F &)W=2=qPfS34< *.>A34<=( 2?>A(A,5>A<=T # &)2 F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> ] ( F <Y>A34* : e M =du $l u =du =Y=Xu M$m u YO u5&)B
6t34&)W@3 >A34<cTC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 ,.(+<8(+< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< : LN*C( " <Y>+>A<=([*ziC<=(A,.K)KX(+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB " ,.2+< : *CBy, W=<=(?>@,.&)B
H4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<_2+E4W@3 ,.2LNE4B4WY>A&)*CBI,.K F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB *C(<=(+(+*C( <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB q 9 B , : i.,.B$>@,.TC<
*ziC<=(P3 F <Y>A34* : 2 &)21>A3I,5> " *.>A3Q>A34< TC(+& : 2+[& Z=< ,.B : >A34< : ,5>@,t2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< W7,.B " < -.<=Hd> &)B$i.,.(+&J,.B$>7u
,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q&G>S&)2S(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<=K # <7,.2 # >A*_,.H4H4K # <YiC<=BkLN*C(S2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : TC(+& : 2 =Y=Xu M$m u YO du >Y> q
9 : &)2A, : i.,.B$>@,.TC<y*.L83 F <Y>A34* : 2w&)2w&G>A2w&)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)W BI,5>AE4(+<.oQB4* : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CBI,.K &)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB
&)2y>@,.-.<=B &)B$>A* ,.W=W=*CE4B$>7uS,.B : *CB4K # >A34<k(+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2_,.KG>A<=(+< : q fS34&)2_E42+EI,.K)K # (+<=2+E4KG>A2 ,.B
< dW=<=2+2+&GiC< TC(+& : (+<YOIB4< F <=B$>QLN*C(w,.B4&)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)W I*z6t2Q2+E4W@3 ,.2Q,g2+34*XW@-a*C(Q, " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(
] % &)TCE4(+< n q n e q r F <Y>A34* : 2y,.K)2+*a3I,7iC<|, : (A,76 " ,.W@- >A3I,5>yE4B4K)<=2+2_,.B &)B4&G>A&J,.K F <=2+3 &)2OIB4<
<=B4*CE4TC3 u , 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$> B/E F " <=(y*.L'B4* : <=2 F , # " <g(+< F *ziC< : LN(+* F >A34<g(+<=TC&)*CB42 >A3I,5> ,.(+<
!+E : TC< : >A* " <kK)<=2+2 & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>7u " Ed>_>A3I,5>_2?>A&)K)Kc(+<=R/E4&)(+<|, L ,.&)(yB/E F " <=( *.LB4* : <=2=u 6t34&)W@3

0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+< n q n o 9,.B > #3H4 F &)W7<Y,.>AK'34TC* (+: & : >A*, : >A,.34Hd< >A< :2+*CK)"$E# % &)TCE4(+< n q l o 9,.B> #( H4F &)W7<Y,.>AK'34* TC:(+& : LN*C,(g: >A,.34Hd< >A< 2A: , F "$# <
>AH4&)(+*C* BD" K)*.< L[F ,yu W= &)(+W=E4
KJ,.(S, :iC<= WY>A&)*C B
W=&)(+W=E4KJ,.( , : iC<=WY>A&)*CByH4(+* " K)< F q
m q
*.L >A<=BgW=(+<7,5>A<=2S, 2+<YiC<=(+< : &)2?>A*C(?>A&)*CB *.L1>A34<TC(+& : K)<7, : &)B4TU>A* : <Y>A<=(+&)*C(A,5>A&)*CB *.L1>A34<B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K
,.W=W=E4(A,.W # ] % &)TCE4(+< n q l e q'fS34&)2 &)2'6t34<=(+<y, W=* F " &)BI,5>A&)*CBD*.L\>A34<U> 6c*g2?>A(A,5>A<=TC&)<=2 W=* F <&)B$>A*
H4KJ, # o[K)*XW7,.KM(+<YOIB4< F <=B$>tW7,.B " < E42+< : >A*yW=E4(+<2+E4W@3k, H4(+* " K)< F *.L F *ziX&)B4T F <=2+3 F <Y>A34* : 2=q
{cEd> >A34<=&)( W=* F " &)BI,5>A&)*CB : *X<=2B4*.>2+<=< F F <7,.B4&)B4T.LNE4K &GL\E42+< : F <=(+<=K # >A* W=K)E42?>A<=(B4* : <=2&)B
>A34< (+<=TC&)*CB42w6t34<=(+< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42UE4B : <=(+TC*|KJ,.(+TC<yi.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB42 [,.B 3 F <Y>A34* : ,.K)*CB4<y6c*CE4K : : *
>A34< !+* " $q B *.>A34<=(6c*C( : 2=u ,aW=* F " &)BI,5>A&)*CB *.LS>A34< > 6c* 2?>A(A,5>A<=TC&)<=2U6t&G>A3 ,aW=* F_F *CB ,.& F
: *X<=2tB4*.> F ,.-.<Q2+<=B42+<.q
B4< *.L>A34< H4(+* " K)< F 2g>A3I,5>D>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2 " ,.2+< : *CB >A34<=2+< & : <7,.2D2+E <=(DLN(+* F &)2 >A34<
&)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)W BI,5>AE4(+< *.LS>A34<g(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T F <=2+34<=2=
q %I*C(&)B42?>@,.B4W=<.u[>A34&)2 B4<=W=<=2+2+&G>@,5>A<=2 W=K)E42?>A<=(+&)B4T
,.B< dW=<=2+2+&GiC< B/E F " <=(D*.L B4* : <=2k,.(+*CE4B : 2+34*XW@- 68,7iC<=2k>A3I,5>kW=*CE4K : " < W7,.Hd>AE4(+< : F *C(+<
< _W=&)<=B$>AK # 2+& F H4K #y"$# ,.K)&)TCB4&)B4TUW=<=K)KM< : TC<=2S,.K)*CB4TU>A34< F q >A34<=(c< 4, F H4K)<=28&)B4W=K)E : <tiC*C(?>A&)W7,.K
I*z6t2=u " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(+2=u I*z6 2+<=HI,.(A,5>A&)*CB uX<Y>AW.q\fS34&)2c&)2 " <=W7,.E42+< F ,.B # F <Y>A34* : 2 LN*XW=E42c*CB
F <=(+<=K # *CHd>A& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34<yTC(+& : HM*C&)B$> : <=B42+&G> # ] (+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBse u HI, # &)B4TgB4*D,5>+>A<=B$>A&)*CB ,5>Q,.K)K >A*
>A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CBI,.K)&G> # *.L >A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB qPfS34< & F HM*C(?>@,.B4W=<8*.L1,.B4&)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)W F <=2+34<=2 3I,.2 (+<=W=<=B$>AK #
" <=<=B (+<=W=*CTCB4[& Z=< : &)B >A34<DW=*CB$>A< X> *.L TC(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB M4n u l = uc,.B : ,.K)2+* &)B >A34<D(+<=KJ,5>A< :
%
0
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
x

0
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
x

!"#%$&'
()*
+, #-/.01"
#.3254!67 8(94!67 :; (
-< %$&>=" < !?A@*B=<C<( 'A
,#"- D
4H (+* " K)< F *.L1&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)B4T,-/B4*z6tB LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB O u l O u4,.B : 3I,.2 " <=W=* F < *CB4<*.L >A34< F , !+*C(
>A*CH4&)W=2S&)BDW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K IE4& :D: # BI, F &)W=2=q
fS34< F *C2?> HM*z6c<=(?LNE4K uM,.B : HM<=(+3I,.H42'<=2+2+<=B$>A&J,.K us>A*X*CK LN*C(t>A34<,.B4&)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)WU, : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CBD&)2
>A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>c6t34&)W@3gH4(+*ziX& : <=28>A34< F *C2?>8< _W=&)<=B$>868, # >A*y,.KG>A<=( >A34< >A34< K)*XW7,.KMW=<=K)K
*C(+&)<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB q\j|,.B # F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : F <=(+<=K # ,.2c, F <7,.B42
>A* F *ziC< >A34< TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2>A*z68,.( : 2>A34<g(+<=TC&)*CB42U>A3I,5>y(+<=R/E4&)(+< 34&)TC3 (+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u\,.B : B4*.>
,.2, F <7,.B42 >A*g,.KG>A<=(t>A34<W=<=K)K *C(+&)<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB q'h'B4K)&)-.<3 F <Y>A34* : 2=us>A34&)2 &)2=u 34*z6c<YiC<=(=u1B4*.>w,.B
&)B434<=(+<=B$>cK)& F &G>@,5>A&)*CBU*.L >A34<'(+< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 2?>A(A,5>A<=T # &G>A2+<=KGL u " Ed> KJ,.(+TC<=K # : E4<t>A*Q>A34<'34<=E4(+&)2
>A&)W'BI,5>AE4(+< *.L >A34< TCE4& : &)B4TUH4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<.q\bc* F_F *CB4K # u$<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB_*.L ,.B <=(+(+*C(c&)B : &)W7,5>A*C(
&)2t,5>+>A< F Hd>A< : 6t34&)W@3|&)2 " ,.2+< : *CBD2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBDTC(A, : &)<=B$>t*C(t2+<=W=*CB :|: <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 ] >A34<QW@34*C&)W=<Q*.L
>A34<Ui.,.(+&J, " K)<LN*C(t>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 &)2 ,.B4*.>A34<=('2+*CE4(+W=<*.L[>A34< , F " &)TCE4&G> # e q'jk<Y>A34* : 2 " ,.2+< :
*CBD2+E4W@3|<=(+(+*C(S<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB >A<=B : >A* W=K)E42?>A<=(8>A*X* F ,.B # B4* : <=2',.(+*CE4B :D: &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 " <=W7,.E42+<y2+E4W@3 <=(+(+*C(&)B : &)W7,5>A*C(+2 : *gB4*.>wW=*CB$iC<=(+TC< >A34<=(+<.u ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< ,.K)K1>A34<
B4* : <=2,.(+< F <7,.B$>'>A* " < F *ziC< : >A*_>A34< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G>A&)<=2t>A* ,.W@34&)<YiC<>A34<<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB q
fS34&)2U2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2U>A3I,5>U6c< , " ,.B : *CB >A34<_<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 u[,.B : 2+<=<=- ,kB4<Y6 ,.H
H4(+*$,.W@3 >A3I,5>Q&)2wB4*.> " ,.2+< : *CB !+E42?>Q>A34<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBai.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB q 9 W=KJ,.2+2w*.L F <Y>A34* : 2=u1W7,.K)K)< :
i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBI,.K F <Y>A34* : 2=u\&)2*CB4<gH4(+* F &)2+&)B4Ta,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 &)B >A34&)2 (+<=2+HM<=WY> P >4u P =du n P/u n u M O u
&)B 6t34&)W@3 B4*.>U*CB4K # , : ,.Hd>A&GiC< W=(+&G>A<=(+&J, " Ed>,.K)2+*DTC(+& : R/EI,.K)&G>A&)<=22+E4W@3 ,.2Q*C(?>A34*CTC*CBI,.K)&G> # *C(
2 F *X*.>A34B4<=2+2'W7,.B " <U&)B4W=*C(+HM*C(A,5>A< : &)B$>A* >A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB uX,.B : B4*.>@, " K # &G>'&)2tW7,.HI, " K)<Q*.L
H4(+* : E4W=&)B4T_, TC(+& : >A3I,5>'&)2t,.K)&)TCB4< : 6t&G>A3|, H4(+<=2+W=(+& " < : iC<=WY>A*C(tOI<=K : n Vu = P qc%'*z6c<YiC<=(=us>A34<
F <Y>A34* : 2t,.(+<wW=E4(+(+<=B$>AK # ,.H4H4K)&)W7, " K)<'>A*y2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : TC(+& : 28*CB4K # 6t34&)W@3DK)& F &G>A2 >A34<QHM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K
*.LP>A34<w>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<.q
rt<=W=<=B$>AK # ud,UB4<Y6 ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3_68,.2cH4(+*CHM*C2+< : "$# rt*X< > m >A3I,5>c2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # H4(+* : E4W=<=2
B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42',.B : >A34<UTC(+& : >@,.&)K)*C(+< : LN*C(S>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=u " ,.2+< : *CBa,_K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBH4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)< 2+& F &)KJ,.( >A* >A34< F *ziX&)B4T OIB4&G>A<c<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q fS34<STC(+& : F *ziC<

1
y
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
&)TCE4(+< n q =do fS,5>A34< <: "$, # : ,.rtHd*X>A< &GiCW 2 < F TC&)B4(+& & : F &[TCZ7,5<=B4>A&)<=*C( B % &)TCE4(+< n q M o1>@fS,.34&)B4< < :2+*CK)Ed2+&>AF &)*CE4BKG>@W=,.*CB4B$<=>A*C*CE4E42+(+K #2a* "$" #
2+W@34< F < > m q
>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B4& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CB q
F <=B$> 34*z6c<YiC<=(_2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # : & <=(+2 LN(+* F >A3I,5> *.L F *ziX&)B4TaOIB4&G>A<g<=K)< F <=B$>A2y&)B >A3I,5> >A34<
F *ziC< F <=B$> : *X<=2 B4*.>yLN*CK)K)*z6 >A34<DH43 # 2+&)W7,.KSHI,5>A3 2+E4W@3 ,.2y>A34<k, : iC<=WY>A&)*CB : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB u ,.B :
(A,5>A34<=(S&G>8&)2SHM<=(+HM<=B : &)W=E4KJ,.(c>A* >A3I,5> : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB uX>A( # &)B4T >A* W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>t>A34<wH43 # 2+&)W7,.K HI,5>A3D*CB
6t34&)W@3D>A34<Q< 4,.WY>'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB428W7,.B " <LN*CE4B : ,5>t2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A< ] % &)TCE4(+<=2 n q =y,.B : n q M e q %'<=(+<=&)B
K)& <=2 >A34< : &)2?>A&)B4WY>A&)*CB " <Y> 6c<=<=Bk>A& F < : <=HM<=B : <=B$>t,.B : 2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<QH4(+* " K)< F 2=q 9 K)&G>+>AK)<'2+E4(
H4(+&)2+&)B4TCK # u\>A34<kTC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> : (+&GiC<=B "$# >A34&)2 2+& F H4K)< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB H4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)< W7,.B " <
2+34*z6tB >A*(+< I<=WY>8L ,.&G>A3dLNE4K)K # >A34< H43 # 2+&)W=28*.L >A34<TC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=o ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # W=(+<
,5>A&)B4T'W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WcTC(+& : 2 LN*C(P3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u$,.B : &)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)W TC(+& : 2=u " Ed>[(+<=2+HM*CB42+&GiC<
>A*_2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G>A&)<=2=uXLN*C(S<=K) &)Hd>A&)W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q80'*.>A<w>A3I,5> , W=* F " &)BI,5>A&)*CBg*.L\,.Bk3 F <Y>A34* : ,.B :
,.B|( F <Y>A34* : B4*z6 F ,.-.<=2 2+<=B42+< " <=W7,.E42+<U>A34< # 3I,7iC<> 6c* : & <=(+<=B$>w,.& F 2',.B : >A(+E4K # W=* F
HM<=B42A,5>A< LN*C(Q<7,.W@3 *.>A34<=;( W 2 : &)2A, : i.,.B$>@,.TC<=2=q 9 K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 >A*D>A34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KM<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42c&)2=uX34*z6c<YiC<=(=uIB4*.>8B4<Y6Qo\&G>8&)2 (+<=KJ,5>A< : >A*OI(+2?> *C( : <=(c2 # 2
>A< F K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2'OIB4&G>A<U<=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2 M >Xu n >du n qt{cEd>'>A34<E4B4&GOIW7,5>A&)*CBD*.L[>A34<Q> 6c*
H4(+*XW=<=2+2+<=2=udW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB *.L B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K42+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42\,.B : ,.B *CHd>A& F [& Z=< : TC(+& : LN*C(\2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<
H4(+* " K)< F 2=u4&)2t,yB4<Y6 & : <7,dud6t34&)W@3 F *.>A&Gi.,5>A< : >A34<Q2?>AE : &)<=2tH4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : &)Bg>A34&)28>A34<=2+&)2=q
> &)2_& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>y>A* B4*.>A<k>A3I,5>_>A34<|2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB E4H : ,5>A<=2 ,.B : >A34<|TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>g,.(+<
: (+&GiC<=B "$# >A34<w2A, F <w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u4& q <.q >A34<=(+<U,.(+<B4* < X>A(A,y<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB428H4(+<=HI,.(+< : 2+HM<=W=&GOIW7,.K)K #
LN*C(1>A34< TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q fS34&)2 F <7,.B421>A3I,5>P>A34< F <Y>A34* : (+<=R/E4&)(+<=2 ,'34&)TC34K # *ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< :
%
0 -1
-0.5
0.5
0
-1
-0.5

0.5
1
x
>
H4(+* " K)< F 6t&G>A3_<=B4*CE4TC3 < X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2c*.L LN(+<=< : * F ,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<c>A* F *ziC<t>A34<'TC(+& : q 9 2 6t&)K)K " <
: &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B bc3I,.Hd>A<=( @u/>A34&)2 &)2 HM*C2+2+& " K)<t&)B > 6c*y,.B : >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u " Ed>8&G> : < F ,.B : 2
>A34<tE42+<'*.L 2+HM<=W=&GOIWS> # HM<=2c*.L W=<=K)K)2[LN*C( W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.KdTC(+& : 2SoP>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2\&)By> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42
,.B : >A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,g&)B >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q %I*C(?>AE4BI,5>A<=K # u1TC(+& : 2wW=* F HM*C2+< : *.L >A34<=2+<_W=<=K)K)2Q,.(+<
iC<=( # I< d& " K)<w&)BgTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CBg*.L[,yTC(+& : LN*C(t,.( " &G>A(A,.( # TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)<=2S,.286c<=K)K1,.2S&)Bk,.KG>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42
2+E4W@3a,.2t(+< F *ziX&)B4T ., :4: &)B4TyB4* : <=2t*C(tW@3I,.B4TC&)B4T W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&GiX&G> # q fS34<=2+< ,.(+<wiC<=( # & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>
&G>A< F 2 LN*C( TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2 LN*C(c,7iC*C& : &)B4T F <=2+3 : &)2?>A*C(?>A&)*CB *.L >A<=B W7,.E42+< : "$# KJ,.(+TC<
F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>'<=2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # &)BDR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K *C(t34< 4,.34< : (A,.K TC(+& : 2=q

$'*, ,

%!$'
Sf 34< >A34<=2+&)2 " <=TC&)B42 6t&G>A3 >A34< TC<=B4<=(A,.K : <=2+W=(+&)Hd>A&)*CB *.LQ>A34< F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : &)B
bc3I,.Hd>A<=( @qwfS34< H4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<*.L\>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|2?>A(A,5>A<=T # &)2 TC&GiC<=B u >A34< W@34*C&)W=< *.L\>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(
,.B : >A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,.K\TC(+& : 2w&)2 !+E42?>A&GOI< : u1>A34<y(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42+34&)Ha6t&G>A3 *.>A34<=( F <Y>A34* : 2w&)2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : u
,.B : >A34< : <Y>@,.&)K)< : ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B>A34<8TC<=B4<=(A,.KX2+<Y>+>A&)B4T4q fS34<cLN*XW=E42[*.LI>A34<c(+<=2?>\*.L
>A34<wW@3I,.Hd>A<=(+2S&)2c>A34<=Bg*CBg6t3I,5>STC(+& : 28,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42cW7,.B " <* " >@,.&)B4< : LN*C(8<7,.W@3DHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(
H4(+* " K)< F 34*z6 >A34< # ,.(+< W=(+<7,5>A< : u4<=2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # >A34< F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F *.L >A34<TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q
Bbc3I,.Hd>A<=( @uz>A34<\K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)21,.H4H4K)&)< : >A*t,8*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K " *CE4B : ,.( #
i.,.K)E4<QH4(+* " K)< F 6t34&)W@3|<=B$>@,.&)K)2', " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=( " <=3I,7iX&)*C(tW7,.K)K)&)B4T LN*C(',.Ba, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<UTC(+& : q
fS34&)2&)2 ,k> # H4&)W7,.Kc2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.LS>A34<g0 ,7iX&)<=( ` >A*C-.<=2 <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u ,.B : *CE4( ,.& F &)2U>A34<=B u ,.K
>A34*CE4TC3 ,5>w, LNE4B : , F <=B$>@,.K K)<YiC<=K uM>A*gTC&GiC< &)B42+&)TC3$>&)B$>A* >A34< H4(+* " K)< F *.L < _W=&)<=B$>AK # (+<=H4(+<
2+<=B$>A&)B4T>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q 9 K)2+*4u/>A34&)2c&)28,.B &)B42?>A(+E4WY>A&GiC<< 4, F H4K)<tLN(+* F 6t34&)W@3
6c<U2+<=<w6t3I,5>'&G> F <7,.B42S>A* &)B4W=K)E : <wTC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2t, F *CB4T >A34<wi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2S,.B : 6t3I,5>S>A34<
K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : ,5>+>A< F Hd>A2U>A* : *4q 9 W=* F_F *CB >A34*CE4TC3$> , " *CEd> , : ,.Hd>A&GiC< TC(+& : 2U&)2
>A3I,5>B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K\2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42,.(+<_W=* F H4Ed>A< : *CB ,.B , : !+E42?>@, " K)<_TC(+& : qg%'<=(+<.u[,kTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K
iX&)<Y6 &)2P>@,.-.<=B >A3I,5>\, B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KX,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBU&)2 W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A< : LN*C(P>A34<c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F ,.B4&GLN*CK :

>A3I,5>w(+<=2+& : <=2Q&)B , 34&)TC34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KP2+HI,.W=<y6t34*C2+< W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2w,.(+< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2
,.B : TC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2=u & q <.q ,.K)K >A34< i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.(+<g(+<=T$,.( : < : ,.2y&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>7q fS34&)2y&)B
>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB H4(+*ziC<=2 >A* " < E42+<YLNE4K >A*aE4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : >A34< B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$> : (+&GiC<=B "$# >A34<
K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q
B > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=uP,.B # HI,.(?>A&J,.K : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K[<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42UW7,.B " < : <=W=* F HM*C2+< : &)B$>A*k,
W=<=(?>@,.&)B B/E F " <=(U*.LS3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W_, : iC<=WY>A&)*CB <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42,.B : <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)Wy2 # 2?>A< F 2 > )n qD{8,.2+< :
*CB >A34&)2 L ,.WY>7u$6c<'W=*CB42+& : <=( 3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W',.B : <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W8H4(+* " K)< F 2 2+<=HI,.(A,5>A<=K # q[fS34< 3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W
HI,.(?>w&)2 >A34<=B >A34<y2+W=*CHM<y*.L8bc3I,.Hd>A<=( q >Q&)2w,.K)2+* B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A* : &)2?>A&)B4TCE4&)2+3aK)&)B4<7,.(,.B :
B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(wH4(+* " K)< F 26t&G>A34&)B >A34<_3 # HM<=( " *CK)& W H4(+* " K)< F 2 " <=W7,.E42+< *.L >A34< : & <=(+<=B$>BI,5>AE4(+<
*.L : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q >_&)2 -/B4*z6tB >A3I,5> >A34<kK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 6c*C(+-/2_6c<=K)K
LN*C(UK)&)B4<7,.(w3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W_H4(+* " K)< F 2 > m Eu > l q 9 2Q6t&)K) " < : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : &)B >A34&)2Q>A34<=2+&)2=uP>A34<
F <Y>A34* : &)2UW7,.HI, " K)<_*.LSW=(+<7,5>A&)B4T|W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W_TC(+& : 2U*CB 6t34&)W@3 < 4,.WY>y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42QW7,.B " <
LN*CE4B : 2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # q >U&)2w2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>w>A34< F <Y>A34* : ,5>+>A< F Hd>A2w>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<U>A34<_,.(+<7,
*.L >A34<UW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K W=<=K)K ] *C(t<=K)< F <=B$> e8H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* , W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WUH4KJ,.B4<.u4>A34<=(+< "$#
2A,5>A&)2?L # &)B4T>A34<wW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42=q\%'<=B4W=<.u46t&G>A3 >A34<w< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2S*.L LN(+<=< : * F uX>A34<
H4(+* " K)< F *.L W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4Tg, : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE422+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBa*CB , W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : " <=W=* F <=2w,
2+& F H4K)<H4(+* " K)< F *.L F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34<yW=<=K)K[,.(+<7, &)Ba>A34<yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W H4KJ,.B4<.q 9 K)2+*g2+34*z6tB
&)2 >A34<HM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # >A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42

# '"$# F <7,.B42 *.L : <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<
<=K)< F <=B$>A2 ] <=K)< F <=B$>A286t&G>A*3 Z=<=(+* H43 # 2+&)W7,.KP,.(+<7,$e q\fS34< F <Y>A34* : 34*z6c<YiC<=('L ,.&)K)28,5>tB4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(
2+34*XW@-/2 6t34<=(+< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W=2 F <=(+TC<.q 9 2 6t&)K)K " < : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B : <Y>@,.&)KI&)B bc3I,.Hd>A<=( u$>A34<
F <Y>A34* : F E42?> " < : <=2+&)TCB4< : >A*kTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< B4*.> ,kW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W F <=2+3 " Ed>y,D2+34*XW@- F <=2+3
,.B : 2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # W=* F H4Ed>A<=22+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42U2A,5>A&)2?L # &)B4T !+E F H (+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42=q < 2+34*z6 >A3I,5> ,
2+34*XW@- 68,7iC<wW7,.B " < W7,.Hd>AE4(+< : iC<=( # <=W=*CB4* F &)W7,.K)K # u/,.B : ,.K)2+*U>A3I,5>8&G> &)28,.W@34&)<YiC< : udW=*CB$>A(A,.( #
>A*y>A34<QE42+EI,.K1H4(A,.WY>A&)W=<.u46t&G>A3DB4* : <=2'(+< F *ziC< : (A,5>A34<=(S>A3I,.Bk, :4: < : q
9 2t, F * : <=K 2 # 2?>A< F LN*C(8<=K)K)& Hd>A&)WtH4(+* " K)< F 2=uX6c<QW=*CB42+& : <=(c>A34<Ub8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4BD<=R/EI,

zn m
>A&)*CB42&)B bc3I,.Hd>A<=( q >Q&)2w2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>w>A34<yK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>w>A* >A34<
xQ,.K)<=(+-/&)B OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : LN*C(t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42t,.B : ,.Bk<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* :
LN*C(_TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q %'<=B4W=<.u8>A34< F <Y>A34* : 2+<=<=-/2D, 2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.L>A34<D> 6c*
F <Y>A34* : 2=q 9 K)2+* 2+34*z6tB &)2 >A34< L ,.WY>y>A3I,5>y>A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> : (+&GiC<=B "$# >A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<
b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B 2 # 2?>A< F &)2y<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> >A* , 6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<
W7,.K)K)< : 2+H4(+&)B4Ty,.BI,.K)*CT # 6t&G>A3_>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB #C,.W=* " &J,.B ,.28,2?>A& B4<=2+2=ud6t34&)W@3g&)B_>AE4(+B & F H4K)&)<=2
>A34< <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=< *.L <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)WQTC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.B : >A34< 2+H4(+&)B4Tg,.BI,.K)*CT # >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<.q >w3I,.2
" <=<=B : &)2+W=*ziC<=(+< : 34*z6c<YiC<=(y>A3I,5>U>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : ,.H4H4K)&)< : >A*aW=* F H4Ed>A< , I*z6
,.(+*CE4B : ,gK)&GL >A&)B4Tg,.&)(?LN*C&)K K)*C2+<=2Q&G>A2Q,.W=W=E4(A,.W # ,.K F *C2?>wW=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # o>A34<_,.W=W=E4(A,.W # &)2Q2+* F <
6t34<=(+< " <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34< Z=<=(+*.>A3 *C( : <=(c,.B : >A34<tOI(+2?>c*C( : <=(=q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 F ,.B # (+<=2+<7,.(+W@34<=(+283I,7iC<
" <=<=B E42+&)B4T|>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : >A*|2+*CKGiC< >A34<Db8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u >A34&)2
H4(+* " K)< F 2+<=< F 2UB4*.>Q>A*k3I,7iC< " <=<=B B4*.>A&)W=< : q 9 : <Y>@,.&)K)< : : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CB *CB >A34&)2wH4(+* " K)< F &)2
TC&GiC<=B u8,.B : , (+< F < : # &)2yH4(+*CHM*C2+< : 2+E " 2+<=R/E4<=B$>AK # q fS34<=B uc>A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2y< X>A<=B : < : >A*
,.W@34&)<YiC<w>A34<w>A34&)( : *C( : <=(S,.W=W=E4(A,.W # uM,.B : 2+34*z6tBk>A* H4(+* : E4W=<wiC<=( # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S,.B :
<YiC<=B F *C(+< 6t34<=B W=*CE4H4K)< : 6t&G>A3 TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q % &)BI,.K)K # u[&G> &)2 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : >A3I,5>_,
W@34<=W@-.<=( " *$,.( : <=(+(+*C( F * : <S>A3I,5>c&)2c,Q> # H4&)W7,.KsH4(+* " K)< F &)B W=<=K)K iC<=(?>A< F <Y>A34* : 2 LN*C( R/EI, : (+&
KJ,5>A<=(A,.KSTC(+& : 2 W7,.B " <k<=K)& F &)BI,5>A< : W=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # "$# >A34<|TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7u8W=(+<7,5>A&)B4T ,
W@34<=W@-.<=( " *$,.( : F * : <_&)B >A34<_TC(+& : &)B42?>A<7, : q 9 B & F HM*C(?>@,.B$> F <=2+2A,.TC<_34<=(+< &)2w>A3I,5> ,kTC(+& :
TC<=B4<=(A,.K)K # " <=K)&)<YiC< : >A* " <QTC*X* : &)2SB4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # TC*X* : I,.B : , TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,.K)K # (+<=T$,.( : < :
,.2 " , : W7,.Bk34<=K)H|,y2+W@34< F <UH4(+* : E4W=<U,y34&)TC34K # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
fS34<g2?>AE : # H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : 34<=(+<g&)2ULNE4B : , F <=B$>@,.K8,.B : "$# B4* F <7,.B42 (+<7, : # LN*C(H4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K
,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42=q > (+< F ,.&)B42 >A* " <t< X>A<=B : < : >A* F *C(+<SW=* F H4K)< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 2+E4W@3 ,.2[>A34<'^\E4K)<=(
,.B : >A34<w0 ,7iX&)<=( ` >A*C-.<=2S<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q 9 >A(+*CE " K)<<=B4W=*CE4B$>A<=(+< : &)B 2+E4W@3k,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42 &)2 >A3I,5>
>A34<cK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2PB4*.>\,.B ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<c2+W@34< F <8*CB>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(1TC(+& : 2=q BL ,.WY>7u #.&J,.B4T
2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2B4*.>'>A* E42+<>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(STC(+& : 2 " ,.2+< : *CBk>A34< ,.(+TCE F <=B$>'>A3I,5>'>A34<H4(+* " K)< F &)2t>A*X*

Cn n
*ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : *CB_>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.([TC(+& : 2 M > q[fS34&)2 2+<=< F 2 B4*.> >A* " < ,wi.,.K)& : ,.(+TCE F <=B$> 2+&)B4W=<.u
6t34<=B|TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> &)2SHM<=( F &G>+>A< : ud>A34<UH4(+* " K)< F &)2S3I,.( : K # ,5>',.K)K *ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : u " Ed>
>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42U,.(+<_2?>A&)K K\HM*X*C(=q < " <=K)&)<YiC<y>A3I,5>U>A34<_(+<7,.K : & _W=E4KG> # &)2Q>A3I,5>Q>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K
&)2B4*.>y,.KG68, # 2y,|TC*X* : F <7,.2+E4(+< *.LS>A34< <=(+(+*C( ,.B : >A3I,5>7u[<YiC<=B &GLt&G>U6c<=(+<.u F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4TD,
6t(+*CB4TyB4*C( F 2?>A&)K KsW=*CE4K : H4(+* : E4W=<HM*X*C(c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q[fS34<-.< # &)2 >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34< : &)2+W=*ziC<=( # *.L
>A34<U(+&)TC3$>t(+<=2+& : EI,.K ,.B : >A34<QB4*C( F q %I*C(t,.K)K >A34<QH4(+* " K)< F 2S6c<U3I,7iC<UW=*CB42+& : <=(+< : 2+* L ,.(=us,.B
,.H4H4(+*CH4(+&J,5>A<wB4*C( F 3I,.2',.WY>AEI,.K)K # " <=<=BDLN*CE4B : q < " <=K)&)<YiC<>A3I,5>t&G>SW7,.B " < : *CB4<wLN*C( F *C(+<
W=* F H4K)< H4(+* " K)< F 2=u ,.B : 6c<D3I,7iC< !+E42?> < F " ,.(+-.< : E4HM*CB >A34<k,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB >A* >A34<D^\E4K)<=(
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q 9 B : >A34<Q<=2+2+<=B4W=<&)2SW=*CB$>@,.&)B4< : &)B >A34&)2S>A34<=2+&)2=q

$'

'*#,
$#+'*,

!$) (+
' $

A> 34&)2wW@3I,.Hd>A<=(=uP>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : "$# rt*X< > m u >A*g6t34&)W@3 6c<
6t&)K)KM(+<YLN<=(S,.2S, K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4TTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : ud&)2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : q ` E4H4HM*C2+<>A3I,5>86c<w2+<=<=,yB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg*.L >A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk&)BD,.B|, " 2?>A(A,.WY>tLN*C( F u
]l qn e
] e m
&)B , : * F ,.&)B *.L &)B$>A<=(+<=2?> *.LM*CB4<.u$> 6c*4u$*C([>A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q < : &GiX& : <c>A34< : * F ,.&)B &)B$>A*Q,
2+<Y> *.L W=<=K)K)2=u4<.q T4q\>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=28&)Bg> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q[fS34<=B us2?>A*C(+&)B4Ty>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S,5>S>A34<
iC<=(?>A&)W=<=28>A3I,5>8LN*C( F >A34<wW=<=K)K)2=u4,.B : ,.2+2+E F &)B4Ty, W=<=(?>@,.&)B i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB *.L1>A34<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A34&)B
<7,.W@3 W=<=K)K us6c< : <YOIB4< >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K u , F <7,.2+E4(+<*.L\>A34< <=(+(+*C( &)Ba2A,5>A&)2?L # &)B4T_>A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u
>A* " <w>A34<Q&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K *.LP>A34<QTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t*ziC<=(S>A34<QW=<=K)K q
] l ql e
"! ] e
6t34&)W@3 : <YOIB4<=2 ,aiC<=WY>A*C( &)B TC<=B4<=(A,.K q f # H4&)W7,.K)K # u\>A34<DB/E F " <=(y*.L (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2y< dW=<=< : 2 >A34<
B/E F " <=(t*.L iC<=(?>A< ki.,.K)E4<=2=u4>A3/E42'K)<7, : &)B4T >A* ,.Bk*ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : H4(+* " K)< F q\fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q>A34<
(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2'W7,.B4B4*.> " < F , : <Q>A*_i.,.B4&)2+3|6t&G>A34&)Bk<YiC<=( # W=<=K)K q <U>A34<=BaW=*CB42+& : <=( 2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34<
nl
B

n=
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t&)Bk,yK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2t2+<=B42+< "$#gF &)B4& F &[Z=&)B4TU2+* F <wLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBI,.K
] l q =$e

ln

6t34<=(+<_>A34<_2+E4HM<=(+2+W=(+&)Hd> ( : <=B4*.>A<=2U>A(A,.B42+HM*C2+< ,.B : &)2U,DHM*C2+&G>A&GiC< : <YOIB4&G>A<_2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W
F ,5>A(+& qwfS34< F ,5>A(+& 3I,.2> 6c*D& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> (+*CK)<=2 OI(+2?>7u1&G>w,.2+2+&)TCB42w(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<6c<=&)TC3$>>A*
>A34< W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2 *.L >A34<'(+<=2+& : EI,.K uX,.B : 2+<=W=*CB : ud&G> 6c<=&)TC3$>A2 >A34< <=(+(+*C(+2 &)B <7,.W@3 W=<=K)Ks(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<
>A* *.>A34<=(+2=q 0'*z6Qu < dH4K)*C&G>A&)B4Tk>A34< L ,.WY> >A3I,5> >A34<gH4(+* " K)< F &)2*ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : u & F H4K # &)B4T
< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2S*.L LN(+<=< : * F ,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<.u/rt*X<'H4(+*CHM*C2+< : >A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<8>A34< B4*C( F 6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>
>A* B4*.>_*CB4K # >A34<kB4* : ,.KS2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 " Ed> ,.K)2+* >A34<kB4* : ,.KSW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 2 uc2A, # "$# >A34<
2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4< > m u
] l qM e

] l Qq PCe
2

2
6t34<=(+< a: <=B4*.>A<=2_>A34<kW@3I,.B4TC< F , : <g>A* B4* : ,.KSR/EI,.B$>A&G>A&)<=2ku8,.B : ,.B :
,.(+<D2 F ,.K)K
W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=q_fS3/E42Q>A34< TC(+& : &)2wB4*z6 2+<Y>&)B F *.>A&)*CB q fS34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2U,.(+<y* " >@,.&)B4< : 2+& F H4K #
"$# >@,.-/&)B4T >A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<*.L 6t&G>A3g(+<=2+HM<=WY>t>A* >A34<B4* : ,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg,.B : >A34<wW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<.u
<7,.W@3 *.LM6t34&)W@3_&)2\>A34<t2+E F *.L >A<=( F 2 ,.(+&)2+&)B4TLN(+* F <7,.W@3 *.LM>A34<t2+<Y>c*.L W=<=K)K)2 >A3I,5> 2+3I,.(+<
>A3I,5>tB4* : <.q fS3/E42

]l q e

] l q Ce

2
2
6t34<=(+<>A34< F ,5>A(+& 3I,.2 " <=<=B ,.2+2+E F < : >A* " <ULN(+Y* Z=<=B q 0'*.>A<Q>A3I,5>'>A34&)2 &)2', 2+W@34< F <*.L
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg> # HM< > M u > l u = $n >A3I,5>'W7,.B " <UW=* : < : &)Bk, iC<=( # 2+& F H4K)< 68, # q Ba, K)*X*CHD*ziC<=(
<=K)< F <=B$>A2=u\6c<g<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K LN*C( <7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$>7u ,.B : >A34<=B : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< &G>>A*
>A34< B4* : <=2 LN*C( F &)B4T >A3I,5>W=<=K)K 6t&G>A3|>A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB|W=*X< _W=&)<=B$> ] *C( F ,5>A(+& Ie !%#"$ '& u
1

C1
AB
AB
C1
B
@
C1
BD
AB
AB
C1
nNM
>A3/E42 ,.W=W=E F E4KJ,5>A&)B4Tg>A34<_W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB LN(+* F >A34<_2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4TkW=<=K)K)2QLN*C(Q<7,.W@3 B4* : < ,.2U&)B
] l q eS,.B : ] l q Ce qcfS34<B4* : ,.K12+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk,.B : >A34<UW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<QW7,.BD>A34<=B " <UE4H : ,5>A< : "$# >A34<
W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB42ST$,5>A34<=(+< : ,5>S>A3I,5>'B4* : <.q
fS34&)2 2+& F H4K)< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB 2?>A(A,5>A<=T # W=(+<7,5>A< : ,aB4<Y6 ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 >A* F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>
F <Y>A34* : 2=u\& q <.q : (+&GiC<=B B4*.> "$# 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB42 " Ed> "$# B4*CB$i.,.B4&)2+34&)B4Ta(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=q B
*.>A34<=(6c*C( : 2=uP&G>w&)2 " ,.2+< : B4*.>Q*CB >A34< BI,5>AE4(+<y*.L >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB " Ed>

q fS34&)2 &)2y>A34<DH4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)< *.L >A34<DK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : q h'B4K)&)-.<
*.>A34<=( F *ziX&)B4T F <=2+3D>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2=u &)Bg>A34&)2',.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 uI>A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>'W7,.B " <U2+34*z6tB
>A* " < (+<=2+HM*CB42+&GiC<yL ,.&G>A3dLNE4K)K # >A* >A34< H43 # 2+&)W=2Q*.L >A34<yTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4Tg<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q%'*z6c<YiC<=(=u1>A34<
W@34*C&)W=< *.L8R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<_LN*C( ,.B : >A34< 6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4T F ,5>A(+& ,.(+< " *.>A3 2+E " >AK)<_&)2+2+E4<=2y,.2
6t&)K)K " < : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B : <Y>@,.&)K)2S&)B >A34<Q(+<=2?> *.LP>A34<w>A34<=2+&)2=q

$'
$" ' .

$' (+
9 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=u/>A34<QB/E F " <=(S*.L (+<=2+& : EI,.K)28&)2SB4*.>',.KG68, # 2S<=R/EI,.K >A*y>A34<wB/E F " <=(
*.L E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=q B *.>A34<=( 6c*C( : 2=u >A34<DB/E F " <=(y*.L <=K)< F <=B$>A2y&)2yB4*.> ,.KG68, # 2 <=R/EI,.K8>A*a>A34<
B/E F " <=(Q*.LcB4* : <=2=q ` HM<=W=&GOIW7,.K)K # u1&)B *C( : <=(w>A* F *ziC<y>A34< TC(+& : u 6c< B4<=< : < X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2U*.L
LN(+<=< : * F u F <7,.B4&)B4Tg>A3I,5>U>A34< B/E F " <=(*.L8<=K)< F <=B$>A2 F E42?>< dW=<=< : >A34< B/E F " <=(U*.LSB4* : <=2=q
fS34&)2Q&)2Q34*z6c<YiC<=(B4*.>,.KG68, # 2UHM*C2+2+& " K)<.q %I*C(w< 4, F H4K)<.u *CB ,D*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : 6t&G>A3
W=<=K)K)2t,.B : iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 ] *C(SB4* : <=2@e u46c<U3I,7iC<U* " iX&)*CE42+K #
] l q >$e

n
` E4H4HM*C2+< >A3I,5>6c< 6t&)2+3 >A*g2+*CKGiC< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3 E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=q fS34<=B u 6c<
3I,7iC< (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2t,.B : E4B4-/B4*z6tB42'6t34&)W@3|,.(+<w(+<=KJ,5>A< : "$#
] l qO e

nP
6t34<=(+< ] l q >$eU3I,.2 " <=<=B E42+< : q fS34&)2 2+34*z6t2y>A3I,5>6c< : * B4*.>y3I,7iC<D,.B # < X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2y*.L
LN(+<=< : * F >A* F *ziC<y>A34<yTC(+& : " <=W7,.E42+<y>A34<yB/E F " <=(Q*.L E4B4-/B4*z6tB42U< dW=<=< : 2U>A34<yB/E F " <=(w*.L
(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=q Z ,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(+K # u &GL86c<g&)B4W=K)E : <_>A34< HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB *.Lt>A34< iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 ,.2 E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=u 6c<
3I,7iC<
] n e ] n e
] l q nzm e
(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T ,_34&)TC34K # E4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : H4(+* " K)< F q > &)2S>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A* &)B$>A(+* : E4W=<
, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB428>A* F *ziC<w>A34<QTC(+& : q <Q2+3I,.K)K : &)2+W=E42+2t>A34&)2S&)Bg>A34<QB4< X> W@3I,.Hd>A<=(=q
B > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u1>A34<=(+<_,.(+< F ,.B # HM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G>A&)<=2 " <=W7,.E42+< >A34<=(+<_< d&)2?>,gi.,.(+&)<Y> # *.L
W@34*C&)W=<=2\LN*C([>A34<8> # HM<t*.L W=<=K)K)2=q < " <=TC&)By6t&G>A3 ^\E4K)<=;( W 2\LN*C( F E4KJ,'6t34&)W@3_(+<=KJ,5>A<=2[>A34<SB/E F " <=(
*.LPiC<=(?>A&)W=<=
2 \uI< : TC<=2 ,.B : L ,.W=<=2 *.L[,yW=* F HI,.WY>t2+E4(?L ,.W=< : &)2+2+<=WY>A< : "$# HM*CK # TC*CB42=o
] l q nCn e

l
` E4H4HM*C2+< >A3I,5> 6c< 3I,7iC< TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : , W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K'TC(+& : ,.(+*CE4B : * " !+<=WY>A2 6t34&)W@3
< X>A<=B : 2S>A*y,OIB4&G>A< : &)2?>@,.B4W=<LN(+* F >A34<w* " !+<=WY>A2=q fS34<=Bg6c<w3I,7iC<.u4B4*.>A&)B4T>A3I,5>8>A34<*CEd>A2+& : <
*.LP>A34<QTC(+& : &)2t,.K)2+* ,yL ,.W=<.u
]l qn l e
] n e
6t34<=(+< a&)2c>A34<wB/E F " <=(S*.LPW=<=K)K)28&)B >A34<wTC(+& : q ` E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4T >A34&)28&)B$>A* ] l q nCn e uX6c<w* " >@,.&)B
^\E4K)<=;( W 2SLN*C( F E4KJ,LN*C(SW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : 2S&)B > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u
] l q n =$e
] n e
BD>A34<Q*.>A34<=(S3I,.B : u4iX&)2+&G>A&)B4T >A34<QW=<=K)K)2t,.B : F ,.(+-/&)B4Ty< : TC<=2=u46c<U* " >@,.&)B
] l q Nn M e
l &

C 3 *<

';$& %!,
/
++-B@*(3(

D& !- %

(

"+ %<D -/@ A
&( ,(
<(3@ 4 +"
D
6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<Q>A34<B/E F " <=(+2*.L\< : TC<=2 &)Bk>A34<&)B$>A<=(+&)*C(',.B : *CBk>A34< " *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2
*.L >A34<wTC(+& : (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # us,.B : &w&)2c>A34<wB/E F " <=(S*.L < : TC<=2S*.LP6t34&)W@3D<7,.W@3DHM*CK # TC*CBI,.K W=<=K)K &)2
W=* F HM*C2+< : q ^\K)& F &)BI,5>A&)B4T LN(+* F ] l q n =$ec,.B : ] l q nNM e ud6c<U3I,7iC<
] l q n PCe
l l ] l & e l ] n e
<Y>7uI2+&)B4W=< u46c<U* " >@,.&)B
] & l e l l ] n e
]l qn e
6t34&)W@3 &)2c,QLN*C( F E4KJ,wE42+<YLNE4KM&)B (+<=KJ,5>A&)B4Tw>A34< B/E F " <=(c*.L1W=<=K)K)2\>A*U>A34< B/E F " <=(c*.L iC<=(?>A&)W=<=28*CB
, > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : q %I*C(S&)B42?>@,.B4W=<.uI*CBk, R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K TC(+& : ] & M e u46c<Q3I,7iC<
] l q n Ce
l l l ] n e
6t34&)W@3 2+34*z6t2D>A3I,5>D>A34< B/E F " <=(k*.L(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2D&)2k,.K F *C2?> >A34< 2A, F < ,.2g>A34< B/E F " <=(D*.L
E4B4-/B4*z6tB42 " <=W7,.E42+<6c<Q3I,7iC<> # H4&)W7,.K) # q\fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uI&GL 6c<w&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<
>A34<B4* : ,.K W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2',.2, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=u 6c<U6t&)K)13I,7iC<>A* &)B$>A(+* : E4W=<, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S,.286c<=K)KM>A* F *ziC<>A34<TC(+& : q B >A34<w*.>A34<=(83I,.B : u4*CBD,>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( TC(+& : ] & =$e u
6c<U3I,7iC<
] l q n >$e
l l ] n e
6t34&)W@3 2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<=(+< ,.(+< ,.K F *C2?> > 6t&)W=< ,.2 F ,.B # >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 ,.2 >A34<|iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q fS34<
< dW=<=2+2k*.LQ>A34< B/E F " <=(D*.LU(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u'34*z6c<YiC<=(=u : <=HM<=B : 2k*CB >A34< H4(+* " K)< F 6c<a6t&)2+3 >A*
2+*CKGiC<.q ` E4H4HM*C2+<U6c<6t&)2+3|>A* 2+*CKGiC< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42'LN*C( E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=qfS34<=B uM>A34<
B/E F " <=(t*.L < X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2'*.LPLN(+<=< : * F ,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)< &)2tTC&GiC<=B "$#

l l ] n e ] e l ] n e ] l q #n O e
:

!B$&B -"!- ( A

!(
=
( <(
+)A ? * ' # - %*;*D 'D#A

' < D#- ;
; 2 : #
' < ; ( 2 8 +(
", D
n
B|> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=us>A34< B/E F " <=( *.L E4B4-/B4*z6tB42LN*C('>A34<TC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 &)2'> 6c* ] Ye
,5>_<7,.W@3 iC<=(?>A< q%'<=B4W=<.u86c<kB4<=< : l < X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2 *.LLN(+<=< : * F ,5>_K)<7,.2?>7q bcK)<7,.(+K # u
>A34&)2&)2HM*C2+2+& " K)< *CB4K # LN*C( l qQfS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u1>A34<yH4(+* " K)< F 6t&)K)K " <6c<=K)K[*ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< :
LN*C(,.B # <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42< dW=<=Hd>LN*C( 2+W7,.KJ,.('*CB4<=2 ] n e "q %I*C('2+W7,.KJ,.( <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=uM>A34<H4(+* " K)< F
6t&)K)K " < E4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : <YiC<=B6t&G>A3 F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>7q {cEd>D,5>g>A34< 2A, F <|>A& F <k>A34&)2
& F H4K)&)<=2 >A34<QHM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # >A3I,5>t(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2SW=*CE4K : " < F , : <>A*yi.,.B4&)2+3 q >S>AE4(+B42'*CEd>S>A3I,5>S>A34<
F <Y>A34* : 6c*C(+-/2U6c<=K)K[LN*C(Q2+W7,.KJ,.(Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42w6t&G>A34*CEd>, :4: &)B4Tk< X>A(A,k<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q %I*C(w>A34<=2+<
(+<7,.2+*CB42=u ,.B : ,.K)2+* LN*C( &G>A2TC(+<7,5> I< d& " &)K)&G> # &)B TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.26c<=K)K[,.2&)B K)*XW7,.KPHM*C&)B$>
&)B42+<=(?>A&)*CB 5(+< F *zi.,.K[>A3I,5>&)2U,Di.,.K)EI, " K)< *CHd>A&)*CB >A*k>A34< F *ziX&)B4TkTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : uP6c< W@34*X*C2+<
>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(cTC(+& : 28LN*C(8>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q
Bw>A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u ,.T$,.&)B 6c< 3I,7iC< ^\E4K)<=;( W 2 LN*C( F E4KJ, LN*C(1,.B # W=* F HI,.WY> >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K
* " !+<=WY> : &)2+2+<=WY>A< : "$# HM*CK # 34< : (A,du
] l q l.m e

m
6t34<=(+< [u[,.B : ,.(+<y>A34< B/E F " <=(+2U*.LciC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=u[< : TC<=2=uPL ,.W=<=2=u[,.B : W=<=K)K)2Q(+<=2+HM<=W
>A&GiC<=K # q ` & F &)KJ,.(+K # >A*D>A34< l V W7,.2+<.u (+<=H4KJ,.W=&)B4T "$# ] n e2+*|>A3I,5> B4*z6
: <=B4*.>A<=2t>A34<QB/E F " <=(t*.L W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K W=<=K)K)2=ud6c<Q3I,7iC<
] l q lXn e

] n e
LN*C(8,.B # >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KMW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.KsTC(+& : 2=q B >A34<*.>A34<=(c3I,.B : udiX&)2+&G>A&)B4TU>A34<W=<=K)K)2
,.B : F ,.(+-/&)B4T L ,.W=<=2=u46c<U* " >@,.&)B
] l q lCl e
l
6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<'>A34<'B/E F " <=(+28*.L L ,.W=<=2c&)B >A34< &)B$>A<=(+&)*C( ,.B : " *CE4B : ,.( # *.L >A34< TC(+& :
(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # u ,.B : &)2S>A34<UB/E F " <=('*.L L ,.W=<=2'*.L 6t34&)W@3|<7,.W@3aW=<=K)K1W=* F HM*C2+< : q8^\K)& F &)BI,5>A&)B4T
LN(+* F ] l q lXn e8,.B : ] l q lCl e ud6c<Q* " >@,.&)B
] l q l =$e
l l ] l e l ] n e

7B B

n>
%I*C( 2+E4(?L ,.W=< TC(+& : 21*.LX&)B4B4<=( ,.B : *CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2 6t34&)W@3U,.(+< " *.>A3U,.2+2+E F < : >A* " <\W=* F HI,.WY>
> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E4(?L ,.W=<.uI6c<Q3I,7iC<
] l q 9l M e
l
] l q l PCe
l &
6t34<=(+< &&)2 : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : "$# >A34< > # HM<*.L <=K)< F <=B$>A28< F H4K)* # < : >A* : &GiX& : <'>A34<2+E4(?L ,.W=< ] & =
LN*C(>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=u & M LN*C(wR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K)2=u <Y>AWze q ^\K)& F &)BI,5>A&)B4T LN(+* F >A34<=2+<_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u
6c<UTC<Y>
]& l e l ] l e
] l ql e
0'*z6QuI2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4T ] l q 9l M ec&)B$>A* ] l q l =$e >A* <=K)& F &)BI,5>A< u46c<QTC<Y>
] l q l Ce
l l ] l e M l ] n e
LN(+* F 6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <Q<=K)& F &)BI,5>A< : "$# E42+&)B4T ] l q l e >A* # &)<=K :
] l e l l & l l ] l e l ] n e ] l q l >$e
h'BdLN*C(?>AE4BI,5>A<=K # u/>A34<=(+<&)2cB4*TC<=B4<=(A,.KMLN*C( F E4KJ,w>A3I,5> : <Y>A<=( F &)B4<=2c< dH4K)&)W=&G>AK # LN*C(c,TC&GiC<=B
&)B|>A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u < dW=<=Hd>QLN*C(, 2+& F H4K)<U2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : TC(+& : q %I*C(, 2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : TC(+& :
W=* F HM*C2+< : *.LQ34< 4,.34< : (A, ] ,.B : & M e u86t&G>A34*CEd> ,.B # TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)Wk2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G>A&)<=2=u
iX&)2+&G>A&)B4T >A34<Q&)B$>A<=(+BI,.K < : TC<=2 ,.B : F ,.(+-/&)B4T iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=uI6c<U* " >@,.&)B
] l ql O e
l
fS34<=B uI>A34<wLN*C( F E4KJ, ] l q l >$e " <=W=* F <=2
] l q= m e
M M l ] n e l ] n e
6t34&)W@3 2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<=(+<D,.(+<gB4*.> <=B4*CE4TC3 : <=TC(+<=<=2 *.LtLN(+<=< : * F >A* F *ziC< >A34<gTC(+& : q B
>A34<y*.>A34<=(3I,.B : u1W=*CB42+& : <=(w, TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# >A34&)234< 4,.34< : (A,.K[TC(+& : "$# : &GiX& : &)B4T <7,.W@3

#n O
34< 4,.34< : (+*CB|&)B$>A*&Py*C( >A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A, 6t&G>A34*CEd>t&)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KMiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q <w>A34<=B
3I,7iC<4P*C( >A& F <=28,.2 F ,.B # >A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A, ,.28>A34<iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 " <=W7,.E42+<w>A34<wB/E F " <=(S*.L iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2
(+< F ,.&)B42Q&)B$>@,.WY>7q L86c<_3I,7iC< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K\<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42Q6t&G>A3 E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=u >A34<_< dW=<=2+2 *.L
>A34<QB/E F " <=(t*.L (+<=2+& : EI,.K)286t&)K)K " <
] l q= n e

M *C( P
fS34&)2[2+34*z6t2[>A3I,5>[6c<83I,7iC<S<=B4*CE4TC3 : <=TC(+<=<=2\*.LILN(+<=< : * F >A* F *ziC<c>A34<8TC(+& : <YiC<=ByLN*C([,2+W7,.KJ,.(
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB ] n e 2+&)B4W=< 6c< 6t&)2+3U>A*'&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<\>A34(+<=< E4B4-/B4*z6tB42[,5>P<7,.W@3iC<=(?>A< ] =e q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uX>A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,.K TC(+& : 2c,.(+<t>A34< W7,.B : & : ,5>A<=2 LN*C( >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)B_>A34(+<=<
: & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q ` & F &)KJ,.(+K # >A*g>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.('TC(+& : 2&)Ba> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u >A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,.K[TC(+& : 2* <=(
,.Ba<7,.2+<6t&G>A3|B4* : <&)B42+<=(?>A&)*CB 5(+< F *zi.,.KP,.B : TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W I< d& " &)K)&G> # LN*C('TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB us6t34&)W@3
K)<7, : 2>A*D>A34<yW=*CB4W=K)E42+&)*CB >A3I,5>Q>A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,.K\TC(+& : 2Q,.(+<y2+E4&G>@, " K)< LN*C(wK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T
TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : 2=q

7B B B

$'
$" ' .

$'
+ /
Sf 34< W@34*C&)W=<_*.L8>A34< B4*C( F &)2U*.L8TC(+<7,5> & F HM*C(?>@,.B4W=< >A*|>A34<_K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q >
&)2c>A34< F ,5>A(+& a>A3I,5>S<=B : *z6t2tH4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=28>A* >A34<w(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+W@34< F <U,.B : ,.K)2+*
>A* >A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>w*.L\>A34<TC(+& : q B4< & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>'(+*CK)<U*.L\>A34< F ,5>A(+& D&)2'>A* 2+W7,.K)< : & <=(+<=B$>
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42_&)B , 2 # 2?>A< F *.Lw<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=qbc*CB42+& : <=( ` >A*C-.<=;2 Wc<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 >A3I,5> TC*ziC<=(+B 2+K)*z6
F *.>A&)*CB428*.L IE4& : 2t&)Bg> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q
] l q= l e

& m

] l q =Y=$e

& m
] l q= M e

m

.l m
fP* ,.H4H4K # >A34<DK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u\6c<D&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< iC*C(?>A&)W=&G> # ,.2 ,.B , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K E4B
-/B4*z6tBk>A* (+< : E4W=<Q>A34<Q2 # 2?>A< F &)B$>A* ,yOI(+2?> *C( : <=(S2 # 2?>A< F q
] l q = PCe

'% m
'
m
] l q= e

m

m
9 2+2+E F &)B4Tw*CB ,'>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(PTC(+& : >A3I,5> ,.K)K/>A34<8i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 i.,.( # K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)B <7,.W@3y>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<
6c< : <YOIB4<w>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K ,.2t&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K)28*.LP>A34<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
] l q = Ce

6t34<=(+<>A34<UW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2 < dH4(+<=2+2+< : "$# E4H4HM<=( W7,.2+<K)<Y>+>A<=(+2 : <=B4*.>A<>A34<U&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K1i.,.K)E4<=2'*.L
>A34<K)*z6c<=( W7,.2+<wW=*CE4B$>A<=(+HI,.(?>A2S*ziC<=(8>A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< Uu4,.B : >A34<w2+E4HM<=(+2+W=(+&)Hd > ( : <=B4*.>A<=28>A(A,.B42
HM*C2+<.q >6c*CE4K : " < (+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<_>A*|6c<=&)TC3$>>A34< OI(+2?>> 6c* W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2<=R/EI,.K)K # u[,.B : >A34<
2+<=W=*CB : *CB4<=2U,.K)2+*4u " Ed>Q>A34< HI,.&)(+22+34*CE4K : " < : &)2?>A&)B4TCE4&)2+34< : LN(+* F <7,.W@3 *.>A34<=(w*CB : & F <=B
2+&)*CBI,.K\TC(+*CE4B : 2=q rt*X< 2+E4TCTC<=2?>A< : " ,.2+< : *CB ,D2+& F H4K)< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K\,.BI,.K # 2+&)2 > m >A3I,5>Q6c<
2+<Y>
n m m m
m n m m
]

l q =Y>$e
m
mm
mm m
6t34<=(+< &)2t,.B|,.( " &G>A(A,.( # W=*CB42?>@,.B$>7uI2+* >A3I,5>S>A34<QB4*C( F &)286t(+&G>+>A<=BDW=* F HI,.WY>AK #
] l q= O e
ln
&

fS34&)2w&)2Q, : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*C(+(+<=WY>QB4*C( F q E4(wB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K[< dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2Q2+34*z6c< : >A3I,5>>A34<
F <Y>A34* : H4(+* : E4W=< : ,yW=*C(+(+<=WY>'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg6t&G>A3g>A34&)2SB4*C( F u " Ed>t>A3I,5>t6t(+*CB4T_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB428W=*CE4K :
" < LN*CE4B : 6t&G>A3 *.>A34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # &)B4W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>yB4*C( F 2=q V& F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB

>

:
:
:

Xl n
2+34*CE4K : " <_W7,.(+<YLNE4K)K # TC&GiC<=B &)B : <YOIB4&)B4TD>A34<_B4*C( F LN*C(U,D2 # 2?>A< F *.L8<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q fS34<_& F
HM*C(?>@,.B4W=<Q*.LP6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4TyLN*C(SK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 2t3I,.2 " <=<=BkHM*C&)B$>A< : *CEd> "$# <=&G>A*CE4B

nzmCm ,.B : ,.K)2+* "$# b8,.(+< #
lX)n q
9 B4*.>A34<=(w& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CBa&)2w, iC*CK)E F <U6c<=&)TC3$>7q bc*CB42+& : <=( >A34<yB4*C( F *.L\>A34<
LN*C( F

] l q M$m e

ln

6t34<=(+<8&G>P3I,.2 " <=<=By,.2+2+E F < : >A3I,5> : *X<=2 B4*.> W=*CB$>@,.&)B , F *CB4T'&G>A2 ,.(+TCE F <=B$>A2=q > F , #
" <HM<=(+W=<=&GiC< : LN(+* F ] l q M$m e8>A3I,5> F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T>A34&)2t6t&G>A3|(+<=2+HM<=WY>>A*_>A34<TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2'W=*CE4K :
&)B$iC*CKGiC< F , d& F [& Z=&)B4T_>A34< iC*CK)E F < qyfS34&)2w>AE4(+B42Q*CEd>w>A* " <y>A(+E4<
u >A34&)2w* <=(+2
, F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F LN*C('<=K)& F &)BI,5>A&)B4Ty2 F ,.K)K1W=<=K)K1iC*CK)E F <=2=q Ba2+H4&G>A<U*.L\>A34&)2tL ,7iC*C(A, " K)<UH4(+*CHM<=(?> # u
>A34<QB4*C( F 6t&G>A34*CEd>S>A34<wiC*CK)E F <6c<=&)TC3$>t6t&)K)K " <=W=* F <Q& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>8&)BD2+* F <wW7,.2+<=2=q
] l q M4n e

ln

<S6t&)K)KdE42+EI,.K)K # (+<YLN<=([>A* ] l q M$m e[,.2\>A34<S6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F u/,.B : >A* ] l q M4n e[,.2[>A34<tE4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< :
B4*C( F qy0'*.>A< >A3I,5>w>A34< E4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F 6t&)K)K (+< F ,.&)BaHM*C2+&G>A&GiC< 6t3I,5>A<YiC<=(U3I,.H4HM<=B42 >A34<
F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB H4(+*XW=<=< : 2=q jk<=2+3 >@,.B4TCK)&)B4T4uP6t34&)W@3 &)2 ,.KG68, # 2y,aW=*CB4W=<=(+B LN*C( ,.B # F *ziX&)B4T
F <=2+3 ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F uM6t&)K)K B4<YiC<=( " < B4*.>A&)W=< : E4B4K)<=2+2U*CB4<_,.WY>AEI,.K)K # K)*X*C-/2Q,5>w>A34< F <=2+3 q fS34&)2
> # HM< *.LcB4*C( F u ,.KG>A34*CE4TC3a6t&G>A3 2+E4W@3 , : &)2A, : i.,.B$>@,.TC<.u &)2B4*.>w6t&G>A34*CEd>Q&G>A2Q, : i.,.B$>@,.TC<=2U,.2
6c<U2+3I,.K)K : &)2+W=E42+2'&)B >A34<QW@3I,.Hd>A<=(tLN*C(S<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W H4(+* " K)< F 2S&)B > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q
1

'% # "!$,

$
'*+
/ '*+ #&%

$'/ '*,

9 2 L ,.(\,.2P>A34<82+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : &)2[W=*CB4W=<=(+B4< : uC>A34< F <Y>A34* : " <=K)*CB4TC2P>A*Q, W=KJ,.2+2[*.LsK)<7,.2?>

2+R/EI,.(+<=2OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2 M >du nzm$l u n >du n 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : "$# >A34< F ,5>A(+& " <=W7,.E42+<
6c<UW7,.Bg6t(+&G>A<w>A34<QB4*C( F ,.2
] l q M/l e
ln !

1
lCl
6t34<=(+<U>A34<&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K &)2',.K)K1*ziC<=('>A34< : * F ,.&)B us,.B : &)2', : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<UiC<=(+2+&)*CBa*.L >A34< : & <=(
<=B$>A&J,.KP<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 6c< 6t&)2+3a>A* 2+*CKGiC<.u 6t34&)W@3 &)2,.B ,.KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC< : <YOIB4&G>A&)*CB|*.L >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K u
> # H4&)W7,.K)K # : <YOIB4< : "$#
] l q M =$e
] e
6t34<=(+< &)2g,.B,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<|(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB *.LQ>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q L, H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB 6t&G>A3 >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(<=K)< F <=B$>A2U&)2UW@34*C2+<=B LN*C( ,.B : F *C(+<=*ziC<=(U>A34<_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42,.(+<
K)&)B4<7,.(S,.B : OI(+2?> *C( : <=(=uI&G> " <=W=* F <=2t<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>S>A* q fS3/E42t6c<wOIB : (+<7, : &)K #
nl !
ln
] l q MYM e

>SW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2SH4(+<=W=&)2+<=K # 6t&G>A3 >A34< 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F q[fS34< F <Y>A34* : 2S,.(+< >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<(+<=KJ,5>A< :
iC<=( # W=K)*C2+<=K # >A* *CB4<Q,.B4*.>A34<=(=q {cEd>S>A34< # W7,.B " < : & <=(+<=B$>tLN*C(8B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(8H4(+* " K)< F 286t34<=(+<
: & <=(+<=B$>w-/&)B : 2*.L K)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB42 F , #k" < < F H4K)* # < : q 9 2HM*C&)B$>A< : *CEd><7,.(+K)&)<=(=uM34*z6c<YiC<=(=u
>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 2t,.(+<w2+<=K : * F E42+< : LN*C(8>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(cTC(+& : 2 " <=W7,.E42+<w>A34< # ,.(+<wB4*.>
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<t*CB_2+E4W@3 TC(+& : 2=q[{cEd>c,.T$,.&)B 6c<'< F H43I,.2+[& Z=<S>A3I,5>\>A34&)2\&)2 B4*.> " <=W7,.E42+<t>A34<tH4(+* " K)< F
&)2t*ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : LN*C(t>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=u4LN*C(S6t34<=BaTC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>&)2t&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : us>A34<UH4(+* " K)< F
&)2'2+W7,.(+W=<=K # *ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : u " Ed> >A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42',.(+<2?>A&)K)K HM*X*C(=q > &)2'2+& F H4K # u46c< " <=K)&)<YiC<.u
" <=W7,.E42+<Q6c< : * B4*.> F &)B4& F [& Z=<'>A34<Q(+&)TC3$>tR/EI,.B$>A&G> # q
^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42',.(+<Q,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : 6t&G>A3DW=<=K)K)2c6t34&)K)<E4B4-/B4*z6tB42,.(+<Q,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : 6t&G>A3giC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q
0'E F <=(+&)W7,.KP2+W@34< F <=2>A3I,5>w< F H4K)* # >A34&)22?>A(A,5>A<=T #|" <=K)*CB4T >A* >A34< W=KJ,.2+2*.L F <Y>A34* : 2W7,.K)K)< :
W=<=K) iC<=(?>A< F <Y>A34* : 2 l /u >A3I,5>U&)B4W=K)E : <=2Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 2+W@34< F <=2 ] IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB
2+H4K)&G>+>A&)B4T 2+W@34< F <=2@e > M u =du >du = )n uw,.B : >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q B W=<=K)K iC<=(?>A<
F <Y>A34* : 2=ut&G> &)2 W=* F_F *CB >A3I,5> >A34<aB/E F " <=( *.LQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 &)2 B4*.>D,.KG68, # 2 <=R/EI,.K'>A* >A34<
B/E F " <=(Q*.L E4B4-/B4*z6tB42 ,.2w2+34*z6tB &)Ba>A34< KJ,.2?>w2+<=WY>A&)*CB u16t34&)W@3 &)2w*.L >A<=B W7,.K)K)< : ,gW=*CE4B$>A&)B4T
H4(+* " K)< F q_fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u &)B42?>A<7, : *.L F ,.-/&)B4Tg>A34<_(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2i.,.B4&)2+3 &)B : &GiX& : EI,.K)K # uM>A34<_< *C(?>
3I,.2 " <=<=B H4Ed> *CB F ,.-/&)B4Ta2+* F < 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : 2+E F *.L'>A34< F i.,.B4&)2+3 ,5>y<7,.W@3 iC<=(?>A< q fS34<

l=
3
3C
1C
)& TCE4(+< l q n o rt<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CBk,y>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>

W@34*C&)W=<|*.L >A34<k6c<=&)TC3$> &)2 >A34<kW=<=B$>A(A,.K 2+E " !+<=WY>g*.L >A34<|W=<=K)K iC<=(?>A< F <Y>A34* : 2=uS,.B : &G> 3I,.2
" <=<=Bg< X>A<=B42+&GiC<=K # : < " ,5>A< : = n u =Xu > q B >A34<K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 2=uX>A34<'6c<=&)TC3$>S&)2 >A34<
: <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC< *.Lt>A34< B4*C( F 6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>y>A* ,aB4* : ,.Kc2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u\,.B : &G>A2 H4(+*CHM<=(?> # &)2 TC&GiC<=B
>A34(+*CE4TC3D>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2t,.B : >A34<QB4*C( F q
9 2 , : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 2+W@34< F <.uS>A34<|K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : W7,.B " <|W=* : < : ,.2 , 2+& F H4K)<
: *CE " K)< K)*X*CHDH4(+*XW=<=2+2=oSK)*X*CHk*ziC<=( >A34<<=K)< F <=B$>A2'W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T >A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.B :a: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A<
>A34< F >A*Q>A34<'B4* : <=2=ud,.B : >A34<=B K)*X*CH *ziC<=( >A34<tB4* : <=2cE4H : ,5>A&)B4Tw>A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.B : >A34<'TC(+& :
HM*C&)B$>A2 "$# >A34< , F *CE4B$>U,.W=W=E F E4KJ,5>A< : &)B >A34<_H4(+<YiX&)*CE42Q<=K)< F <=B$>UK)*X*CH qyfS34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB
H4(+*XW=<=2+2 &)BU> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42P&)2 : <=H4&)WY>A< : &)B % &)TCE4(+< l q n u56t34&)W@3 &)2P,t> # H4&)W7,.K/H4&)WY>AE4(+< LN*CE4B : &)B
>A34<cK)&G>A<=(A,5>AE4(+< *CB>A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBU2+W@34< F <=2=uC6t34<=(+< 4&)2 >A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBUW=*X< _W=&)<=B$> >A3I,5>
: <Y>A<=( F &)B4<=2\>A34<tLN(A,.WY>A&)*CB *.L >A34<'(+<=2+& : EI,.KI2+<=B$> >A*,QHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(\B4* : <.q B >A34<'K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
F <Y>A34* : 6t&G>A3g>A34<QE4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F ud6c<U3I,7iC<

] l q M PCe

,.B : 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C(8>A34<QTC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<

] l qM e
2
9 L >A<=([>A34<t<=K)< F <=B$> K)*X*CH u.6c<tW=* F H4K)<Y>A<c>A34<tW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB *.LM>A34<tTC(A, : &)<=B$>A2 ] l q e ,.B : ] l q Ce
,5>\<7,.W@3yB4* : <.u/,.B : >A34<82+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBy,.B : >A34<8TC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<cW7,.B " <8E4H : ,5>A< : "$# E42+&)B4T>A34<=2+<
2

9l M
TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2 F ,.-/&)B4T ,yK)*X*CHg*ziC<=(t>A34<QB4* : <.q 0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>S6c<U3I,7iC<Q> # H4&)W7,.K)K #
] l q M Ce
m

LN*C(S(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2SK)&)B4<7,.(+&[Z=< : &)Bg>A34<QW=<=K)K u42+* >A3I,5>S>A34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T 2+W@34< F <Q6t&)K)K " <QW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<.u
,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 B4*.>_&)B >A34<kE42+EI,.Kt2+<=B42+<.ut,.B : LN*C(y>A34<DTC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A< >A34&)2 F <7,.B42y>A3I,5> >A34<
W=<=B$>A(+*C& : *.LP>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$> : *X<=2tB4*.> F *ziC<.q

9 : 6
/
% '/
'!" # "!

Sf 34<2+& F H4K)<=2?> F <Y>A34* : >A* F &)B4& F &[Z=<8>A34<'B4*C( F 6c*CE4K : " < ,2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* : q
fS34<QW@3I,.B4TC<=2 F , : <>A* iC<=(?>A< >A3I,5> F &)B4& F &[Z=<t>A34<6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F ] l q M$m ec,.(+<QTC&GiC<=B "$#

] l q M >$e
.

%
LN*C(8>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB iC<=WY>A*C(=uM,.B :

AB
2B

C1
C 2 1 B
AB

AB

2

AB

2

2
] l qM O e
LN*C( >A34<yHM*C2+&G>A&)*CBkiC<=WY>A*C(Q*.L >A34<iC<=(?>A< u 6t34<=(+< ,.B :
_,.(+< 2 F ,.K)KPW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=u _&)2
, TC(+*CE4H *.L W=<=K)K)2 >A3I,5>Q2+3I,.(+< >A34< iC<=(?>A< Iu1,.B : &G>w3I,.2 " <=<=B ,.2+2+E F < : >A3I,5>>A34< B4*C( F &)2
: <YOIB4< : "$# ] l q M$m e8,.B : >A3I,5>
&)28LN(+*YZ=<=B : E4(+&)B4Ty>A34< F &)B4& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CB q >'&)2S& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>8>A*
(+< F < F " <=(Q>A3I,5>U6t34<=B >@,.-/&)B4TD>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<_*.L8>A34<_(+<=2+& : EI,.K u[,.B # W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2 : <=(+&GiC< :
LN(+* F B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(+&G> # 2+34*CE4K : " < LN(+*YZ=<=B u.2+*'>A3I,5>P6c< : <7,.K$6t&G>A3,'K)&)B4<7,.(1H4(+* " K)< F 6t&G>A3(+<=2+HM<=WY>
>A* >A34<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_i.,.K)E4<=2S,5>S<7,.W@3k&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB 2?>A<=H M > q <B4*.>A<w&)B HI,.2+2+&)B4T >A3I,5>8>A34<wW@3I,.B4TC<
&)B 2 3I,.2_,.B , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K >A<=( F uc,.B : >A3I,5>y>A34&)2 >A<=( F &)2y&)B >A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB *.L &)B4W=(+<7,.2+&)B4T
W=<=K)IiC*CK)E F <=2\6t&G>A3 KJ,.(+TC<=([6c<=&)TC3$>A2cTC&GiC<=B_>A*2 F ,.K)K)<=([W=<=K)K)2=u$>A3/E42cW=(+<7,5>A&)B4T, F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F "$#
6t34&)W@3kW=<=K)K)2SW7,.BkW=* F HM<Y>A<LN*C(8iC*CK)E F <.q
> &)26c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB >A3I,5> >A34<g2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2yiC<=( # 2+K)*z6tK # q B4<
(+<7,.2+*CB &)2&G>A2 : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K\&)B4W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B4W # $q %I*C(U&)B42?>@,.B4W=<.u[&)B ] l q M O e u &G>&)2U2+<=<=B >A3I,5>U>A34<
B
=@

BD
lP
(+&)TC3$> 3I,.B : 2+& : < : *X<=2 B4*.> 3I,7iC<t>A34< : & F <=B42+&)*CBy*.L K)<=B4T.>A3 6t34&)K)<c>A34<tK)<YL > 3I,.B : 2+& : <tW=K)<7,.(+K #
: *X<=2=q fS34<DE42+<k*.L0'<Y6S>A*CBSW 2 F <Y>A34* : W=E4(+<=2y>A34&)2 : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.Kc&)B4W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B4W # ,.B : ,.K)2+*
2+HM<=< : 2'E4HD>A34<wW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q8{cEd>'&)B42?>A<7, : *.L &)B$iC<=(?>A&)B4Ty>A34<Q%'<=2+2+&J,.B F ,5>A(+& ] >A34<Q2+<=W=*CB :
: <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<*.L >A34<QB4*C( F e uX6c< F , # E42+<Q*CB4K # >A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.KM<=K)< F <=B$>A28LN*C(82+& F H4K)&)W=&G> # 6t34&)W@3
F ,.-.<=2y>A34<k&)B$iC<=(+2+&)*CB < X>A(+< F <=K # 2+& F H4K)<.q %'<=B4W=<k<7,.W@3 W@3I,.B4TC<D6t&)K)K " < : &GiX& : < : "$# >A34<
2+<=W=*CB : : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<k*.Lw>A34<aB4*C( F 6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY> >A* >A34<aW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T i.,.(+&J, " K)<.q %I*C( ,
W=* F HM*CB4<=B$> '*.'L u46c<Q3I,7iC<

] l Qq P m e

,.B : LN*C(t,yW=* F HM*CB4<=B$.> *.L 2 u

] l Qq P n e
.

6t34<=(+<

n
] l Qq P l e

n
] l Qq P =$e

l

" 2+<=(?iC<Q>A3I,5>t>A34<w<=R/EI,.K)&G>A&)<=2 ] l Qq P m ec,.B : ] l Qq P n e8,.(+<wB4*z6 : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>7q 9 B
*.>A34<=( 68, # >A*& F H4(+*ziC< >A34<8W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<t&)2P>A*Q,.H4H4K # 2+<=R/E4<=B$>A&J,.K4E4H : ,5>A<=2[2+E4W@3_,.2\,wxQ,.E42+2
` <=& : <=K > # HM< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB Odn q ` &)B4W=<_>A34&)2 F ,.-.<=2U>A34< TC(+& : HM<=(?>AE4( " ,5>A&)*CB W=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # K)*XW7,.K u
&G>wH4(+*ziX& : <=2w>A34<y*CH4HM*C(?>AE4B4&G> # >A*DW=*CB$>A(+*CK >A34< F <=2+3 i.,.K)& : &G> # ,5>Q<7,.W@3 &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB u 6t34&)W@3 &)2
,.WY>AEI,.K)K # ,gE42+EI,.K H4(A,.WY>A&)W=< LN*C(Qp ,.H4KJ,.W=&J,.B 2 F *X*.>A34&)B4T >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2ULN*C(wE4B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : TC(+& :
TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : 2=qtfS3I,5>&)2t>A* 2A, # uM6c<W@34<=W@-su " <YLN*C(+<Q6c<y,.WY>AEI,.K)K #gF *ziC<U>A34<B4* : <.uM&GL
>A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>U*.Lc,gB4* : <yW=(+<7,5>A<=2 F <=2+3 LN*CK : &)B4T4u ,.B : &GL &G> : *X<=2=u1(+< !+<=WY>Q>A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>7q
h'H$6t&)B : (+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB H4(+*CHM*C2+< : "$# {8,.&)B4<=2S,.B : p1<7,.( # PYPdu &)28,.B4*.>A34<=(8< <=WY>A&GiC<w2?>A(A,5>A<=T #
>A*a,.W=W=<=K)<=(A,5>A<_>A34< W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=< 6t34<=(+<g, F *CB4TD>A34< 2+<Y> *.LSW=<=K)K)2 D*CB4K # >A34*C2+< &)B >A34<

7B
AB
7B
7B
C1
7B
7B
B:
: 1
B:
: 1
B:
7B
B:
7B
: 1
: 1
7B
C1
7B
7B
7B
7B
BD
l
E4H$6t&)B : 2+& : <'W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A<'>A*U>A34< E4H : ,5>A<=28,5>cB4* : <Iq B >A34&)2 >A34<=2+&)2=uX34*z6c<YiC<=(=u46c<'6t&)K)KIB4*.>
W=*CB42+& : <=( >A34&)2PE4H$6t&)B : 2?>A(A,5>A<=T # u$,.B : E42+<8*CB4K # >A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K/2+W7,.K)&)B4T,.B : >A34<txQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=K
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : , " *ziC<.u/LN*XW=E42+&)B4T*CB 6t3I,5>c6c< W7,.B ,.W@34&)<YiC< (A,5>A34<=( >A3I,.B 34*z6 L ,.2?> 6c<
W7,.BkTC<Y>S>A34<=(+<.q
` * L ,.(=u &G> 3I,.2 " <=<=B & F H4K)&)W=&G>AK # ,.2+2+E F < : >A3I,5>y>A34<kTC(+& : W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&GiX&G> # &)2yH4(+<=2+<=(?iC< : u
" Ed> >A34< &)B4&G>A&J,.KdW=*CB4B4<=WY>A&GiX&G> # F &)TC3$> B4*.> " <'2A,5>A&)2?L ,.WY>A*C( # q[fS34<'OIBI,.K F <=2+3_6c*CE4K : 2?>A(+*CB4TCK #
: <=HM<=B : *CB >A34<&)B4&G>A&J,.K4TC(+& : 2+&)B4W=<B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$>S&)2cK)& F &G>A< : "$# >A34<'O d< : W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&GiX&G> # q
B >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(\TC(+& : 2=u/>A34<=(+< &)2c,U2+& F H4K)<S68, # >A*W@3I,.B4TC< >A34< W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&GiX&G> # W7,.K)K)< :_: &J,.TC*CBI,.K
2?68,.H4H4&)B4T4oa, 6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB >A(+&)W@- E42+< : >A* W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>gV<=KJ,.E4BI, # >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB42 O q fS34&)2
>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<tW7,.B " <S<7,.2+&)K # &)B4W=*C(+HM*C(A,5>A< : &)B$>A*>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBQ2+W@34< F <.u$>A3I,5> &)2=u.LN*C(\,wHI,.&)(
*.Ls, : !A,.W=<=B$> >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=21>A3I,5>PLN*C( F 2P,'R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K uz>A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K$&)2P(+<=H4KJ,.W=< : 6t34<=B4<YiC<=( >A34<
*.>A34<=('6c*CE4K : (+< : E4W=<>A34<B4*C( F ] % &)TCE4(+< l q l e q {cEd>&G>'&)2'B4*.>w,.KG68, # 2 HM*C2+2+& " K)<U&)B|TC<=B4<=(A,.K q
9 HI,.&)(t*.L >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 F , # < d&)2?>A2t>A3I,5>tLN*C( F , W=*CB4W7,7iC<R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K1,.2'2+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+<
l q =dq B|2+E4W@3 ,_W7,.2+<.uM2?68,.H4H4&)B4T_>A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K 6t&)K)K1&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<w> 6c* *ziC<=(+KJ,.H4H4&)B4T >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=q
fP*D,7iC*C& : >A34&)22+&G>AEI,5>A&)*CB uM&G> F E42?> " < W@34<=W@-.< : 6t34<Y>A34<=(>A34< 2?68,.H4H4&)B4Tg&)2'LN<7,.2+& " K)<*C( B4*.>
LN*C(<7,.W@3 : &J,.TC*CBI,.KP&)B W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB qfS34<yW@34<=W@- W7,.B " < F , : < "$# W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T >A34< ,.(+<7,
*.L <7,.W@3g>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<W=(+<7,5>A< : "$# >A34<Q< : TC<w2?68,.H4H4&)B4T4o &GLP<=&G>A34<=(S*CB4<w3I,.2t,yB4<=T$,5>A&GiC<Q,.(+<7,dud>A34<
2?68,.H4H4&)B4Tk&)2wB4*.>QLN<7,.2+& " K)<.q 9 2,gTC<=B4<=(A,.K\H4(+*XW=< : E4(+<.u 6c< OI(+2?>2+<7,.(+W@3 LN*C(>A34< W7,.B : & : ,5>A<
< : TC<=2 "$# W@34<=W@-/&)B4TQ>A34<SLN<7,.2+& " &)K)&G> # ,.B : >A34<=B_W=* F HI,.(+&)B4T >A34<S2+E F *.L EW 2\*.LM> 6c*w>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2
>A3I,5> 2+3I,.(+< ,.B < : TC<t6t&G>A3y>A3I,5> *.L >A34<t*.>A34<=( HM*C2+2+& " K)<SHI,.&)([*.LM>A34<t>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=qPfS34<=B u/6c<'H4Ed>
>A34< F &)B *C( : <=(8*.L KJ,.(+TC<'(+< : E4WY>A&)*CBg*.L1>A34<B4*C( F ,.B : 2?>@,.(?>c>A34<2?68,.H4H4&)B4Ty&)B >A34< F * : &GOI< :
*C( : <=(=u.LN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T'fP*CE4(+&)TCB # ,.B : %'E4K)2+< F ,.B4B6t34* : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : , F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F LN*C(
2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(t<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W'<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S&)B >A34<wLN*C( F *.L i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBI,.K F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB Odn q %'*z6c<YiC<=(
<YiC<=( # >A& F <6c<U2?68,.H|*CB4< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K uX>A34<Q(+<=2?> *.L >A34<Q< : TC<=2'&)Bg>A34<UK)&)2?> F &)TC3$> # &)<=K : KJ,.(+TC<=(
B4*C( F 2t&GLP>A34<U< : TC<=2,.(+<Q&)BD>A34<UB4<=&)TC3 " *C(+34*X* : *.L >A34<,.K)(+<7, : # 2?68,.H4HM< : < : TC<.q8fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<

l

4
2
&)TCE4(+< l q =do 6t9 34&)W@HI3 ,.&): ( &J,.TC*.*CL BI,.>AK4(+&J2?,.68B4,.TCH4K)<=H42 &)B4T LN*C&)(2

0K)&)B4 < f;&)B LN:<7,.&)W72+,5& " >A<=K)<.2 q>AfS3434< < ,.: KG>A,.<=2+(+34BI< , :
>A&G> &G#iC<'*.>ALP3I>A,534>c<QiXTC&)(+*C& KJ: ,5q>A<=2 >A34< i.,.K)& :
&G>_&)2_B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A* W@34<=W@- >A34<k< <=WY>A&GiC<=B4<=2+2g*.L >A34<|2?68,.H4H4&)B4T ,.T$,.&)B " <YLN*C(+<|,.B < : TC<k&)2
,.WY>AEI,.K)K # 2?68,.H4HM< : q$ B >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=uPL ,.W=< 2?68,.H4H4&)B4TaW7,.B " < Ed>A&)K)[& Z=< : &)B ,k2+& F &)KJ,.(
F ,.B4B4<=( O q
fS34< I< d& " &)K)&G> # *.LX>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(1,.B : >A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,.K/TC(+& : 2 F ,.-.<=2 &G> <7,.2 # >A*t&)B42+<=(?>P*C( (+< F *ziC<
B4* : <=2=qwfS34&)2 &)2,.K)2+* &)B4W=*C(+HM*C(A,5>A< : &)B$>A* >A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB 2+W@34< F <y<7,.2+&)K # , KJ,.(+TC<B4*C( F
F *.>A&Gi.,5>A<=2gB4* : < &)B42+<=(?>A&)*CB , 2 F ,.K)KB4*C( F!F *.>A&Gi.,5>A<=2gB4* : < (+< F *zi.,.K q B>A34&)2g>A34<=2+&)2=u
B4* : < &)B42+<=(?>A&)*CBa6t&)K)K B4*.> " <yW=*CB42+& : <=(+< : " <=W7,.E42+<y>A34< &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>U34<=(+<_&)2>A*D2+<=< 34*z6 F E4W@3
>A34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|W7,.B " < & F H4(+*ziC< : "$# TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> &G> &)2R/E4&G>A< * " iX&)*CE42 >A3I,5>
, :4: &)B4T F *C(+<B4* : <=2w& F H4(+*ziC<=2 >A34<y,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q{cEd>w&G> " <=W=* F <=2B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A*g& F H4K)< F <=B$>
B4* : < (+< F *zi.,.K1>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<y&)Ba2+* F <W7,.2+<=2=u ,.B : &G>'>AE4(+B4< : *CEd> >A3I,5>B4* : <(+< F *zi.,.KP2+& F H4K #
" ,.2+< : *CB|>A34< B4*C( F (+< : E4WY>A&)*CB : & : B4*.> 6c*C(+-k6c<=K)K qfS34&)2&)2+2+E4<6t&)K)K " <y, :4: (+<=2+2+< : 6t34<=B
6c< : &)2+W=E42+2t3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)Ww<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S>A3I,5>t&)B$iC*CKGiC<=2 : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
%
&)TCE4(+< l q l o 6t9 34&)W@HI3 ,.&): ( &J,.TC*.*CL BI,.>AKI(+&J2?,.68B4,.TCH4K)<=H42 &)B4T LN*C&)(2

LN&)B<7,.: 2+&)&W7" ,5K)>A<.<=q 28>AfS34<U34< ,.KG>A: <=,.(+2+BI34,5< >A: &GiC<.K)&q B4<

A> 34&)2UW@3I,.Hd>A<=(=uP6c< : <=2+W=(+& " <_>A34<_K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4TDTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : LN*C(U,D2+& F H4K)<
" *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<_H4(+* " K)< F q >&)2 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : >A3I,5>&)B *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB &)B4W=K)E : &)B4TkTC(+& :
HM*C&)B$>A2g,.2DE4B4-/B4*z6tB42|,.KG68, # 2g(+<=2+E4KG>A2D,.B E4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : H4(+* " K)< F uS>A3/E42DK)<7, : &)B4T >A*
B4*CB/E4B4&)R/E4<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=u " Ed>',.K)2+*>A3I,5>t<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.L , W=<=(?>@,.&)BDR/EI,.B$>A&G> # ud6t34&)W@3kH4(+*
iX& : <=2t, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.Ks<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u # &)<=K : 2c2A,5>A&)2?L ,.WY>A*C( # 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 LN*C(c>A34<H4(+* " K)< F q LPHI,.(?>A&)W=E
KJ,.(t&)B$>A<=(+<=2?> &)2 ,_TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CBk*.L[>A34<UK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : o >A34< F <Y>A34* :
,5>+>A< F Hd>A2 >A* W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>U, B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K[,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBD>A*D, TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KP* " !+<=WY>>A3I,5>w(+<=H
(+<=2+<=B$>A2U>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q < : &)2+W=E42+2QiX&J,gTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K\,.BI,.K)*CT # 6t3I,5>U&G> F <7,.B42w>A*D&)B4W=K)E : <
>A34<QB4* : <QHM*C2+&G>A&)*CB42S, F *CB4T >A34<wi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q
B
$'

'*#,

$#+'*,
' $
. +
+ '*+ $,
$
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=('*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u

m

6t&G>A3
'%
] =dq n e
]m e m ]n e n
] =dq l e
6t34&)W@3a68,.2H4(+*CHM*C2+< : "$# %I(+&)< : (+&)W@342 O M ,.2w, F * : <=K *.L\>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=( F * F <=B$>AE F
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42w6t&G>A3 (+*CE4TC3 (+<=2+< F " KJ,.B4W=<=2=u
6t34<=(+< &)2w>A34<_rt< # B4*CK : 2QB/E F " <=(,.B :
l>

lO
] n e F * : <=K)&)B4T>A34<QH4(+<=2+2+E4(+<UTC(A, : &)<=B$>7q\fS34<U< 4,.WY>'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] 4e ] n e nn ]] n ee
] =dq =$e
fS34&)22+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|< d34& " &G>A2, 2+<YiC<=(+<y>A(A,.B42+&G>A&)*CB|(+<=TC&)*CB|B4<7,.( m 6t34*C2+< 6t& : >A3a&)2 H4(+*CHM*C(
>A&)*CBI,.K/>A* q E4([< dHM<=WY>@,5>A&)*CB LN*C( >A34<8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2 >A3I,5>\&G> 6t&)K)KX,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K #
F *ziC< >A34<_B4* : <=2U*.LS,DW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K[TC(+& : &)B$>A*D>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(QLN*C( " <Y>+>A<=(U(+<=2+*CK)E
>A&)*CB qQfP*D,.H4H4K # >A34<yK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u 6c< OI(+2?>QB4<=< : >A*g(+< : E4W=< >A34<y<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBa>A*D,
OI(+2?> *C( : <=(t2 # 2?>A< F "$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T ,.2',.Bk, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K E4B4-/B4*z6tB q <w>A3/E42'3I,7iC<
] =dq M e
m

]
m
=dQq PCe

< " <=TC&)B "$# : &GiX& : &)B4T >A34< : * F ,.&)B m n &)B$>A*D,g2+<Y> *.Lc<=K)< F <=B$>A2 ] 2+<=T F <=B$>A2@e
<7,.W@3 *.L 6t34&)W@3 &)2 : <YOIB4< : "$# > 6c*DW=*CB42+<=W=Ed>A&GiC<_B4* : <=2 : <=B4*.>A< : "$# ,.B : 6t34<=(+< &)2
>A34<B4* : <W=K)*C2+<=( >A* m q &G>A34&)B <7,.W@3g<=K)< F <=B$>7u4,.2+2+E F &)B4T>A3I,5> k,.B : i.,.( # K)&)B4<7,.(+K # u
6c< : <YOIB4<w>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2',.2S&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K i.,.K)E4<=2t*.LP>A34<U, " *ziC<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t*ziC<=(t>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$>7q
] =dq e

] =dq Ce

6t34<=(+< &)28>A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<Q*.L " <Y> 6c<=<=B|>A34<Q(+&)TC3$>t,.B : K)<YL >tB4* : <=2=o sus,.B :
: <=B4*.>A<=2, i.,.K)E4<Q*.L ,5>t>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>t*.L >A34<< : TC< _qt0'*z6QuM* " 2+<=(?iC<U>A3I,5>'>A34<UB/E F " <=(
*.LPE4B4-/B4*z6tB42'&)2 = ,.B : >A34<QB/E F " <=(S*.LP(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2S&)2 l 6t34<=(+< &)28>A34<wB/E F " <=(S*.L
B4* : <=2 ,.B : &)2S>A34<UB/E F " <=( *.L[<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q8fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<U>A34<=(+< ,.(+< F *C(+<QE4B4-/B4*z6tB42 >A3I,.B
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q B L ,.WY>7u >A34&)2U&)2U,Di.,.K)& : TC<=B4<=(A,.K 2?>@,5>A< F <=B$>&)B *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB ,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< :
&)B bc3I,.Hd>A<="( @q ` E4H4HM*C2+<>A34<=(+<y,.(+< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42'LN*C( : <=HM<=B : <=B$>wi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q
fS34<=B ud&)B4W=K)E : &)B4TQTC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2c,.2c, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KIE4B4-/B4*z6tB42=ud>A34<'< dW=<=2+2S*.L >A34< E4B4-/B4*z6tB42

@ D

=m
" <=W=* F <

%I*C(S*CB4< : & F

] n e
<=B42+&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : uX6c<U3I,7iC<

] =dq >$e

n q\fS3/E42
] =dq O e
>ULN*CK)K)*z6t2wLN(+* F >A34&)2Q>A3I,5>U>A34<_H4(+* " K)< F &)2U,.KG68, # 2E4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F )& B4< : &GLc>A34<_TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2
,.(+<Q&)B4W=K)E : < : , F *CB4T >A34<wi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q Bk*CE4(tW7,.2+<.u l u
] =dq nzm e

l
xw&GiX&)B4T>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=uX6t34&)W@3|,.(+< M W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=o ] 4e ] m m e8,.B : ] 4e
] n n e uI,.B : 6t(+&G>A&)B4T >A34<QB/E F " <=(t*.L &)B$>A<=(+&)*C(8iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 ud6c<U* " >@,.&)B
] =dq nCn e

fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w>A34<wH4(+* " K)< F &)28E4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : "$# W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=uX6t34&)W@3D&)B >AE4(+BD& F H4K)&)<=2
>A3I,5>U>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 6t&)K)K\B4*.> " <_E4B4&)R/E4<.qk{cEd>y,5>U>A34<_2A, F <_>A& F <.u1>A34&)2U2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2>A3I,5> ,.B
< X>A(A, W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB F , #k" <& F HM*C2+< : *CB|>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk*C('>A34< TC(+& : ,5> <7,.W@3aiC<=(?>A< qwfS34&)2 &)2
: &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)Bk,yKJ,5>A<=(S2+<=WY>A&)*CB q
fS34<B4< X>2?>A<=Ha&)2S>A* : <YOIB4<U>A34<UB4*C( F >A* " < F &)B4& F [& Z=< : q fS34<W@34*C&)W=<*.L >A34<UB4*C( F &)2
>A34<UW=<=B$>A(A,.K 2+E " !+<=WY>*.L >A34<UK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : us,.B : W7,.B|TC(+<7,5>AK # , <=WY>t>A34<U(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q fS34&)2 F <7,.B42_W=*CB$iC<=(+2+<=K # >A3I,5> *CB4< F &)TC3$>_,.& F LN*C(_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3 , : <=2+&)(+< :
H4(+*CHM<=(?> #D"$# : <YOIB4&)B4T , 2+E4&G>@, " K)<QB4*C( F q <Q6t&)K)K (+<Y>AE4(+Bk>A* >A34&)2tHM*C&)B$>'&)BkKJ,5>A<=(S2+<=WY>A&)*CB42=q
BD>A34&)2S2?>AE : # uI6c< : <YOIB4<w>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F q
nl
] =dq n l e

#
#
fS34<y6c<=&)TC3$> n 3I,.2 " <=<=B &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : &)B *C( : <=(w>A*DHM<=BI,.K)[& Z=< 2 F ,.K)K W=<=K)K)2=u ,.B : 34<=B4W=<
>A<=B : 2t>A* H4(+<YiC<=B$> LN(+* F " <=W=* F &)B4TyB4<=T$,5>A&GiC<Q*C( Z=<=(+*4uI*.>A34<=(?6t&)2+< ] 4ec,.B : ] 4e 6t&)K)K

=n
1
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
10
10
20
&)TCE4(+< =dq n o fSW=*C34B4<_B4<=B/WYE >AF < : <=(+"$&)W7# ,.K[K)&),.B4B<y: 2+<=>AT 34F <y<=< B$4>A,.2WY>U,.B 2+:*CK)Ed: >A*.&)>+*C>AB4< 2: LNW=*CE4( (?iC<=,.2B (+: <=2+HM<=&)WYB >A:&GiC&)<=W7K,5# >Aq < : g"$&)#B : W=&)&)W7(+,5W=>AK)<=<=22
>A34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.K ,.B : >A34<wOIBI,.K1HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB428*.LP>A34<QB4* : <=2=q
" <=W=* F < F E4KG>A& i.,.K)E4< : qP0'*z6QuX>A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 " <=&)B4TB4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(=u$>A34< B4*C( F &)2cB4*.>c&)B TC<=B4<=(A,.K
R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W &)B >A34< E4B4-/B4*z6tB42 &)B4W=K)E : &)B4T MqafS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<g2+* F < &G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC< 2+W@34< F < F E42?> " <
< F H4K)* # < : >A*_W7,.(+( # *CEd>'>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB q fS34<2+& F H4K)<=2?> F <Y>A34* : 6c*CE4K : " <,_2?>A<=<=HM<=2?>
: <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* : q
] =dq n =$e
) ) ! )
6t34<=(+< ) ] e ,.B : !t&)2c,UHM*C2+&G>A&GiC<'W=*CB42?>@,.B$>c6t34&)W@3 6c<W7,.K)Ks,U(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB L ,.WY>A*C(=q
B *C( : <=( >A* 2+<=<D34*z6 >A34&)2y2+& F H4K)< F <Y>A34* : 6c*C(+-/2=uc6c<DH4(+<=2+<=B$> , LN<Y6 (+<=2+E4KG>A2 34<=(+<.q B
W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T,.K)Kd>A34< (+<=2+E4KG>A2 34<=(+<.uX6c< E42+< : >A34<'2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$>8>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<'6t&G>A3 , xQ,.E42+2
` <=& : <=K1> # HM<UH4(+*XW=< : E4(+< ,.B : , : &J,.TC*CBI,.K 2+W7,.K)&)B4T_,.2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)Babc3I,.Hd>A<=( @q % &)TCE4(+< =dq n
2+34*z6t2y>A34<DK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 * " >@,.&)B4< : *CB ,aO d< : TC(+& : *.L'<=&)TC3$>y<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q fS34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<t*C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A*C( # &)B >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=( " <=W7,.E42+< *.L >A34< KJ,.W@- *.L (+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q 9 B :
F *ziX&)B4T >A34<kTC(+& : : *X<=2_B4*.>_& F H4(+*ziC<g>A34<k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,5> ,.K)K " <=W7,.E42+<k>A34<k(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 3I,7iC<
,.K)(+<7, : # " <=<=B : (+&GiC<=B >A
* Z=<=(+* ] >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=22+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42Q*CB ,gO d< : TC(+& : &)2QE4B4&)R/E4<ze q
B *.>A34<=(6c*C( : 2=u\>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB H4(+* " K)< F 6t&G>A3 TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>y&)234&)TC34K # E4B : <=( : <
>A<=( F &)B4< : uM,.B : >A34<B4*C( F : *X<=2 3I,7iC<y,.B|E4B : <=2+&)(+< : F &)B4& F E F q ` 34*z6tBa&)$B % &)TCE4(+<=2 =dq l &)2
,.B4*.>A34<=(2+<Y>QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 * " >@,.&)B4< : LN(+* F &)B4&G>A&J,.K12+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.B : >A3I,5>Q,.(+<
u

7B
C1
B B
0.5
0.5
=l
0
0
0.5
0
10
10
20
&)TCE4(+< =dq l o fSW=*C34B4<_B4<=B/WYE >AF < : <=(+"$&)W7# ,.K[K)&),.B4B<y: 2+<=>AT 34F <y<=< B$4>A,.2WY>U,.B 2+:*CK)Ed: >A*.&)>+*C>AB4< 2: LNW=*CE4( (?iC<=,.2B (+: <=2+HM<=&)WYB >A:&GiC&)<=W7K,5# >Aq < : g"$&)#B : W=&)&)W7(+,5W=>AK)<=<=22
" *.>A3 K)&)B4<7,.( " <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34< > 6c* " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<=2 m ,.B : n q fS34< F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : LN*C(
= $l &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42[6t&G>A3 >A34<'(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CByL ,.WY>A*C( n m q[fS34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.(+< F E4W@3 " <Y>+>A<=( >A3I,.B >A34<
H4(+<YiX&)*CE42 *CB4<=2=q > &)2\2+<=<=B_>A3I,5> 2+* F <SiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B F *ziC< : &)B$>A*w>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(
(+<=TC&)*CB uC>A34<=(+< "$# 2+E4H4H4(+<=2+2+&)B4TU>A34<'*C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A&)*CB>A3I,5> 6c*CE4K : 3I,7iC< " <=<=B W=(+<7,5>A< : *CB >A34<tO d< :
TC(+& : q[{cEd>c,5> >A34<'2A, F <S>A& F <8>A34&)2\H4(+*ziC<=2 >A34<'B4*CB/E4B4&)R/E4<=B4<=2+28*.LM>A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_,.2\6c<=K)K o >A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 : <=HM<=B : 34&)TC34K # *CBk>A34<&)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=&q % &)TCE4(+< =dq =_2+34*z6t22+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S6t&G>A3 M
<=K)< F <=B$>A2=uP* " >@,.&)B4< : LN(+* F >A34<_2A, F < K)&)B4<7,.(&)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q < LN*CE4B : < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>@,.K)K #
>A3I,5>t>A34<U(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CBgL ,.WY>A*C( F E42?> " <Q(+< : E4W=< : ,.2t>A34<QB/E F " <=('*.L[<=K)< F <=B$>A2'&)B4W=(+<7,.2+<.uM,.B :
>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<8>A34<S(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CBL ,.WY>A*C( 68,.2 2+<Y> m &)B >A34&)2[W7,.2+<S6t34&)W@3 (+<=2+E4KG>A< : YO = &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42
LN*C(wW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q >U&)2w2+<=<=B &)B >A34<yOITCE4(+<y>A3I,5>Q>A34< F <Y>A34* : : *X<=2QB4*.> F *ziC<y>A34< B4* : <=2
: <=<=H4K # <=B4*CE4TC3g&)B$>A*U>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=( 6t34&)K)<'H4KJ,.W=&)B4T F ,.B # E4B4B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # B4* : <=2c&)B_>A34<
K)&)B4<7,.(HM*C(?>A&)*CB qUfS34< <=(+(+*C(=u : <YOIB4< : "$# ]

Ge u *.L ] 4e
&)2 O q YO ^ m M 6t34&)K)<y>A34< <=(+(+*C(U*.L8>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *CB >A34<_O d< : TC(+& : *.Lc>A34<_2A, F <_2+[& Z=<_&)2
n q m P.^ m =dqtfS34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk3I,.2B4*.> " <=<=B & F H4(+*ziC< : iC<=( #|F E4W@3 q 9 K)2+* W=*CB42+& : <=(
&)B4Tg>A34< L ,.WY>Q>A3I,5>U>A34<_<=(+(+*C(wLN*C(w>A34<_W7,.2+<_*.L >D< : TC<=2U&)2U,.K)(+<7, : # M q > O ^ m =du16c< 2+<=< >A3I,5>
>A34<W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=< >A* >A34<< 4,.WY>2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk&)2'< X>A(+< F <=K # 2+K)*z6Q&q > &)2=us*.L\W=*CE4(+2+<.u HM*C2+2+& " K)<w>A*
& F H4(+*ziC< >A34<D2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB "$# W@34*X*C2+&)B4T , " <Y>+>A<=(y&)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q %'*z6c<YiC<=(=u >A34&)2 &)2yB4*.> ,
u

0.5
0.5
0
0
=Y=
0.5
0
10
10
20
&)TCE4(+< =dq =do fSW=*C34B4<_B4<=B/WYE >AF < : <=(+"$&)W7# ,.K[K)&),.B4B<y: 2+<=>AT 34F <y<=< B$4>A,.2WY>U,.B 2+:*CK)Ed: >A*.&)>+*C>AB4< 2: LNW=*CE4( (?iC<=,.2B (+: <=2+HM<=&)WYB >A:&GiC&)<=W7K,5# >Aq < : g"$&)#B : W=&)&)W7(+,5W=>AK)<=<=22
F <7,.B4&)B4T.LNE4K[2?>A(A,5>A<=T # " <=W7,.E42+< W@34*X*C2+&)B4T|,DTC*X* : &)B4&G>A&J,.KPW=E4(?iC< : < F ,.B : 2Q>A34<_-/B4*z6tK)< : TC<
*.L >A34<U< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q ` &)B4W=<w6c<-/B4*z6 >A3I,5>t>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<UH4(+* " K)< F &)2tE4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : u
>A34<2+& F H4K)<=2?>82?>A(A,5>A<=T # 6c*CE4K : " < >A*y&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<w, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.Ks<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=udHM*C2+2+& " K # TC&GiX&)B4T ,.B
*ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : H4(+* " K)< F u 6t34&)W@3 & F HM*C2+< 2+* F < < X>A(A,|W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42Q*CB >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q <w6t&)K)K (+<Y>AE4(+BD>A*y>A34&)2SHM*C&)B$>tKJ,5>A<=(=q
u

('*"/

' + !" '*+ $

+' # "!
>A34<8H4(+<YiX&)*CE42 2+<=WY>A&)*CB uC&G> 68,.2[2+34*z6tBy>A3I,5> >A34<8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K #

F *ziC< : >A34<B4* : <=2 &)B$>A*_>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=('LN*C( " <Y>+>A<=('(+<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB uM,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 : <=HM<=B : &)B4T
*CB_&)B4&G>A&J,.Kd2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q[{cEd> 6c< : & : B4*.> -/B4*z6 6t3 # &G> : & : q > &)2\>A34<tH4E4(+HM*C2+<'*.L >A34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CB
>A*UE4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : 6t3I,5> &G> : *X<=2=uX,.B : 6t3I,5>c&G> F <7,.B42\>A*w>A(+<7,5> >A34<'TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 ,.2 E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=q
> &)2 ,QTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KdiX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>\>A3I,5> 2+34< : 28,QK)&)TC3$> *CB >A34<=2+<'R/E4<=2?>A&)*CB42=q\fS3I,5>c&)2=uC6c< , " ,.B
: *CBa>A34<yW=* F_F *CB|>A34*CE4TC3$>w>A3I,5>6c<_,.(+< W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T ,.B : *CB , W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.KPTC(+& :
KJ,.& : ,.K)*CB4T , d&)2=q B42?>A<7, : u 6c< W=*CB42+& : <=(w>A34<yH4(+* " K)< F ,.2U,gTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)Wy,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB o
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB *.LS,D2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W=E4(?iC< &)B >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K\2+HI,.W=< ] 4e q B *C( : <=(Q>A*
&)K K)E42?>A(A,5>A<t&G>A2 TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KIBI,5>AE4(+<.uX>A34< H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB 6t&)K)K " < TC&GiC<=B &)B TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KI>A<=( F 2=q
fS34< F ,5>A34< F ,5>A&)W=2 2+E4&G>@, " K)<SLN*C( : &)2+W=E42+2+&)B4T>A34<'TC<=* F <Y>A( # *.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KI<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42c&)2\>A34<
B
=M
7W ,.K)W=E4K)E42t*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LN*C( F 2=us,.K)2+*_-/B4*z6tB ,.2t>A34<U< X>A<=(+&)*C(tW7,.K)W=E4K)E42=q %I*C(S>A34< : <Y>@,.&)K)2S*.L

>A34<U>A34<=*C( # uM>A34<&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A< : (+<7, : <=( &)2'(+<YLN<=(+(+< : >A*g^ : 68,.( : 2 = M 6t34&)W@3a&)2'(+<7, : , " K)<,.B : ,
TC*X* : &)B$>A(+* : E4WY>A&)*CBg>A*y>A34<Q2+E " !+<=WY>7uM,.B :a` W@3/Ed> Z > LN*C( F *C(+<Q, : i.,.B4W=< : >A*CH4&)W=2=q

8 K 8 <
9
% 9 9
BD*C( : <=(c>A* : &)2+W=E42+28>A34<wTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KMH4(+*CHM<=(?> # *.L %I(+&)< : (+&)W@342;W F * : <=K u/6c<w2+3I,.K)K : <=(+&GiC<
>A34<y< 4,.WY>U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB E42+&)B4T >A34< W7,.K)W=E4K)E42*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KPLN*C( F 2=q B >A34<yTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)WLN*C( F E

KJ,5>A&)*CB u : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<U< dH4(+<=2+2+< : ,.2,_2 # 2?>A< F *.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K1LN*C( F 2 ] < X>A<=(+&)*C(
2 # 2?>A< F e qQfS34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk>A* >A34< 2 # 2?>A< F &)2'>A34<=B , iC<=WY>A*C( OI<=K : 6t34&)W@3 ,.B4B/E4K)2w,.K)K1>A34< : &GL
LN<=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LN*C( F 2t&)Bg>A34<U2 # 2?>A< F q8fS34<=(+<,.(+< " ,.2+&)W7,.K)K # > 6c* F <Y>A34* : 2t>A* OIB : >A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q
<2+3I,.K) : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A<U>A34<=2+<y34<=(+<LN*C( %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=K qtfP* : <YOIB4<>A34< 2 # 2?>A< F *.L[>A34<
: & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LN*C( F 2 <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>>A* ] =dq n e u 6c<OI(+2?>Q(+< : E4W=< >A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CBa>A* >A34< OI(+2?> *C( : <=(
2 # 2?>A< F"$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T ,.2',.B|, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KME4B4-/B4*z6tB q <w>A3/E42'3I,7iC<
] =dq Nn M e
m

]
m
=dq n PCe

(+<Y6t(+&G>+>A<=B|,.2
] =dq n e
m
] =dq n Ce
m
B , >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 6t&G>A3a>A34<yW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 ] 4e u : <=B4*.>A< : "$# + u 6c<
: <YOIB4<Q> 6c*_*CB4< LN*C( F 2=u ,.B : u "$#
] =dq n >$e
!
] =dq #n O e
"
6t34<=(+< u ,.B #: ,.(+<|B4*z6 *CB4< LN*C( F 2=q B4< LN*C( F 2 ,.(+<a&)B L ,.WY> 6t3I,5>D,.(+<|W7,.K)K)< :
W=*zi.,.(+&J,.B$>yiC<=WY>A*C(+2=u82+E4W@3 ,.2 TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2=u &)B >A<=B42+*C(_,.BI,.K # 2+&)2=q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<k*CB4< F , # >A34&)B4

"<
<
<
<

=P
.* L >A34<=2+<a< dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB42 ,.2 : <YOIB4&)B4T > 6c* W=*zi.,.(+&J,.B$> iC<=WY>A*C(+2 ] n e ,.B : ] n m eLN*C(
>A34< " ,.2+&)2 /q fS34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2w>A34<=B ,g>@,.B4TC<=B$>UiC<=WY>A*C( ] W=*CB$>A(A,7i.,.(+&J,.B$>iC<=WY>A*C(@e
6t34&)W@3 ,.B4B/E4K)2Q>A34<=2+< > 6c*|*CB4< LN*C( F 2=q B *.>A34<=(Q6c*C( : 2=uP>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2U,giC<=WY>A*C(Q>A3I,5>U&)2
HM<=(+HM<=B : &)W=E4KJ,.(>A*D>A34< " *.>A3 W=*zi.,.(+&J,.B$>wiC<=WY>A*C(+2=q fS34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2w>A34<=B >A34<
&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K[W=E4(?iC< *.L >A34< iC<=WY>A*C(QOI<=K : q 9 R/E4<=2?>A&)*CB F , # ,.(+&)2+< ,.2>A*g6t34<Y>A34<=(Q>A34<yH4(+* " K)< F
&)2 <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> >A* >A34< *C(+&)TC&)BI,.K1H4(+* " K)< F q'fS34<y<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=<U>A* >A34< *C(+&)TC&)BI,.K1H4(+* " K)< FF , #
" < iC<=(+&GOI< : "$# 2+<=WY>A&)*CB4&)B4T|>A34<_LN*C( F 2&)B$>A* ,|2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : qDfS34<g2+<=WY>A&)*CB4&)B4T|&)2
: *CB4< "$# 2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4T |,.B : |&)B$>A* >A34< , " *ziC<y<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42Q,.B : >A34<=B
(+<=R/E4&)(+&)B4T|>A34< W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2y*.Lt>A34< (+<=2+E4KG>A< : LN*C( F 2>A*|i.,.B4&)2+3 q B *C( : <=(>A* ,.2+2+<=(?> >A34<
<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=< &G>Q2?>A&)K)K[(+< F ,.&)B42>A*D2+34*z6 >A3I,5>Q>A34< 2+<Y>*.L LN*C( F 2w&)2QW=K)*C2+< : q 9 W=K)*C2+< : 2+<Y>U&)2
: <YOIB4< : ,.2c,Q2+<Y>c6t34*C2+< <=K)< F <=B$>A2 TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< ,.B & : <7,.K ,.B : >A34<'< X>A<=(+&)*C( : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 *.L >A34<
<=K)< F <=B$>A2',.(+<Q,.K)2+* &)B >A34<Q& : <7,.K q >'&)2S<7,.2 # >A* 2+34*z6 >A3I,5>',y2+<Y>'*.LPLN*C( F 2 &)2SW=K)*C2+< : &GL
< X>A<=(+&)*C( : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2t*.L[>A34<QLN*C( F 2tW7,.B " <Q6t(+&G>+>A<=Ba,.2 , K)&)B4<7,.(SW=* F " &)BI,5>A&)*CBD*.L /us& q <.q
16t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2t6c< : TC<UH4(+* : E4WY> > ,.B : &)2',.B # LN*C( F q BDL ,.WY>S6c<QOIB :
] =dq l.m e
m
n
] =dq lXn e
n
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<\>A34< # W=*CB42?>A&G>AEd>A< ,SW=K)*C2+< : & : <7,.K.*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K5LN*C( F 2 qPfS34< %I(+* " <=B4&)E4;2 W=>A34<=*C(+< F >
>A34<=B TCEI,.(A,.B$>A<=<=2 >A34< < d&)2?>A<=B4W=< *.L >A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : *.L >A34<tLN*C( F 2=u/& q <.q\,.B # K)*XW7,.K
2+E4(?L ,.W=<S<=K)< F <=B$> >A3I,5> ,.B4B/E4K ,.B : 6t&)K)K$O4>[>A*CTC<Y>A34<=( >A* LN*C( F , 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q
0'*z6 6c< : <=2+W=(+& " <Q34*z6 >A*yOIB : >A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q

<
<
0<
0<

C<
<
#-
@ A

(
< +<( - @
>,<D
C

"

' :D !
$
-
(
+
A ?( < ,'+ =<C? !
, ( D!
( <
? -
A #$-+ < %
C
>-,'+=<C ="
-< D
#
-
>
>
C>
=
&
-3< + 3
%$&9
<
( *( +A0 A B

-01(

A
( A"
%
B + <(
( < D
=
B4<S,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3>A* >A34<c< 4,.WY>\2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBU&)2P>A*'OIB : ,.By,.BI,.K # >A&)W < dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB *.L4>A34< >@,.B4TC<=B$>

iC<=WY>A*C( OI<=K : 6t34*C2+<D&)B$>A<=TC(A,.KcW=E4(?iC< " <=W=* F <=2>A34<g2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q B TC<=B4<=(A,.K u ,
>@,.B4TC<=B$>tiC<=WY>A*C( &)B + W7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2
] =dq lCl e

6t34<=(+< &)2 ,QHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=( *.L1,QW=E4(?iC<w,.B : u ud,.B : ,.(+<S>A34<'W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2c*.L LN*C(\>A34<
" ,.2+&)2 w6t34&)W@3g&)2 : EI,.Ks>A*>A34<*CB4< LN*C( F " ,.2+&)2=u /q fS34<W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2
,.(+<LN*CE4B : "$# (+<=R/E4&)(+&)B4T ,.B : >A* i.,.B4&)2+3a6t34<=B W=*CB$>A(A,.WY>A< : 6t&G>A3 ] =dq lCl e uM6t34&)W@3 6c<
6t(+&G>A<
] e ] e ! ] e ] Ue m
] =dq l =$e
] e ] e ] e m
] =dq 9l M e
,.B : 6c<Q* " >@,.&)B
] =dq l PCe
m
m
]
=dq l e

fS34<=2+< ,.(+<y> 6c*kK)&)B4<7,.(<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42wLN*C(>A34< W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2=uP,.B : >A3/E42Q>A34<y>@,.B4TC<=B$>QiC<=WY>A*C(Q&)2
: <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : E4HD>A* ,yK)<=B4T.>A3 q 9 R/E4&)W@-g,.K)TC< " (A, 2+34*z6t2'>A3I,5>

] =dq l Ce
n

6t34<=(+< k&)2t,.B # LNE4B4WY>A&)*CBD*.L u u *C(t,yW=*CB42?>@,.B$>7q fS34<=BD>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgW7,.B " <LN*CE4B : "$#
2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34<Q2 # 2?>A< F *.L *C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42tTC&GiC<=B "$#
]
n
=dq l >$e

fS34&)2 F <Y>A34* : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< K)<7, : 2 E42'>A* >A34<*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K12 # 2?>A< F *.L\*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,
>A&)*CB42 "$# W@34*X*C2+&)B4T Mq

A@
<
<
<
<

=
25
15
0
5
0
0.5
1
0.5
&)TCE4(+< =dq M o LN9 *C(cTC,<=* F m <Yq =>A(+,.&)WtB :(+<= H4(+ <=2+m <=B$m >@M ,5q[>A&)fS*CB34< *.H4L KJ>A,.34B4<'<'< &)42 ,.: WY<Y>cOI2+B4*C<K)Ed: >A&)"$*C# B_*. L >A 34< %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34!$#2;%'W F&)( * :%*<=( Ku
,W=.*CB B4: 2?>@>A,.34B$< >A2'W=E43I(?,7iCiC< < : " 2+<=E4<=(?B L ,.:W=<y<Y>A&)<=2 ( F : <Y&)OIB4B4< : < : "$# >A+34< -, " % *C] E4 B : ,. ( #e W=*CB!$#: %'&G>A&)&)(*C B4%*2S('&)B 6t34] =d<=q(+l < e q>A34<
fS34<k*.>A34<=(_,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 TC&GiC<=2_,.B4*.>A34<=( &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4T iX&)<Y6 *.L'>A34<D2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W=E4(?iC<.q fS34<
%I(+* " <=B4&)E4;2 W4>A34<=*C(+< F &)2'B4*z6 2?>@,5>A< : F *C(+<QH4(+<=W=&)2+<=K # LN*C( %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=K ,.2'LN*CK)K)*z6t2=q L
,.B : *CB4K # &GLP>A34<U*CB4< LN*C( F 2=u ,.B : uM,.(+<QW=K)*C2+< : us>A34<=(+<U< d&)2?>'LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 u u , u u Pu
,.B : 2+E4W@3|>A3I,5>
] =dq l O e

] =dq = m e
,
fS34<=B >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2U,g*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : : <YOIB4< : "$# !$#%'&)( %*(Q,.B :
"!$#%'&)( %*( q B TC<=B4<=(A,.K uM&G>&)2'34*z6c<YiC<=(QB4*.><7,.2 # ,.B : *.L >A<=Ba& F HM*C2+2+& " K)<w>A* OIB : 2+E4W@3
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 >A3I,5>D,.(+<ai.,.K)& : TCK)* " ,.K)K # q fS34<a>A34<=*C(+< F &)B L ,.WY>gTCEI,.(A,.B$>A<=<=2D*CB4K # >A34< K)*XW7,.K
y
1.5

A<
<

<
<

,- C
3( < &
A <
"D!(-
+, <C
-?',*

=D #- C

; %;!(
@
,

( -= <
'D #-9*
+3
)-"-
(
+
A @*#$
@

"
%&
$ ?, (
+
; ?-"
-< C

/ %,+<;-)="
- D

=Y>
&)B$>A<=TC(A, " &)K &G> # *.LP>A34<Q< X>A<=(+&)*C(t2 # 2?>A< F q %I*C(&%I(+&)< : (+&)W@342;W F * : <=K ud34*z6c<YiC<=(=us6c<QOIB :
] =dq = n e
]
4e
] =dq = l e
]
4e ] e ] -, % ] e+e
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] =dq =Y=$e

!$#%'&)( %*(
] =dq = M e
-, % ] e !$#%'&)( %*(
& q <.q[<7,.W@3 *.L 6t34&)W@3 : <YOIB4<=28,wL , F &)K # *.L 2+E4(?L ,.W=<=2 &)B + uX,.B : >A34<'2+<Y>c*.L >A34<=&)(\&)B$>A<=(+2+<=WY>A&)*CB42
&)2 E4B : <=(+2?>A*X* : ,.2 >A34< TC<=B4<=(A,.KM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q fS34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_*.L %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=K
&)2'*CB4<U*.L >A34<&)B$>A<=(+2+<=WY>A&)*CB42t6t34&)W@3a2A,5>A&)2?OI<=2'>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42 ] =dq l e q ` <=< % &)TCE4(+<
=dq M q >c>AE4(+B42c*CEd> >A3I,5> >A34&)2 E4B4&)R/E4< (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_(+<YiC<7,.K)28,UH4(+*CHM<=(?> # *.L
>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q

<

<

8 K 8 K *
S< 6t&)K)Kd,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<8>A34<S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CByW=E4(?iC< "$# ,wH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<tK)&)B4<7,.( W=E4(?iC<t6t34&)W@3 W=*CB42+&)2?>A2

*.L[, 2+<Y>'*.L[K)&)B4<7,.(8< : TC<=2 ,.B : ,y2+<Y> *.LPiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 6t34<=(+<U<YiC<=( # iC<=(?>A< |&)2S&)B4W=& : <=B$>
>A* < 4,.WY>AK # > 6c* : &)2?>A&)B4WY> < : TC<=2=uc& q <.q >A34<DB/E F " <=( *.L'iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 >A34<DB/E F " <=(_*.L < : TC<=2
n qQfS34<y*C(+&)<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB|*.L >A34< W=E4(?iC< F , #|" < : <YOIB4< : ,.2HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<&)Ba>A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB|LN(+* F
] 4e ] m m e >A* ] 4e ] n n e q[fS34<wH4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=28*.L >A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK :
&)2 >A3I,5>S&G>A2 >@,.B4TC<=B$>8iC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.B4B/E4K >A34<*CB4< LN*C( F 2 ,.B : <YiC<=( # 6t34<=(+<U*CB &G>7u/6t34&)W@3
&)2t,.T$,.&)B 6t(+&G>+>A<=B
] e ] e ] e ] e m
] =dq = PCe
] e ] e " ] Ue m
] =dq = e
<k(+< F ,.(+- 34<=(+<D>A3I,5> >A34<D>@,.B4TC<=B$> 2+HI,.W=<k&)2 : <YOIB4< : ,5> , HM*C&)B$>_*CB >A34<k2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK :
,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<_>A34<=(+< < d&)2?> &)BdOIB4&G>A<y>@,.B4TC<=B$> 2+HI,.W=<=2 *CB >A34< < 4,.WY> 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q B *CE4(
@ D
@ *D

<
<
<
<

=O
., H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<U2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : uI6c< 3I,7iC< ,_OIB4&G>A<B/E F " <=( *.L\>@,.B4TC<=B$>w2+HI,.W=<=2w<7,.W@3 *.L[6t34&)W@3
&)2 : <YOIB4< : "$# >A34<D< : TC<.u ] eU6t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2y>A34<DH4(+* !+<=WY>A< :
K)<=B4T.>A3 *.L >A34<y< : TC< *CB$>A*gE , d&)2w,.B : 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C( *.>A34<=(+2=q B >A34<y,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CBa>A3I,5>
>A34<_>@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(y,.B : >A34< *CB4< LN*C( F 2,.(+< : <YOIB4< : ,5>>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>U*.LS>A34< < : TC<.u[6c<
* " >@,.&)B >A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<QiC<=(+2+&)*CB42t*.L ] =dq = PCe8,.B : ] 9 q nzm e u
] =dq = Ce
] Pe m
] Pe m
] =dq =Y>$e

6t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2, i.,.K)E4<y*.L ,5>w>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>*.L >A34< < : TC< _q fS34<=2+< ,.(+< & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K
>A* ] =dq e ,.B : ] =dq Ce qUfS34&)22+34*z6t2Q>A3I,5>6c< F , # &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>w>A34<y(+<=2+& : EI,.K[,.2Q, TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K
<=(+(+*C(=uI& q <.q ,.BD<=(+(+*C(S&)Bk,.K)&)TCB4&)B4Ty, >@,.B4TC<=B$>tiC<=WY>A*C( ,.K)*CB4T >A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q
<
<
8 K 8 ;BC
fS34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2

F <Y>A34* : &)2QLN*C( F E4KJ,5>A< : &)B < 4,.WY>AK # >A34< 2A, F < F ,.B4B4<=(,.2 " <YLN*C(+<.q
{cEd>P*CE4(1iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>P&)2 B4*z6 TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K o W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>[,.B,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A< W=E4(?iC< "$#QF &)B4& F &[Z=&)B4T
>A34<8(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u.&)By, K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2[B4*C( F u56t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>\>A* >A34< >A34<8HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB42P*.LI>A34<ciC<=(?>A&)W=<=2
&)B + q bc*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<QW@3I,.B4TC< F , : <>A* <7,.W@3kiC<=(?>A< "$# >A34<Q2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* : q
] =dq = O e
)
! )
fS34<UTC(A, : &)<=B$>t&)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
]
4e ] e

] =dq M$m e
] e
&
)

C1

C1

&
6t34<=(+< >A34< 2+E " 2+W=(+&)Hd>A2ap ,.B : r ,.T$,.&)B &)B : &)W7,5>A< >A34< < : TC<=2|*CB >A34< K)<YL >|,.B : (+&)TC3$>D*.L
>A34< iC<=(?>A< ,.B : >A34< (+&)TC3$> F <7,.B42U>A34< HM*C2+&G>A&GiC< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB *.LS>A34<g,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<_W=E4(?iC<.q
fS34< F <Y>A34* : &)2wE42+EI,.K)K # E4B : <=(+2?>A*X* : ,.2QE4H : ,5>A&)B4Tg>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ) &)B >A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB *.L

M$m
2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$>7q\fS34&)2\&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB &)2 TCK)* " ,.KX&)B BI,5>AE4(+<.u/,.B :y: *X<=2\B4*.>\TC&GiC<S,.B # E42+<YLNE4K
&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CBU,.2P>A*'6t3I,5>[>A34< LN*C( F E4KJ,S>A(+&)<=2P>A* : *K)*XW7,.K)K # q BL ,.WY>7u$,.B &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4T H4(+*CHM<=(?> #
&)2Q34& :4: <=B &)B >A34<_TC(A, : &)<=B$>7u 6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <_2+<=<=B W=K)<7,.(+K #a"$# : <=W=* F HM*C2+&)B4TD>A34<_TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2
&)B$>A*yLN*CE4(SHI,.(?>A2=q fS34<QW@3I,.B4TC< F , : <>A* <7,.W@3kiC<=(?>A< k&)28>A34<=BD6t(+&G>+>A<=B u46t&G>A3 !. n u
n
m n
m
m
] ! ! e ! l & m
)

&

] =dq M4n e
6t34<=(+<

] =dq M/l e
!

!

>_&)2 B4*z6 * " 2+<=(?iC< : >A3I,5>_<7,.W@3 W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>_&)B : &)W7,5>A<=2_, HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.( : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB &)B 6t34&)W@3
iC<=(?>A< &)2yE4H : ,5>A< : q fS34<gOI(+2?> ,.B : >A34<D2+<=W=*CB : W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>y6t&)K)K F *ziC<g>A34<giC<=(?>A<
&)B >A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB B4*C( F ,.Kt>A* >A34<a2+E4(?L ,.W=<=2 : <YOIB4< : "$# !$#%'&)( %*( ,.B :
-, % ] e !$#%'&)( %*( u (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q 9 B : E4H : ,5>A<=2 &)BD>A34<=2+< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB42t6t&)K)K1W=<7,.2+<
6t34<=B ! ,.B : ! (+< : E4W=<>A* Z=<=(+*4u & q <.qS6t34<=Ba>A34<U6c<=&)TC3$>A< : (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2,.(+<U<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< :
*ziC<=(\>A34<S< : TC<=2=q %'<=(+<t&G>\&)2[& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> >A*QB4*.>A<8>A3I,5> 2+E4W@3 ,.BI,.K # >A&)W7,.KXLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42\*.LM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
2+E4(?L ,.W=<=2y,.(+< B4*.> &)B TC<=B4<=(A,.K8,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)< ,.2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB n qkfS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<D, F *C(+<
TC<=B4<=(A,.KI&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB 6c*CE4K : " <8>A3I,5>\>A34<SOI(+2?>\> 6c*UW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2 F *ziC<S>A34<8iC<=(?>A< _&)B >A34<
: &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB42 *.L1>A34<'> 6c*y*CB4< LN*C( F 2=u ,.B : u/6t34&)W@3gW7,.B " < W=K)<7,.(+K # 2+<=<=B "$# (+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC&)B4T
>A34<yOI(+2?>U> 6c*kW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2U&)B >A34<yLN*C( F ! ! q fS34<_&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34< >A34&)( :
W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>&)2UB4*.>2+*|* " iX&)*CE42=qk%'*z6c<YiC<=(=u\&G>UW7,.B " <_2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>U6t34<=B ! i.,.B4&)2+34<=2=u[&G>
F *ziC<=2', iC<=(?>A< k2+E4W@3D>A3I,5>S>A34<QH4(+* !+<=WY>A< : ,.(+<7,y*CB$>A* ] 4e H4KJ,.B4< *.LP>A34<>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< LN*C( F < :
"$# >A34< > 6c* , : !A,.W=<=B$>y< : TC<=2 &)2 F &)B4& F [& Z=< : K)*XW7,.K)K # E4B$>A&)K >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.B : ,.(+<
: (+&GiC<=B >A* Z=<=(+*4q {c<=2+& : <=2=u 6c<k2+<=<D>A3I,5> >A34&)2 H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : ,.(+<7, &)2yB4*.>A34&)B4T " Ed> >A34<gi.,.K)E4<
*.L > 6c* LN*C( F ] =dq lXn e'W=*CB$>A(A,.WY>A< : 6t&G>A3a>A34< > 6c*g>@,.B4TC<=B$>wiC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.B : qU0'*z6 (+<=W7,.K)K

<

<

M4n
>A3I,5>w>A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A, " &)K)&G> # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB 2?>@,5>A<=2w>A3I,5>w>A34< < X>A<=(+&)*C( : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 F E42?> " < ,.K)2+*D&)B
>A34< & : <7,.K uM& q <.q F E42?>i.,.B4&)2+3 ,.K)2+* *CBa>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q B|>A34< < 4,.WY>w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : uC>A34&)2 &)2c,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # >A(+E4< " <=W7,.E42+<w,.B # > 6c* LN*C( F &)2 & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # Z=<=(+* *CB ,
*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q %'*z6c<YiC<=( *CBa, : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<UW=E4(?iC<&G>tW7,.B4B4*.> " <w>A(+E4<U&)BDTC<=B4<=(A,.K
" <=W7,.E42+< > 6c*D, : !A,.W=<=B$>w< : TC<=2Q,.(+<UiC<=( # K)&)-.<=K # >A* LN*C( F ,_OIB4&G>A< ,.B4TCK)< ,5> >A34<iC<=(?>A< a>A3I,5>
>A34< # 2+3I,.(+<.q B < <=WY>7u1>A34< >A34&)( : W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>wK)*XW7,.K)K # ,5>+>A< F Hd>A2>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<w>A34< i.,.K)E4<=2
*.L[> 6c* LN*C( F ] =dq lXn et,5>'>A34<UiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q'fS34< KJ,.2?>t>A<=( F 3I,.2 " <=<=BaH4(+* : E4W=< : "$# >A34<Q6c<=&)TC3$>7q
>wW7,.B " < 2+<=<=B >A3I,5>>A34&)2 6t&)K)KPK)& F &G>S>A34< iC<=(?>A< F *ziC< F <=B$>w2+E4W@3 >A3I,5>wB4*g< : TC<i.,.B4&)2+34<=2
6t34<=B H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* , d&)2=qDfS34<=2+<g,.(+< R/E4&G>A< ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< H4&)<=W=<=2*.Lt&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB , " *CEd>
>A34<_< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u ,.B : >A3/E422+34*CE4K : " < H4(+<=2+<=(?iC< : qkfS34&)2U2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2U>A3I,5>Q6c< F E42?>E42+<
>A34<Q2A, F <w(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB L ,.WY>A*C(8LN*C(t,.K)K i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q

p1<Y> E42 K)*X*C- ,.T$,.&)B ,5> >A34<D(+<=2+E4KG>A2yH4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : " <YLN*C(+<.u " Ed>_TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K)K # >A34&)2>A& F <.q
B% &)TCE4(+< =dQq PXu 6c<g2+<=< >A3I,5>>A34< *C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A*C( # 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W=E4(?iC<gK)&)<=2U*CB *CB4< *.LS>A34< 2+E4(?L ,.W=<

!$#%'&)( %*( " Ed>DB4*.>g*CB >A34<a*.>A34<=(=q;fS34&)2 2+<=< F 2 >A* 2+E4TCTC<=2?>g>A3I,5> >A34<
*C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A&)*CBD&)2 W7,.E42+< : "$# >A34< 2+<=W=*CB : <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u ,.B : >A3I,5>&G> W=*CE4K : " < 2A,5>A&)2?OI< : &)B F ,.B #
: & <=(+<=B$>y68, # 2_,.HI,.(?> LN(+* F >A34<g< 4,.WY> *C(+&)<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB q B % &)TCE4(+< =dq u[>A34< >A(A, !+<=WY>A*C(+&)<=2 *.L
>A34<QiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2,.(+<UH4K)*.>+>A< : ] ,5>'<YiC<=( # Py&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42@e qcfS34<(+<7,.2+*CBk>A3I,5>'2+* F <UHM*C&)B$>A2 F *ziC< :
&)B$>A*U>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(c&)2 >A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>S*.L >A34<'iC<=(?>A&)W=<=28HM<=(+HM<=B : &)W=E4KJ,.( >A*>A34< 2+E4(?L ,.W=<

!$#%'&)( %*( q 9 W=K)*C2+<_K)*X*C-a,5>Q>A34<_TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K[2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 6t&)K)K[(+<YiC<7,.K\>A3I,5>
,.B # iC<=(?>A< B4<7,.(U>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # 6t&G>A3 m &)2 F *ziC< : ,768, # LN(+* F >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #
B4* F ,5>+>A<=(U34*z6 W=K)*C2+< >A34< # ,.(+<.qDfS34&)2U< dH4KJ,.&)B42Q6t3 # F ,.B # B4* : <=2 ,.(+<_K)<YL >U*CEd>A2+& : < >A34<
" *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(t&)Bg>A34<QW7,.2+<Q*.L M < : TC<=2 ,.2t2+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+< =dq Xq

M/l
25
15
5
0
0
0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+< =dqQPXo fS,.2S34>A< 342+< *C:K)Ed*.>A>+&)>A*C< B : LNW=(+E4* (?F iC<.,.q?B >y*C< 2+: W=TC&)K)<=KJ2=,5q >A*C( # &)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.B : A> 34<_< 4,.WY>2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
1
1.5

25
15
5
0
0
0.5
&)TCE4(+< =dq o iCfS<=34(?<_>A&)W=2+<=*C2 K)Ed] : >A*.&)*C>ABa2@e q?LN(+>* F < : ,gTC<=2?2=>Aq (A,.&)TC3$>U&)B4&G>A&J,.KP2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.B : A> 34<y>A(A, !+<=WY>A*C(+&)<=2Q*.L >A34<
1
1.5
25
15
J
0.5
5
0
0
0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+<=dq Xo\fS34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN(+* F ,y2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>t&)B4&G>A&J,.KM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q M < : TC<=2=q

1
1.5
M=
"!$#&%

+
'*+
)& 2 & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>7u 6t34<=B , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K8>A<=( F 2 ,.(+<a, :4: < : >A* >A34<|B4*C( F uc>A* <=B42+E4(+<|>A34<
: & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K4W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B4W # q 9 K)2+*U&G> &)2 : <=2+&)(+< : >A* : <YOIB4<'>A34<', :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KdR/EI,.B$>A&G> # " ,.2+< : *CB
< : TC<=28(A,5>A34<=( >A3I,.B iC<=(?>A&)W=<=28&)B *C( : <=( >A* ,7iC*C& : &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KIW=* F H4K)< d&G> # &)B >A34<
B4*C( F q[h'B : <=(\>A34<=2+<'(+<=R/E4&)(+< F <=B$>A2=u/&)B >A34&)2\2+<=WY>A&)*CB 6c<t2+<=<=- ,.B_, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KdR/EI,.B$>A&G> # >A* " <
F &)B4& F [& Z=< : 6t34&)W@3 6t&)K)K F ,.-.<S>A34<t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.2 2 F *X*.>A3 ,.2 HM*C2+2+& " K)<8>A*U< dW=K)E : <S>A34< F &)B4& F ,
6t&G>A3_*C2+W=&)K KJ,5>A*C( # 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=u/,.B : ,.K)2+* "$# 6t34&)W@3 ,U(+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<t(A,5>A<'*.L W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=< 6t&)K)K " <
(+<7,.K)[& Z=< : q
< " <=TC&)B 6t&G>A3 ,Q(A,5>A34<=( 2+& F H4K)<t,.(+TCE F <=B$>7q > &)2 * " iX&)*CE42 >A3I,5>c,Q2 F ,.K)K |&)2 B4<=W=<=2
2A,.( # LN*C([>A34<t<=K)< F <=B$>\6t&G>A3 KJ,.(+TC<8i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB42 &)B ,.B : q[fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u/>A34<t<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB
*.L ( [u 6t34&)W@3 &)2 : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>_6t&G>A3 >A34<k(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u F , # " <k, TC*X* :
2?>A(A,5>A<=T # q'rt<Y>AE4(+B4&)B4T_>A*_>A34<U*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>'>A3I,5>'>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB a&)2 , LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB|*.L M u
6c<QOI(+2?>'B4*.>A&)W=<>A3I,5>
]

=dq M =$e

fS34&)2 F <7,.B42c>A3I,5>8>A34<w<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.L >A34&)2cR/EI,.B$>A&G> # 3I,.28>A34<< <=WY>t*.LPW=*CB4W=<=B$>A(A,5>A&)B4T
>A34<QTC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2S&)BD(+<=TC&)*CB42S*.L 34&)TC3 W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<w*.L ] 4e q[fS34&)2t&)2t, : <=2+&)(+< : H4(+*CHM<=(?> # q
9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 2+HM<=W=&GOIW >A* %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=K uC>A34&)2 >@,.-.<=28&)B$>A* ,.W=W=*CE4B$>8>A34< 2+<=W=*CB :g: <=(+&Gi.,
>A&GiC< *.L ,.2 6c<=K)K q B >A34<,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CB >A3I,5> 2A,5>A&)2?OI<=2 >A34< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.Ks<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB ] M e u/6c<
W7,.Bk(+<=H4KJ,.W=<>A34<wOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<Q*.L "$# >A34<wOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<>A* TC<Y>
] =dq MYM e

6t34&)W@3_H4(+*ziC<=2\>A34<t2?>@,5>A< F <=B$>7q 9 K)2+*wB4*.>A<8>A3I,5>\>A34<t(+&)TC3$>\3I,.B : 2+& : <S&)2\H4(+*CHM*C(?>A&)*CBI,.K/>A*>A34<
K)*XW7,.K4>A(+E4B4W7,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(c*.L [q %'<=B4W=< >A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB_*.L &)2 <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> >A*
>A3I,5>t*.LP>A34<w>A(+E4B4W7,5>A&)*CBD<=(+(+*C(=q fS34&)2t&)2=u434*z6c<YiC<=(=u ,.K)2+*y2+HM<=W=&GOIWQ>A* %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=K q
>

MYM
9 B4*.>A34<=( &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L &)2 " ,.2+< : *CB >A34< (+<=W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)*CB *.LS>A34< 2+*CK)E
>A&)*CB ] 4e q %I*C(*CE4(H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB u ] 4ew&)2U(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : "$# ,|K)&)B4<7,.(
p ,.TC(A,.B4TC<_&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)B4TDHM*CK # B4* F &J,.K ] 4e6t&G>A34&)B <7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$> \q 9 K)2+*a,k34&)TC34<=(
*C( : <=(S&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB &)2SHM*C2+2+& " K)<E42+&)B4Ty>A34<i.,.K)E4<=2S*.L ,5>S>A34<iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=uI& q <.q ,yW=E " &)WQ%'<=(
F &G>A<'&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)B4TUHM*CK # B4* F &J,.KI*.L u : <=B4*.>A< : "$# ] 4e q[fS34<=BD&G> F , #_" <K)<=TC&G>A& F ,5>A<8>A*
<=2?>A& F ,5>A< >A34<Q<=(+(+*C(S*.L ] 4e "$# >A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=< " <Y> 6c<=<=B ] 4ec,.B : ] 4e q BgL ,.WY>t&G>tW7,.B
" <Q2+34*z6tBk>A3I,5>
n ! ] ] 4e ] 4e+e n l.n m lXnnzm & ] =dq M PCe
6t34<=(+< >A34<c2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)2P& : <=B$>A&)W7,.KC>A* ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<c&)2P,.K)(+<7, : # >A* " < F &)B4& F [& Z=< : q >
&)2 <7,.2 # >A*'2+<=< >A3I,5> >A34<\OI(+2?>P>A<=( F W7,.B4B4*.> " < : (+&GiC<=BU>A* Z=<=(+* &)BQTC<=B4<=(A,.K/E4B4K)<=2+2 &)$2 Z=<=(+*4q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u[&G>U&)2Q(+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)< >A*|<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< 2+*k>A3I,5>< dW=<=Hd>A&)*CBI,.K)K # KJ,.(+TC<
K)*XW7,.Kd<=(+(+*C(+2 ,.(+<t(+< : E4W=< : q B , :4: &G>A&)*CB uC&GLs>A34<t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBy&)2\W=*CB$iC< uX>A34<t<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.L
6t&)K)K12+E _W=<.u ,.B : >A34&)2t&)2'&)BgL ,.WY>'>A34<UW7,.2+<ULN*C( %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=K q <Y>,.B4*.>A34<=(
&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB &)2_>A3I,5> &G> &)2 , K)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F *.Lw>A34< <=(+(+*C( *.Lw>A34<aH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<aK)&)B4<7,.(
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB q fS34&)2S6t&)K)K " < : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)BDTC(+<7,5> : <Y>@,.&)K &)B 9 H4HM<=B : & 9 q
fS34<Q<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.L >A34&)28R/EI,.B$>A&G> # W7,.B " <W7,.(+(+&)< : *CEd>7uX>A*CTC<Y>A34<=(86t&G>A3g>A34< F &)B4&
F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.LP>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u "$#DF &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4TQ>A34<QB4*C( F u
nl
] =dq M e

#
#
6t34<=(+<
] =dq M Ce

,.B : &)2 >A34<8,7iC<=(A,.TC<ci.,.K)E4< *.L *ziC<=(P>A34<c< : TC<=2 6t34&)W@3 &)2 >A* " < (+<=W=* F H4Ed>A< :
,5>t<7,.W@3|&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB q BkH4(A,.WY>A&)W=<.u46c< F &)B4& F [& Z=< 6t&G>A3k(+<=2+HM<=WY>'>A* *CB4K # &)B$>A<=(+&)*C(8iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2
>A* -.<=<=H|H43 # 2+&)W7,.K) # F <7,.B4&)B4T.LNE4K " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<=2S*.L q

:
:

:
MP
25
15
5
0
0
0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+<=dq >do\fS34<U&)B4&G>A&J,.KM,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBD,.B : >A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] >A34<Q2+*CK : K)&)B4<ze q

1
1.5

/ '*+ #&% '

'*+ / '!" ,

., K)K >A34< W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB42 H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : 34<=(+<.u 6c< < F H4K)* # < : >A34< 2A, F <\2?>A(A,5>A<=TC&)<=2=o : <=2+W=<=B$>
>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<D6t&G>A3 , xQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=Kc> # HM<kH4(+*XW=< : E4(+<k,.B : , : &J,.TC*CBI,.Kc2+W7,.K)&)B4T4q 9 2yLN*C(>A34<
2?>A*CH4H4&)B4T W=(+&G>A<=(+&)*CB u >A34<8TC(A, : &)<=B$> *.L4>A34<cB4*C( F 6t&)K K " <8,'(+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<cW@34*C&)W=<.q fS34<8&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB
6t&)K)K " <8>A<=( F &)BI,5>A< : 6t34<=B_,.K)KX>A34< B4*C( F 2 ] eP*.L u ,.B : " <=W=* F <
K)<=2+2>A3I,.B n q m ^ m qfS34< (+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB|L ,.WY>A*C( !&)Ba>A34< E4H : ,5>A< LN*C( F E4KJ, ] =dq = O et6t&)K)K " <y2+<Y>
n q m 6t34<=B4<YiC<=(S&G>c&)2cHM*C2+2+& " K)<.q >83I,.2 " <=<=Bg< dHM<=(+& F <=B$>@,.K)K # LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>c>A34< F <Y>A34* : " K)*z6t2
E4HkLN*C(t,.B # i.,.K)E4<Q< dW=<=< : &)B4T n q m us,.B : >A3I,5>t>A34<U(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CBgL ,.WY>A*C( F E42?> " < : <=W=(+<7,.2+< : ,.2
>A34<QTC(+& : TC<Y>A2SOIB4<=(=q
<W=*CB42+& : <=( %I(+&)< : (+&)W@34;2 W F * : <=KI6t&G>A3 m m M ,.B : m =dq\fS34<&)B4&G>A&J,.Ks,.H4H4(+* d& F ,
>A&)*CBg6t&G>A
3 >y< : TC<=2,.B : >A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBDW=E4(?iC<,.(+<Q2+34*z6tBa&)B % &)TCE4(+< =dq >dq fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>A2
,.(+<yTC&GiC<=B &)B % &)TCE4(+<=2 =dq O >A@* =dq n l LN*C( >A34< W7,.2+<=2Q*.?L >D,.B : M < : TC<=2=q 9 2wW7,.B " <y2+<=<=B &)B
>A34< OITCE4(+<=2=u4>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42c< d34& " &G>S, 2+E4(+H4(+&)2+&)B4T & F H4(+*ziC< F <=B$>S*ziC<=(8>A34<(+<=2+E4KG>A282+34*z6tBk&)B
` <=WY>A&)*CB M q " 2+<=(?iC<y>A3I,5> >A34< iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2Q,.(+< W=*CB4W=<=B$>A(A,5>A< : &)B|>A34< KJ,.(+TC<W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<y(+<=TC&)*CB
,.2 : <=2+&)(+< : q 9 B : B4*|E4B4B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 ,.(+<_H4KJ,.W=< : &)B >A34<_K)&)B4<7,.(QHM*C(?>A&)*CB ,.B #XF *C(+<.q
%I*C( >w< : TC<=2=uX&G>\3I,.2 " <=<=B_LN*CE4B : ,.K)2+*w>A3I,5>\>A34< F <Y>A34* : H4(+* : E4W=<=2 B4<7,.(+K # >A34<t2A, F <S(+<=2+E4KG>A2
,.2 &)$B % &)TCE4(+<=2 =dq O ,.B : =dq nzm <YiC<=B 6t34<=B 2?>@,.(?>A< : 6t&G>A3k>A34< *C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A*C( # &)B4&G>A&J,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBa,.2
%I*C(

M
fS34<QB/E F " > <=(t*.L < : TC<=2 =Y>A=Y<== (Al,5>A&)*CB42 n qQPY] P.^ m =
e l q ] . ^ m$l
e n q l ] P. ^ m$l e
n
l n >Y= =dq O$l ^ m M Xn qq >m lP.^^ mm == nn qQq P M=C^^ m$m$ll
=l
= OYO M O n q mCm ^ m M
M
M > PYP O
l q M ^ m P M q .^ m M n q > ^ m$l
f , " K)<=dq n o\fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>A2t*.LP>A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2=q
&)B % &)TCE4(+<=(2 =dq n *C(( =dQq PXq %'<=B4W=<>A34<E4B : <=2+&)(+< : F &)B4& F E F 3I,.2 " <=<=Bg2+E4W=W=<=2+2?LNE4K)K # < dW=K)E : < : q
fS34<k,.W=W=E4(A,.W # ,.W@34&)<YiC< : "$# >a< : TC<=2 &)2y&)B L ,.WY> W=* F HI,.(A, " K)<_>A* >A3I,5>y* " >@,.&)BI, " K)< "$# M
< : TC<=2c*.L O d< : TC(+& : q fS34<'>A(A, !+<=WY>A*C(+&)<=2 *.L >A34(+<=<'iC<=(?>A&)W=<=28,.(+<'H4K)*.>+>A< : &)B % &)TCE4(+< =dq O uX,5>c<Yi
<=( # nzm &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=q[fS34<=2+<UHI,5>A342',.(+<w2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # : & <=(+<=B$>SLN(+* F >A34*C2+<w2+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+<
=dq &q >&)2'*.L\HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(t& F HM*C(?>@,.B4W=<w>A* * " 2+<=(?iC<>A34<KJ,.(+TC<Q>AE4(+B42 B4<7,.('>A34<UOIBI,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
W=E4(?iC<.q ` &)B4W=<t2+E4W@3 ,QKJ,.(+TC<=K # W=E4(?iC< : HI,5>A3 2+& F H4K # W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2 >A*U,wK)*CB4TQHI,5>A3 u$>A34<=2+<t>A(A,
!+<=WY>A*C(+&)<=2 W7,.B " <t>A34*CE4TC3$> *.L1,.2c,QTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K4&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<'2+K)*z6 W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<*.L
>A34<QH4(+<=2+<=B$> F <Y>A34* : q &)<Y6c< : &)Bg>A34&)2tK)&)TC3$>7ud&G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC< F <Y>A34* : 2 " <Y>+>A<=(S>A3I,.BD>A34<QH4(+<=2+<=B$>
*CB4< 6c*CE4K : " < < dHM<=WY>A< : >A* F *ziC< >A34< iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2y,.K)*CB4T|>A34< 2+34*C(?>A<=( HI,5>A342>A*a>A34<=&)(UOIBI,.K
HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB42=q
fS34<|B/E F " <=(_*.L&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42_,.B : >A34< <=(+(+*C(+2=u8&)B4W=K)E : &)B4T >A34<kW7,.2+<=2 *.L n ,.B : = l
< : TC<=2=us,.(+<wTC&GiC<=Bk&)Bgf , " K)< n q <w* " 2+<=(?iC<Q>A3I,5>S>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(+2SB4*z6 : <=W=(+<7,.2+<,.28>A34<wB/E F " <=(
*.LsTC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 &)2 (+<YOIB4< : uX,.B : >A3I,5> >A34<8R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WcW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<'3I,.2 " <=<=B_,.W@34&)<YiC< : q 9 K)2+*
&)Ba*C( : <=( >A* 2+<=< 34*z6 TC*X* : >A34<OIBI,.K TC(+& : 2,.(+<.u B4*C( F *.L >A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=< " <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34<
OIBI,.KdTC(+& : ,.B : >A34<STC(+& : * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# ,.H4H4K # &)B4Tw{8,.&)B4<=;2 W O4>A2 ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 6t&G>A3y, : !+E42?>@, " K)<
B4* : <=2 P >A* >A34<Q< 4,.WY>'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] =dq =$e q 9 2tW7,.B " <Q2+<=<=B uI>A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<=2 ,.(+<Q2 F ,.K)KMLN*C(t,.K)K
>A34<gW7,.2+<=2=u &)B : &)W7,5>A&)B4T|>A3I,5> >A34< OIBI,.K8TC(+& : 2y,.(+<gB4<7,.(+K # *CHd>A& F ,.K &)B >A34< 2+<=B42+<.q fS34<
W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&)*CB *.L1>A34<'> 6c* F <Y>A34* : 2c2+<=< F 2c>A* K)&)<'&)B *CE4( <=(+(+*C(c<=2?>A& F ,5>A< : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B_>A34<

B

!)-"> - ,"

/
-
/-<
B$&A* <(
< , #-= @*3"<( @=
%D
$
-
( @ )<

; @ -
M
1
0.5
0.5
25
15
5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0
10
10
20
&)TCE4(+< =dq O o fSW=E434(?< iC<k&)B 2+*C] K)E Edu >A#d&)u *C# B e % &)TCE4(+< =dq nzm o1fS 34<SkH4(+H4* KJ!+,.<=B4WY>A<=&)2 *CB46t2\&G>A*.3aLs>A>A3434<S< W=&)E4B4(?&G>AiC&J<t,.KP*CB$,.>AB * : >A34<OI,.BIB ,.: K
2>A+HI(A, ,.!+W=<=< WY>A*C,.(+B &)<=: 2 >A34*.< L
K)"$*X# W7,5X>Aq &)*CB42P*.Ls>A34<ciC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 *CB # , d&)2 &)B : &)W7,5>A< :
>AP 34>A3< u$,.lB B : : >Au34< >5>A34>A3 <
iC> <=< (?:>A&)TCW=<=<=2=2 q ] : *.>A2@e q
H4(+<YiX&)*CE42t2+<=WY>A&)*CB q %'*z6c<YiC<=(,y(A,5>A34<=( : &)2A,.H4HM*C&)B$>A&)B4Ty(+<=2+E4KG>'&)28>A34<QKJ,.(+TC<&)B4W=(+<7,.2+<Q&)B
>A34<tB/E F " <=( *.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42\,.T$,.&)B42?>\>A34<'(+<YOIB4< F <=B$>c*.LM>A34<tTC(+& : q fS34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A2 &)B : &)W7,5>A<8>A3I,5>
: *CE " K)&)B4T_>A34<B/E F " <=(*.L\< : TC<=2(+<=R/E4&)(+<=2B4<7,.(+K # ,.Ba*C( : <=( *.L F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <UKJ,.(+TC<=(tB/E F " <=(
*.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=q
% &)BI,.K) # >A34< F <Y>A34* : 68,.2U,.H4H4K)&)< : LN*C(i.,.(+&)*CE42i.,.K)E4<=2Q*.L q >U3I,.2 " <=<=B LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>
>A34< F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2 >A*a,D6t(+*CB4T|2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(U,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<=K # PXq mCm ^ m M q 3I,5>
3I,.H4HM<=B42S&)2 >A3I,5> ,.(+< : (+&GiC<=B >A* Z=<=(+* ,5>8W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.u " Ed> ,.(+< B4*.> : (+&GiC<=B >A* Z=<=(+*
" Ed> !+E42?>Q<=R/EI,.K)K # : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< : 6t&G>A3a>A34<6c<=&)TC3$> q <y3I,7iC< LN*CE4B : *CB4< HM*C2+2+& " K)<68, #
>A*_*ziC<=(+W=* F <Q>A34&)2 : & _W=E4KG> # qcfS34< F <Y>A34* : 6c*C(+-/2'LN*C(t< X>A(+< F <=K # 2 F ,.K)K W 2=us&GL >A34<Q6c<=&)TC3$>
&)2 (+< F *ziC< : LN(+* F >A34< B4*C( F q B L ,.WY>c&G> 3I,.2 " <=<=B W=*CBdOI( F < : >A3I,5> >A34< F <Y>A34* : 6c*C(+-/2
<YiC<=BDLN*C( n q m ^ nzm 6t&G>A*3 > < : TC<=2=qc%'*z6c<YiC<=(t>A34&)28B4*C( F ,.K)2+*y3I,.2t, : <YLN<=WY>t>A3I,5>S&G>t,.K)K)*z6t2
Z=<=(+*_*C(tB4<=T$,5>A&GiC< " <=W7,.E42+<Q>A34<UB4*C( F &)2',.KG68, # 2'HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<w&)(+(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<U*.LP>A34<U2+&)TCBD*.L
[u ,.B : >A3/E42 >A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB W7,.B H4(+*XW=<=< :
q %I*C( &)B42?>@,.B4W=<.u[LN*C( m m M 6t&G>A3 n

< : TC<=2=ud&G>c3I,.2 " <=<=B * " 2+<=(?iC< : >A3I,5>c>A34< F <Y>A34* : &)B : <=< : H4(+* : E4W=<=28,B4<=T$,5>A&GiC< : E4(+&)B4T
y
1.5
9

9
M>
1
0.5
0.5
25
15
5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0
10
10
20
&)TCE4(+< =dq nCn o >AfS&)*C34B!< W=E4(?iC<2+*CK)E&)B % &)TCE4(+< =dq n l o1fS 34<SkH4(+H4* KJ!+,.<=B4WY>A<=&)2 *CB46t2\&G>A*.3aLs>A>A3434<S< W=&)E4B4(?&G>AiC&J<t,.KP*CB$,.>AB * : >A34<OI,.BIB ,.: K
] E M u #d< :u # TCe <=2=q 2+HI,.W=<.q
K)"$*X# W7,5X>Aq &)*CB42P*.Ls>A34<ciC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 *CB # , d&)2 &)B : &)W7,5>A< :
>A34<&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB &q B|>A34&)2 W7,.2+<.u 34*z6c<YiC<=(=u >A34< F <Y>A34* : OIBI,.K)K # (+<=W=*ziC<=(+< : >A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|W=K)*C2+<
>A* >A34<U*CB4<U2+34*z6tB , " *ziC<.uM& q <.q8(+< F *ziC< : ,.K)K1*.L >A34<UB4<=T$,5>A&GiC< W 2=qS{cEd>'6c<3I,7iC<ULN*CE4B :
,.K)2+*>A3I,5>86t&G>A*3 = l < : TC<=28>A34< F <Y>A34* : L ,.&)K)2 >A*yW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<.uIW=(+<7,5>A&)B4TyB4<=T$,5>A&GiC< W 2=q ^[iC<=B
,5L >A<=(>A<=B F &)K)K)&)*CBD*.Lc&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=u1,gB4<=T$,5>A&GiC< (+< F ,.&)B42=q %IE4(?>A34<=(w2?>AE : # &)2wB4<=W=<=2+2A,.( #
W=*CB4W=<=(+B4&)B4T 6t&G>A3k,y2 F ,.K)K q
1
1.5

"!%!$'*#+
#&/
% '
?2 >A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : >A* ,.H4H4K # >A34< F <Y>A34* : >A*,.B # > 6c* HM*C&)B$> " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<tH4(+* "
K)< F 2 H4(+*ziX& : < : ,H4(+*CHM<=(cB4*C( F W7,.B " < : <YOIB4< : q < TC&GiC< *CB4< < 4, F H4K)<'34<=(+<.o[>A34<'iX&)2+W=*CE42
{cE4(+TC<=(+2t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBk&)Bg*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBgTC&GiC<=B "$#
] =dq M >$e

m

fS34<U<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>SOI(+2?> *C( : <=(t2 # 2?>A< F &)2

m

m

>8&)2

MO
0.6
0.4
0.5
0
0.5
1
0.2
1.5
2
J
2.5
0.2
3.5
4
0.4
4.5
5
1
0.5
0
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
)& TCE4(+< =dq n =do

% &)TCE4(+<=dq nNM o
6t34<=(+< 3I,.2 " <=<=BD&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : q 9 2 " <YLN*C(+<.u : &GiX& : &)B4T>A34< : * F ,.&)B n n &)B$>A*
, 2+<Y> |*.L'<=K)< F <=B$>A2 ] 2+<=T F <=B$>A2@e ,.B : ,.2+2+E F &)B4Ta>A3I,5> ,.B : i.,.( # K))& B4<7,.(+K # 6tG& >A34&)B
<7,.W@3k<=K)< F <=B$>7u46c<U&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A<>A34<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S>A* * " >@,.&)B >A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=q
] =dq M O e

] =dQq P m e

0'*.>A<a>A3I,5>g>A34<a> 6c* (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 3I,7iC< : & <=(+<=B$> : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=u ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<a6c< B4<=< : >A*
6c<=&)TC3$> >A34< F >A* : <YOIB4<y, : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>wB4*C( F q'rt<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<R/EI,.B$>A&G>A&)<=2t>A3I,5>
6c*CE4K : H4KJ, # >A34<S(+*CK)<8,.(+< ,.B : \q 9 2+& F H4K)< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.Kd,.BI,.K # 2+&)2P>A<=K)K)2P>A3I,5>[6c< : <YOIB4<
>A34<QB4*C( F &)Bg>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TULN*C( F q
n &
] =dQq P n e

6t34<=(+<y>A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBa*.L >A34<y<=(+(+*C(<=2?>A& F ,5>A<3I,.2 " <=<=B &)B4W=*C(+HM*C(A,5>A< : &)B , 2+& F &)KJ,.(
F ,.B4B4<=( ,.2 " <YLN*C(+<.q fS34<kOIBI,.K'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.B : >A34<|TC(+& : u LN*C( m m =duS,.(+<|H4K)*.>+>A< : &)B
% &)TCE4(+<=72 =dQq P ,.B : =dq Nn M q fS34<y,.2?>A<=(+&)2+-/2&)B : &)W7,5>A<U>A34<UOIBI,.K[,.B : >A34< &)B4&G>A&J,.K TC(+& : K)*XW7,5>A&)*CB42=u
,.B : 6c<2+<=<U>A3I,5>'>A34< # 3I,7iC< F *ziC< : >A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+<Q>A34<KJ,.(+TC<i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBD&)BD>A34< F & :4: K)<.qcfS34<
<=(+(+*C( *CBa>A34<OIBI,.KPTC(+& : &)2 O M
m = 6t34&)W@3 &)2 W=* F HI,.(A, " K)<Q>A* >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk6t&G>A3 ,
O d< : E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : *.L M/l < : TC<=2=q
1
0.6
0.4
0.8
1

0.5
0
y

0.5
5
1
0.5
0
y
!" !$#%!&(')!&*+,-&".
@ D

0.5
:

!$'*#+

'*+ "%

$# "!$,
< B4*z6 " <=TC&)B >A34< : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CB *.L8>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T|TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : LN*C(Q> 6c*
: & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K[H4(+* " K)< F 2=q {8,.2+< : *CB >A34< L ,.WY>U>A3I,5>,.B # HI,.(?>A&J,.K : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K\<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42U&)B
> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42 W7,.B " < : <=W=* F HM*C2+< : &)B$>A*g, W=<=(?>@,.&)B B/E F " <=(*.L 3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W ] , : iC<=WY>A&)*CBse
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42,.B : <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W2 # 2?>A< F 2 > n uM6c< : &)2+W=E42+2 >A34<U> 6c*g-/&)B : 2 *.L\H4(+* " K)< F 2'2+<=HI,.(A,5>A<=K # q
B >A34&)2gW@3I,.Hd>A<=(=u 6c< W=*CB42+& : <=(D3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W H4(+* " K)< F q ` HM<=W=&GOIW7,.K)K # ut6c< 2?>@,.(?>g6t&G>A3 >A34<
H4(+* " K)< F 2t*.L K)&)B4<7,.(8> # HM<.us& q <.q >A34<U, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBkiC<=WY>A*C( ] *C(tW=*X< _W=&)<=B$> F ,5>A(+& LN*C(t2 # 2?>A< F 2@e
: *X<=2 B4*.> : <=HM<=B : *CB|>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk&G>A2+<=KGL qSfS34<K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2'-/B4*z6tBa>A*_6c*C(+(+< F ,.(+-5, " K # 6c<=K)KPLN*C(t>A34< H4(+* " K)< F 2 *.L\>A34&)2 -/&)B : q fS34< OI(+2?>(+<=2+E4KG>w* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# rt*X< > m
68,.2g, W=&)(+W=E4KJ,.( , : iC<=WY>A&)*CB H4(+* " K)< F 6t34<=(+< , TC(+& : <YiC*CKGiC< : &)B$>A* , W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W|TC(+& : u
W=(+<7,5>A&)B4T W=&)(+W=E4KJ,.('HI,5>A342 *CB|6t34&)W@3|>A34< < 4,.WY>2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk68,.2w,.WY>AEI,.K)K # LN*CE4B : ] % &)TCE4(+<=2 n q =
,.B : n q M e q <OI(+2?> : <=2+W=(+& " <>A34< F <Y>A34* : LN*C(, 2+& F H4K)<UK)&)B4<7,.( , : iC<=WY>A&)*CB ,.B : &)B$>A(+* : E4W=<
>A34< E42+< *.L : <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< <=K)< F <=B$>A2=q 9 2 # 2?>A< F *.Lt<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42&)2Q>A34<=B W=*CB42+& : <=(+< : $q B >A34<
KJ,.2?>\2+<=WY>A&)*CB uC6c<SW=*CB42+& : <=( ,B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.( <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB >A*w&)K)K)E42?>A(A,5>A<c, : & _W=E4KG> # ,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : 6t&G>A3
B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(82+34*XW@-/2=q
Pm

Pn
8 < 8 < : $-
bc*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<Q2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<Q> 6c* : & F
<=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+W7,.KJ,.(t, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u

]M qn e

m
6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+< W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=q[fS34&)2 &)2P,SH4(+* " K)< F 6t&G>A3,tH4(+<YLN<=(+(+< :: &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB
,.K)*CB4TD6t34&)W@3 &)2QW=*CB42?>@,.B$>7u 6t34&)W@3 F , # " <_W7,.K) < : ,kW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W_(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB q_fP*|2+*CKGiC<
>A34&)2tB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K)K # ud6c<QOI(+2?> : &GiX& : <U, : * F ,.&)BD*.L &)B$>A<=(+<=2?> &)B$>A* , 2+<Y> *.L >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2t,.B :
2?>A*C(+<Q>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk,5>'iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q &G>A34&)Bk<7,.W@3a<=K)< F <=B$> /u46c< : <YOIB4<U>A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.K
"$#
]M ql e
! ]
e
6t34&)W@3 u "$# xw(+<=<=SB W 2U>A34<=*C(+< F u (+< : E4W=<=2 >A*a,|W=K)*C2+< : K)&)B4<_&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K ,.(+*CE4B : >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #
u
] M q =$e
] e

9 2+2+E F &)B4T_>A3I,5> ai.,.(+&)<=2 K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)Bk>A34<U>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<w6t&G>A3kiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2B/E F " <=(+< : n u l u = &)B
W=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+<U*C( : <=(=u46c<Q* " >@,.&)B
l ] l n e l ] l n e l ] = l e
] n =$e
] n =$e ] M q M e
] = l e

l
l
l
6t34&)W@3kW7,.B " <Q(+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC< : &)B$>A*
] M Qq PCe
ln ] e
6t34<=(+< ! &)2 >A34<|2+<Y> *.LiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 n l = |*.L>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< ,.B : ] e : <=B4*.>A<=2 ,
: & <=(+<=B4W=<_>@,.-.<=B W=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+< ,.K)*CB4Tk>A34<_2+& : < *CH4HM*C2+&G>A< >A*|B4* : < +qk0'*.>A<_>A3I,5>U6c<
W7,.BD6t(+&G>A<
]M q e
ln ] e

@> D
>
@> D
C>
B
0@
/
7D
>
@> D
B
Pl
u

1

T

2

/a 1
x = b
d y /d
0 an d
d u = 3

2

= 0

&)TCE4(+< M q n o fS,.(+34<7<, (+<=*.2+L & : >AEI34,.< KM(+>A<=(+H4&J,.(+<=B42+TC<=K)B$<;>A2SH4>A(+34* < % &)TCE4(+< M q l o 9H4KJ,.>AB4(+<k&J,.6tB4TC34K)&)< W@3 &)B 3I,.>A342< Z=<=H4(+3 * # 2+,.&)(+W7<7,., K
!+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A*Q>A34<'W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2
)
&
g
B
A
>
4
3
Q
<
@
W
I
3
.
,
A
(
.
,
Y
W
A
>
=
<
+
(
)
&
?
2
A
>
)
&
w
W
4
H
J
K
.
,
4
B
.
<
q
>A&)WwH4KJ,.B4<.q
6t34&)W@3 (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2 >A34< ,.(+<7,w*.L >A34<S>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<S&)B_,QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WtH4KJ,.B4<8>A3I,5> &)2 : <YOIB4< : 34<=(+<
,.2[,H4KJ,.B4< 6t34*C2+<SW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2[,.(+< _,.B : ] % &)TCE4(+< M q n e q >\&)2P>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<8& F_F < : &J,5>A<
>A* 2+<=<Q>A3I,5>t>A34&)2t,.(+<7, 6t&)K)K i.,.B4&)2+3D&GL " *.>A3 a,.B : ,.(+<QW=*CB42?>@,.B$> ,.K)*CB4Ty*CB4<Q*.LP>A34<
2+& : <=2 *.L>A34<k>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< " <=W7,.E42+<|>A3I,5> 2+& : <|&)2_(+< : E4W=< : >A* , HM*C&)B$> &)B >A34<|W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W
H4KJ,.B4<.q Ba>A34< H43 # 2+&)W7,.K H4KJ,.B4<.us>A34&)2 F <7,.B42 >A3I,5> >A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.KP6t&)K K1i.,.B4&)2+3a&GL\*CB4<< : TC< &)2
,.K)&)TCB4< : 6t&G>A3 >A34<yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB ,.B : &)2wW=*CB42?>@,.B$>,.K)*CB4T >A3I,5>
< : TC<.uI2A,5>A&)2?L # &)B4Ty>A34<QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB ] % &)TCE4(+< M q l e q %'<=B4W=<Qi.,.B4&)2+34&)B4T ,.(+<7, &)B >A34<
W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WH4KJ,.B4<&)2c<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>8>A*y2A,5>A&)2?L # &)B4T>A34<W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB q > F E42?> " <
B4*.>A< : ,.K)2+*U>A3I,5>8&G>c&)2 HM*C2+2+& " K)< &)B TC<=B4<=(A,.KM>A* : (+&GiC< >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.KM>A4* Z=<=(+*y*CB4K # "$# ,.K)K)*z6t&)B4T
>A34<QTC(+& : >A* F *ziC<.q 0'*z6Qu46c<,5>+>A< F Hd>S>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<
nl
] M q Ce

6t&G>A3k(+<=2+HM<=WY> >A* >A34<QB4* : ,.K1R/EI,.B$>A&G>A&)<=2=us&)B4W=K)E : &)B4T >A34<UB4* : ,.K1HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB u ) ] Ye q
fS34&)2U&)2U,.B E4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F ] 6t&G>A34*CEd>Q>A34< ,.(+<7,D6c<=&)TC3$> n e q <_W@34*X*C2+<_>A34&)2Q34<=(+<
LN*C(w>A34< H4E4(+HM*C2+<_*.LS2+34*z6t&)B4Tk>A34< , " &)K)&G> # *.L8>A34< F <Y>A34* : LN*C(UW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4TD>A34<_< 4,.WY> : &)2
%
ay-bx
7B

7B B
P=
u
&)TCE4(+< M q =do f # H4&)W7,.K1B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$>t6t&G>A34&)Bk, >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>7q

W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB uC&)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T : <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<'<=K)< F <=B$>A2=o <=K)< F <=B$>A2\6t&G>A3 Z=<=(+*,.(+<7,dq\0'*.>A<
>A3I,5>'>A34&)2'B4*C( F 3I,.2 B4*_>A(+*CE " K)<Q6t&G>A
3 Z=<=(+* >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<Q,.(+<7,.2=uM& q <.qt,.KG68, # 2 B4*CB4B4<=T$,5>A&GiC< ,.B :
>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB H4(+*XW=<=< : 2=q ` E4H4HM*C2+<U>A3I,5>'6c<E42+<>A34<U2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* :
>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<'>A34<QB4*C( F q[fS34<=Bk>A34<QW@3I,.B4TC<=2 F , : <>A* <7,.W@3kiC<=(?>A< |,.(+<QTC&GiC<=B "$#
] M q >$e
)
! )
6t34<=(+< ) ,.B : !Q&)2',_2 F ,.K)K1W=*CB42?>@,.B$>>A3I,5> F , #D" < : & <=(+<=B$> LN*C( : & <=(+<=B$>
i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q
%'<=(+<.u &G> &)2 &)B42?>A(+E4WY>A&GiC<U>A* 2+<=<>A34<y,.WY>A&)*CBk>@,.-.<=B H4KJ,.W=<U6t&G>A34&)Ba,_2+&)B4TCK)<Q>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.q %I*C(
<7,.W@3DiC<=(?>A< *.LP>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< Uu4>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T W@3I,.B4TC<=2 ,.(+< F , : <.q
!% ]
] M qO e

e
l !

] M q nzm e

l!

] M q nCn e

l
6t34<=(+< !% ,.B : !
,.(+<y2 F ,.K)K W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=q 0'*z6Qu F E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4T "$# ,.B : "$# uP,.B :
2+E " >A(A,.WY>A&)B4T4ud6c<U* " >@,.&)B
!% ]
]M qn l e

e
l!

] M q n =$e
l ] e
ay-bx

7B

C1
7B B
>
/

/
/:
/
PM
1.5
0.1
0.05
1.5
0
-0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
10
)& TCE4(+< M q M o B4&G>A&J,.K ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB

fS34<=B uI>A34<QW@34*C&)W=< !
!% ] e8TC&GiC<=2
0
-1
-0.5
/ :
0.5
&)TCE4(+< M qQPXo B4&G>A&J,.K1xw(+& :

x
] M q Nn M e
l!% ] e
] M q n PCe
]
e l
6t34&)W@3 2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<a2+W@34< F <|6t&)K)K F *ziC<|>A34<|iC<=(?>A< +ut&)B >A34<aW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W|H4KJ,.B4<.u
>A*z68,.( : 2D>A34< *CH4HM*C2+&G>A< 2+& : < &)B &G>A2gB4*C( F ,.K : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< &G> F &)B4& F &[Z=<=2 >A34<
,.(+<7, *.L >A34<D>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<gH4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* >A34&)2 H4KJ,.B4<D&)2 F &)B4& F &[Z=< : ,.2_R/E4&)W@-/K # ,.2_HM*C2+2+& " K)<
] 2+<=<% &)TCE4(+< M q =$e qQfS34< ,.WY>AEI,.K W@3I,.B4TC<yTC&GiC<=B >A* B4* : < 8&)2w, 2+E F *.L >A34&)2w,.WY>A&)*CB42 >A* >A34<
2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4T >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=qPrt<=W7,.K)KXB4*z6 >A3I,5> >A34<cH4(+* " K)< F &)2PE4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : *CB>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(
TC(+& : 2 LN*C( 2+W7,.KJ,.( <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q[fS34<=B uX6c< < dHM<=WY>8>A3I,5> >A34<'(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 W7,.B " < F , : <S>A*Ui.,.B4&)2+3
LN*C(8<YiC<=( # >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.ud,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q,5>t, F &)B4& F E F >A34<wTC(+& : LN*C( F 28, W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W F <=2+3 u
6t34&)W@3_&)2\B4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # E4B4&)R/E4<.u " Ed> *CB_,.B # *.L 6t34&)W@3 >A34<t< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CByW7,.B " <SLN*CE4B : q
<UW=*CB42+& : <=( , 2+R/EI,.(+< : * F ,.&)Bg6t&G>A3|,.B|&)B4&G>A&J,.KM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg6t&G>A3|, : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # ,.2'2+34*z6tB
&)B % &)TCE4(+<=2 M Qq P ,.B : M q M q 0'*.>A<|>A3I,5> >A34< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # &)2 &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : "$# &)B42+<=(?>A&)B4T ,

!%
/

PYP
1.5
0.1
0.05
1
0 -1
0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
&)TCE4(+< M q o bc*C B$iCn <= m (+TCq < :;` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(

m ,.B :
0
-1
-0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+< M q Xo\fS34< % &)BI,.K xw(+& :

x
: <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<U<=K)< F <=B$>7q fS34<, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBDiC<=WY>A*C( ] e8&)2SW@34*C2+<=Bk>A* " < ] m n e q\fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2

,.(+<82+34*z6tB_&)B % &)TCE4(+<=2 M q ,.B : M q '6t34<=(+<t,.K)K/>A34<S(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2[3I,7iC<8i.,.B4&)2+34< : $>A34<S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB&)2
< 4,.WY>7q > &)216c*C(?>A3 F <=B$>A&)*CB4&)B4TS>A3I,5> >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2[,5>P*CEd> I*z6 " *CE4B : ,.( # ] >A*CH ,.B :
(+&)TC3$> e 3I,7iC< " <=<=B F *ziC< : &)B >A34<t2A, F <S68, # ,.2\>A34<t&)B$>A<=(+&)*C(\B4* : <=2=u " Ed> >A34<=&)( F *ziC< F <=B$> &)2
(+<=2?>A(+&)WY>A< : ,.K)*CB4T >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # q fS34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : < F *ziC< F <=B$> &)2S&)BgL ,.WY>',.Bk<=2+2+<=B$>A&J,.K
&G>A< F >A*Q* " >@,.&)B 2+E4W@3 ,(+< F ,.(+-5, " K)<82+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB " <=W7,.E42+<S>A34<S&)B4&G>A&J,.K/B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB F &)TC3$>
B4*.> " <_2A,5>A&)2?L ,.WY>A*C( # q B *CE4(QW7,.2+< 34<=(+<.u > 6c*|B4* : <=2B4<=< : >A* " <_H4KJ,.W=< : &)B >A34<_K)*XW7,5>A&)*CB
6t34<=(+<t>A34< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBy(+<7,.W@34<=2 >A34<S>A*CH " *CE4B : ,.( # u " Ed> >A34<t&)B4&G>A&J,.K/TC(+& : &)2\B4*.>
>@,.&)K)*C(+< : &)Bg2+E4W@3|, 68, # q 9 2SW7,.B " <w2+<=<=Bk&)B % &)TCE4(+< M q Xud>A34<wB4* : <=2t,5>S>A34<>A*CH " *CE4B : ,.( #
3I,.2 " <=<=B F *ziC< : ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # "$# >A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB >A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+<a>A34< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E4W=W=<=2+2?LNE4K)K # q B >A34< (+&)TC3$> " *CE4B : ,.( # u B4*.>A34&)B4T F E4W@3 3I,.2Q3I,.H4HM<=B4< : " <=W7,.E42+<
(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.(+< Z=<=(+* LN(+* F >A34< " <=TC&)B4B4&)B4T4qafS34&)2 2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> ] ,.K)2+*
>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgE4H : ,5>A<=2@e8(+<=2+HM*CB : 2S>A* B4*CB Z=<=(+*_(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2S*CB4K # uI,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w>A34<QTC(+& : 3I,.2

P
" <=<=B ,.KG>A<=(+< : *CB4K # &)B|,.B|& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>t(+<=TC&)*CB q8fS34<, : i.,.B$>@,.TC<U*.L[>A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2'* " iX&)*CE42=o
, : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # W7,.B " <UW7,.Hd>AE4(+< : 6t&G>A34*CEd> W=K)E42?>A<=(+&)B4T F ,.B # B4* : <=2 ,.2t6c*CE4K : 3I,7iC< " <=<=B
: *CB4< "$# >A34<E42+EI,.K W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+< " ,.2+< : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB M4n u l = ,.B : ,.K)2+* &G>A28*CHM<=(A,5>A&)*CB &)28K)*XW7,.K
B4*.>gW=(+<7,5>A&)B4T 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>gTC(+& : : &)2?>A*C(?>A&)*CB q ` & F &)KJ,.(y(+<=2+E4KG>A2D,.(+<a(+<=HM*C(?>A< : &)B > 6t34<=(+<
>A34< # 2+34*z6c< : >A34<HM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # *.L < X>A<=B : &)B4T >A34<E42+<*.L : <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<w<=K)< F <=B$>A2 >A* B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(
3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)Ww<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q

8 < 8 K : 9 5

<QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<

] n e
m
m
]M qn e
6t34&)W@3k,.(+<H43 # 2+&)W7,.K)K # >A34< : <=2+W=(+&)Hd>A&)*CB *.LP2 F ,.K)Ks&)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.KsHM<=(?>AE4( " ,5>A&)*CB42 >A* , E4B4&GLN*C( F
I*z6 *.L8j|,.W@3 B/E F " <=( P3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)Wy&GL n <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)WU*.>A34<=(?6t&)2+<.q fS34&)2Q2 # 2?>A< F 3I,.2
" <=<=BD6c<=K)K 2?>AE : &)< : >A34<=*C(+<Y>A&)W7,.K)K # &)B > m du > l us,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w*CE4( : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CBg6t&)K)K " < " (+&)<YL q
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(t2+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)WQW7,.2+<=2t6t34<=(+<Q6c<UW7,.BgOIB : >A34<QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q
] M q n Ce
W=*CB42?>7q ',.K)*CB4T W=*CB42?>7q
] M q n >$e
W=*CB42?>7q ',.K)*CB4T W=*CB42?>7q
6t34<=(+< n q
Bg>A34<U,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CB >A3I,5> a,.B : i.,.( # K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)Bg<7,.W@3D>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.u/>A34<w(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2
,.(+<Q* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4T ] M q n e q
] M q #n O e
]n
e ln ln
nl ln
] M q l.m e

fS34<UB4*C( F &)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
nl n
] M q lXn e

B
B
B
B
P
6t34&)W@3 3I,.2 2+HM<=W=&J,.KSH4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2 ,.2 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : &)B > m u > l oD&)B >A34<D2+E " 2+*CB4&)WkW7,.2+<.uc&G>
: <=W=*CE4H4K)<=2w>A34< i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.B : kW=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # ,.B : >A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A&[Z7,5>A&)*CB W7,.B " <y2+34*z6tB >A*
" <'<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>c>A*Q>A34<wxQ,.K)<=(+-/&)B OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : LN*C( >A34<'2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(8<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>A2
*.L ] M q n e
]n e
m
] M q lCl e
] n e

m
] M q l =$e
&)B >A34< 2+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)W W7,.2+<.u i.,.B4&)2+34<=2D6t34<=B ,.B # > 6c* < : TC<=2 ] *C(|*CB4< < : TC< LN*C(D2+& F H4K)<
68,7iC< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42@e *.L >A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< *C(+&)<=B$>A< : ,.K)*CB4T >A34< > 6c* W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W=2|,.B : >A34<
W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42',.(+<w2A,5>A&)2?OI< : *CBD>A34<=2+<U< : TC<=2=q
B4<868, # >A*E4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : &G>A2 H4(+*CHM<=(?> # &)B>A34<82+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)WSW7,.2+<S&)2P>A*OIB : W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W
LN*C( F *.L >A34<y(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2Q,.26c<y3I,7iC<_2+<=<=B LN*C(w,gK)&)B4<7,.(, : iC<=WY>A&)*CB <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q >Q&)2<7,.2 # >A*
2+34*z6 >A3I,5>\>A34<t(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2\W7,.B " <tW=* F " &)B4< : >A*LN*C( F ,.B4*.>A34<=( &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4TwHI,.&)(\*.LM(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2
:
,.B
nl ] e ] 4e
] M q 9l M e

nl ] e ] 4e *
] M q l PCe

bcK)<7,.(+K # u y(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2 >A34< ,.(+<7,t*.Ld>A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<[H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* ,tH4KJ,.B4<\6t&G>A3QW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2
k,.B : Mud,.B : 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C( Pq %I*C(c2+& F H4K)<'68,7iC<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB uX2A, # ud6t&G>A3
W=*CB42?>@,.B$>7u 6t&)K) " <'& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K) # Z=<=(+*4ud,.B : 6t&)K)4i.,.B4&)2+3 &GL *CB4<'*.L >A34<'2+& : <'&)2 : &)(+<=WY>A< :
,.K)*CB4Tk>A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB n ,.B :
&)2W=*CB42?>@,.B$> ,.K)*CB4Tk>A3I,5>
< : TC<.q <Y>7u "$# ,.K)&)TCB4&)B4T ,.B4*.>A34<=( < : TC< ,.K)*CB4T >A34<a*.>A34<=( W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB ,.B :
3I,7iX&)B4T >A34<|W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Wki.,.(+&J, " K)<D&)B$i.,.(+&J,.B$>_*CB >A3I,5> < : TC<.uS>A34< # W7,.B
" < " *.>A3 F , : < >A* i.,.B4&)2+3 2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # LN*C( B4*CB 2+& F H4K)<_68,7iC<k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q fS34<=B u >A34<

>
B
B

P>
K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2tB4*C( F LN*C( F < : "$# >A34<=2+<U(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2

nl
]M ql e

3I,.2 , H4(+*CHM<=(?> # >A3I,5> &G> (+<=W=*CTCB4[& Z=<=2_>A34<kW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Wk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q 0'*.>A<D>A3I,5>_6t(+&G>+>A<=B
&)B >A<=( F 2U*.L ,.B : uP>A34&)2QB4*C( F " <=W=* F <=2U& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K\>A* ] M q lXn e u >A3/E42&!+E42?>A&GL # &)B4Tg>A34<
W@34*C&)W=< *.L >A34<y6c<=&)TC3$> n q < F E42?>Q(+< F ,.(+-|34*z6c<YiC<=(U>A3I,5>w>A34<yH4(+*CHM<=(?> # *.L
>A34<_W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W (+<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB &)2QB4*.>2+HM<=W=&J,.K[>A*k>A34<_B4*C( F ] M q lXn e q < F , # F &)B4& F [& Z=<
,.B # B4*C( F 6t&G>A34*CEd> K)*C2+&)B4Tw>A34&)2\HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(\H4(+*CHM<=(?> # q[fP*U2+<=<t>A34&)2=u/2+*CKGiC< ] M q 9l M e\,.B : ] M q l PCe
LN*C( ,.B : a>A* TC<Y>

] M q l Ce

l
] M q l >$e

l
> &)2 W=K)<7,.(yLN(+* F >A34<=2+<|(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42 >A3I,5> >A34<k*C(+&)TC&)BI,.Kc(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.B : 6t&)K)Kci.,.B4&)2+3
6t34<=B >A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Wy(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.B : i.,.B4&)2+3 u1& q < 6t34<=B >A34<y<=K)< F <=B$>Q&)2O4>+>A< :
>A* ,2+& F H4K)<t*C(cB4*CB 2+& F H4K)<868,7iC<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q fS34&)2c& F H4K)&)<=2[>A3I,5>c6c< F , # F &)B4& F [& Z=<S&)B42?>A<7, :
>A34<QB4*C( F 6t&G>A34*CEd>S>A34<w6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4TyL ,.WY>A*C(
nl
]M ql O e

,.B : 2?>A&)K Kd3I,7iC<t>A34<tW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WS(+<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB H4(+*CHM<=(?> # q[fS34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<.u/34*z6c<YiC<=(=udK)&)<=2\&)B
>A34<Q2+HM<=< : *.L W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q &G>A3 >A34<w6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4T L ,.WY>A*C(=ud6c<U,.(+< F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4Tw>A34<QW@3I,.(A,.W
>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 : &)(+<=WY>AK # u *C( >A34<y<=K)< F <=B$>w,.(+<7, H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* >A34<> 6c*DW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W
H4KJ,.B4<=2=q >c&)2 <7,.2 # >A*U2+34*z6 >A3I,5> >A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>c*.L <7,.W@3 B4* : <SLN*C( ,QHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(\<=K)< F <=B$> &)2
HM<=(+HM<=B : &)W=E4KJ,.(S>A*_>A34<2+& : <U*CH4HM*C2+&G>A<Q>A* >A3I,5> B4* : <.us>A3I,5> &)2t>A34< F *C2?> < <=WY>A&GiC< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB
>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<\>A34<S,.(+<7, > m Yu > l q <c>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<S< dHM<=WY>\>A3I,5> F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T', B4*C( F *.>A34<=( >A3I,.B
] M q lXn e 6c*CE4K : 2+K)*z6 : *z6tBD>A34<QW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q
:

PO
1
0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+< M q >do1K)p1&)B4<YL<=>72=o q bc*CB$>A*CE4nzm(+2*.q L rt&)TCW=3$* F>7oH4bcEd>A*C< B$: >A*C*CE4B (+2U,D*.OL d< : ,.B TC: (+& :,.B &)B *C: Hd&)>AW7& ,5F >A<,.: K TC"$(+# & : >A34W=*<_F >A34H4&)EdW@>A-.< <=: (
2+(+&< F F E4*zKGiC>@< ,.:|B4<=: *CE4E4(+2+&)K B4# TyuP2?>A>@34,.<Q(?>A2+&)*CB4K)TDEd>ALN&)(+*C* BgF H4(+>A*X34W=< <=2+TC2=(+q & : *CB >Anz34m < K)<YqL >7q n >DB4* : <=23I,7iC< " <=<=B
9 W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.KI(+<=2+E4KG>8&)28,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<8LN*C(c, I*z6 ,5> l ] LN(+* F >A34<K)<YL > >A*U>A34<(+&)TC3$> e
>A34(+*CE4TC3 ,aHI,.(A,.K)K)<=K : E4WY> H4KJ,.W=< : ,5> ,a2 F ,.K)K &)B4W=& : <=B4W=<.u 2+*a>A3I,5>yW=* F H4(+<=2+2+&)*CB ,.B : (A,.(
<YL ,.WY>A&)*CB 68,7iC<=2=usW=(+<7,5>A< : ,5>8>A34<wK)<7, : &)B4T < : TC<.uI(+< I<=WY> : *z6tBg>A34< : E4WY>7q 9 28>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #
W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB u16c<_2+HM<=W=&GL # m ,5>,.K)*CB4Tg>A34< : E4WY>y,.B : >A34< LN(+<=<=2?>A(+<7, F W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ,5>Q>A34<
&)B4K)<Y>7q %I*C(82+& F H4K)&)W=&G> # u/>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2',.(+<O d< : LN*C(c>A34&)2SH4(+* " K)< F q[fS34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.K ,.B :
>A34<tOIBI,.KMTC(+& : 2 ,.(+<'2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< M q >Q6t34<=(+<'>A34<tLN*C( F <=( &)2 W=* F HM*C2+< : *.L n > m <=K)< F <=B$>A2
,.B : nzm B4* : <=2=q Bk>A34<K)<YL >7uI>A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBkW=*CB$>A*CE4(+2 ] >A34&)B|K)&)B4<=2@e us* " >@,.&)B4< : *CBk>A34<UO d< :
TC(+& : u ,.(+< H4K)*.>+>A< : *CBa>A34<y&)B4&G>A&J,.K V<=KJ,.E4BI, # TC(+& : ] >A34&)W@-DK)&)B4<=2@e q 9 2W7,.B " <y< dHM<=WY>A< : u >A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB : & E42+<=2 , K)*.>t*CBg>A34&)2tW=*$,.(+2+<UTC(+& : q {cEd> *CB4W=<w>A34<UTC(+& : &)2',.K)K)*z6c< : >A* F *ziC<.u4>A34<
F <Y>A34* : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<=2U<=K)< F <=B$>A2U3I,7iX&)B4Tk*CB4<_*C(w> 6c*|2+& : <=2,.K)&)TCB4< : 6t&G>A3 >A34<_W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W
: &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB42=u[,.B : 2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # W=* F H4Ed>A<=2U>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42Q>A3I,5> ,.(+< HM<=(?LN<=WY>AK # : & E42+&)*CB
LN(+<=<.q_0'*.>A<y>A3I,5>w>A34< TC(+& : 3I,.2 " <=<=B ,.KG>A<=(+< : *CB4K # &)B (+<=TC&)*CB426t34<=(+< 68,7iC<=2 ,.(+< ,.WY>AEI,.K)K #
H4(+<=2+<=B$>7qk{c<=W7,.E42+<_> 6c*|< : TC<=22+* F <Y>A& F <=2w>A( # >A*k(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$> >A34<_2A, F < W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W 6c<
& F H4K)< F <=B$>A< : ,D2+W@34< F < LN*C(w(+< F *ziX&)B4TD(+< : E4B : ,.B$>B4* : <=2=oQ&)B ,DTC(+*CE4H *.Lc>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 >A3I,5>
2+3I,.(+<k,aB4* : <.u W=* F H4Ed>A< >A34<gK)<=B4T.>A3 *.L'<7,.W@3 < : TC<DW=*CB4B4<=WY>A&)B4T >A34<gB4* : <D,.B : , B4<=&)TC3
" *C(+&)B4T B4* : <.ut,.K)2+* W=* F H4Ed>A<k>A34< : &)2?>@,.B4W=< " <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34<|B4* : <a,.B : >A34<|< : TC<|*CH4HM*C2+&G>A<
>A* >A3I,5>QB4* : <.u ,.B : &GL\>A34< F &)B4& F E F K)<=B4T.>A3 &)2wK)<=2+2>A3I,.B P *.L >A34< F , d& F E F uM(+< F *ziC<
0
0.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
!576
8143
!5"9;:

Cm
>A34<gB4* : <.q fS34&)2y&)2 H4E4(+<=K # TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K q B L ,.WY>7u\6c<g& F H4K)< F <=B$>A< : >A34<g2+W@34< F < " ,.2+< :
*CB >A34<yB4*C( F (+< : E4WY>A&)*CB u " Ed>w>A34< F <Y>A34* : (+< F *ziC< : ,.K)KP>A34<y&)B$>A<=(+&)*C( HM*C&)B$>A2w&)Ba>A34<y<=B : u
,.WY>AEI,.K)K # (+< : E4W=&)B4T >A34< B4*C( F K)*XW7,.K) # q %IE4(?>A34<=(y&)B$iC<=2?>A&)T$,5>A&)*CB &)2 (+<=R/E4&)(+< : LN*C(>A34<gB4* : <
(+< F *zi.,.K4H4(+*XW=< : E4(+<.q\fS34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2 ,.(+<SO d< : &)By>A34&)2\< 4, F H4K)< " <=W7,.E42+<t>A34<t&)B4&G>A&J,.K
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)2w2A,5>A&)2?L ,.WY>A*C( # ] < 4,.WY>AK # &)B >A34< H4KJ,.W=<=2w6t34<=(+< >A34< # W7,.B W7,5>AW@3 >A34<y68,7iC<=2@e q
fS34<tHM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # *.L W=(+<7,5>A&)B4TQ,wW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WSTC(+& : &)By>A34<S2+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)WtW7,.2+< F <7,.B42\>A3I,5>[>A34<
, : ,.Hd>A< : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)28iX&)(?>AEI,.K)K # < 4,.WY>7q

8 < 8 0

y< B4*z6 (+<Y>AE4(+Ba>A* >A34< 2+W7,.KJ,.( W7,.2+<.u " Ed>Q, B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.('<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBaLN*C('6t34&)W@3 >A34< K)<7,.2?>
2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : < dHM<=(+&)<=B4W=<=2, : & _W=E4KG> # q <QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<Q&)B$iX&)2+W=& : {cE4(+TC<=(+2t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q
] M q= m e
*
m
B >A34< ,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CBy>A3I,5> i.,.(+&)<=2 K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)B_,w>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.u.6c< &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A<S>A34<t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB
>A* TC<Y>t>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K q
] M q= n e
ln ] e
6t34<=(+< qQ0'*.>A<U>A3I,5>>A34&)2 &)2< 4,.WY>LN*C( K)&)B4<7,.('2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=qfS34&)2 F <7,.B42 >A3I,5>
xw(+<=<=SB W 2>A34<=*C(+< F 34*CK : 2w< 4,.WY>AK # &)Ba>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A< LN*C( F ,.2 6c<=K)K u1,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<y2+E F_F &)B4T
E4H_>A34<'(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.K)4*ziC<=( >A34< : * F ,.&)B # &)<=K : 2 W7,.B4W=<=K)J,5>A&)*CB *.L &)B$>A<=(+&)*C(\K)&)B4<t&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K)2=uC>A3/E42
K)<7,7iX&)B4T|,k2+&)B4TCK)< " *CE4B : ,.( # &)B$>A<=TC(A,.K uP& q <.q >A<=K)<=2+W=*CH4&)B4T|H4(+*CHM<=(?> # q %I*C(Q>A34&)2U(+<7,.2+*CB u &G>U&)2
W7,.K)K)< : W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<8K)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CBU&)B>A34<8W=*CB$>A< X> *.Ls(+<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB ] *C( IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB
2+H4K)&G>+>A&)B4T/e 2+W@34< F <=2 = m q ` & F &)KJ,.(+K # >A*U>A34< K)&)B4<7,.( W7,.2+<.ud&G> W7,.B " < 2+34*z6tB >A3I,5> >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K
i.,.B4&)2+34<=28LN*C( >A34<w<=K)< F <=B$>86t34<=BD*CB4<*.L >A34<< : TC<=2S&)2S,.K)&)TCB4< : ,.K)*CB4T Pud& q <.q >A34<
W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WS6t&G>A3 >A34< ,7iC<=(A,.TC< : 2+HM<=< : q\fS34&)2 &)2 ,.W=W=<=Hd>@, " K)<tLN*C( ,Q2 F *X*.>A3_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u " Ed>
B4*.> LN*C([, : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # q 9 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB&)2 W=* F H4Ed>A< : LN*C(P>A34<8W7,.2+<8*.LM,2?>@,5>A&)*CBI,.( # 2+34*XW@-su/,.B :
&)2 2+34*z6tBg&)B % &)TCE4(+< M q O 6t34<=(+<'>A34< B4* : <=28,5> >A34<'>A*CH " *CE4B : ,.( # 6c<=(+< F *ziC< : &)B >A34< 2A, F <

6
B

dn
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.8
0.2
1
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0
0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
&)TCE4(+< M q O o (+bc<=*C2+B$& : iCEI<=,.(+TCK < ] : M q =` n*CeK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(S>A34<
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
&)TCE4(+< M q nzm oP(+bc<=*C2+B$& : iCEI<=,.(+TCK < ] : M q 2+= *Cl K)eEd>A&)*CBLN*C( >A34<
0.4
68, # ,.2\>A34<t&)B$>A<=(+&)*C(\B4* : <=2 " Ed>c*CB4K # &)By>A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB q[{ #yF &)B4& F &[Z=&)B4T'>A34<tB4*C( F *.LM>A34<
LN*C( F ] M q Ce ud>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2t3I,7iC< " <=<=B : (+&GiC<=BD>A&* Z=<=(+* LN*C(t,.K)K <=K)< F <=B$>A2=q 9 B : >A34< F <Y>A34* :
&)B : <=< : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2 >A* ,.B|*ziC<=(?>AE4(+B4< : 2+34*XW@-sqSfS34&)2'&)2S>A34<U(+<7,.2+*CBk>A3I,5>'>A34<,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A< :
B4*C( F L ,.&)K)2[>A*W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<,5>8,UB4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(\2+34*XW@-sq >c&)2 & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>\>A*B4*.>A<t>A3I,5> >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K
] M q = n eU&)2 B4*.>yE4B4&)R/E4<.q B TC<=B4<=(A,.K u[>A34<=(+<D< d&)2?> F *C(+< >A3I,.B *CB4< LN*C( F *.L : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB
LN*C(B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(U<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u[<.q T4qa>A34<_>A(A,.HM;< Z=*C& : ,.K (+E4K)<.u >A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>U(+E4K)<.u[<Y>AW.$q B L ,.WY>7u
,.B ,.KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB|>A3I,5>w<=B42+E4(+<=2U, W=*C(+(+<=WY>Q2+34*XW@-a2+HM<=< : W7,.B " < W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A< :
"$# <=BdLN*C(+W=&)B4Tk&G>w>A*|2A,5>A&)2?L # >A34"< !+E F H W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ,.K)*CB4TD<7,.W@3 < : TC<_*.Lc>A34<_<=K)< F <=B$>7q fS34<
: &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB >@,.-.<=2t>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TLN*C( F q
] M q= l e
ln ] e
fS34&)2y(+<=2+& : EI,.Kci.,.B4&)2+34<=2 6t34<=B *CB4<g*.Lt>A34<g2+& : <=2y*.Lt>A34<g<=K)< F <=B$>y&)2y,.K)& TCB4< : ,.K)*CB4T ,
2+34*XW@-sq B *.>A34<=(\6c*C( : 2=uX&G>\i.,.B4&)2+34<=2\6t34<=B &G> " <=W=* F <=2 HI,.(A,.K)K)<=KX>A*Q>A34<'K)&)B4<c6t&G>A3 >A34<t2+K)*CHM<
] e l 6t34<=(+<_>A34<_*.>A34<=(UB4* : ,.K\2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2U,.2+2+E F < : >A* " <_<=R/EI,.K\>A* *C( q
9 2 W7,.B " <D2+<=<=B &)B % &)TCE4(+< M q nzm u >A34<D2+34*XW@- &)2yW7,.Hd>AE4(+< : < 4,.WY>AK # q B4<DH4(+* " K)< F 6t&G>A3

B

$l
>A34&)2 : &)2+W=(+<Y>A&[Z7,5>A&)*CB|&)2t>A3I,5>&G> : *X<=2 B4*.>TC&GiC<, W=*C(+(+<=WY>2+34*XW@-k&GL F *C(+<Q>A3I,.Ba*CB4<<=K)< F <=B$>
&)2y&)B$iC*CKGiC< : &)B >A34<k2+34*XW@-sq > 6t&)K KcTC&GiC<k,.B *ziC<=(?>AE4(+B4< : 2+34*XW@- ,.T$,.&)B q 9 K)2+*4u &G>_, : F &G>A2
B4*CB H43 # 2+&)W7,.K 2+34*XW@-/2 ] <=B$>A(+*CH # iX&)*CKJ,5>A&)B4T 2+34*XW@-/2@e q fS34< : <Y>@,.&)K)< :g: &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CBD*CBgB4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(
H4(+* " K)< F 2S&)2SB4*z6 TC&GiC<=Bk&)Bg>A34<QB4< X>'2+<=WY>A&)*CB q

"!%!$'*#+

'*+ "%
$# "!$,
< 3I,7iC<y2+<=<=Ba>A3I,5>>A34<K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2 W7,.HI, " K)<*.L H4(+* : E4W=&)B4T < 4,.WY>w2+*CK)E
>A&)*CB42tLN*C(tK)&)B4<7,.(t3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)WQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # , : !+E42?>A&)B4T_>A34< F <=2+3a&)B$>A* ,_W@3I,.(
,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WSW=*CBdOITCE4(A,5>A&)*CB q > &)2 ,.B , : i.,.B$>@,.TC<S*.LM>A34< F <Y>A34* : >A3I,5> , : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # W7,.B " <
W7,.Hd>AE4(+< : 6t&G>A3 F ,.B # LN<Y6c<=(QB4* : <=2>A3I,.Ba>A34<yE42+EI,.K[W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+< , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB M4n u l = q <
3I,7iC<,.K)2+*Q2+<=<=B ud34*z6c<YiC<=(=uI,Q2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : < X>A<=B42+&)*CB_>A*UB4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(\H4(+* " K)< F 2\L ,.&)K)2=u/,.B :
>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K F E42?> " < : <=2+&)TCB4< : 2+E4W@3 >A3I,5>,g2+34*XW@- (+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB &)2w2A,5>A&)2?OI< : ,.W=(+*C2+2Q2+34*XW@-/2=q
fS34< F ,.&)BkLN*XW=E42 *.L\>A34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CBa&)2'>A34<=Ba*CB|>A34< W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB|*.L\(+<=2+& : EI,.KPLN*C('B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(
3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)WwH4(+* " K)< F 2=q

8 K 8 < #-

<QW=*CB42+& : <=(t2+<Y>A2'*.LP> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CBkKJ,76t2S*.L >A34<wLN*C( F

] M q =Y=$e

% ] e ] e m
6t34<=(+< % u ,.B : ,.(+<8,.K)K &)BU6t34&)W@3 <7,.W@3yW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>[*.L4>A34<cW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<ci.,.(+&J, " K)<
,.B : IE d<=2'&)2t, " &)K)&)B4<7,.(cLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBD*.LP>A34<QW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2t*.L q
] M q= M e
% ] e
] e
6t34<=(+<D>A34<D2+E4HM<=(+2+W=(+&)Hd> ( : <=B4*.>A<=2 >A(A,.B42+HM*C2+<.u8,.B : ,.B : ,.(+<gW=*CB42?>@,.B$> 2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W
>A34&)( : *C( : <=(w>A<=B42+*C(+2=q < W7,.B <7,.2+&)K # H4(+*ziC<_>A3I,5>ULN*C(,k2 F ,.K)K\W@3I,.B4TC< u 6c< 3I,7iC<.u\*CB
,.W=W=*CE4B$>'*.L 2 #XF_F <Y>A( # u
] M q = PCe
%
,.B : LN*C(SKJ,.(+TC<W@3I,.B4TC<=2t6c<U3I,7iC<Q>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<wiC<=(+2+&)*CB
] M q= e
fS34&)2[2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+<t&)B4W=K)E : <=2 >A34<S^\E4K)<=([<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42[*.LMW=* F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)<8&)B$iX&)2+W=& : I*z6 &GL &)2 >@,.-.<=B
>A* " <Urt*X< W 2tHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(8iC<=WY>A*C(=q fS34<U2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<QiC<=(+2+&)*CBk*.L ] M q =Y=$ecW7,.B " <6t(+&G>+>A<=B
] M q = Ce

m
fS34<8%'E4TC*CB4&)*.> W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB u % u$6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34<c2+K)*CHM< *.Ls, : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # u
" <=W=* F <=2
] M q =Y>$e
e m
]
6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34<,.(+&G>A3 F <Y>A&)Wt,7iC<=(A,.TC< *.L >A34<'i.,.(+&J, " K)<',.W=(+*C2+2 >A34< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # q\fP** " >@,.&)B
,yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBg6c<UH4(+< F E4KG>A&)H4K # ] M q = Ce "$# ,y(+*z6 iC<=WY>A*C( w2+E4W@3|>A3I,5>
] M q= O e

>A3I,5>y&)2>A* 2A, # 6c<g3I,7iC<g>A* 2+*CKGiC< >A34< TC<=B4<=(A,.K)[& Z=< : <=&)TC<=B$i.,.K)E4< H4(+* " K)< F LN*C(>A34<gHI,.&)(*.L
B .ud>A34<QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB " <=W=* F <=2
F ,5>A(+&)W=<=2 u q xw&GiC<=BD2+E4W@3a,.
] M q M$m e
]
7e m
*C(
] M q M4n e

m *CB
0'*.>A< >A3I,5>w>A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB ] M q M4n e'(+<=KJ,5>A<=2i.,.K)E4<=2 W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W.u " Ed>
>A34<U%'E4TC*CB4&)*.>SW=*CB : &G>A&)*CBD(+<=KJ,5>A<=28i.,.K)E4<=2 # >A34<Q2+34*XW@-sq
%
!

8K 8K D
]%
U< ,.(+<Q&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A< : &)BDW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4Ty2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S*.L ] M q =Y=$e "$# , K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : *CB
>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(cTC(+& : 2S&)Bg6t34&)W@3D>A34<wOI(+2?>'2?>A<=H|&)28>A* W=* F H4Ed>A<w>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K q

! !
% ] e ] e % ] e ] e ] M q M/l e
9;:6
9;:6
9;:6
6t34<=(+<S>A34< : ,5>@,&)2\,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<c,5>[>A34<8iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 n u l u =dq fS34<t2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H &)2 >A34<=By>A* : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A<
2+* F <|LN(A,.WY>A&)*CB *.Lw>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.Kt>A* <7,.W@3 iC<=(?>A< q B >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : uS>A34<=2+<
LN(A,.WY>A&)*CB42> # H4&)W7,.K)K # 2+E F >A** Z=<=(+*D*ziC<=(,.B # TC&GiC<=B <=K)< F <=B$>7u 2+*g>A3I,5>w>A34< F <Y>A34* : 6t&)K)K " <
W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<c34*z6c<YiC<=([>A34<c(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.(+< <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : qPfS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<c6c< LN*XW=E42POI(+2?> *CB : & <=(+<=B$>
H4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2*.LSi.,.(+&)*CE42U<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)*CB42=qabc*CB42+& : <=(y,|2+&)B4TCK)< >A<=( F u[,.(+&)2+&)B4TkLN(+* F &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4T
!+E42?>'*CB4<QW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>t*.LP>A34< IE DiC<=WY>A*C('*ziC<=(t*CBk< : TC<Q*.LP>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$>7q
] M q M =$e
% ! % ] e !
fP*_<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A<>A34&)2S&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K >A34<=(+<Q&)2t, W=KJ,.2+2S*.L 2+& F H4K)< LN*C( F E4KJ,.2
% ] [e ] l e ] e ]
e ] e ] M q MYM e
6t34<=(+< &)2',_HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(S>A3I,5> 3I,.2'*CB4K # ,_2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( (+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<Q< <=WY>*CBD>A34< ,.W=W=E4(A,.W #
*.LP>A34<Q<=2?>A& F ,5>A<.q

9;:
9;:
<
<
<
8 K 8 %
+ N
Sf 34<LN*C( F E4KJ, LN*C(t>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.KP&)2 * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# 2+E F_F &)B4T_E4Ha>A34< W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB42tLN(+* F
>A34(+<=<Q2+& : <=2=q B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T >A34<QB4*.>@,5>A&)*CB u
] M q M PCe
] [e ] =e ] n [e
l
6t34<=(+< ,.(+<wW # W=K)&)W7,.K)K # HM<=( F Ed>A< : LN*C( n l =du4,.B : (+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC&)B4T >A<=( F 2=u46c<Q* " >@,.&)B
] [e ] [e ] e

] M qM e
] [e

]
e
6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<y*.L D>@,.-.<=B ,.B$>A&)W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+< ,.K)*CB4T >A34<y< : TC<y*CH4HM*C2+&G>A<>A* >A34<
B4* : < +u 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C( qy0'*.>A< >A3I,5>w>A34&)2LN*C( F E4KJ, &)2wB4*.>Q2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>Q>A*
<
B <
<
<
9;:6
6 9
9;:
< A@
< A@
6
:
6
:
9
9
>A34<wiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q fS34<=(+<,.(+<> 6c*_*.>A34<=(t(+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>A2tHM*C2+2+& " K)<.u

] [e ] e ] e ]
e
]
] M q M Ce
[e ] e ] e ] e

] [e ] e ] e ]
e
] [e ] e
] e ] e
] M q M >$e
,.B : ,.K)KM>A34(+<=<w6t&)K)K TC&GiC<>A34<Q2A, F <wB/E F <=(+&)W7,.KMi.,.K)E4<.q\fS34<QHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(S,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$> ] M q M e
W7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=B u
] [e % ] e

% ]
] M qM O e
e

6t34<=(+<Q>A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B F ,5>A(+&)W=<=28&)Bg>A34<wOI(+2?>t>A<=( F ,.(+<Q<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : ,5>S>A34<Q2?>@,5>A< ] [e8,.B :
>A34*C2+<8&)B>A34<82+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F 2\,5> >A34<82?>@,5>A< ] [e u.6t34&)W@3y2+34*z6t2[>A3I,5>[>A34<8HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=( |,.WY>A2
*CB|>A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B F ,5>A(+&)W=<=2=q %I*C('< 4, F H4K)<.us>@,.-/&)B4T l =_6c< * " >@,.&)BD>A34< W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<
K)& B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB_6t34&)W@3k3I,.2 " <=<=B|Ed>A&)K)[& Z=< : &)Bg>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K12+H4K)&G>+>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : = m q
F+ E n
` E4H4HM*C2+<_>A3I,5>U> 6c*|*.Lc>A34<_2?>@,5>A<=23I,.H4HM<=B >A* " <_<=R/EI,.K u q fS34<=B >A34<
2+<=W=*CB : K)&)B4<*.L ] M q M e i.,.B4&)2+34<=2',.B : >A34<wOI(+2?>'K)&)B4< " <=W=* F <=2
] [e ] [e ] e
] M Qq P m e

%I*C(t>A34<2+HM<=W=&J,.KPW@34*C&)W=< n uM6t34&)W@3aTC&GiC<=2 ] [ e ] e l ] ,.(+&G>A3 F <Y>A&)W
,7iC<=(A,.TC<k,.W=(+*C2+2 >A34<D2+34*XW@-de u >A34&)2yW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2 H4(+<=W=&)2+<=K # 6t&G>A3 >A34<k%'E4TC*CB4&)*.> W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB
] M q =Y>$e ,.K)*CB4T >A34< < : TC< = n u H4(+*ziX& : < : >A34< < : TC< n l &)2D,.K)&)TCB4< : &)B 2+34*XW@- *.LU>A34< 2+HM<=< :
] % &)TCE4(+< M q nCn e q[fS34&)28&)28&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>t*.L1>A34<HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB *.L1>A34<*.>A34<=(8B4* : <.uI,.B :
9;:6
9;:
:6
9;:6
6 9
:6
< A@
< A@
< A@
< A@
9;:6
<
6 9
<
9;:
$<
<

<
9;:6
*<
<
6 9
< A@
<
6 9
<
6 9

1
dy/dx=S
2
3
)& TCE4(+< M q nCn o ` 34*XW@-grt<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB o n

&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<=2 >A34<kHM*C2+2+& " &)K &G> # *.LW7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4T ] *C(yO4>+>A&)B4T/e 2+34*XW@-/2 "$# F <7,.B42_*.L : <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<
<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q %'*z6c<YiC<=(=uME4BdLN*C(?>AE4BI,5>A<=K # ud>A34&)2t, : F &G>A2SB4*CB H43 # 2+&)W7,.K12+34*XW@-/2 ,.2S6c<=K)K q
?3
m
%I*C(w2+W7,.KJ,.(wH4(+* " K)< F 2=u >A34< W@34*C&)W=< m 3I,.2U,g2+HM<=W=&J,.K[H4(+*CHM<=(?> # q &G>A3 + m u >A34<
(+<=2+& : EI,.K " <=W=* F <=2
]m e ] e

] M Qq P n e

]
e
6t34<=(+<t,.K)KXR/EI,.B$>A&G>A&)<=2\,.(+<c>A34*CE4TC3$>\*.L ,.2[2+W7,.KJ,.(=q[0'*z6 2+E4H4HM*C2+<S>A3I,5> >A34<S< : TC< n l &)2[,.K)&)TCB4< :
6t&G>A3|>A34<W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WU6t34*C2+< 2+HM<=< : <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : ,5>'>A34< 2?>@,5>A< l u & q <.q

q
fS34<=Bk>A34<wOI(+2?>t>A<=( F i.,.B4&)2+34<=2=q 9 B : >A34<Q2+<=W=*CB : (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2'>A34<UW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB
m < 4,.WY>AK # uI,.T$,.&)B LN*C(S,.B # HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB *.L >A34< >A34&)( : B4* : < ] % &)TCE4(+< M q n l e q %I*C(c2 # 2?>A< F 2=u
,.K)K\>A34&)2 W7,.B ,.WY>AEI,.K)K # 3I,.H4HM<=B " Ed>y*CB4K # ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<=K # qa0'*.>A<_>A3I,5> >A34< W@34*C&)W=< m
(+<=KJ,5>A<=28>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgi.,.K)E4<=2 >A34<Q< : TC<Q(A,5>A34<=(S>A3I,.B # ,.2t&)Bg>A34<QW7,.2+< n q
9 B4*.>A34<=(c& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> H4(+*CHM<=(?> # ,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : 6t&G>A3_>A34&)2 W@34*C&)W=<'&)2 >A34<, " &)K)&G> # >A*W=* F H4Ed>A<
H43 # 2+&)W7,.K (A,.(+<YL ,.WY>A&)*CB qgfP*|2+<=< >A34&)2=uPW=*CB42+& : <=( {cE4(+TC<=(+;2 WP<=R/EI,5>A&)*C B
m 6t34<=(+<

l q\V&)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z=&)B4TU>A34< 2+HI,5>A&J,.K : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<'>A<=( F "$# >A34<R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< LN*C( F E4KJ, ] M q MYM e u
(+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC&)B4T >A34<w>A<=( F 2=u46c<wOIB :
] M Qq P l e
( l ] n [e l l

%
=<
<
<
@
9;:6
:
6
<
@
6
:
6
:

(<
<
:
7B
5"9
<
7B
7B
5"9
7B
7B
7B
5"9

2
3
&)TCE4(+< M q n l o bc3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQrt<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB o m
6t34&)W@3k&)2t,y2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CBg*.L
] M qQP =$e

] n [e

fS34&)2Q2+34*z6t2Q>A3I,5>wLN*C( : &GiC<=(+TC&)B4TDW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W=2=u
m u >@,.-/&)B4T n TC&GiC<=2QHM*C2+&G>A&GiC<
: &)2+2+&)HI,5>A&)*CB qP^ dHM<=(+& F <=B$>@,.K)K # 6c< OIB : >A3I,5> gB4<=< : 2 >A* " <\6c<=K)K " <=K)*z6 E4B4&G> # u.,.B : >A3I,5>EZ=<=(+*
&)2, TC*X* : W@34*C&)W=<.qfS34< 2A, F << <=WY>wW7,.B " << dH4KJ,.&)B4< : "$#|F <7,.B42*.L\<=B$>A(+*CH # ,.(+TCE F <=B$>7q
(+&G>A<>A34<Q2+< F & : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB ] M Qq P l ec&)Bg>A34<QW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CBgLN*C( F q
]
( (
M Qq P M e

6t&G>A3 >A34< IE LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] Ye q V<YOIB4< , B4*CB &)B4W=(+<7,.2+&)B4T
R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WU<=B$>A(+*CH # P uM2+E F >A34< F E4H ,.K)K1*ziC<=('>A34<B4* : <=2=u ,.B : ,.(+(A,.B4TC<Q>A34<(+<=2+E4KG>
>A* TC<Y>
] M qQPYPCe
( ln l =n ] Ye

fS34&)2 2+34*z6t2'>A3I,5> >A34<U<=B$>A(+*CH # &)2'W=*CB42+<=(?iC< : "$# >@,.-/&)B4T_>A34<UW@34*C&)W=< l =dus(+< : E4W=< : "$#
l = LN*C(>A34< W=* F H4(+<=2+2+&GiC< : ,5>@,
zuP,.B : (+< : E4W=< : ,.K)2+* "$# l = LN*C(>A34<
< dHI,.B42+&GiC< : ,5>@, zq'fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<6c< 3I,7iC<>A* >@,.-.< l = LN*C( 2+34*XW@-D68,7iC<=2=u " Ed>
l = LN*C(w< dHI,.B42+&)*CB 68,7iC<=2=q fS34&)2w&)2wW=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>U6t&G>A3 >A34<_, " *ziC< : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CB o + n
(+<=W=*CTCB4[& Z=<=2_2+34*XW@-/2 " Ed> , : F &G>A2yB4*CB H43 # 2+&)W7,.K'2+34*XW@-/2 ,.B : m ,7iC*C& : 2_B4*CB H43 # 2+&)W7,.K
2+34*XW@-/2=q
%
=<
<
<
<

7B
7B 7B
9 :
9 :
7B
5"9 :
7B
B:
B:
<
7B
7B
<
7B
<
7B

<
7B
7B
<
*<
<

<
>

&)TCE4(+< M q n =do1&)p1B <Y: L >7&)W7oy,5>A^\<K)< >AF 34<Q<=B$W@>3I,.&)B(A,.<WYd>A<=HI(+,.&)2?B4>A2+&)&)Ww*CB2+HMqk<=<rt: &)TCiC3$<=>7WYo >A*C^\(+K)2=< q F <=B$>&)B W=* F H4(+<=2+2+&)*CB q 9 (+(+*z6t2
%

8 K 8
N 2 N
B4<kHM*C2+2+& " K)<g68, # >A* >@,.-.<|, : i.,.B$>@,.TC<k*.L >A34<gLN*C( F E4KJ,.2 LN*C(y>A34<k(+<=2+& : EI,.Kt&)2y>A* E42+<
n LN*C(S<=K)< F <=B$>A2'&)BD2+34*XW@-/2,.B : m LN*C(S*.>A34<=(+2=uI>A3/E42'W7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4T 2+34*XW@-/2 < 4,.WY>AK # ,5>
>A34< 2A, F <t>A& F <',7iC*C& : &)B4THM*C2+2+& " K)<'(A,.(+<YL ,.WY>A&)*CB_2+34*XW@-/2=q fS34< : <=W=&)2+&)*CB_W7,.B " < F , : < " ,.2+< :
*CB >A34<_(A,5>A< *.L8W@3I,.B4TC< *.Lc>A34<y>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< ,.(+<7, : E4< >A*D>A34< iX&)(?>AEI,.K[iC<=(?>A< F *.>A&)*CB W7,.E42+< :
"$# >A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W 2+HM<=< : 2=q F ,.TC&)B4<>A3I,5>U, >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< &)2wW=*CB$iC<=WY>A< : &)B ,gW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2
>A&)WyOI<=K : q Lc>A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W=2,.(+< : &GiC<=(+TC&)B4T4u & F H4K # &)B4T < dHI,.B42+&)*CB u >A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<y,.(+<7,
6c*CE4K : &)B4W=(+<7,.2+<.q B >A34<_*.>A34<=(U3I,.B : uP&GLc>A34<_W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W=2,.(+< W=*CB$iC<=(+TC&)B4T4u & F H4K # &)B4T
W=* F H4(+<=2+2+&)*CB u >A34<y>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< ,.(+<7, 6c*CE4K : : <=W=(+<7,.2+<.q ` <=< % &)TCE4(+< M q n =dq >Q&)2w<7,.2 # >A*D2+34*z6
>A3I,5>S>A34<Q(A,5>A<Q*.L W@3I,.B4TC<Q*.L >A34<U,.(+<7,y&)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] M Qq P e
( ln

6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34<k2+W7,.K)< : &)B$68,.( : B4*C( F ,.KciC<=WY>A*C( *.L >A34<D< : TC<|*CH4HM*C2+&G>A< >A* >A34<giC<=(?>A<
] &G>A2 F ,.TCB4&G>AE : < >A34<wK)<=B4T.>A3D*.LP>A3I,5>t< : TC<ze us,.B : P&)2S,yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww2+HM<=< : iC<=WY>A*C(',5>
iC<=(?>A< +q fS3I,5>'&)28>A* 2A, # uI>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$>t&)2 " <=&)B4T W=* F H4(+<=2+2+< : &GL
] M Qq P Ce
( m

<
<

9 : 6

YO
6t34<=(+<7,.2 " <=&)B4T < dHI,.B : < : &GL
] M qQP >$e

m

%I*C(S2 # ?2 >A< F *.L <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u46c<UW=* F H4Ed>A<w>A34&)28LN*C(S<7,.W@3D68,7iC< K)&)-.<UW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>7q

8 K 8 b ;BC
%
fS34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S,.(+<Q2+*CE4TC3$>t>A3I,5> F &)B4& F &[Z=<'>A34<QB4*C( F

nl
] M qQP O e

*ziC<=( , 2+<Y> a*.L >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( <=K)< F <=B$>A2 >A3I,5> : &GiX& : <=2 >A34< : * F ,.&)B *.L&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>7q &)2
, HM*C2+&G>A&GiC< : <YOIB4&G>A< 2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W F ,5>A(+& >A3I,5>D,.2+2+&)TCB42g(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<|6c<=&)TC3$>g>A* >A34< : & <=(+<=B$>
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q fS34<QW@3I,.B4TC< F , : <>A*y<7,.W@3kiC<=(?>A< U&)28>A34<Q2+E F *.L >A34<QW=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB LN(+* F
>A34<c2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4T >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 /uC,.B : W7,.B " < 6t(+&G>+>A<=B&)BU>A34<c(+<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBwLN*C( F ,5>
,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q

] M q Cm e

] M q dn e
2

l

6t34<=(+< &)2U,D2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB iC<=WY>A*C(,5>Q>A34<_B4* : <.u 2 &)2w>A34<_B4* : ,.K\HM*C2+&G>A&)*CBaiC<=WY>A*C(=u\,.B :
,.B :
',.(+<S2 F ,.K)KdW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=q\fS34<S2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)B ] M q dn ePW=* F <=2[LN(+* F : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,5>A&)B4T'>A34<
6c<=&)TC3$> n D&)B_>A34< B4*C( F q[0'*.>A<'>A3I,5> >A34< 2+W@34< F <&)2 <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> >A*>A34< 2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$>
F <Y>A34* : q ,.B : ,.(+<>A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB F ,5>A(+&)W=<=2STC&GiC<=B "$#
n

] M q $l e
n 2

] M q =$e
%'<=(+<D>A34<kW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<D&)B (+<=R/E4&)(+<=2_W7,.(+<YLNE4KtW=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB q <
3I,7iC<y* " 2+<=(?iC< : >A3I,5>>@,.-/&)B4T_>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : K # W7,.B (+<=2+E4KG>&)BaW=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K #
1
@> D
@ CD

=@>CBD
B
6t(+*CB4T2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q 9 2c2+E4TCTC<=2?>A< : &)B M > uX&G>c&)2 & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>\>A*K)&)B4<7,.(+&[Z=<S>A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 OI(+2?>7u

<.q T4q
]M q M e

0 m
6t34<=(+< ,.B : 0 ,.(+< K)*XW7,.K) # K)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z=< : W=*CB42?>@,.B$> F ,5>A(+&)W=<=2=u ,.B : >A34<=B ,.H4H4K # >A34<_K)<7,.2?>
2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : o F &)B4& F [& Z=<
] M q PCe

! !
0 &

fS34&)2 F <7,.B42 >A3I,5>g6c< >@,.-.< >A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2D,.2+2+E F &)B4T ] [e ,.(+< W=*CB42?>@,.B$>D&)B ] M q M e
" <=W7,.E42+<y>A34<=2+< R/EI,.B$>A&G>A&)<=2w,.WY>Q*CBa>A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B F ,5>A(+& ,.2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : " <YLN*C(+<.q <Y>w>A34&)2
(A,.&)2+<=2 ,.B4*.>A34<=(y& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> HM*C&)B$>y*.L W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB q rt<=W7,.K)Kc>A3I,5> >A34<D(+<=2+& : EI,.K83I,.2 > 6c*
*.>A34<=( (+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>A2g*.>A34<=( >A3I,.B ] M q M e q;fS34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<aW=* F H4Ed>A< : ,.2g, " *ziC< B4*z6
: <=HM<=B : 2*CB >A34&)2U,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>7q_fS34<=B &G>w6c*CE4K : " <_(+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<y>A*g>@,.-.< >A34< ,.(+&G>A3 F <Y>A&)W
,7iC<=(A,.TC<U*.LP>A34<w>A34(+<=<QHM*C2+2+& " K)<LN*C( F 2t,.B : >@,.-.<Q>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<.ud6t34&)W@3 # &)<=K : 2
] [e

e

= ] e ]
] [e ] e ] e
]M q e
=
,.B : >A34&)2S3I,.2 " <=<=B|,.WY>AEI,.K)K # LN*CE4B : >A*y6c*C(+-sq
B <
<
6 9
9;:
<
9
9
6
:
9
9

8 K 8 +
tr <=2+E4KG>A2,.(+<_,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<LN*C(Q{cE4(+TC<=(+2;W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB

m u1LN*C(w6t34&)W@3 68,.2
>@,.-.<=B >A* " <|E4B4&G> # q% &)TCE4(+<=2 n ,.B : l 2+34*z6>A34<kOIBI,.K'TC(+& : ,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C( , (+&)TC3$>
F *ziX&)B4TW=E4(?iC< : 2+34*XW@- LN*C( >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42 =QLN*C( m > ,.B : ] n e
LN*C( m |6t34<=(+<g>A34< : ,5>@,a&)2y&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A< : K)&)B4<7,.(+K # " <Y> 6c<=<=B m > ,.B :
m Xu F * : <=K)&)B4Ty,.Bk&)B4&G>A&J,.K : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # q fS34<UTC(+& : ,.B : >A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 6c<=(+<* " >@,.&)B4< : "$#
(+<=HM<7,5>A&)B4Ty>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T W # W=K)<.q

n
1
0.5
0
-1
0.5
0
-1
&)TCE4(+< M q nNM o fSW=E434(?< iC< : OIBI2+34,.*XK W@-sTCq (+& : LN*C( >A34< % &)TCE4(+< M q n PXo 2+` 34*C*XK)EdW@>A-s&)q *CB W=*CB$>A*CE4(+2 LN*C(_>A34<
n q bc*CB$iC<=(+TC<Q>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg*CB|, O d< : TC(+& :
l q 9 2+2+&)TCB >A* <7,.W@3|<=K)< F <=B$>7u : <=HM<=B : &)B4T >A34<Q2+&)TCBD*.L ] M qQP e
=dq rt< F *ziC<QE4B : <=2+&)(A, " K)<QB4* : <=2
M qyh'H : ,5>A<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42w,.B : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2=u 6t&G>A3 < : TC< 2?68,.H4H4&)B4TD&)B$>A<=(+K)<7,7iC< : ] l.mCmCm &G>A<=(A,
>A&)*CB42 F , d& F E F e
,.B : >A34< F <Y>A34* : >A<=( F &)BI,5>A<=2c6t34<=Bk>A34<wW@3I,.B4TC<=2t>A* 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S,.B : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2t,.(+< " *.>A3
2 F ,.K)K'&)B >A34<a2?>A<=H M q;fS34< < : TC< 2?68,.H4H4&)B4T &)2 " ,.2+< : *CB >A34< B4*C( F (+< : E4WY>A&)*CB uS6t34&)W@3
,5>+>A< F Hd>A2 >A*gW=(+<7,5>A< , W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W F <=2+3 ,.2W=K)<7,.(+K # 2+<=<=B &)B|>A34< OIBI,.K TC(+& : q 9 K)2+*4uM>A34<
2+W@34< F <8LN*C( (+< F *ziX&)B4T (+< : E4B : ,.B$> B4* : <=2 68,.2\& F H4K)< F <=B$>A< : ,.2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB M q n q l q
fS34<cB4* : <=2 *CBU>A34< E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # 6c<=(+<S,.K)2+* ,.K)K)*z6c< : >A* F *ziC< "$# >A34<c(+<=TCE4KJ,.( H4(+*XW=< : E4(+<
" Ed>t*CB4K # ,.K)*CB4T>A34< , d&)2=q\fS34< F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : ,5> nzm W # W=K)<=2=q 9 B : >A34<wOIBI,.K i.,.K)E4<=2
*.L ,.(+< n LN*C(8>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$>A2SLN*C( F &)B4Ty,y2+34*XW@-suM,.B : m <=K)2+<Y6t34<=(+<.q 9 2tHM*C&)B$>A< : *CEd>',5>S>A34<
<=B : *.L >A34<Q2+<=WY>A&)*CB M q n q =dud&GL F *C(+<>A3I,.BD*CB4<w<=K)< F <=B$>t&)28&)B$iC*CKGiC< : &)B >A34<w2+34*XW@-sus& F H4K # &)B4T
>A34< < d&)2?>A<=B4W=<_*.LcB4* : <=2Q&)B42+& : < >A34< 2+34*XW@-suP&G>6t&)K)K W=(+<7,5>A<_,.B *ziC<=(?>AE4(+B4< : 2+34*XW@-sq B >A34&)2
< 4, F H4K)<.uX6c< : & : B4*.>t<=B4W=*CE4B$>A<=(S>A34&)28H4(+* " K)< F q\{cEd>t&G>SW7,.B " < O d< : <7,.2+&)K # "$# (+< F *ziX&)B4T
>A34<QB4* : <=2S>A3I,5>'&)2t,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : 6t&G>A3g>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2c>A3I,5>'3I,7iC<UB4<=T$,5>A&GiC<U,.(+<7,dq
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
0<
$<

0.5
l
1
0.5
0
-1
0.5
0
-1
&)TCE4(+< M q n o fSHI,.34B4< 2+&)OI*CBIB ,.q K TC(+& : LN*C(U>A34< < % &)TCE4(+< M q n Xo <` d*CHIK)Ed,.>AB4&)*C2+&)B *CB W=q *CB$>A*CE4(+2 LN*C(_>A34<
9 TC(+& : ,.K)&)TCB4< : < dHI,.B42+&)*CB 68,7iC<w68,.2SW=* F H4Ed>A< : 6t&G>A3 m > *CB >A34<K)<YL >S,.B : m >
*CB >A34<'(+&)TC3$>7uC>A* : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A<S>A34< , " &)K)&G> # *.L >A34< F <Y>A34* : >A*UW=* F H4Ed>A<t<=B$>A(+*CH # 2A,5>A&)2?L # &)B4T
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q[fS34< i.,.K)E4<=2c*.L ,.(+<w,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # 2+<Y>S>A* " < Z=<=(+*y<YiC<=( # 6t34<=(+<Q&)B >A34<2?>A<=H l u
,.B : ,.2PW7,.B " < 2+<=<=B>A34< OIBI,.K$2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBQ&)21>A34< W=*C(+(+<=WY> 2 F *X*.>A3Q< dHI,.B42+&)*CBUL ,.B qPfS34< F <Y>A34* :
W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2 ,5> !+E42?> n W # W=K)<.q B4W=(+<7,.2+&)B4T>A34<ci.,.K)E4<8*.L u.6c<8LN*CE4B : >A3I,5> ,(A,.(+<YL ,.WY>A&)*CB 2+34*XW@,.H4HM<7,.(+< : &)BD>A34< F & :4: K)<w*.L[>A34<(A,.(+<YL ,.WY>A&)*CB|,.B : &G> " <=W7, F <QOIBI,.K)K # ,_HM<=(?LN<=WY>AK # (+<=2+*CKGiC< :
(A,.(+<YL ,.WY>A&)*CB 2+34*XW@- 6t34<=B n q fS34&)2y&)2 W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$> 6t&G>A3 >A34<g* " 2+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CB &)B 2+<=WY>A&)*CB
M q l q =dq
%
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.5

<

<
A<

#

'/
#&!!

$# "!$,

$+ /

% # "!
A> 34&)2 bc3I,.Hd>A<=(=u/6c<tW=*CB42+& : <=(\>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=uX,wH4(+*.>A*.> # HM<t*.LMOI(+2?>

*C( : <=(Q<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q B HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u 6c<_W=*CB42+& : <=(Q>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
LN*C(2?>A(+<7, F LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ,.B : iC<=K)*XW=&G> # HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K u " Ed>w>A34<y&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34< i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 &)2
B4*.>'& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>S34<=(+<.uM,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w>A34< : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CBD6t&)K)K " <wi.,.K)& : LN*C(t,.B # > 6c*_i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q
%I*C( <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W H4(+* " K)< F 2=u5>A34<=(+<8&)2 B4*wK)*CB4TC<=( ,H4(+<YLN<=(+(+< :y: &)(+<=WY>A&)*CBy,.K)*CB4T'6t34&)W@3y&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB
>A(A,7iC<=K)2=q 9 H4(+*CHM<=(?> # *.LMTC(+& : 2[(+<=R/E4&)(+< : LN*C([2+E4W@3 H4(+* " K)< F 2 &)2\K)*XW7,.KX&)2+*.>A(+*CH # u " Ed>[>A34<STC(+& : 2
F E42?> " < >@,.&)K)*C(+< : LN*C(w2+& : <y< <=WY>A2Q>A3I,5>QW7,.B ,.(+&)2+< : E4<y>A*g>A34< H4(+<=2+<=B4W=<_*.Lc2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G>A&)<=2=q
< 2+3I,.K)K 2+<=< >A3I,5> >A34< F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F LN*C(TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>Q&)2 R/E4&G>A< : & <=(+<=B$>LN(+* F >A34<y*CB4<
LN*C(y3 # HM<=( " *CK)& WgH4(+* " K)< F ,.B : (+< I<=WY>A2 L ,.&G>A3dLNE4K)K # >A34<DBI,5>AE4(+<D*.L <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W H4(+* " K)< F 2=uc,.B :
,.K)2+*y>A3I,5>S>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : &)2S<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>S>A* , 6c<=K) -/B4*z6tBDOIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : q
B
b 8 < 8 < L- E
BD> 6c*

: & F <=B42+&)*CB42=uI,.Bk&)B4W=* F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)<w,.B : &)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K I*z6 &)2STC*ziC<=(+B4< : $" #

] PXq n e

m
] PXq l e

m

6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<k,aiC<=K)*XW=&G> # HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.KS,.B : , 2?>A(+<7, F LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q fS34<=2+<

<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<g,.W=W=* F HI,.B4&)< : "$# >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=o V&)(+&)W@34K)<Y>W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB LN*C(
>A3I,5>t2+HM<=W=&GOI<=2'2?>A(+<7, F K)&)B4<=2S,.K)*CB4T " *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2=uI,.B : 0'<=E F ,.B4BDW=*CB : &G>A&)*CB LN*C( k>A3I,5>tW=*CB
2?>A(A,.&)B$>A21>A34< I*z6 ,.W=(+*C2+2 ,.B # &)B$>A<=(+BI,.K " * : &)<=2=q >P&)21HM*C2+2+& " K)<[>A*t< dW@3I,.B4TC< >A34< &)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>
,.B : : <=HM<=B : <=B$>ci.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 >A*QTC<Y> TC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4TU<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42[LN*C( g,.B : &)B H4KJ,.B4<.uC6t34&)W@3
&)2S-/B4*z6tBa,.2t34* : *CTC(A,.H43g>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB q
] PXq =$e

6t34<=(+<
] PXq M e

*
*
] * 4e
0'*.>A< >A3I,5>D>A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B &)2k,.KG68, # 2DB4<=T$,5>A&GiC<.uQ,5>DK)<7,.2?>DLN*C(k, W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42g&)B
>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<gW7,.2+<.q < >A3/E42y3I,7iC<k,.B4*.>A34<=( 2+<Y> *.Lb8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42y&)B >A34<
34* : *CTC(A,.H43DH4KJ,.B4< ] 8e q
] PXQq PCe
m
] PXq e
m
9 2+2+E F <Q>A3I,5> a,.B : i.,.( # K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)Bk,y>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.q[fS34<=B u ,.B # OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2',.(+<
W=*CB42?>@,.B$> ,.B : ,.K)K >A34<U, " *ziC<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2t34*CK :D: &)2+W=(+<Y>A<=K # ,.286c<=K)K q

5"9
b 8 < 8 K + N
rt<=2+& : EI,.K)2S,.(+<&)BgTC<=B4<=(A,.K * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4TU>A34<wTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4Ty<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S*ziC<=(t,.B

<=K)< F <=B$>t6t&G>A3|2+* F <U,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CBk*CBk>A34<Qi.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBg*.L >A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=u4> # H4&)W7,.K)K # H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<
K)&)B4<7,.(=q[{cEd>82+&)B4W=< K)&)B4<7,.(\i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB & F H4K)&)<=2\W=*CB42?>@,.B$>8OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2c,.B : *CE4(c<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
W=*CB42+&)2?>'*.L[*CB4K # OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2=u4>A34<U&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CBg&)2', 2+& F H4K)<wH4(+* : E4WY>'*.L >A34<UTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u 6t&G>A3 >A34< H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(U,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB &)B42+<=(?>A< : u ,.B : >A34< <=K)< F <=B$>y,.(+<7,
YP

Pq fS34<DH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB LN*C( F E4KJ,.2 ,.B : 6t&G>A34&)B <7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$> ,.(+<
TC&GiC<=B "$#
] PXq Ce

] 4e
] 4e

6t34<=(+< P,.B : ,.(+<w>A34<wi.,.K)E4<=2t,5>tB4* : < +us,.B :
! !
] PXq >$e

] 4e
l
,.B : &)28>A34<U,.(+<7,y*.LP>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$>'TC&GiC<=B "$#
nl ln
] PXq O e

6t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2', : & <=(+<=B4W=<w>@,.-.<=BkW=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+<U,.K)*CB4T>A34<w2+& : <w*CH4HM*C2+&G>A<>A*
,.B : >A34<U2+E " 2+W=(+&)Hd>A2 ,.B : , >@,.-.< n u l ,.B : =duM,.B : ,.(+<UHM<=( F Ed>A< : W # W=K)&)W7,.K)K # LN*C( +qSfS34<=B
&G>t&)2S2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : >A* 2+34*z6 >A3I,5>
n

n
] PXq nzm e

l

l

n
n
] PXq nCn e

l

l
6t34&)W@3D,.(+<,.K)KMW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A28&)Bg,.B <=K)< F <=B$>7q ` E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4TU>A34<=2+<Q,.B : F E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4T "$# PuX6c<
,.(+(+&GiC<g,5>>A34< LN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4Tk(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2*.Lt>A34<Db8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 &)B >A34< H43 # 2+&)W7,.K
H4KJ,.B4<.q
nl ln
] PXq n l e

] PXq n =$e
ln ln
fS34&)2QHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.( LN*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CBa,.H4H4K)&)<=2>A*D>A34< 34* : *CTC(A,.H43 <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42U,.K)2+*4q bc*CB42+& : <=(w>A34<
& F ,.TC< *.L >A34<w>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB *CB$>A* >A34<Q34* : *CTC(A,.H43DH4KJ,.B4<.q Bg>A34<,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CB
>A3I,5> ,.B : Di.,.( # K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)Ba<7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$>6t&G>A3a(+<=2+HM<=WY>w>A* ,.B : 'uM6c<y* " >@,.&)B

B
B
B
@D
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
@>
B
B
@> D

>A34<wOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2=q
nl

B

B
nl
] PXq nNM e
] PXq n PCe

B
nl
nl

6t34<=(+< &)28>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$> ,.(+<7,y&)Bg>A34<Q34* : *CTC(A,.H43DH4KJ,.B4<wTC&GiC<=B "$#
nl ' ln
] PXq n e

{ # &)B42+<=(?>A&)B4Ty>A34<=2+<Q&)B$>A*y>A34<Q34* : *CTC(A,.H43D<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42',.B : F E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4T "$# Cu46c<UTC<Y>
nl ln
] PXq n Ce

n
n
] PXq n >$e
l l

6t34&)W@3kW7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=B u "$# >A34<U,.B$>A&)2 #XF_F <Y>A( # & F H4K)&)< : &)Bg<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB ] PXq O e u
nl ln '
] PXq n#O e

n
n
] PXq l.m e
l l

^[iX& : <=B$>AK # u.>A34<=2+<S,.(+<c& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K$>A* >A34*C2+<8&)BU>A34<cH43 # 2+&)W7,.KdH4KJ,.B4<.u ] PXq n l e ,.B : ] PXq n =$e q %'<=B4W=<.u
>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2t,.(+<QE4B4&GOI< : (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB|*.LP>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(t&)B " *.>A3kH43 # 2+&)W7,.KP,.B : 34* : *CTC(A,.H43
H4KJ,.B4<=2=q\fS34&)2S2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2 ,.B4*.>A34<=(S&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.LP>A34< F *ziX&)B4TyTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : o "$#gF *ziX&)B4T
>A34<yTC(+& : u 6c<_,.(+< &)B < <=WY>,5>+>A< F Hd>A&)B4T >A*g2+*CKGiC< >A34<y34* : *CTC(A,.H43 <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42>A3I,5>QTC*ziC<=(+B
>A34<Q&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>'i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.B : Mq

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
b 8 < 8 ;BC

<QW=*CB42+& : <=( F &)B4& F &[Z=&)B4T

1

nl

:

:
] PXq lXn e

6t34&)W@3|&)2',_B4*C( F 6t&G>A3a,.(+<7,y6c<=&)TC3$>7qS{8,.2+< : *CBk>A34<,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CBk*.L >A34<UK)&)B4<7,.(8i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB u

>A34&)2SW7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2
nl ! ! ln ! !

] PXq lCl e

6t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2 >A34<k,.(+<7, *.L'>A34<g>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< &)B >A34<D34* : *CTC(A,.H43 H4KJ,.B4<.q fS34&)2 B4*C( F &)2
6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB ,.2<=B4<=(+T # B4*C( F &)Ba>A34<i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBI,.K1LN*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CBk*.L >A34<yp ,.H4KJ,.W=< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
*CB 6t34&)W@3 OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : &)2 " ,.2+< : q >_&)2 &)B L ,.WY>_<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>y>A* >A34<|xQ,.K)<=(+-/&)B
OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 6t&G>A3|H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<K)&)B4<7,.(t<=K)< F <=B$>A2,.2'2+3I,.K)K " <UH4(+*ziC<=B &)Bk>A34<B4< X>
2+<=WY>A&)*CB q
BD>A34<QK)&)TC3$>S*.L 34* : *CTC(A,.H43DH4KJ,.B4<.u46c<QW7,.B|,.K)2+*y6t(+&G>A<>A34&)2SB4*C( F ,.2
! !
! !

] PXq l =$e

l

l

6t34<=(+< &)2S>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<UiC<=(+2+&)*CBa*.L >A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B|&)Bk<=K)< F <=B$> UqSfS34&)2 &)2'B4*.> H4(+<=W=&)2+<=K #
>A34<DLN*C( F *.L<=B4<=(+T # B4*C( F " <=W7,.E42+<k*.L >A34<kH4(+<=2+<=B4W=<a*.L Pq fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u8>A34<k(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T
F <Y>A34* : 6t&)K)K " < : & <=(+<=B$>LN*C( TC(+& : 2,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=qfS34&)2&)2B4*.>2+E4(+H4(+&)2+&)B4T " <=W7,.E42+< >A34<
B4*C( F ] PXq lCl eP&)2 " &J,.2+< : >A*z68,.( : 2\>A34<tH43 # 2+&)W7,.KIH4KJ,.B4< "$# >A34<86c<=&)TC3$> n Pq B_*.>A34<=([6c*C( : 2=u
&G>Q&)2QB4*.>U2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)Wy6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>>A*kH43 # 2+&)W7,.K ,.B : 34* : *CTC(A,.H43 H4KJ,.B4<=2=q >&)2QB4*.>U3I,.( :
>A* 2+<=< >A3I,5>c>A34< (+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : LN*C( TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>86c*CE4K : " < B4*.>A34&)B4T " Ed>t,.B <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W
TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB o , F ,.H " <Y> 6c<=<=B H43 # 2+&)W7,.K ,.B : 34* : *CTC(A,.H43_H4KJ,.B4<=2=q <t6t&)K)K : &)2+W=E42+2 >A34&)2
&)B : <Y>@,.&)K8KJ,5>A<=(=q 9 OIBI,.K8(+< F ,.(+- &)2 >A3I,5>y>A34<D(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T F *ziX&)B4T F <=2+3 F <Y>A34* : &)2 iC<=( #
2+& F &)KJ,.(P>A*w>A3I,5> : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : "$# fP*CE4(+&)TCB # ,.B : %'E4K)2+< F ,.B4B Od$n &)By6t34&)W@3 >A34<'<=B4<=(+T # B4*C( F
&)2 : &)(+<=WY>AK # Ed>A&)K)[& Z=< : LN*C( F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>tLN*C(t,y2+&)B4TCK)<QZP*C&)2+2+*CSB W 2t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q
jk&)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB &)2SHM<=(?LN*C( F < : "$# >A34< F <Y>A34* :k: <=2+W=(+& " < : &)Babc3I,.Hd>A<=( @q 9 W=W=*C( : &)B4TCK # u
>A34<QE4H : ,5>A<wLN*C( F E4KJ,.2S,.(+<QTC&GiC<=B "$#
] PXq 9l M e
!
!

>
C1
7B
C1
B
B 9
] PXq l PCe
B 9 B ! C1 B
!
C 7 1 B
>
6t34<=(+< % &)28>A34<Q&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB B/E F " <=(',.B :
n
] PXq l e

l

n
] PXq l Ce

l

n
] PXq l >$e

l

n
] PXq l O e

l
6t34<=(+< &)2U,D2+<Y>*.Lc>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2>A3I,5>U2+3I,.(+< iC<=(?>A< ,.B : : <=B4*.>A<=2, : & <=(+<=B4W=<
>@,.-.<=BgW=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+<w,.K)*CB4TQ>A34<2+& : < *.L >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< Uq[fS34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.KI2+W7,.K)&)B4T&)2 &)B4W=*C(+HM*
(A,5>A< : &)B$>A*y>A34<QW=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2=q
] PXq = m e
!
!
C1
7B
C1
B

7B
7B
B
B
C1
7B
B
C1
@>CBD
@D

>
: 1
B:
!

: 1 B:
: 1
B:
B:
] PXq = n e
!
: 1 B:
6t34<=(+< ,.B :

,.(+<w2 F ,.K)K W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=uM,.B :

: 1
nM ] 1e ] e

: 1 B :
] PXq = l e
:

n
n
]
] PXq =Y=$e
e ]
1e

M

n
n
]
] PXq = M e

e ]
1e

M
0'*.>A< >A3I,5>y>A34< 2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)B ] PXq =Y=$e,.B : ] PXq = M eQi.,.B4&)2+3 ,5>yW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q %I*C(L ,.2?>A<=(
W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.uME4H : ,5>A<=2 ,.(+<wHM<=(?LN*C( F < : 2+<=R/E4<=B$>A&J,.K)K # ,.2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B|bc3I,.Hd>A<=(& @q

: 1
B:
: 1
B:
@
: D
@
: D
7B
B
O

b 8 < 8 - E

YB
B +

bc*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Bk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42SLN*C( a,.B :

&)Bk, : * F ,.&)B 4u 6t&G>A3g>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42
] PXq = PCe
] PXq = e
m
] PXq = Ce
] PXq =Y>$e
] 4e
*CB uX6t34<=(+< ] 4e &)2 ,UTC&GiC<=B_LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u &)2\>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<tB4*C( F ,.K4>A*Q>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #
,.B : &)2\>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<',.K)*CB4Tw>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # q[fS34<'i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 g,.B : y,.(+<tK)<YL >c,.( " &G>A(A,.( #
&G>k&)2DB4*.>|& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>D34<=(+<.q0'*.>A<.uw34*z6c<YiC<=(=uU>A3I,5>D>A34< W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ] PXq = Ce 6t&)K)K " <=W=* F <
&)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K)&G> # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB &GL ,.B : ,.(+<k>@,.-.<=B ,.2_iC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2 &)B ,.B :
: &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB42t(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q >'&)2S6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tBD>A3I,5>t>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Bk2 # 2?>A< F & F H4K)&)<=2S,
2+<Y>'*.L[p ,.H4KJ,.W=<w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
] PXq = O e
m
] PXq M$m e
m
% 6t&G>A3Q>A34< 2A, F < " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=q < 6t&)K)KC2+34*z6 >A3I,5> >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* :
,.H4H4K)&)< : >A* >A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Ba2 # 2?>A< F &)2 <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>>A* >A34< xQ,.K)<=(+-/&)BkOIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$>
F <Y>A34* : LN*C(8>A34<w> 6c* p ,.H4KJ,.W=<w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q

0 N %
9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 &G>&)2UB4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A*|&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<_>A34< W=*CB4W=<=Hd>y*.L " ,.2+&)2ULNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42&)B >A34<

W7,.2+<y*.L K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u &G>&)2E42+<YLNE4K[>A* : <YOIB4<yK)*XW7,.KPH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<yK)&)B4<7,.( &)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>
>m
&)B4TgLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB426t34<=B >A34<y> 6c* F <Y>A34* : 2U,.(+<yW=* F HI,.(+< : q %I*C( >A34&)2QH4E4(+HM*C2+<.u 34<=(+< 6c<y6t&)K)K
<=2?>@, " K)&)2+3g>A34<Q(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB " <Y> 6c<=<=Bk>A34<w> 6c*_LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q
< " <=TC&)B "$# >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)B4T >A34< : * F ,.&)B &)B$>A*|,D2+<Y>*.Lc>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 g,.B : B4* : <=2
yW=*CB42+&)2?>A&)B4T_&)BD>A34<U&)B$>A<=(+&)*C(SB4* : <=2 y,.B : >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2 /q 9 TC(+*CE4Hk*.L
>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2t>A3I,5>2+3I,.(+<=2wB4* : < g&)2 : <=B4*.>A< : "$# /u <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>AK # >A34&)2 K)*XW7,.K : * F ,.&)Bk6t&)K)K
" < : <=B4*.>A< : ,.K)2+* "$# c6t&G>A3_&G>A2 " *CE4B : ,.( # " <=&)B4T 5q < ,.K)2+*Q&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<S>A34<'B4*.>@,5>A&)*CB42
,.B : LN*C( >A34<yB/E F " <=(Q*.L &)B$>A<=(+&)*C( B4* : <=2U,.B : " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2w(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q fS34<
>A*.>@,.K B/E F " <=(t*.L B4* : <=2 &)28>A34<=B|<=R/EI,.K >A* q
B OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2=uP>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2U2+*CE4TC3$> &)B ,DiC<=WY>A*C( 2+E " 2+HI,.W=< 6t34&)W@3 &)2
2+HI,.B4B4< : "$# ,w2+<Y> *.L " ,.2+&)2[LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 : <=B4*.>A< : "$# ] 4e n l q[^ ,.W@3 ] 4eP&)2
E4B4&G> # ,5>\>A34<SiC<=(?>A< u Z=<=(+*U*CB 5u/,.B : i.,.(+&)<=2\K)&)B4<7,.(+K # 6t&G>A34&)By<7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$> " <=K)*CB4TC&)B4T
>A* /q\fS34<,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.B : ,.(+<>A34<=Bk(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : "$#
] PXq M4n e

] 4e

] PXq M/l e

] 4e

6t34<=(+< 4,.B : I,.(+< >A34<cB4* : ,.K$i.,.K)E4<=2P*.L ,.B : sq B>A34<c*.>A34<=(P3I,.B : u.>A34< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42PE42+<
LNE4K &)B >A34<wK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : ,.(+<wH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<wK)&)B4<7,.(c&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)B4TULNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 ] 4e
,.2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B >A34< KJ,.2?>2+<=WY>A&)*CB o ] 4ew&)2,kK)&)B4<7,.(wLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB >A3I,5>>@,.-.<=2U>A34<_i.,.K)E4<
E4B4&G> # ,5> >A34<UiC<=(?>A< 8,.B : Z=<=(+*g,5> >A34< *.>A34<=(+2=qwfS34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<>A34<=Ba6t(+&G>+>A<=B|6t&G>A34&)B
<7,.W@3k<=K)< F <=B$>

] PXq M =$e
] 4e

] PXq MYM e

] 4e

6t34<=(+< &)2t, 2+<Y>'*.LPiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2t>A3I,5> : <YOIB4<=2t>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$> Uq F HM*C(?>@,.B$>t(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42S,.(+<

] PXq M PCe

@> D
@ D
@>CBD
7B

@>CBD
7B

>

>n
6t34<=(+< F <7,.B42S>A34<Q(+<=2?>A(+&)WY>A&)*CBg*CBD>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$> Uq

>
% E
@ &
% &)B4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : " <=TC&)B42
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ] XP q = O e[,.B : ] PXq M$m e q[p1<Y>
6t&G>A3wi.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBI,.KzLN*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CB42MLN*C( >A34< HI,.&)( *.Ldp ,.H4KJ,.W=<

,.B : " <t>A34<t>A(+&J,.K42+HI,.W=<=2 LN*C( g,.B : (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K #
: <YOIB4< : "$#

] e
] PXq M e
] PXq M Ce
] e ] 4ec*CB
6t34<=(+< ] e : <=B4*.>A<=2S>A34< ` * " *CK)<Yig2+HI,.W=< : <YOIB4< : "$#
] e o ! ] e
] PXq M >$e
,.B : 6t&)K)K " <E42+< : ,.K)2+*y,.2c>A34< >A<=2?>S2+HI,.W=< LN*C( q %I*C( suX6c< : <YOIB4< >A34< >A<=2?>t2+HI,.W=< "$#
] PXq M O e
] e m *CB
fS34<wi.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBI,.KsLN*C( F 2t,.(+<w<7,.2+&)K # LN*CE4B : "$#DF E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4TU>A34<Qp ,.H4KJ,.W=<w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 "$# >A<=2?>
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 ,.B : uX&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4TU*ziC<=( u4,.B : "$# E42+&)B4Tyxw(+<=<=SB W 2cLN*C( F E4KJ,dq <
,.(+<y>A34<=B K)< : >A*g>A34<yLN*CK) *z6t&)B4T i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBI,.K LN*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CB42=o'OIB : ,.B : 2+E4W@3
>A3I,5>
] PXQq P m e
! ! *& & m
] PXQq P n e
! ! m
6t34<=(+<Q6c<Q3I,7iC<UE42+< : >A34<U0'<=E F ,.B4BkW=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ] PXq = Ce >A* (+<Y6t(+&G>A<w>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # &)B$>A<=TC(A,.K
LN*C( q 0'*.>A<D>A3I,5> >A34<k& F H4K)< F <=B$>@,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<|0'<=E F ,.B4B " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB &)2 B4*.>
,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W34<=(+<.q
< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z=<Q>A34<=2+< H4(+* " K)< F 2t*CBaH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<K)&)B4<7,.(8>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(S<=K)< F <=B$>A2=qtfS34<UOIB4&G>A<
<=K)< F <=B$> 2+E " 2+HI,.W=<=2 LN*C( ] PXq M e u ] PXq M Ce ,.B : ] PXq M O e[,.(+< : <=B4*.>A< : "$# $u ,.B : '(+<=2+HM<=W
>A&GiC<=K # uP6t&G>A3 >A34< " ,.2+&)2QLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB >A3I,5>&)2U,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : 6t&G>A3 B4* : < /qkbc34*X*C2+&)B4T

7B
>l
>A34&)2 " ,.2+&)2 LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ,.2c,w>A<=2?>cLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u$6c< * " >@,.&)B >A34<tLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<'H4(+* " K)< F 2=oPOIB :
,.B : U2+E4W@3k>A3I,5>
] PXQq P l e
! ! *& & m
] PXQq P =$e
! ! m

7B
7B
7B
;B

B >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F
Y< >A34* : uP6c< " <=TC&)B "$# : <YOIB4&)B4T|>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.B : ., 2
>A34<Q&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K)28*.L ] n e8,.B : ] l e8*ziC<=(t<7,.W@3|<=K)< F <=B$>7q

] PXQq P M e
! !

] PXQq PYPCe
! !

6t34<=(+< >A34<g2+<=W=*CB : <=R/EI,.K)&G>A&)<=2 ,.(+< : E4< >A*a>A34< K)&)B4<7,.( ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42U*.L ,.B : sq <
>A34<=B : <YOIB4<Q>A34<QB4*C( F >A* " < F &)B4& F [& Z=< : "$#
nl
] PXQq P e

6t34&)W@3kW7,.B " <Q< dHI,.B : < : ,.2

n
n

l l

] PXQq P Ce

*C(
nl ! ! ln ! !

] PXQq P >$e

*:
:

:

:

>Y=
{ # ] PXq M PCe ud6c<U3I,7iC<

n l ! ! ln ! !

] PXqQP O e
0'*z6 >A34<=(+< ,.(+<Q> 6c* ,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>A2'6c<W7,.B F ,.-.<ULN*C(S>A34<KJ,.2?>t>A<=( F qSfS34<UOI(+2?> *CHd>A&)*CBk&)2
>A* E42+<,.Bk,.K)TC< " (A,.&)W& : <=B$>A&G> # TC&GiC<=B "$#

] PXq Cm e

6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34<w,.(+<7,*.L1>A34< & F ,.TC<'*.L1>A34< <=K)< F <=B$> &)B >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+HI,.W=< ] de q[fS34&)2
&)2t, : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<,.BI,.K)*CTy*.L
] PXq dn e
]
* *
de
6t34&)W@3 34*CK : 2'>A(+E4< < 4,.WY>AK # LN*C( H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(tLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q >B4*z6 LN*CK)K)*z6t2'& F_F < : &J,5>A<=K #
>A3I,5>>A34< KJ,.2?>>A<=( F (+< : E4W=<=2y>A*|>A34< <=B$>A&)(+<g,.(+<7,|*.Lt>A34< : * F ,.&)B &)B >A34<g2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+HI,.W=<.q
%'<=B4W=<Q6c<UW7,.Bg6t(+&G>A<
n
] PXq $l e

ln ! !

l ! !

6t34<=(+< (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A28>A34< <=B$>A&)(+<,.(+<7,U*.L >A34< : * F ,.&)B_&)B >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_2+HI,.W=<.q >c&)2 & F HM*C(
>@,.B$>U>A*kB4*.>A<y>A3I,5> &)B$iC*CKGiC<=2*CB4K # >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<=2U*.L ,.B : $q fS34< 2+<=W=*CB :
*CHd>A&)*CBg&)2S>A* E42+<w>A34<Q(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42 ] PXq M PCec,.T$,.&)B q[fS34&)2tTC&GiC<=2

n

ln ! !

!
!

!
!

l

] PXq =$e
fP*_2+& F H4K)&GL # >A34<QKJ,.2?>S&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K ud6c<wOI(+2?>'E42+<Q>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T & : <=B$>A&G> #

] PXq M e

>A* (+<Y6t(+&G>A<w>A34<Q&)B$>A<=TC(A,.B : uI,.B : >A34<=BkE42+< xw(+<=<=SB W 2SLN*C( F E4KJ,>A* * " >@,.&)B
& ] PXq PCe
n

ln ! !

!
!

l *&

>

>M
0'*.>A<t>A3I,5> >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : & F H4K)< F <=B$>A2[>A34<0'<=E F ,.B4B W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ] PXq = Ce ,.Ed>A*
F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # q
fP* OIB : , F &)B4& F E F u/6c<QB4<=< : >A* 2+*CKGiC<w>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
m
] PXq e

m
] PXq Ce

LN*C(c>A34<B4* : ,.K E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=qc0'*z66c<w2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A< ] PXq PCe &)B$>A*>A34<OI(+2?>S<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBD,.B : ] PXq $l e
&)B$>A*y>A34<Q2+<=W=*CB : <=R/EI,5>A&)*CBg>A* TC<Y>
& m
! !
] PXq >$e

*&

! !
] PXq YO e

m

fS34<=2+<g<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42y,.(+< & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K >A*|>A34*C2+<g*.LSOIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : ] PXQq P l eU,.B : ] PXQq P =$e u
,.B : >A34&)2SW=* F H4K)<Y>A<=28>A34<QH4(+*X*.L *.LP>A34<Q<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=<.q
< 3I,7iC< H4(+*ziC< : >A34< <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=< *.LU>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : LN*C( >A34< b8,.E4W@3 #
rt&)< F ,.B4B 2 # 2?>A< F 6t&G>A3_>A34<QxQ,.K)<=(+-/&)B OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : LN*C( >A34<w,.2+2+*XW=&J,5>A< : p ,.H4KJ,.W=<
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q_fS34< (+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4TDK)&)B4<7,.(2 # 2?>A< F 2 ,.(+< & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K u ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<_3I,7iC< >A34<_2A, F <
E4B4&)R/E4< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB (+<=T$,.( : K)<=2+2Q*.Lc>A34< W@34*C&)W=<_*.L >A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F q B HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u1&GL
,.B &G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC<,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2cE42+< : 2+E4W@3k,.2txQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=K u/6t34&)W@3gW7,.B " < &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>A< : ,.K)2+*y,.2
, i.,.(+&J,.B$>t*.LP>A34<Q2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* : 6t34<=Ba,.H4H4K)&)< : >A*y>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u
: &)2+W=(+<Y>A<QE4H : ,5>A<=2t6t&)K)K " <w>A34<Q2A, F <.ud6t&G>A34&)Bk,y(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB L ,.WY>A*C(=q
9 K)2+*k2+34*z6tB &)2w>A3I,5>Q>A34< 0'<=E F ,.B4B " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB &)2U,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # &)B4W=*C(+HM*
(A,5>A< : &)B$>A*>A34<K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q[fS34<w& F H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBy*.L1>A34&)2cL ,.WY>8&)2 >A3I,5>c>A34<wp ,.H4KJ,.W=<
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42,.(+<_2+*CKGiC< : 6t&G>A3 &)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K)&G> # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB *CB , " *CE4B : ,.( # 6t34<=B 6c< W@34*X*C2+<
>A34<Ui.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.B : g>A* " <UiC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2=q <6t&)K)K1(+<Y>AE4(+Ba>A*_>A34&)2 HM*C&)B$> KJ,5>A<=(
6t34<=Bk6c< : &)2+W=E42+2b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Bk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42SLN*C(8iC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2=q

C1
C1

7B

C1

7B
C1
7B

7B
7B
>P
b 8 < 8 b 9 L-
tr <Y>AE4(+B4&)B4TQ>A*w>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42\LN*C([iC<=K)*XW=&G> # HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K g,.B : 2?>A(+<7, F

LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB 'ud6c<wB4*z6 E4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : >A3I,5>86c<U,.(+<&)Bg< <=WY>t2+*CKGiX&)B4T p ,.H4KJ,.W=<<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42cLN*C(
,.B : "$#_F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=28B4*C( F q B iX&)<Y6 *.L1TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7uX>A34&)2 & F H4K)&)<=2
>A3I,5>t6c<,.(+<Q2+*CKGiX&)B4Ty>A34<p ,.H4KJ,.W=<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t&)B$iC<=(+2+<=K # LN*C(t&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>'i.,.(+&J, " K)<= 2 ,.B :
"$# F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T'>A34<tK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 B4*C( F uC6t34&)W@3 &)2 B4*.>A34&)B4T " Ed> >A34<'H4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<8*.L <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W
TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : 2=q fS34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|W=*CB$>A*CE4(+2*.L , HI,.&)('*.L p ,.H4KJ,.W=<<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u 2A, #
LN*C( a,.B : 'u
] PXq m e
m
] PXq n e
m
*CB ,|H43 # 2+&)W7,.K : * F ,.&)B ,.(+< 2 F *X*.>A3 ,.B : B4*CB4&)B$>A<=(+2+<=WY>A&)B4T4u >A3/E42 2+E4&G>@, " K)< LN*C(QLN*C( F &)B4T|,
W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : q {cEd>k&G>D&)2g& F HM*C2+2+& " K)<|>A* 2+*CKGiC< >A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42D*CB >A34< H43 # 2+&)W7,.K
H4KJ,.B4< " <=W7,.E42+< >A34<yH43 # 2+&)W7,.K[TC(+& : &)2 6t3I,5>w6c< 68,.B$>w>A*gTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< ,.B : B4*.> # <Y>U,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<.q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uM6c< 2+*CKGiC<U>A34< p ,.H4KJ,.W=<U<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42'LN*C.( ,.B : g*CB , O d< : TC(+& : &)B H4KJ,.B4<.q
%I*C('>A34&)2H4E4(+HM*C2+<.u1&G>&)2 W=E42?>A* F ,.( # >A* >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ] PXq m e ,.B : ] PXq n et&)B$>A* >A34<yTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42SLN*C ( ,.B :
] PXq l e

l ' m
] PXq =$e

l m
6t34<=(+<
] PXq M e

,.B : >A34&)2cW=* F H4K)< B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.( 2 # 2?>A< F &)2 >A34<=Bg2+*CKGiC< : "$# ,UOIB4&G>A< : & <=(+<=B4W=< F <Y>A34* : udE42+E
,.K)K # *CB ,(+<=WY>@,.B4TCE4KJ,.( : * F ,.&)B&)B H4KJ,.B4<.q By>A34<SK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u.6c<',.(+< : *C&)B4T
< 4,.WY>AK # >A34<t2A, F <8>A34&)B4T4u " Ed> &)B , F E4W@3 2+& F H4K)<=( 68, # uX& q <.q "$#yF &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4Tt>A34<tB4*C( F 6t&G>A3

<
<
<
:
:

>
1
10
0.5
-5
-10
-10
-5
0
-0.5
10
&)TCE4(+<PXq n o 9,5>A< : M$m "$# l.m >A34<; K)TC<7(+,.& 2?: > 2+R/TCEI<=B4,.(+<=<=( 2
F <Y>A34* : q
0.5
&)TCE4(+<PXq l o1fS2+HI34,.< W=<aTC6t(+& &G: >A3&)B ,.B >A34< d< HM*C2+*CB4K)<=EdB$>A>A&)&J*C,.B K

2>A?>A&)*C(+<YB >AW@34&)B4T &)B >A34< : &)(+<=W
(+<=2+HM<=WY>>A* ,.B : Mq 9 2 ,.B < 4, F H4K)<.u % &)TCE4(+< PXq n 2+34*z6t2y,.B TC(+& : ,.(+*CE4B : ,.B <=K)K)&)H42+<
TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 6t&G>A3 ,kO d< : (+<=TCE4KJ,.(U>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(QTC(+& : &)B
H4KJ,.B4<Q,.2t&)B % &)TCE4(+<PXq l q
fS34&)2U<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=< & F H4K)&)<=2w,.K)2+*g>A3I,5>U<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)WTC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB W7,.B " <_<7,.2+&)K # ,.H4H4K)&)< :
>A* ,.B # > # HM<=2k*.LE4B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : TC(+& : 2=u R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K ut>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( *C(D<YiC<=B F & d< : *CB4<=2
" ,.2+< : *CB >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 6t34&)K)<>A34< W=*CB$iC<=B$>A&)*CBI,.K <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)WTC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB
,.H4HM<7,.(+2 >A* " < ,.H4H4K)&)W7, " K)<D>A* 2?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.KtTC(+& : 2 *CB4K # q B *C( : <=( LN*C(_>A34<
F <Y>A34* : >A* " <aH4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K uS34*z6c<YiC<=(=u'>A34<=(+< F E42?> " <|&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : 2+* F < F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F 2_>A*
W=*CB$>A(+*CK\>A34< TC(+& : R/EI,.K)&G>A&)<=2w2+E4W@3 ,.2 " *CE4B : ,.( # *C(?>A34*CTC*CBI,.K)&G> # u 6t34&)W@3 &)2QW=* F_F *CB &)B >A34<
<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W'TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : 2=q B >A34<wK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : uX>A34&)28W=*CE4K : " <w(+<7,.K)[& Z=< :
"$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T 2+*CE4(+W=<w>A<=( F 2t&)Bg>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4BD<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q
B >A34<DW=*CB$>A< X> *.L >A34<DK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : u >A34< F *ziC< F <=B$> *.L'>A34<
TC(+& : &)2U>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< B4*.>A34&)B4T " Ed> ,.B <=K)K)& Hd>A&)WyTC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB q|%'*z6c<YiC<=(=u >A34< TC(+& : &)B >A34<
34* : *CTC(A,.H43 H4KJ,.B4< &)2[,.K)2+*,.K)K)*z6c< : >A*<YiC*CKGiC< "$# >A34<82?>@,.B : ,.( : OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : uC,.B :
%

>
2+*U>A34< F <Y>A34* : ,5>+>A< F Hd>A2\>A*UOIB : ,U2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.L >A34<'OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* :
,.B : >A34<Q<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W'TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB q
>'&)2S&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4Ty>A3I,5>S>A34< F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F *.LP>A34<QTC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> "$# <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W TC(+& : TC<=B4<=(
,5>A&)*CB W7,.B " << dH4KJ,.&)B4< : "$# >A34<2+H4(+&)B4T ,.BI,.K)*CT # >A3I,5>S&)28,6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<wLN*C(8,.B #
B4* : < F *ziX&)B4TD,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 2,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B {cK)* F Nn M LN*C(wR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K TC(+& : 2=q < 2+34*z6
>A34&)2y<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=<D&)B >A<=( F 2y*.L'>A34<DK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : LN*C( >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( TC(+& : 2=q rt<=W7,.K)K
>A3I,5>'>A34<UTC(A, : &)<=B$> *.L[>A34<UB4*C( F 6t&G>A3|(+<=2+HM<=WY> >A*_>A34<UB4* : ,.K W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 2 ] eS&)2
TC&GiC<=B "$#

n
]

PXq YPCe
2 l

0'*.>A<y>A3I,5>w>A34<y>A34&)( : >A<=( F &)B <7,.W@3 HI,.&)(w&)2w&)B >A34< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB *. L >A34< *CEd> 68,.( : B4*C( F ,.KP>A*
>A34< < : TC<_*CH4HM*C2+&G>A< >A*g>A34<_B4* : < D6t&G>A34&)B <7,.W@3 Uq fS34&)2w6t&)K)K W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A<y>A*kH4(+<YiC<=B$>A&)B4T
i.,.B4&)2+34&)B4Tk,.(+<7,du LN*C(w>A34< W@3I,.B4TC< F , : <y>A*D<7,.W@3 iC<=(?>A< &)2wH4(+*CHM*C(?>A&)*CBI,.KP>A*D>A34< B4<=T$,5>A&GiC<
TC(A, : &)<=B$>7q\^ dHI,.B : >A34<tOI(+2?>cW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>c*.L ] PXq YPCe u$6t34&)W@3 : (+&GiC<=2 >A34<'W=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB42 >A* ud,.2
n

n
] PXq e

l l l

n
] PXq Ce
Mn

M

nM
n

M

l
*C(

n
n
] PXq >$e

M
M

n
Mn

M

l
{ # E42+&)B4T_>A34<QLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TyLN*C( F E4KJ,.2S>A3I,5> 34*CK : 6t&G>A34&)B|, >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<wLN*C(',.B # B4* : ,.K R/EI,.B$>A&G> #
] % &)TCE4(+<=2 PXq =$e u
] PXq O e

, , , , , ,

C1

7B B
>

C1
7B
C1
B
B
B
7B
B

B
B
B
B
B

B
7B
B
>Y>
j
2
l2
j
>

B
B
7B
i+1
l
T+1
&)TCE4(+<PXq M o V,.B <Y: OIB4,.&GB4>ATC&)*CK)<=B42P2&)B*.L','< TC: (+TC*C< E4HiC<=*.WYL4>A>A*C(+(+& 2

,.B4TCK)<=2=u /q
] PXq > m e
l
@>CBD

B
6c<U* " >@,.&)B ] WYL q % &)TCE4(+<=2 PXq M e

, , n ,
n

M
M
T+1
T+1
lT
&)TCE4(+<PXq =do1LNV*C<Y(tOI,yB4&G>A>A(+&)&J*C,.BB4TC*.K)< L U2+&q : <;iC<=WY>A*C(+2

T
T
i-1
l3
l
i+1
l i-1
lj

n

l ! % l

!
] PXq > n e
0'*.>A< >A3I,5>>A34< 2+& : < iC<=WY>A*C(+2U,.(+< <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : &)Ba>A34<y34* : *CTC(A,.H43 H4KJ,.B4<.u " Ed>>A3I,5> &)2&)B
>A34<QH43 # 2+&)W7,.K1H4KJ,.B4<.q ` & F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C( Mud6c<U3I,7iC<
, , n , , , , n
n

l ! l
M ! M
] PXq > l e
^[iX& : <=B$>AK # >A34<c>A34&)( : 2+E F & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # i.,.B4&)2+34<=2 LN*C( &)B$>A<=(+&)*C( B4* : <=2=q fS34<=B u$6c<c6t(+&G>A<.uCE42+&)B4T
>A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B u
, , n , , , ,
n

M
M
l
C1
7B
7B
,

5"9

, 9 ,
9
C1
B
5"9
B
C1
7B
5"9
7B
#-

@ ,
@ !@/(
+
"
'
-
$#D
D :
(
<C D
& < %<;<-& %
<
@ ,
<(
C1
B
>O
n

nM ,

, , B

5"9
,

9 , 9 ,
9
9

^ dH4(+<=2+2+&)B4T>A34<ciC<=WY>A*C( , "$# >A34<8*.>A34<=(P> 6c*w< : TC<ciC<=WY>A*C(+2[&)By,t>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< UuC,.B : W=*CB$iC<=(?>A&)B4T

>A34< 2+E F *ziC<=(g>A34<|>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2_>A* >A34< *CB4< *ziC<=( >A34< 2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4T B4* : <=2=u'6c< OIB : >A34<=&)(
,.KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<LN*C( F 2=q
n , , , , ] =e

M
l

n , , , , ] Ye

M
l

8>
C1
5"9
7B
C1
5"9
B
%IE4(?>A34<=( F
*C(+<.ud6c<UW7,.BD6t(+&G>A<Q,.K)2+*
n ] W=*.> !

M
n ] W=*.> !

M
C1
7B
C1
B

9

9
7B
W=*.> !
W=*.> !
B
e ] =e
e ] =e

7B
B

6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <tH4(+*ziC< : <7,.2+&)K #y"$# W=* F " &)B4&)B4T>A34< : <YOIB4&G>A&)*CB_*.L : *.>cH4(+* : E4WY>c,.B : ,wLN*C( F E4KJ,
LN*C(t,y>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<w,.(+<7, ] > 6c* 2+& : <=2',.B : >A34<U2+&)B4<Q*.LP>A34<,.B4TCK)<w&)B " <Y> 6c<=<=Bse q 9 > , F &)B4& F E F u
>A34<=2+<8TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2 i.,.B4&)2+3LN*C(P<YiC<=( # B4* : < 6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " < (+<7,.K)&[Z=< : *CB4K #Q"$# &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42 " <=W7,.E42+<
>A34<'<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42c,.(+<'B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(\&)B ] Ye q\%'<=B4W=<.uX6c< F , # 2+*CKGiC<t>A34<'<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 LN*C( t,.B :
zu LN(+<=;< Z=&)B4T ,.B : w>A3I,5> : * B4*.>Q,.H4HM<7,.(< dH4K)&)W=&G>AK # q{ # 2+<Y>+>A&)B4T >A34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2<=R/EI,.K
>A* Z=<=(+* ,.B : 2+*CKGiX&)B4T LN*C ( w,.B : u46c<Q* " >@,.&)B
] PXq >Y=$e
2 2 ln
7B B
B
7B
B

7B
B :
<

7B
<
<
#-
#
#*+
@ )
- +@
)
#;+@ !

&-/
#
=

# , D

&,-+0
A %
;
OCm
i
*i
)& TCE4(+<PXqQPXo 9 B4<Y> 6c*C(+-g*.L 2+H4(+&)B4TC2=q

6t34<=(+< 2 ] Ye u &)2t,y2+W7,.K)< : &)B$68,.( : B4*C( F ,.K iC<=WY>A*C(t*.L >A34<Q< : TC<Q*CH4HM*C2+&G>A<>A*y>A34<
B4* : < LN*C(8>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< UuI,.B :
] PXq > M e
n ] W=*.> ! W=*.> ! e
M
<Y>7u B4*.>A<_>A3I,5>U>A34< #C,.W=* " &J,.B &)2,.KG68, # 2B4<=T$,5>A&GiC< LN*C(U*CE4( b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
] PXq =$e uI,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w6c<UW7,.Bg6t(+&G>A<.q
] PXq > PCe
2 2 ln
6t34<=(+<
n
] PXq > e
M ] W=*.> ! W=*.> ! e
% &)BI,.K)K # u/6c<U3I,7iC<.us&)BD,.Bk&G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC<LN*C( F u
] PXq > Ce
2 2 ] 2 2 e ln
6t34<=(+< % &)2_>A34<a&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB B/E F " <=(=q;0'*.>A<k>A3I,5> >A34<aKJ,.2?> > 6c* >A<=( F 2 *CB >A34<|(+&)TC3$>g,.(+<
>A* " < F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)< : "$# ,a2 F ,.K)K W=*CB42?>@,.B$> ] >A34< (+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB L ,.WY>A*C(@eQ&)B >A34<g,.WY>AEI,.KcE4H : ,5>A<.q
fS34<_OI(+2?>>A<=( F &)2UH4(+<=W=&)2+<=K # >A34< LN*C( F *.L8>A34<_2+H4(+&)B4Ta,.BI,.K)*CT # q B HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u1>A34&)2U&)2Q*.L
>A34<giC<=(?>A< 2+H4(+&)B4T > # HM<D6t&G>A3 >A34<D2?>A& B4<=2+2 : <YOIB4< : "$# ] PXq > e q ` <=< % &)TCE4(+@< PXQq PXq % &)(+2?>
*.Lw,.K)K u[6c<k2+<=<D>A3I,5> >A34<DW@3I,.B4TC<=2_>A* ,.B : g,.(+<g>A3/E42 " &J,.2+< : >A*z68,.( : >A34<k<=K)< F <=B$>A2
%
7B B
?>
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<

7B
B
Odn
6t&G>A3 KJ,.(+TC< #C,.W=* " &J,.B u 6t34&)W@3 &)2 , : <=2+&)(A, " K)< H4(+*CHM<=(?> # LN*C( TC(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB q ` <=W=*CB : *.L
,.K)K uX>A34<wB4* : <=2t6t&)K)K F *ziC<w>A*z68,.( : 2S>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$>A2S6t&G>A3D2 F ,.K)K ,.B4TCK)< ! &)Bg>A34<w34* : *CTC(A,.H43
H4KJ,.B4< 6t34&)W@3k&)28W=*CB$>A(+*CK)K)< : "$# >A34<wW=*.>@,.B4TC<=B$>tLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q BD*.>A34<=(86c*C( : 2=us,yKJ,.(+TC< 6c<=&)TC3$>
6t&)K)K " <gTC&GiC<=B >A* B4* : <=2yW=K)*C2+<=( >A*a>A34<gB4* : < &)B >A34<g34* : *CTC(A,.H43 H4KJ,.B4<.q B L ,.WY>7u\>A34&)2
&)2',_H4(+*CHM<=(?> # *.L\p ,.H4KJ,.W=&J,.B us,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<,_BI,5>AE4(A,.K1W=*CB42+<=R/E4<=B4W=<y*.L[>A34<UK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
F <Y>A34* : q % &)BI,.K)K # u >A34<82+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)2P>A34<S*CB4<8>A3I,5>\W=* F HM<Y>A<cLN*C(\,.(+<7,dq >\3I,.2 ,.By< <=WY>\>A*
<=B4KJ,.(+TC<82 F ,.K)Kd<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q[fS34&)2\&)2[&)B L ,.WY> <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>\>A*>A34<S>A<=( F &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : "$# Z ,.K F <=(+&)*
,.B : V<=(?iX&)<=E l LN*C( >A34<yH4E4(+HM*C2+<y*.L H4(+<YiC<=B$>A&)B4T F <=2+3 LN*CK : &)B4T &)B TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> "$#
, 2+H4(+&)B4Ty,.BI,.K)*CT # q[fS34< # , :4: < : >A34<>A<=( F 2=u4,.(+&)2+&)B4TULN(+* F F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T n D6t&G>A3D,2 F ,.K)K
HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=( F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)< : u/>A*y>A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>tLN*C( F E4KJ, " ,.2+< : *CBk, 2+H4(+&)B4T_,.BI,.K)*CT # q
< B4*.>A< 34<=(+<y>A3I,5>Q>A34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC< LN*C( F E4KJ, ] PXq > Ce &)2w2+& F &)KJ,.('>A*g>A34< E4H : ,5>A<yLN*C( F E4KJ,
>A3I,5> 6c*CE4K : 3I,7iC< " <=<=B * " >@,.&)B4< : LN(+* F >A34<D,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)1B PXq n q =du " Ed>y2+K)& TC3$>AK #
: & <=(+<=B$>7q fS34&)2w&G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC<LN*C( F E4KJ, &)2 F &)2+2+&)B4T &)B >A34< : <=B4* F &)BI,5>A*C('>A34< , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K >A<=( F
>A3I,5>'W=* F <=2tLN(+* F : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,5>A&)B4Ty>A34<U2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F *.L >A34<UTC(A, : &)<=B$>7u " Ed> *CE4('< dHM<=(+&)<=B4W=<
2+34*z6t2c>A3I,5>8&G>A2 < <=WY>8&)2c2+*2 F ,.K)KI>A3I,5> >A34<'> 6c*yE4H : ,5>A<=2 : * B4*.> : & <=( 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # q[fS34&)2
F ,.-.<=2w2+<=B42+< " <=W7,.E42+< >A34< F &)2+2+&)B4T >A<=( F &)2 : &)(+<=WY>AK # H4(+*CHM*C(?>A&)*CBI,.K >A*g>A34<yTC(A, : &)<=B$>7u1,.B :
>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Ui.,.B4&)2+34<=2,5> W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q 9 >w,.B # (A,5>A<.us>A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<&)2 F <=(+<=K # , F ,5>+>A<=(t*.L
K)& B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB q

b 8 < 8 +
0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K8< dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2 6c<=(+<kW=*CB : E4WY>A< : LN*C( ,|> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K I*z6 &)B , 2+R/EI,.(+<
: * F ,.&)B 6t&G>A3 , 2+*CE4(+W=< &)B *CB4<aW=*C(+B4<=(g,.B : , 2+&)B4- &)B >A34< *.>A34<=(=q;fS34<=(+< &)2 ,.B < 4,.WY>
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C( >A34&)28H4(+* " K)< F 6t34&)W@3g&)28< dH4(+<=2+2+< : &)B >A<=( F 28*.L1>A34<wW=* F H4K)< HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K ] $e u
] $e K)B 2+&)B43 l <Y* iC:4<=: B n n 2+2+&)&)B4B43 3 552+2+&)&)B4B43 3 & & ] PXq >Y>$e

:
:
:
:
O$l
-0.5
-1
0.5
&)TCE4(+<PXq o >Abc34*C< B$>A< *C4E4,.(8WY>H4K)*.2+*C> K)Ed] >Am&)*Cp1B <YiC] -<=K) 2@e lCl*.eL
*.L q

-1
-0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+<PXq XoP>Abc34*C< B$>A< *C4E4,.(cWY>H4K)*.2+*C> K)Ed] = >Am&)*Cp1B <YiC] -<=K) 2@e lCl*.eL
*.L 'q
%

6t34<=(+< ,.B : : <Y>A<=( F &)B4<=2y>A34<k2+*CE4(+W=< ] ,.B : 2+&)B4-de 2?>A(+<=B4T.>A3 q B L ,.WY>7u >A34&)2

2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBaH4(+* : E4W=<=2, 2+<=(+&)<=2Q*.Lc2+R/EI,.(+< (+<=TC&)*CB42 6t34&)W@3 ,.(+< : &GiX& : < : "$# 2?>A(+<7, F K)&)B4<=2=qfS34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W7,.B " <a2+34*z6tB >A* W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< R/E4&G>A<|(A,.H4& : K # uS2+* >A3I,5> lCl 6t34&)W@3 6c< E42+< :
&)22+E _W=&)<=B$>7q < W@34*X*C2+< >A34< : * F ,.&)B *.L'&)B$>A<=(+<=2?> ,.2>A34< E4B4&G> 2+R/EI,.(+< 6t34*C2+<gE4H4HM<=(
K)<YL > W=*C(+B4<=(yW=*C&)B4W=& : <=26t&G>A3 >A34< *C(+&)TC&)B u & q <.q ] 4e m n n m /q
fS34<k2+*CE4(+W=<|2?>A(+<=B4T.>A3 68,.2_W@34*C2+<=B >A* " < ,.B : 68,.2 2+<Y>_>A* " < n u >A34<=B >A34<
2?>A(+<7, F LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB >@,.-.<=2S>A34<i.,.K)E4<*.EL Z=<=(+*y6t34<=B m ,.B : >A34<i.,.K)E4<*.LPE4B4&G> # <=K)2+<Y6t34<=(+<
*CB >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # q fS34<=2+<D6c<=(+<kE42+< : ,.2 >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42LN*C(y*CE4(yB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K
< dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2=q 9 B : ,.K)2+* >A34<yR/EI,.B$>A&G> # &)B42+& : <>A34<y2+R/EI,.(+< " (A,.W@-.<Y>Q68,.2 : &GiX& : < : "$# &G>A2+<=KGL
6t&G>A3 &)B42+<=(?>A< : u12+* >A3I,5>Q&G> " <=W=* F <=2wE4B4&G> # ,5> u & q <.qw>A34<yHM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K " <=W=* F <=2
Z=<=(+* ,5>S>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>S*.LP>A34<QE4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # 6t34&)W@3 F ,.-.<=2S>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgE4B4&)R/E4<.q fS34<
< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42w&)B ,.(+<_2+34*z6tB &)
B % &)TCE4(+<=2 ] PXq >$ew,.B : ] PXq O e q fS34< F *C2?> : & _W=E4KG>UHI,.(?>
*.L >A34&)2H4(+* " K)< F &)2 >A34<y2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G>A&)<=2 ,5>> 6c*DE4H4HM<=(wW=*C(+B4<=(+2=o " <=W=* F <=2w&)BdOIB4&G>A< ,.B :
" <=W=* F <=2 F E4KG>A& i.,.K)E4< : q %I*C(w>A34&)2Q(+<7,.2+*CB uP>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42U,5>U>A34<=2+< W=*C(+B4<=(+2,.(+<_&)B4W=K)E : < :

O=
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
0.5
-1
&)TCE4(+<PXq >do P B4&G> >A&J,.K'>A(+V&J,.<=B4KJ,.TCE4K)<=BI2, # ,.TCB (+&: : t6 = &GYm>A3O

B4* : <=2=q
0.5
&)TCE4(+<PXq O o 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<wTC(+& :
, F *CB4T >A34<yE4B4-/B4*z6tB42=q%I*C( >A34<y&)B4&G>A&J,.K1i.,.K)E4<=2LN*C( ,.B : 'u 6c<_,.KG68, # 2wE42+<y>A34< i.,.K)E4<=2

*.L?Z=<=(+*gLN*C( " *.>A3 qyV&J,.TC*CBI,.KP2?68,.H4H4&)B4TD&)2wHM<=(?LN*C( F < : LN*C(<YiC<=( # P m &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB q &G>A3a>A34<
: &J,.TC*CBI,.K/2+W7,.K)&)B4T,.B : >A34<SxQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=Kd&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB PXq n q =du5>A34<82+W@34< F <
" <=W=* F <=2'&)B : &)2?>A&)B4TCE4&)2+3I, " K)< LN(+* F ` r LN*C( ,.B : 'qcfS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.us6c< ,.K)(+<7, : # -/B4*z6 >A3I,5>
>A34< " <=2?>Di.,.K)E4< *.L K)&)<=2 " <Y> 6c<=<=B n m ,.B : l m ,.B : ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@34<=2 l m ,.2g>A34< 2+[& Z=< *.L
>A34< H4(+* " K)< F &)B4W=(+<7,.2+<=2=q B >A34< *.>A34<=(3I,.B : u LN*C(UTC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>6c< LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>&G>U&)2
B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A* E4B : <=(+(+<=KJ, >A34<Q&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB >A*yH4(+<YiC<=B$> F <=2+3g>@,.B4TCK)&)B4T4u4,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q&)B >A34<
,.WY>AEI,.K W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB42=u 6c< E42+< :
m n PXq fS34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB F , # " < >@,.-.<=B >A*kW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<
6t34<=B >A34< p n B4*C( F *.L >A34<yTC(A, : &)<=B$>QTC*X<=2 " <=K)*z6 >A34< >A*CK)<=(A,.B4W=< nzm q {c*CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2
F E42?> " < F *ziC< : ,.K)2+*4u LN*C(_&G>_&)2yiC<=( # K)&)-.<=K # >A3I,5> F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> &)B42+& : <g>A34< : * F ,.&)B
&)2 iC<=( # K)&)-.<=K # >A* W=(+<7,5>A<y2+<YiC<=(+< : &)2?>A*C(?>A&)*CB|B4<7,.( " *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2&GL\>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2Q,.(+<
O d< : qk%'*z6c<YiC<=(=u[6c< : *|B4*.> F *ziC< >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2 "$# >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* :
" <=W7,.E42+<S6c<8LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>[>A34<=&)( F *ziC< F <=B$>\68,.2\B4*.>\W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$> 6t&G>A3 >A3I,5>\*.LM&)B$>A<=(+BI,.KdB4* : <=2
B4<7,.( "$# <7,.W@3 " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <.q ` & F &)KJ,.(1* " 2+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CB3I,.2 " <=<=By(+<=HM*C(?>A< : &)B , F *ziX&)B4T F <=2+3

!5
OM
>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBgB/E F
% & d< : TC(+& : jk*ziX&)B4T_TC(+& :

MYMYM
nl qq $MlCml OYOYdOn ^^ m$m$ll =dl.mCqq m$n mCl mCMYYm MO P..^^ mm ==
ln qq n M> m M>YC>.^^ mdm MnMn qq M>Y> MM Y.P.^^ mdm Pn
] ] 8e e " <=(
0'*C( F
f , " K)< PXq n o\fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2t*.L >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2

:
:

F <Y>A34* : LN*C(S&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)B4T , -/B4*z6tBkLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB P qc%'<=(+<.us6c<U&)B42?>A<7, : F *ziC<Q>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #

B4* : <=2=u < dW=<=Hd> LN*C(t>A34<ULN*CE4('W=*C(+B4<=(+2=u "$# , p ,.H4KJ,.W=&J,.Bk2 F *X*.>A34&)B4T4qcfS3I,5>&)2=uI6c< W=* F H4Ed>A<
>A34< ,7iC<=(A,.TC<HM*C2+&G>A&)*CBk*.L[>A34<U2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4T B4* : <=2=u ,.B : H4(+* !+<=WY>&G>'*CB$>A*_>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # 2+*
>A3I,5>8>A34<wB4* : <=2t(+< F ,.&)B *CBg>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # q ^\R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>AK # uX6c< F , # LN*C( F , F &)(+(+*C(c& F ,.TC<.u
*CEd>A2+& : <g>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # uc*.L'>A34<DTC(+*CE4H *.L'>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2>A3I,5>_2+3I,.(+<k, " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <.u8,.B :
>A34<=Bk,.H4H4K # ,yp ,.H4KJ,.W=&J,.B 2 F *X*.>A34&)B4T4q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34&)28&)28R/E4&G>A<w< <=WY>A&GiC<w&)B >A34<w2+<=B42+<w>A3I,5>
F <=2+3 : &)2?>A*C(?>A&)*CB_W=(+<7,5>A< : B4<7,.( >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #_"$# >A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>8*.L >A34< &)B$>A<=(+BI,.KsB4* : <=2c&)2
(+< F *ziC< : u/&G> : *X<=2\B4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # F &)B4& F [& Z=< >A34<SB4*C( F q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<86c<tW7,.B4B4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K #
,.W@34&)<YiC<QW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q E4(SH4(+*XW=< : E4(+<w&)2c>A34<=BgOI(+2?>tW=* F H4Ed>A<Q, 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *CBD,O d< : TC(+& : u
6t34&)W@3 &)2UTC*C&)B4Tk>A* " < *CE4(U&)B4&G>A&J,.K\2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u ,.B : >A34<=B ,.H4H4K # >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T
TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : LN*C( 2+* F <c2+HM<=W=&GOI< : B/E F " <=([*.Ls&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=uC,.B : OIBI,.K)K # W=* F H4Ed>A<c>A34<c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
,.T$,.&)B 6t&G>A3 >A34< TC(+& : O d< : q B >A34&)2 HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.( < 4, F H4K)<.u/>A34< F *ziX&)B4TTC(+& : ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 68,.2
,.H4H4K)&)< : LN*C( l.mCmCmCm &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=q
` 34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+<=2 PXq > ,.B : PXq O ,.(+<D>A34<k&)B4&G>A&J,.K8V<=KJ,.E4BI, # TC(+& : ,.B : >A34<kOIBI,.KtTC(+& :
(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q 9 2t6c<U< dHM<=WY>A< : uM>A34<UB4* : <=2 3I,7iC< F *ziC< : >A*z68,.( : 2t>A34<UE4H4HM<=('> 6c* W=*C(+B4<=(+2
>A* " <Y>+>A<=( (+<=2+*CKGiC<>A34<(A,.H4& : i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB42S*.L[>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=qtfS34< <=(+(+*C(+2,.B : *.>A34<=('(+<=KJ,5>A< :
R/EI,.B$>A&G>A&)<=2U,.(+< W=* F HI,.(+< : " <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34<=2+<_TC(+& : 2Q&)B f , " K)< PXq n q % &)(+2?>AK # u16c<_2+<=< >A3I,5>Q>A34<
<=(+(+*C(Q3I,.2 " <=<=B (+< : E4W=< : 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # LN*C( " *.>A3 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q_{c<=W7,.E42+<_*.Lc>A34< H4(+<=2+<=B4W=< *.L

OP
2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G> # &)Bg>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=uX>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(t&)2 F <7,.2+E4(+< : &)Bg>A34< B4*C( F : <YOIB4< : "$#

:
] e

] < 4,.WY> B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K e

] PXq > O e
6t34<=(+< >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB &)2 HM<=(?LN*C( F < : "$# , xQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<.q > 6c*CE4K : " < 6c*C(?>A3
F <=B$>A&)*CB4&)B4T >A3I,5>>A34<y(+< : E4WY>A&)*CB *.L >A34<y<=(+(+*C(+2 68,.2U,.W@34&)<YiC< : *CB4K # 6t&G>A3 : &J,.TC*CBI,.KP2?68,.H
H4&)B4T4ut< F H43I,.2+[& Z=&)B4T >A34< & F HM*C(?>@,.B4W=<|*.Lw>A34< W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&GiX&G> # q B L ,.WY>7uS6t&G>A34*CEd> : &J,.TC*CBI,.K
2?68,.H4H4&)B4TU>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<.u/>A34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4TQTC(+& : 6c*CE4K : 3I,7iC<'2+E <=(+< : LN(+* F 34&)TC34K # 2+-.<Y6,.B : s,5>
>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2w6t&G>A3 iC<=( # K)*z6 <=(+(+*C((+< : E4WY>A&)*CB q 9 B4*.>A34<=(& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>QL ,.WY>2+<=<=B &)B f , " K)< PXq n
&)2'>A3I,5> >A34< B4*C( F &)2 TC(+<7,5>A<=(*CB|>A34< F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : q fS34&)2&)B : &)W7,5>A<=2t>A3I,5>>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T
>A34<w<=B4<=(+T # B4*C( F : *X<=2SB4*.>SB4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # F &)B4& F [& Z=<S>A34< <=(+(+*C(S,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 &G>8&)28B4*.>t, " , :
W@34*C&)W=<LN*C(TC(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB "q B L ,.WY>7u1,.2&)2'6c<=K)K[-/B4*z6tB &)B|OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2=uM>A34<
(+<=2+& : EI,.Ks&)2 B4*.> >A34<'*CB4K # <=(+(+*C( &)B : &)W7,5>A*C(=o >A34< !+E F H &)B >A34<tOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2c,.W=(+*C2+2 K)&)B4<7,.(
<=K)< F <=B$>A2 &)2 ,.K)2+* : &)(+<=WY>AK # (+<=KJ,5>A< : >A*a>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C( = q B >A34< *.>A34<=( 3I,.B : u >A34<
(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2Q3I,7iC< " <=<=B (+< : E4W=< : 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # ,.2Q2+<=<=B &)B >A34< " *.>+>A* F *.Lc>A34< >@, " K)<y6t34<=(+<
&)28>A34<QE4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F u

nl

:
] PXq OCm e

fS34<=2+< (+<=2+E4KG>A22+E4TCTC<=2?>>A3I,5>6c< F &)B4& F &[Z=< B4*.> " Ed> q 9 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=uP&G>U&)2

: & _W=E4KG>w6t&G>A3 >A34&)2QB4*C( F >A* F *ziC<y>A34<_TC(+& : " <=W7,.E42+< &G> : *X<=2UB4*.>U* <=(,.B # F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F
LN*C( W=* F HM<Y>A&)B4TkLN*C( W=<=K)K8,.(+<7,dq B H4(A,.WY>A&)W=<.u 34*z6c<YiC<=(=u &G> : *X<=2yB4*.> : <=B # >A34<gHM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> #
LN*C( F *ziX&)B4Tg>A34<_TC(+& : P&G> !+E42?>3I,.2Q>A* " < : *CB4<_W7,.(+<YLNE4K)K # q B >A34<_B4< X>2+<=WY>A&)*CB u 6c<_2+3I,.K)K
<=B4W=*CE4B$>A<=(t>A34<Q2+&G>AEI,5>A&)*CB 6t34<=(+<Q6c< F E42?>tE42+<Q>A34&)2SE4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F q
1

O

#

'/
#&!!
$# "!$, $

+ / % # "!
9 KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<=K # u$>A34<'<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 >A3I,5> TC*ziC<=(+B l V&)B4W=* F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)<t,.B : &)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K I*z6t2
W7,.B " <QW7,.2?>7uIE42+&)B4Ty>A34<wiC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2=u ] de ud&)Bg>A34<wLN*C( F q
] PXq Odn e

m
] PXq O$l e

m
fS34&)2 LN*C( F F , # " <|H4(+<YLN<=(+(+< : HM*C2+2+& " K # LN*C(_> 6c* (+<7,.2+*CB42=q % &)(+2?>AK # uS&)B W7,.2+<a*.L : <7,.K)&)B4T
6t&G>A3 F E4KG>A&)H4K # W=*CB4B4<=WY>A< : (+<=TC&)*CB u >A34<giC<=K)*XW=&G> # HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.Kc6t&)K)K " < : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 6t34<=B
W=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB &)2 &)B$iC*CKGiC< : 6t34<=(+<7,.2 >A34< iC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2y,.(+< W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42=q ` <=W=*CB : K # u
>A34&)2 2 # 2?>A< F &)2, F * : <=KP2 # 2?>A< F LN*C('>A34< <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)WQ2+E " 2 # 2?>A< F 34& :4: <=B &)B|>A34< 2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<
^\E4K)<=( <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 &)B|> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=q >&)2,.K)2+* , (+*CK)<*.L[>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : LN*C(
H4(+*ziX& : &)B4T_,yTC*X* : 2+*CKGiC<=(SLN*C(8>A34&)2S<=K)K)& Hd>A&)W 2+E " 2 # 2?>A< F ] ` <=< > LN*C( : <Y>@,.&)K)2@e q

b 8 K 8 < 3 : %

>c&)2 2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : >A* ,.H4H4K # >A34<'K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : LN*C( >A34&)2 2 # 2?>A< F q %'*z6c<YiC<=(=u
&G> 68,.2w2+*X*CB : &)2+W=*ziC<=(+< : >A3I,5>>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : ,.2w, 2+*CKGiC<=( LN*C( ,.B : k3I, : ,
2+<=(+&)*CE42 s,76 <=2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # &)B >A34<gW7,.2+<g*.L ,I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : ,aK)&GL >A&)B4T " * : # o_>A34<g2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2
< X>A(+< F <=K # &)BI,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<SLN*C(I*z6t2 6t&G>A3 B4*CB Z=<=(+*UW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB qPfP*U&)K)K)E42?>A(A,5>A< >A34&)2 H4(+* " K)< F u$,
I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : , #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)Kd,5> ,.B ,.B4TCK)<S*.L ,5>+>@,.W@- nzm 68,.2 W=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# >A34<tK)<7,.2?>
2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 6t&G>A3 >A34<t,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F uC*CB , n Cm > m TC(+& : ,.2[2+34*z6tB_&)B % &)TCE4(+<
PXq nzm 6t34&)W@3 2+34*CE4K : " <gOIB4<D<=B4*CE4TC3 >A* * " >@,.&)B ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q 9 2y>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( #
W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=u16c<_TC&GiC<_< 4,.WY>2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42Q,5>Q>A34<_*CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # 6t34&)W@3 &)2QK)*XW7,5>A< : ,5>Q>A34<
: &)2?>@,.B4W=< *.L nzm W@34*C( : K)<=B4T.>A3U,768, # LN(+* F >A34<c,.&)(?LN*C&)K uz,.B : E42+<c,S>@,.B4TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CBQ*CBQ>A34<

#-
&
, !#B,C
*(

!-
,"
A

"$A
,C
D & #

# >-"?

- - ( ( < ?$&
)$
- -
!(

;
?$

?$&
)$
- -/=
<C

)
,C
D
O
6
10
5
4
3
Cp
1
0
1
-5
-10
-10
-5
10
&)TCE4(+<PXq nCn o >A34<a,.: &)(?&)2?LN*C>A(+&)Kt& " ,.EdB >A:&)*CB >A34< ,.(+,.*C&)(?E4LNB*C:&)K

TC(+<=<=2+* <=F B$>A<Y2c>A( >A# 34q <'` < *C4K),.& : WY>8W=E42+*C(?iCK)Ed< >A(+&)<=*CHB q
Fbc&)<=(+(+W=&)K)W7<=,.2;K 2+&)*CB K): Ed&)>AW7&),5*C>AB < q >A34< B/E
,.&)(?LN*C&)K/6t34&)W@3 &)2[2+& F H4K # >A*Q<=K)& F &)BI,5>A< >A34<SW=* F HM*CB4<=B$> *.LM>A34<8iC<=K)*XW=&G> # B4*C( F ,.KX>A*>A34< " * : #
,5L >A<=(w<7,.W@3 &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB qQfS34&)2w>@,.B4TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CBaW7,.B " < &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>A< : ,.2U, W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>w>A*
>A34< F &)B4& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CB &)B >A34<wW=*CB$>A< X>'*.L >A34<wK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : > m ud6t34&)W@3D&)28<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>
,.K)2+* >A* (+<=H4KJ,.W=&)B4T >A34<Di.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ] de "$# , >@,.B4TC<=B$>A&J,.K8iC<=K)*XW=&G> # *CB >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # ,.2
E42+EI,.K)K # : *CB4<_&)B OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : 2=q 9 >U>A34< W=E42+HM< : >A(A,.&)K)&)B4Tg< : TC<.uP>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42
,.(+< W=* F H4Ed>A< : 6t&G>A34*CEd>w>A34<y>@,.B4TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB u & q <.q >A34< B4* : < &)2>A(+<7,5>A< : !+E42?>UK)&)-.< ,.B
&)B$>A<=(+&)*C(QB4* : <.qDfS34< F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : LN*C( O >Y>Y=axQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=K &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42 F ,.-/&)B4TD>A34<
B4*C( F ] Pe 6t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2U>A34< B/E F " <=(U*.L8B4* : <=2Q< dW=<=Hd>LN*C(Q*CEd>A<=(
" *CE4B : ,.( # e'*.L >A34< E4H : ,5>A<=2 " <=K)*z6 n q m ^ m >dqfS34<yH4(+<=2+2+E4(+< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB|*ziC<=(>A34<y,.&)(?LN*C&)K
&)2S2+34*z6tBk&)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq nCn q >t&)2S<YiX& : <=B$>S>A3I,5>S>A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)2cL ,.(S* a>A34<w< 4,.WY>
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u # &)<=K : &)B4Tt,.BQ< X>A(+< F <=K # 2 F ,.K)K.K)&GL >7q1fS34< W=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CBw,.(+*CE4B : >A34< ,.&)(?LN*C&)K 68,.21LN*CE4B :
>A* " < n q O$l O .^ mdn 6t34<=(+<7,.2>A34< *CB4< 2+HM<=W=&GOI< : ,5> >A34< *CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # &)2 PXq OYOYO = n ^ mdn u
& F H4K # &)B4T B4*CB Z=<=(+*DiC*C(?>A&)W=&G> # &)B42+& : < >A34< : * F ,.&)B qfS34< iC*C(?>A&)W=&G> # <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : <=K)< F <=B$> 6t&)2+<
%
&)TCE4(+<PXq nzm o 9 n Cm > m TC(+& : q

x
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
x/c

O>
&)2S2 F ,.K)K &)B : <=< : u " Ed> : *X<=2tB4*.>'2A,5>A&)2?L # >A34<Q&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>7u

] PXq O =$e
! ! *CEd> ,.&)(?LN*C&)K
6t34<=(+<a>A34<a&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB &)2g,.K)Kt*ziC<=( >A34< : * F ,.&)B ut,.B : : <=B4*.>A<=2 >A34< W=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB >A3I,5>
&)2HM*C2+&G>A&GiC< W=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+<.q fS34&)2 W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$> &)2 : & _W=E4KG>>A* & F HM*C2+< ,.B : &)B H4(A,.WY>A&)W=<
2+<=K : * F <=BdLN*C(+W=< : < dH4K)& W=&G>AK # u56t34<=(+<7,.2\>A34<8W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # W=*CB42?>A(A,.&)B$>7u$B4*wB4<Y> IE >A34(+*CE4TC3 >A34<
" *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2=uXW7,.B " <'<7,.2+&)K # <=B42+E4(+< : "$# >A34<'>@,.B4TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB q 9 2c2+34*z6tB "$# {8,.&)B4<=2
(+<=W=<=B$>AK # u >A34<K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB W7,.B " <&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>A< : ,.2,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<
<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBa*.L >A34<y(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<y&G> F , #|" <y&)BdLN<=(+(+< : >A3I,5>>A34< F <Y>A34* :
F <=(+<=K # (+< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A<=2PB4*CB Z=<=(+*(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 *ziC<=(P>A34<c<=K)< F <=B$>A2=uC,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34<c2+E F *.Ld>A34<
(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.(+<SB4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # 2 F ,.K)K u5>A3/E42 W=(+<7,5>A&)B4TU,w2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$> , F *CE4B$>\*.L T$,.H " <Y> 6c<=<=B
>A34<*CEd>A<=(8,.B : &)B4B4<=(cW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB42 ] PXq O =$e q[fS34<(+<=2+E4KG>82+34*z6t2t,.K)2+*U>A3I,5>c>A34<2+W@34< F <&)2cB4*.>
iC*C(?>A&)W=&G> # H4(+<=2+<=(?iX&)B4-T > " <=W7,.E42+<S>A34<t&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB68,.2 2?>@,.(?>A< : LN(+* F >A34<S< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q L
&G> 3I, : " <=<=By2+*4u.6c<8W=*CE4K : 3I,7iC<S* " >@,.&)B4< : ,'iC<=( # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<ci.,.K)E4< LN*C(P>A34<cK)&GL >7q ` E4(+H4(+&)2+&)B4TCK # u
6c<8* " 2+<=(?iC< : LN(+* F , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.KC(+<=2+E4KG>A2[*CBW=*$,.(+2+<=( TC(+& : 2 >A3I,5> >A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2PB4*.>[<YiC<=B OI(+2?>
*C( : <=(8,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.o[>A34<B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_&)2cW=*CB$iC<=(+TC&)B4T >A*>A34< < 4,.WY>S*CB4<.u " Ed>S< X>A(+< F <=K #
2+K)*z6tK # q bc*CB42+& : <=(+&)B4T >A34<DBI,5>AE4(+<D*.L &)B4W=* F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)< HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K I*z6t2=u 6c<k2+E42+HM<=WY>_>A3I,5>
>A34< F <Y>A34* : 3I,.2t, : & _W=E4KG> # &)B W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T , HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.KMiC*C(?>A< >A3I,5>t&)2c>A34<LNE4B : , F <=B$>@,.K
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg(+<=2+HM*CB42+& " K)<LN*C(8>A34<QW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB q
bc*CB42+& : <=(Q2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34<_b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B 2 # 2?>A< F &)B , : * F ,.&)B " *CE4B : < : "$# > 6c*DW=*
W=<=B$>A(+&)W'W=&)(+W=K)<=2=q 9 >c>A34<'*CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # ud,UE4B4&GLN*C( F >@,.B4TC<=B$>A&J,.KIiC<=K)*XW=&G> # &)2 TC&GiC<=B_6t&G>A3 B4*
W=(+*C2+2 I*z6t2=u.6t34&)K)< >A34< >@,.B4TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CBU&)2 ,.H4H4K)&)< : ,5>P>A34< &)B4B4<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # q " iX&)*CE42+K # u

? (
+, < ? - -3
<
@ B*+
"$! -"?- ,B
@ %<C (
(
A <

= - (+,*
*- +"

-"?( <
@*< >=

D
OYO
>A34<Q< 4,.WY>'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)2',yHM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K iC*C(?>A< : <YOIB4< : "$#

] PXq O M e
6t34<=(+< u u ,.B : &)2y,aW=*CB42?>@,.B$> (+<=KJ,5>A< : >A*a>A34<gW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB q
fS34&)2S&)2c>A34<w*CB4K # HM*C2+2+& " K)<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB >A* >A34<Ub8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4BD<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u " Ed>S>A34<Q,.2+2+*XW=&
,5>A< : p ,.H4KJ,.W=<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.K)K)*z6 ,.B4*.>A34<=('2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q B|W # K)&)B : (+&)W7,.K W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2=usp ,.H4KJ,.W=< W 2
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBgLN*C( |(+<7, : 2
n n m
] PXq O PCe
9 2+2+E F <w>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBD*.LP>A34<wLN*C( F
] PXq O e
] Ce ] Ce
6t34&)W@3kK)<7, : 2S>A*4u4*CBD2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)*CBk,.B : 2+* F <Q,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>A2=u

]
n
PXq O Ce

6t34<=(+<U>A34<QB4<=T$,5>A&GiC<UW=*CB42?>@,.B$> 3I,.2 " <=<=B|W@34*C2+<=B|LN*C(S>A34<QHM<=(+&)* : &)W=&G> # &)Bg>A34< : &)(+<=W
>A&)*CB q[fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uI6c<U3I,7iC<
] PXq O >$e

m

]

PXq OYO e
m

6t34<=(+<U>A34<wOI(+2?> <=R/EI,5>A&)*CBk&)2', 2+& F H4K)<w3I,.( F *CB4&)Ww<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB|,.B : >A34<U2+<=W=*CB : &)2S>A34<U^\E4K)<=(
b8,.E4W@3 # <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q\fS34<QTC<=B4<=(A,.K12+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] PXq nzmCm e
] e ] W=*C2 ] Ce 2+&)B ] Ce+e
6t34<=(+< /u /u /u.,.B : S,.(+< W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2 : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : "$#Q" *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=q ` & F &)KJ,.(+K #
LN*C( sud6c<U3I,7iC<
] PXq nzmdn e
] e ] W=*C2 ] Ce 2+&)B ] Ce+e

5
5

zn mCm
6t34<=(+< 5u .u u[,.B : _,.(+< ,.( " &G>A(A,.( # W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2=qDfS34<=2+< W=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2 W7,.B " <_(+< : E4W=< :
"$# " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=q % &)(+2?>AK # u 6c<_3I,7iC< m " <=W7,.E42+< m ,5> m *CB " *.>A3
" *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2=q fS34<=B u 6c< & F_F < : &J,5>A<=K # 2+<=<a>A3I,5> F E42?> " <aB4*CB Z=<=(+* &)B$>A<=TC<=(+2 2+&)B4W=<
i.,.B4&)2+34<=2Q,.K)2+*D,5> q ` <=W=*CB : K # u m "$# >A34<y2 #XF_F <Y>A( # *.L k6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>Q>A* Xu
"$# 6t34&)W@3 6c<yOIB : ,.K)2+* >A* " <y* :4: &)B$>A<=TC<=(+2w2+&)B4W=< ki.,.B4&)2+34<=2U,5> l q fS34&)( : K # u >A34<
W=*CB42?>@,.B4W # *.Lt>A34< I*z6 2+HM<=< : ,.K)*CB4T|>A34< *CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # (+<=R/E4&)(+<=2 >A3I,5>>A34<gW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2
&)B ,.B : F E42?> " <>A34<y2A, F < &)B F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <.u " Ed>6t&G>A3a>A34< *CH4HM*C2+&G>A< 2+&)TCBa2+*g>A3I,5> >A34<
iC<=K)*XW=&G> # &)28>@,.B4TC<=B$>t>A* >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # u4>A3/E42 # &)<=K : &)B4T
] PXq nzm$l e
]
e 2+&)B ] Ce
] PXq nzm =$e
]
e W=*C2 ] Ce
% &)BI,.K)K # uz>A34< >@,.B4TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB,5> >A34<8&)B4B4<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # u W=*C2 2+&)B m u : <Y>A<=( F &)B4<=2
>A3I,5> n us,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w6c<U* " >@,.&)B

] PXq nzm M e
2+&)B

] PXq nzm PCe
W=*C2

6t34<=(+< W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2y>A* &)B ] PXq O M e q fS34&)2y2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<Dp ,.H4KJ,.W=<g<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42y3I,7iC<
,.B4*.>A34<=(w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBaW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>QH4(+*CHM*C(?>A&)*CBI,.K >A* Xq >Q&)2<7,.2 # >A*D<=K)& F &)BI,5>A<Q>A34&)22+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
,.BI,.K # >A&)W7,.K)K # ] !+E42?>(+<=R/E4&)(+<U>A3I,5>'>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB " < " *CE4B : < : ,.
2 e u " Ed>B4*.><7,.2 # >A*
: *_2+*_B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K)K # q[fS34&)2t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2, 2+*CK)& : " * : # (+*.>@,5>A&)*CBD,.B : 3I,.2',yB4*CB Z=<=(+*
iC*C(?>A&)W=&G> # TC&GiC<=B "$# l q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uc&G> : *X<=2 B4*.> 2A,5>A&)2?L # *CB4<g*.L'>A34<|b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u " Ed> &G> : *X<=2_2A,5>A&)2?L # >A34<|p ,.H4KJ,.W=<D<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.2 !+E42?> 2+34*z6tB , " *ziC<.q rt<=W7,.K)K
>A3I,5>'>A34<UK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2t<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>'>A* 2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34< p ,.H4KJ,.W=<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 "$# >A34<
xQ,.K)<=(+-/&)B OIB4&G>A< <=K)< F <=B$> F <Y>A34* : q fS34<=B uc&G>y6c*CE4K : " <D(+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<g>A* W=*CB !+<=WY>AE4(+<D>A3I,5>
>A34&)2 &)2'>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk>A3I,5>>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=22+W@34< F < F &)2?>@,.-.<=B4K # W=* F H4Ed>A<=2=q BaL ,.WY>7uM6c<

5
5

nzmdn
1
ru
0.1
0.5
0.05
-10
-10
-5
-5
0
5
0
0
50
100
&)TCE4(+<PXq n l o 99 F.l m <=2+nz3ym H4 K)*. >\TC*.(+&Ls: >Aq 34< I*z6 2+HM<=< : q % &)TCE4(+<PXq n =do : |&J,.KiC<=TC(+(+2+& E4: 2 K)&) B4<w,.,5K)>*CB4 T >A34OC<Um (Aq,
LN*CE4B : "$# ,g2+& F H4K)<W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBa>A3I,5>w>A34&)268,.2w< 4,.WY>AK # 6t3I,5>w68,.2Q3I,.H4HM<=B4&)B4T4q % &)TCE4(+<
PXq n l 2+34*z6t2U, F <=2+3 H4K)*.>w*.L >A34< I*z6 2+HM<=< : * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# >A34<yK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : *CB
, l.m nzm TC(+& : 6t&G>A3k> 6c*gW=&)(+W=E4KJ,.( " *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2 K)*XW7,5>A< : ,5> m P_,.B : nzm usLN*C(t>A34<
< 4,.WY>_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 6t&G>A3 n q 9 2yW=K)<7,.(+K # 2+<=<=B u >A34< I*z6 2+HM<=< : : <=W7, # 2_LN(+* F >A34<
&)B4B4<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # ] W=*C(+(+<=WY> " <=3I,7iX&)*C(@e u " Ed>2+*X*CB|2?>@,.(?>A2 >A* (+&)2+<U>A*z68,.( : 2 >A34<*CEd>A<=( " *CE4B :
,.( # ] 6t(+*CB4T " <=3I,7iX&)*C(@e qwfS34< (+<7,.2+*CB LN*C('>A34< W=*C(+(+<=WY> " <=3I,7iX&)*C(B4<7,.( >A34< &)B4B4<=( " *CE4B : ,.( #
&)2>A3I,5>w>A34<y2+W@34< F <_,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # & F H4K)< F <=B$>A2 >A34< Z=<=(+*DiC*C(?>A&)W=&G> # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ,.2Q2+34*z6tB
&)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB PXq n q M q {cEd> &G>y&)2yB4*.>y< <=WY>A&GiC<D<=B4*CE4TC3 >A* W=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # 2+E4H4H4(+<=2+2 >A34< 6t(+*CB4T
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>7u4,.B : >A34<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)28< X>A(+< F <=K # &)BI,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<w,5>8>A34<&)B4B4<=( " *CE4B : ,.( #
6t34<=(+< m n 6t34<=(+<7,.2w>A34< < 4,.WY>w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|&)2 l qwfS34< W=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CBa,.K)*CB4T_>A34< &)B4B4<=(
" *CE4B : ,.( # &)2 =dq #n O Cm .^ mdn u 6t34&)W@3 &)2 >A*X* 2 F ,.K)KSW=* F HI,.(+< : >A* >A34<ki.,.K)E4<|,5> >A34<|*CEd>A<=(
" *CE4B : ,.( # q n > m = M ^ mCm q fS34< H4(+<=2+<=B4W=< *.L >A34<y> 6c*k> # HM<=2U*.Lc2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 68,.2UW=*CBdOI( F < :
"$# % &)TCE4(+< PXq n = 6t34&)W@3|2+34*z6t2,_H4K)*.>'*.L |iC<=(+2+<=2 ,.K)*CB4T_,_(A, : &J,.K1TC(+& : K)&)B4<.qcfS34<H4K)*.>
2+34*z6t2,_HM<=(?LN<=WY> 2?>A(A,.&)TC3$> K)&)B4<6t34&)W@3a& F H4K)&)<=2 LN*C('2+* F <QW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2 ,.B :
10
10

/ :
0/
nzm$l
,.B : t6 34&)W@3k&)Bg>AE4(+B # &)<=K : 2 ] PXq nzm M e q

fS34<=2+<g(+<=2+E4KG>A2 2+E4TCTC<=2?>y>A3I,5>6c< 2+34*CE4K : OIB : ,k68, # >A*a2+*CKGiC< >A34<Db8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=uIB4*.>S>A34<Up ,.H4KJ,.W=<w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q {cEd>t(+< F < F " <=(S>A3I,5>S>A34<QH4(+* " K)< F &)2S2+HM<=W=&GOIWw>A*
>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( TC(+& : 2=q fS34<=(+<t&)2\B4*QH4(+* " K)< F 6t&G>A3y>A34<tK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : *CB R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K
TC(+& : 2=q fS34< F <Y>A34* : &)21,.WY>AEI,.K)K # W7,.HI, " K)<[*.LdH4(+* : E4W=&)B4T8>A34< < 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB>A*8>A34&)21H4(+* " K)< F q
fS34< (+<7,.2+*CB &)2g>A3I,5>a, " &)K)&)B4<7,.( i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB *CB , R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.KW=<=K)QW7,.B (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>|>A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.LS>A34<_LN*C( F ] PXq O M ew< 4,.WY>AK # &)B >A34< 2+<=B42+< >A3I,5>>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2Ui.,.B4&)2+3 6t&G>A3 >A34<
< 4,.WY>cB4* : ,.K4i.,.K)E4<=2=q B_>A34<t*.>A34<=( 3I,.B : u$>A34<'H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<'K)&)B4<7,.([i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBy*CB ,w>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(
W=<=K)8W7,.B4B4*.> (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$> >A34<gW=*C(+(+<=WY>_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB < 4,.WY>AK # q {cEd>y>A34&)2y&)2yB4*.>_, H4(+* " K)< F >A34<
H4(+* " K)< F &)2P>A3I,5>[>A34<8(+<=2+& : EI,.KdW7,.By(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$> >A34<c6t(+*CB4Tw2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB < 4,.WY>AK #" <=W7,.E42+<
& F H4K)&)<=2'K)&)B4<7,.('i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB42 &)B ,.B : sq >Q&)2 >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<yBI,5>AE4(A,.K >A3I,5>w>A34< F <Y>A34* : 6c*CE4K :
H4(+<YLN<=( >A*wW=* F H4Ed>A< >A34&)2 6t(+*CB4T2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB " <=W7,.E42+<8>A34<SB4*C( F W7,.B " < " (+*CE4TC3$>[LNE4(?>A34<=( : *z6tB
"$# H4(+* : E4W=&)B4Tw>A34&)2[2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q B4<8>A34&)B4Tw&)2\W=K)<7,.(=o F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T'(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2[&)2\B4*.> <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>
>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T <=(+(+*C(+2=qwfS34&)2&)2*CB4< HM*C2+2+& " K)<< dH4KJ,.BI,5>A&)*CB|LN*C('>A34< H4(+* " K)< F u " Ed>w&G> : *X<=2
B4*.>STC&GiC<Q, 2+&)B4TCK)< W=K)E4<Q,.2c>A*y34*z6>A*y*ziC<=(+W=* F <w>A34&)2 : & _W=E4KG> # &)BgK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : 2=u
LN*C(Q,.K)K[&G>Q& F H4K)&)<=2 &)2w>A3I,5> F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K[6t&)K)K[2+E <=(wLN(+* F >A34< 2A, F < H4(+* " K)< F
6t3I,5>A<YiC<=(t>A34<QB4*C( F &)2=q

b 8 K 8 K
;BC

Ba>A34&)2'2+<=WY>A&)*CB uM6c<yH4(+*CHM*C2+<*CB4<U68, #
A> * (+<=W=*ziC<=(>A34<y,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.L\>A34<K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2

F <Y>A34* : q 9 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : &)B >A34<tH4(+<YiX&)*CE42 2+<=WY>A&)*CB uC6c<t2+34*CE4K : 2+*CKGiC<S>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u B4*.>w>A34<_p ,.H4KJ,.W=< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=qyfS34&)2 F <7,.B42>A3I,5>w>A34< : <=W=*CE4H4K)&)B4T >A3I,5>Q*XW=W=E4(+2
&)BD>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A&[Z7,5>A&)*CB F E42?> " <UH4(+<YiC<=B$>A< : u ,.B : >A3I,5>t6c< F E42?>'(+<Y>@,.&)BD>A34<QW=*CE4H4K)&)B4T_,.2'&)B
>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Bk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q B4<Q68, # >A* : *_>A34&)2t&)28>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=<'>A34<UB4*C( F *.LP>A34<
nzm =
LN*C( F u
nl
] PXq nzm e

& q <.q ,yB4*C( F 6t&G>A34*CEd>S>A34<U,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$> n Pu46t34<=(+<
] PXq nzm Ce
! ]
de ! ]

de

>'&)2S<7,.2 # >A*_2+34*z6 >A3I,5>t>A34&)2SW7,.B " <6t(+&G>+>A<=B|,.2

!
!

l ! ! ] PXq nzm >$e
l
6t34<=(+< &)2 ,.T$,.&)B >A34<g,.(+<7,|&)B >A34< 34* : *CTC(A,.H43 H4KJ,.B4< ] de q|fS34<gKJ,.2?>>A<=( F 6t&)K)K B4*.>
i.,.B4&)2+3a& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # >A34&)2'>A& F <.uM,.B : >A34&)2'&)2'>A34<U>A<=( F >A3I,5>K)&)B4-/2t>A34<U> 6c* i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.B :
sq %I*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T>A34<Q2?>A<=H42 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)BD2+<=WY>A&)*CB PXq n Qq PXud6c<Q* " >@,.&)Bg>A34<QTC(A, : &)<=B$>
n ] MW=*.> ! W=*.> ! e ] Ye n

M
l ! ] PXq nzYm O e
n ] MW=*.> ! W=*.> ! e ] =e n

M
l ! ] PXq nCnzm e
] WYL q % &)TCE4(+< PXq M u " Ed>c(+< F < F " <=(\>A3I,5> 6c< ,.(+<tB4*z6 &)B H4KJ,.B4<.q eU6t34&)W@3_2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<
KJ,.2?> >A<=( F &)B <7,.W@3 <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB : *X<=2cB4*.> i.,.B4&)2+3 & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # u/,.B : >A34<ti.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.(+< W=*CE4H4K)< : q
fS34<=(+<S,.(+<c34*z6c<YiC<=(\*XW=W7,.2+&)*CB42P6t34<=B >A34< # i.,.B4&)2+3 /,.K)KC>A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2P2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4T >A34<cB4* : <
y3I,7iC<>A34<2A, F <,.(+<7,< dW=<=Hd>SLN*C( " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2=u42+E4W@3k,.2cE4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : 2 X>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
&)2 E4B4&GLN*C( F ,.K)*CB4TU>A34< 2+& : <=2c*CH4HM*C2+&G>A<t>A* XTC&GiC<,.K)K D*C( ud,.B : ,.K)K D< dW=<=Hd>t*CB4<
6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <c2+*CKGiC< : LN*C(=q fP*2+34*z6 >A3I,5>P6c<S,.(+<c2+*CKGiX&)B4T'>A34<Sb8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4By<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u
B4*z6 6c<t,.(+<8TC*C&)B4T >A* : <=(+&GiC<8>A34<8<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> ] *C( F * : &GOI< : e1<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42[*.Ls>A34<8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
2+W@34< F <.qch'B4&GL # &)B4T >A34<Q2+E F_F ,5>A&)*CB uX6c<QW7,.BD6t(+&G>A<>A34<QTC(A, : &)<=B$> ,.K)2+* ,.2
n ] MW=*.> ! W=*.> ! e ] Ye l ] e ] Ye ] PXq nCnCn e

M
n ] MW=*.> ! W=*.> ! e ] =e l ] e ] Ye ] PXq nCn l e

M

C1
7B
C1
7B

C1
7B
C1

7B

7B
nzm M
hx L
hx R
4
hy T
3
hyB
)& TCE4(+<PXq nNM o 9 B4*CB/E4B4&GLN*C( F (+<=TCE4KJ,.(8>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(cTC(+& : q

bc*CB42+& : <=(8,QB4*CB/E4B4&GLN*C( F 2?>A<=B4W=&)KM2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+<7PXq nNM q >c&)2 W=K)<7,.( >A3I,5> >A34< W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB
LN(+* F B4* : <=2 n ,.B : M : &)2A,.H4HM<7,.( " <=W7,.E42+<UW=*.> OCm m ,.B : > 6c*y>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2c>A3I,5>S2+3I,.(+<Q<7,.W@3
B4* : < 3I,7iC< >A34< 2A, F < ,.(+<7,dqQ0'*z6Qu 6c< F , # ,.2+2+E F <6t&G>A34*CEd>wK)*C2+2 *.L TC<=B4<=(A,.K)&G> # >A3I,5> >A34<
B4* : <D&)2K)*XW7,5>A< : ,5> >A34<y*C(+&)TC&)B q^ dHI,.B : &)B4T ,.2w, f , # K)*C(2+<=(+&)<=2w,.(+*CE4B : >A34<yB4* : < Iu
6c<U3I,7iC<.usE4HD>A*y>A34<Q2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(=u
] PXq nCn =$e

$ ln

)
- ln $
,.BI,.K)*CTC*CE42+K # LN*C( su
] PXq nCNn M e

) ln

)
- ln )
` E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4Ty>A34<=2+<U&)B$>A* ] PXq nCnCn e8,.B : ] PXq nCn l e u4,5L >A<=(t2+* F <Q,.K)TC< " (A,dud6c<Q* " >@,.&)B
]
7e ]
7e ]

7e

m ] PXq nCn PCe
]
7e ]
7e ]

ze

m ] PXq nCn e
6t34<=(+<
nl
] e ]

e ln ]

e ] Pe
1
7B

9
9
:
nzm P
n ]

e ] e n ]
e ] e
M
M
n ]
e ]

e
M
,.B : " <=&)B4T (+<=T$,.( : < : ,.2P2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42P*.L4>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<8H4(+* " K)< F u >A34<=2+<8<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>
<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=uS& q <.q >A34<|<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42_6c< ,.(+<a,.WY>AEI,.K)K # 2+*CKGiX&)B4T4q 0'*.>A<kOI(+2?> >A3I,5>7u
,.2 < dHM<=WY>A< : u'>A34<=2+< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 (+< : E4W=<a>A* >A34< p ,.H4KJ,.W=<|<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 *CB , E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : u

u\LN*C(6t34&)W@3 ,.K)KcW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2yi.,.B4&)2+3 < dW=<=Hd> LN*C( q {cEd>
2+E4H4HM*C2+<

" Ed> \q\fS34<=B u m us,.B : 6c<U* " >@,.&)B

n

l

ln
6t34&)W@3k2+34*z6t2S>A3I,5>S6c<U,.(+<w2+*CKGiX&)B4T_b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4BD<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB4286t&G>A3D2+* F <w, :4: < :k: &)2+2+&
HI,5>A&)*CB q ` & F &)KJ,.(+K # u/&GL " Ed>

Mu46c<U* " >@,.&)B

ln

ln

BkTC<=B4<=(A,.K u4&GL >A34<QTC(+& : &)2SB4*CB/E4B4&GLN*C( F &)B " *.>A3 : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB42=ud6c<U3I,7iC<
n ]

de ]

e ] 7e
de ]

e ] 7e

n ]
B >A34< W7,.2+< *.L : *CE " K # W=*CB4B4<=WY>A< : (+<=TC&)*CB u 6t34<=(+< >A34< W=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB " <=W=* F <=2Q& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>7u
W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : 2 6c*CE4K : 3I,7iC< >A* " < B4*CB/E4B4&GLN*C( F q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u >A34&)2gK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
2+W@34< F < 6t&)K)K " < 2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u1,.B : 6c< < dHM<=WY>w>A3I,5>w&G> TC&GiC<=2
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<(+<=2+E4KG>A2cLN*C( >A34< H4(+* " K)< F 2 6t&G>A3 B4*CB Z=<=(+*yW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB q fS34< F <Y>A34* : 68,.2S,.H4H4K)&)< :
LN*C(c>A34<Q2A, F <wH4(+* " K)< F *.LP>A34< I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : >A34< #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)KM,5>',.Bk,.B4TCK)<*.L ,5>+>@,.W@:
:
6

:

:

nzm

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(L2)
10
log
Cp
1.2
1.4
1
1.6
2
1.8
&)TCE4(+<PXq n PXo >A&)*CB : &),.2?(+>A*C(+&E4" B E:

>A>A3434<<;,.,.&)&)(?(?LNLN*C*C&)&)KtKD,.TCB <:
*W=E4F (?<YiC>A< ( # q (+<=` H4*C(+K)&< :
2+2+<=*CB$K)Ed>A>A28&)*C>A34B < q < 4bc,.&)WY( >
W>A=34K)<=< 2 &)B/B E : F &)W7<=,5(+>A& <
W7n ,.CKm > m 2+*C K)Ed >ATC&)(+*C& :B qq
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
x/c
1.5
log (NE )
10
R
0.5

&)TCE4(+<PXq n o fS)& B 34: < &)W7,52+>A*C<=K)2& : K)>A&)34B4<<

)iCK &)=<B4(+< TC<=B4*.W=L<W=(A*C,5B>A<
n&)B XqDfS34., < B <=: (+(+*C(
6c&)B <=(+< F <7., 4B 2+*CE4( (+F < : u
&)W=B &)(+: W=&)K)W7<=,52 >A< : ,.B$" :#
2>A?>@&GiC,.<=(+K2 # q (+<=2+HM<=W &)2
>A*.34L< B4* :B/<=E 2 F " <=&)B (
>A: 34&)(+< <=WY>A&)*CB (A, : &J*.,.LK
>A34< TC(+& : 2=q
2
2.5
nzm *CBa>A34<y2A, F < n Cm > m TC(+& : qwfS34<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : LN*C( n YP > &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=u ,.T$,.&)B
F ,.-/&)B4TU>A34< B4*C( F *.L >A34<E4H : ,5>A<=2 " <=K)*z6 n q m ^ m >dq >8&)2c&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4TU>A3I,5>c>A34< F <Y>A34* :
W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2tL ,.2?>A<=(8LN*C(c>A34<E4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F >A3I,.BgLN*C(c>A34<6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F q\fS34<wH4(+<=2+2+E4(+<
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB ,.(+*CE4B : >A34< ,.&)(?LN*C&)K[&)2U2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq n PXu 6t34&)W@3 &)2Q2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # F *C(+<
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< >A3I,.BU>A34<c*CB4< &)B % &)TCE4(+?< PXq nCn u 9 K)&G>+>AK)<[*C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A&)*CB&)2P2+<=<=B 34*z6c<YiC<=(\,5>P>A34< >A(A,.&)K)&)B4T
< : TC<.q fS34&)2 F , # " < < dHM<=WY>A< : " <=W7,.E42+< >A34< W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2 *.Lt>A34< : & E42+&)*CB >A<=( F 2 &)B >A34<
<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<kB4*.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<.qfS34<|(A,5>A<|*.LwW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=< &)2_B4*.>
H4(+<=W=&)2+<=K # > 6c*g,.2 2+<=<=Ba&)$B % &)TCE4(+4< PXq n 6t34<=(+<>A34<U<=(+(+*C(+2,.(+<UW=* F H4Ed>A< : ,5>,.K)K >A34<UB4* : <=2
< dW=<=Hd>y*CB >A34< *CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # ] ` <=< 9 H4HM<=B : & % LN*C(UW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4TD>A34<_< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBse

nzm
,.B : F <7,.2+E4(+< : &)B ,.B B4*C( F qwfS34<yTC(+& : 2 E42+< : ,.(+< nzm m PXu l.m nzm u M$m l.m uS> m M$m u1,.B :
n Cm > m TC(+& : 2=q {cEd>y>A34<g*C( : <=(y*.L ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # &)2 B4<7,.(+K # n q Xu ,.B : >A34<g& F H4(+*ziC< F <=B$>y&)2
2+E " 2?>@,.B$>A&J,.K1W=* F HI,.(+< : 6t&G>A3D>A34<QH4(+<YiX&)*CE42tK)<=2+2 >A3I,.B OI(+2?> *C( : <=(t,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q
9 OIBI,.KP(+< F ,.(+-D&)2t>A3I,5> >A34&)2'&)2 B4*.>'>A34< *CB4K # 68, # >A* W=*CE4H4K)<Q>A34<i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=u ,.B :
*.>A34<=( > # HM<=2c*.L B4*C( F 2 F , #y" <'2+E4TCTC<=2?>A< : q B HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u$W=*CB42+& : <=( >A34<'B4*C( F &)B >A34<tLN*C( F
nl n
] PXq nCn Ce

6t34<=(+< &)2U,.B &)B$>A<=TC<=(=qgfS34<_6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2U>A*k>A34<_W@34*C&)W=< n u[,.B :
>A34< E4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : *CB4< W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2Q>A* m q fS34<_<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 : <=(+&GiC< : LN(+* F
F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34&)2wB4*C( F W7,.B " < 6t(+&G>+>A<=B &)B >A34< 2A, F < LN*C( F ,.2 ] PXq nCn PCe,.B : ] PXq nCn e u " Ed>
>A34<QW=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2'B4*z6 &)B$iC*CKGiC<w>A34<QHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=( ,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
l ] e]

e l ]

e ]
e
l ]

e ] e l ]

e]
e
l ]
e]

e
fS34&)2W=K)<7,.(+K # 2+34*z6t2>A3I,5>w,.K)K >A34< W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2 " Ed> 6t&)K)K1i.,.B4&)2+3a& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # LN*C( n
,.B : >A34<_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42U(+<YiC<=(?> >A*D>A34< p ,.H4KJ,.W=<_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u[,.B : F *C(+<=*ziC<=(,.B # W@34*C&)W=< *.>A34<=(
>A3I,.B n 6t&)K)K1-.<=<=Ha2+* F <Q*.>A34<=('W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2tOIB4&G>A<U,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<U(+<Y>@,.&)BD>A34<Qi.,.(+&J, " K)<
W=*CE4H4K)&)B4T q E4(B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A22+34*z6 34*z6c<YiC<=(y>A3I,5>U>@,.-/&)B4T m K)<7, : 2U>A*
>A34<2A, F <H4(+* " K)< F &)B W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T K)&GL >A&)B4T I*z6t2=u F ,.-/&)B4T2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42c<YiC<=BD6c*C(+2+<Q,.2 TC<Y>A2
KJ,.(+TC<=(=uS,.B : >A3I,5> >A34<|2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3 m ,.(+<|TC*X* : &)B >A34<|2+<=B42+<a>A3I,5>_>A34< # 3I,7iC<
, (+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<|, F *CE4B$>_*.LK)&GL >7u " Ed> (+< : E4W=&)B4T ] & q <.q &)B4W=(+<7,.2+&)B4T eyTC&GiC<=2 2+H4E4(+&)*CE42
*C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A&)*CB ,5>y>A34<g>A(A,.&)K)&)B4T|< : TC<.q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uc&G> 6c*CE4K : " <D(+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)< >A* " <=K)&)<YiC< >A3I,5>

5"9
: 5
: 5
95
57:
: 5
: 5
: 5
57:
6 5
6 5
95
95
: 5
5"9
: 5
57:
6 5
95

#-B @ =""

33@* A( /@)

'A"
D <6 &( D <6 CD
: 5
95
6 5
95
95
95
zn m >
>A34<=(+< F E42?> " < 2+* F <y*.>A34<=(< dH4KJ,.BI,5>A&)*CBa>A* >A34&)2H4(+* " K)< F 6t34&)W@3 B4*.>w*CB4K # < dH4KJ,.&)B42 >A34<
H4(+* " K)< F u " Ed> ,.K)2+* * <=(+2',yW=E4(+<U&)BD, F *C(+<wH4(+<=W=&)2+< F ,.B4B4<=(=q

b 8 K 8 I E SBC ;BC

B *C( : <=(U>A*|* " >@,.&)B <YiC<=B F *C(+< ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42Q>A*k>A34<Db8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B <=R/EI,
>A&)*CB42=uS6c<aW=*CB42+& : <=(D, 2+& F H4K)<D>A34&)( : *C( : <=( < X>A<=B42+&)*CB *.Lw>A34<aK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2g2+W@34< F < : <
2+W=(+& " < : &)B >A34< KJ,.2?> 2+<=WY>A&)*CB q > &)2 " ,.2+< : *CB >A34< H4(+*CHM*C2+&G>A&)*CB W=KJ,.& F < : "$# b8,.(A,.<=B4&
,.B : I% E4W@342 n#O owLN*C(w(+<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBa2+W@34< F <=2=u &GL >A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2,.(+<

" *CE4B : < : uC>A34<8,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.LI>A34<82+W@34< F <8&)2 : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : 2+*CK)<=K #U"$# >A34<S,.W=W=E4(A,.W # 6t&G>A36t34&)W@3
>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K &)2U<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : *ziC<=(y,|W=<=K) qgfS34< # : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : ,D>A34&)( : *C( : <=(U(+<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+&
" Ed>A&)*CB 2+W@34< F < LN*C(>A34<D^\E4K)<=( <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42yE42+&)B4T ,a34&)TC3 *C( : <=(yxQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< >A*
<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A<D>A34<|(+<=2+& : EI,.K q %'<=(+<k6c< : <YiC<=K)*CH , 2+& F H4K)<g>A34&)( : *C( : <=(_2+W@34< F <a&)B 6t34&)W@3 6c<
!+E42?> , :4: ,kW=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB >A<=( F >A*D>A34<_2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=((+<=2+& : EI,.K (A,5>A34<=(Q>A3I,.B < F H4K)* # &)B4Tg>A34<
xQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< H4(+*XW=< : E4(+<.q B4<'68, # >A*W=* F H4Ed>A<'>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.KI6t&G>A3 34&)TC34<=( *C( : <=(
,.W=W=E4(A,.W # &)28>A* E42+<,y34&)TC34<=(S*C( : <=(tR/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<wLN*C( F E4KJ,dq bc*CB42+& : <=(
] PXq nCn >$e

! !

6t34<=(+< n l = : <=B4*.>A<=2 ,>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< LN*C( F < : "$# >A34(+<=<SiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 n l =du$,.B : g,.B : W7,.B " <SW=*CB
2+& : <=(+< : ,.2 IE iC<=WY>A*C(+2 " Ed>86c<w,.2+2+E F <34<=(+< LN*C( 2+& F H4K)&)W=&G> # >A3I,5>c>A34<=2+<w,.(+< >A34<'i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2
6c< W=* F H4Ed>A< ,.2&)Bk>A34< W7,.2+< *.Lcb8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Ba<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ] & q <.q ,.B : LN*C(
< 4, F H4K)<ze q ` E4H4HM*C2+<y>A3I,5>6c<y3I,7iC< ,.B : |,5>>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$> *.L <7,.W@3 < : TC<.qfS34<=B u >A34<
K)&)B4<&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K W7,.B " <Q<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : "$# ` & F H42+*CSB W 2S(+E4K)<.q
! ] e ] M e ] e ] M e ] PXq nC#n O e
6t34<=(+<c>A34<c2+E " 2+W=(+&)Hd> &)B : &)W7,5>A<=21>A34< i.,.K)E4<c,5>P>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>7qP0'*.>A< >A3I,5>P>A34&)2 &)2 M >A3 *C( : <=(
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.&q B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T_>A34<UB4*.>@,5>A&)*CB42 ] e ] e ] e l ,.B : ] e ] e ] e us6c<
9;:6
9;:6
9;:6

nzmYO
(+<Y6t(+&G>A<w>A34&)2t,.2
l
] PXq n l.m e
]

e

= ] Se ] 8e
6t34&)W@3yW=K)<7,.(+K # 2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<82+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)2 , W=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB>A<=( F >A* >A34<82?>@,.B : ,.( : 2+<=W=*CB :
*C( : <=( <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)*CB ] >A(A,.HM;< Z=*C& : ,.Kd(+E4K)<ze q\0'*z6 6c<'>AE4(+B_>A*Q>A34<'W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB_*.L >A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>
i.,.K)E4<=2=q % &)(+2?>7u LN*C(Q2+& F H4K)& W=&G> # u 6c< : *kB4*.>W=* F H4Ed>A<y>A34<=2+< ,.2, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K[E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=u[&)B
2?>A<7, : 6c<g(+<=W=*ziC<=( >A34<=2+< i.,.K)E4<=2 "$# 68, # *.L'(+<=W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)*CB q <Y>7u\&)B *C( : <=( >A* H4(+<=2+<=(?iC<
>A34< W=* F HI,.WY>AB4<=2+28*.L >A34< 2+W@34< F <.uX6c<(+<=W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>8>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_&)B >A34<'LN*C( F *.L ,%'<=( F &G>A<
HM*CK # B4* F &J,.K ,.K)*CB4TD<7,.W@3 < : TC<.q_fS34&)2Q(+<=R/E4&)(+<=2Q>A34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2Q*.Lc>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42Q,5>QB4* : <=2=u
" Ed>t>A34<=2+<,.(+<Q<7,.2+&)K # <=2?>A& F ,5>A< : "$# ,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : ,7iC<=(A,.TC<U*ziC<=(t>A34<U2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4Ty>A(+&J,.B
TCK)<=2 E42+&)B4T >A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42'*.L\>A34< H4(+<YiX&)*CE42 &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB qtfS34<=B >A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>ti.,.K)E4<=2 W7,.B " <
* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# %'<=( F &G>A<&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB 6t&G>A3g>A34<QH4(+< W=* F H4Ed>A< : TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2=u46t34&)W@3kTC&GiC<=2
n> ] e
] PXq n lXn e
>n ]
e

6t34<=(+< \,.B : ] n l e',.(+<U>A34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : ,5>B4* : < S,.B : >A34<=B H4(+* !+<=WY>A< :
*CB$>A*D>A34< < : TC< n l u *.L ,.B : (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q ` E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4TD>A34<=2+<_&)B$>A* ] PXq n l.m e,.B : W=*CK
K)<=WY>A&)B4T >A34<QW=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB428LN(+* F ,.K)K 2+& : <=2=u46c<,.(+(+&GiC<Q,5>t>A34<wOIBI,.K < dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB q
]
]
]
e

e nnl

PXq n lCl e

fS34<2A, F < < dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CBgW7,.B " <* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)B4T>A34<w%'<=( F &G>A<'HM*CK # B4* F &J,.KI,.K)*CB4T
<7,.W@3 < : TC<t,.B : HM<=(?LN*C( F &)B4T'>A34<SK)&)B4<c&)B$>A<=TC(A,.KX< 4,.WY>AK # q\0'*.>A<c>A3I,5>[>A34<8OI(+2?>\>A<=( F &)2 < 4,.WY>AK #
>A34<82+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=([(+<=2+& : EI,.K q %'<=B4W=<.u$>A*w,.W@34&)<YiC<834&)TC3 *C( : <=( ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # uC6c< !+E42?>[B4<=< : >A*w, :4:
, W=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB >A<=( F >A3I,5>t&)2c>A34<w2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F *CB >A34<w(+&)TC3$>7q %I*C(82 # 2?>A< F 2t*.LP<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ]
,.B : ,.(+<B4*z6 IE iC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.B : e uX6c<wK)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z=<'>A34<<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42cOI(+2?>t&GL B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(8,.B :
>A34<=BDLN*CK)K)*z6 >A34<Q2A, F <wH4(+*XW=< : E4(+<UW@34*X*C2+&)B4T_, i.,.(+&J, " K)< LN*C(S(+<=W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)*CB uI2A, # q fS3/E42
]
]
0 e nnl ] 0 e
PXq n l =$e

!
:

9;:6

9;:6
nCnzm
6t34<=(+< ,.B : 0 ,.(+< #C,.W=* " &J,.B F ,5>A(+&)W=<=2'6t34*C2+< <=K)< F <=B$>A2Q,.(+< W=*CB
2?>@,.B$>c*C( F , : <tW=*CB42?>@,.B$>c6t&G>A34&)B >A34<t>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< "$# K)&)B4<7,.(+&[Z7,5>A&)*CB uC,.B : &)2\>A34<'B4* : ,.KsTC(A, : &
<=B$>c*.L#aH4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB >A34<'< : TC<.q 9 T$,.&)B uC>A34<SOI(+2?> >A<=( F &)2\>A34<t2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( (+<=2+& : EI,.Ks,.B :
>A34<2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)2 >A34<W=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB >A<=( F >A3I,5>8& F H4(+*ziC<=2 >A34<w,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q fS34< F <Y>A34* : 6t&)K)K
34*z6c<YiC<=(8B4*.> " <tLN*CE4(?>A3 *C( : <=( ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< " <=W7,.E42+< *.L >A34<'<=(+(+*C( W=* F_F &G>+>A< : &)By>A34<'TC(A, : &)<=B$>
(+<=W=*ziC<=( # q B_L ,.WY>7u/&G>\6t&)K)K " <S>A34&)( : *C( : <=( ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<'*CB4K # &GLM>A34<'<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2 *.LM>A34<'TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2
,.(+< 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(S,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.q 0'*z6 " ,.W@- >A*U>A34<2+W7,.KJ,.( W7,.2+<.u42+E4H4HM*C2+< >A3I,5>c>A34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>c&)2
<=2?>A& F ,5>A< : ,5>tB4* : < 6t&G>A3 >A3D*C( : <=(',.W=W=E4(A,.W # q
] e ] e
] PXq n 9l M e
6t34<=(+< k&)2', K)<=B4T.>A3k2+W7,.K)<U*.L >A34<QTC(+& : 2+[& Z=<.qcfS34<=B us>A34<UH4(+* !+<=WY>A< : 2+K)*CHM<.us2A, # *CBk< : TC<
n l u4&)286t(+&G>+>A<=B
] e & ]
5e ] e ] ze ] e & ] e ] PXq n l PCe
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uI>A34<QK)&)B4<&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K1,.K)*CB4T >A34<Q< : TC< n l &)2=uI&)B L ,.WY>7u
! ] e n n l ] e ] e ] PXq n l e
6t34&)W@3a2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34< F <Y>A34* : 6t&)K)K " <U>A34&)( : *C( : <=('&GL l q'fS34&)2'W7,.B " <(+<7,.K)[& Z=< : *CB
,gL ,.&)(+K # (+<=TCE4KJ,.(wTC(+& : q bc*CB42+& : <=(U,DTC(+*CE4H *.Lc>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 >A3I,5>U2+3I,.(+<_B4* : < Iq xw&GiC<=B
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB i.,.K)E4<=2 D,5> >A34<tB4* : <=2=uX6c<t68,.B$> >A*<=2?>A& F ,5>A<8>A34<'TC(A, : &)<=B$> *.L D,5> B4* : < Iq[fS34<
2+& F H4K)<=2?> 68, # >A* : *U>A34&)2 6c*CE4K : " < W=* F H4Ed>A<'>A34<,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : ,7iC<=(A,.TC<.uI,.2+2+E F &)B4TU>A3I,5>
a&)2t, H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<QK)&)B4<7,.(cLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBg6t&G>A34&)Bg<7,.W@3k>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< : <=B4*.>A< : "$# q

]
5e ] ze
] PXq n l Ce
6t34<=(+< a&)28>A34<U,.(+<7, *.LP>A34<w>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< ,.B :
] PXq n l >$e

l n
l n

;B
;B
9;:
;B
;B
9;:
@>CBD
;B
?>
;B
@>CBD
Cn nCn
6t34<=(+< U&)28, K)&)2?>c*.L >A34(+<=<iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2S*.L1>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< Uq <w,.(+<B4*z6 &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A< : >A* 2+<=<w34*z6
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<w>A34<=2+<QLN*C( F E4KJ,.28W7,.B " <.q
&G>A34*CEd>UK)*C2+2U*.L8TC<=B4<=(A,.K)&G> # u16c< ,.2+2+E F < >A3I,5>Q>A34<_B4* : < |&)2U,5>U>A34<_*C(+&)TC&)B u1,.B : ,.2
2+E F &)B4T a&)2S2 F *X*.>A3 ud6c<w6t(+&G>A<
] PXq n l O e
%n
6t34&)W@3g&)28,f , # K)*C(c2+<=(+&)<=28< dHI,.B42+&)*CBD,.(+*CE4B : >A34<B4* : < Iq[fS34<=B udLN*C(8,U>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< n l ud,5L >A<=(
2+* F <w2+& F H4K)<w,.K)TC< " (A,dud6c<QOIB :
n% %n
l

] PXq n = m e
fS34&)2tW7,.B " <6t(+&G>+>A<=B u
] PXq n = n e
l
ln

& ] e

6t34<=(+<
] PXq n = l e

] e
l ] e ] e
,.B : 34&)TC34<=(S*C( : <=(S>A<=( F 2S3I,7iC< " <=<=BkB4<=TCK)<=WY>A< : qcbc*CK)K)<=WY>A&)B4T >A34<wW=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBgLN(+* F *.>A34<=(
>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=uX6c<U3I,7iC<

&
n
]
e .
M
] PXq n =Y=$e
] e

fS34< <=(+(+*C(QW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2 ,.(+<_& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K[>A*D>A34*C2+< : <=(+&GiC< : ,.B : 2?>AE : &)< : "$# rt*X< >Y= &)B TC(+<7,5>
: <Y>@,.&)K 2'LN*C( W=<=K)K iC<=(?>A< a2+W@34< F <=2=u16t34* : &)2+W=*ziC<=(+< : i.,.(+&)*CE42 <=(+(+*C( LN(+<=< HM*CK # TC*CB42=qw%'<=(+<.u1&G>
&)2 * " iX&)*CE42=u ,5> K)<7,.2?>7u[>A3I,5>y>A34<gW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2y6t&)K)K i.,.B4&)2+3 LN*C(y,aHI,.&)( *.Lt>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2U>A3I,5>_,.(+<
2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W|6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>D>A* B4* : < Iq fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u'>A34< <=2?>A& F ,5>A<|6t&)K)K " < 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<'*CB ,UTC(+*CE4H_*.L >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2[>A3I,5> W7,.B " <tTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# >A34<=2+<'HI,.&)(+2 2+E4W@3g,.2 >A34<'*CB4<
2+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq Nn M " Ed>t6t&G>A3DE4B4&GLN*C( F 2+HI,.W=&)B4TC2=q
@
>

9 :
;B

9 :
nCn l
0
6
5
4
log10 (L1)
Cp
2
1
0
3
1
2
3
4
4
&)TCE4(+<PXq n Xo #.*CE4-.*z: 6t&)2?2+>A- (+# & " Ed,.>A&)&)(?*CLN*CB &)K ,5*C> B >A34,< % &)TCE4(+<PXq n >do1>AfS3434< < K)2+&)B4*C<K)& : *.L K)&)B4W=< *CB$&)iCB <=: (+&)TCW7<=,5B4>AW=<=<2
,>A.34B4< TCK)< TC<=*.* LF ,5<Y>+>A>@( #,.W@- *.L nz>Am34 <uy,.,.B &)( :
(A,.,5B >A: < =d6cq<=(+< fSF 34<<7,.2+<=E4(+(+(+*C< (: &)&)BB
LN2+*C*C&)K)KEdq >Abc&)*C&)B4(+2
W=K)<=2'*C,.B (+<QB/, E F > <=m (+&)W7M$,.m K
B4,.B*C(: F 2?>@u4,.&)(+B 2 : (+&)<=W72+,5HM>A<<=:WY>A"$&GiC# <=K W=# &)q(+W=K)<= 2
W=2+ *CE4 K)(?TCEdiC(+>A<& &): *C(+B <=H4q 6t(+<=342+&)<=K <B$>A28>A>A3434< <'< 2+4*C,.K)WY& : >
>A&) 2'34 <U>ATC34(+(A<& , : : B/2=&JqE ,.F K : " &)<=(+(<=WY*.>AL &)*CB4Bk* :*.L<=2>A34&)B <
fS34< <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)*CB *.L8>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K &)2Q>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<_>A34&)( : *C( : <=(,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< *CB ,DL ,.&)(+K # (+<=T
E4KJ,.(TC(+& : 2+E4W@3 ,.2>A34< *CB4<g2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq nzm q 9 B : &G> W7,.B " < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< : &)B >A34<
2A, F <U68, # ,.2 >A34<2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(2+W@34< F < 6t&G>A34*CEd> : <Y>A<=(+&)*C(A,5>A&)B4T_>A34< ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # u " ,.2+< : *CB
>A34<_H4(+*CHM*C2+&G>A&)*CB F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=q fS34&)2 F <7,.B42Q>A3I,5>Q>A34<_2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
2+W@34< F <U&)2tE4H4TC(A, : < : &)B$>A*_,y>A34&)( : *C( : <=(S2+W@34< F <2+& F H4K # "$# , :4: &)B4Ty>A34<UW=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CBg>A<=( F
>A* >A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.K q'fS34< 2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)B ] PXq n lCl eS&)2 2+& F H4K # ,_B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KPW=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB|>A*_>A34<
2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2g2+W@34< F <.u ,.B : >A3I,5> >A34&)2 &)2_>A34<a*CB4K # W@3I,.B4TC< F , : <k>A* >A34<
2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(_2+W@34< F <.q fS34<k(+<=2+E4KG>A2yLN*C(y>A34< #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)Kc,5>_,.B ,.B4TCK)<g*.L,5>+>@,.W@nzm W=*CBdOI( F >A34<yH4(+< : &)WY>A< : >A34&)( : *C( : <=(w,.W=W=E4(A,.W # ,.2w2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq n >dq fS34<yTC(+& : 2
E42+< : ,.(+<,.T$,.&)B nzm m PXu l.m nzm u M$m l.m u > m M$m u ,.B : n Cm > m TC(+& : 2=q 9 2A, F H4K)<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
&)2Q2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq n Xq 0'*.>A< >A3I,5>Q>A34&)( : *C( : <=(w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2wiC<=( # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<_W=* F HI,.(+< :
%
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
log10 (NE)
x/c

Cn n =
6t&G>A3 >A34< 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42w2+E4W@3 ,.2U2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq nCn ,.B : PXq n P 6t34&)W@3 6c<=(+<
* " >@,.&)B4< : *CBD> 6t&)W=<U,.28OIB4<,yTC(+& : ,.2S>A34<Q*CB4<QE42+< : 34<=(+<.q
b 8 K 8 ;BC
L-/ 1 9
<'B4*z6 & F H4(+*ziC<S>A34<t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LNE4(?>A34<=( "$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4Tw>A34< F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$> &)B$>A*w>A34<
>A34&)( : *C( : <=(tK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 2+W@34< F <.q 9 2'HM*C&)B$>A< : *CEd> <7,.(+K)&)<=(=u4>A34<UE4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F >A3I,5>
&)2cB4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A*yW=* F H4Ed>A<w,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 : *X<=28B4*.>STC&GiC<,.B # F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F 6t&G>A3 6t34&)W@3
F <=2+3gLN*CK : &)B4T &)28W=*CE4B$>A<=(+< : qc{cEd>S>A34&)2 : *X<=2SB4*.> F <7,.B >A3I,5>S&G>S&)28& F HM*C2+2+& " K)<'>A* F *ziC<>A34<
TC(+& : "$# F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34<gB4*C( F q > &)2 HM*C2+2+& " K)<.u ,.B : &)B L ,.WY>y< dHM<=WY>A< : >A* & F H4(+*ziC< >A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 " <=W7,.E42+< B4*z6 6c<'-/B4*z6 >A3I,5> F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T'>A34<tE4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F TC&GiC<=2 ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q_fS34<_*CB4K # H4(+* " K)< F &)2w>A3I,5> F <=2+3 >@,.B4TCK)&)B4TgW7,.B *XW=W=E4(Q6t&G>A3 >A34< E4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< :
B4*C( F qw%'<=(+<.u 6c<y,.H4H4K # >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : 2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : K # u " Ed>
&G> &)2\W@34<=W@-.< : u4<YiC<=( # >A& F <t,wB4* : <t&)2 F *ziC< : u$6t34<Y>A34<=(c*C(\B4*.> >A34<tB4* : <t2?>@, # 2c&)B42+& : <S*.LM>A34<
TC(+*CE4H_*.L >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2[>A3I,5> 2+3I,.(+<t>A3I,5> B4* : <.q B *.>A34<=(\6c*C( : 2=u4,QW@34<=W@- &)2 F , : <S6t34<Y>A34<=( >A34<
B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$>'W=(+<7,5>A<=2t>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2c6t&G>A3DB4<=T$,5>A&GiC<U,.(+<7,duI,.B : &GLP&G> : *X<=2=u4>A3I,5> F *ziC< F <=B$>
6t&)K)K " < (+< !+<=WY>A< : q_fS34&)2w68, # uP&)B H4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<.u F <=2+3 i.,.K)& : &G> # W7,.B " <yH4(+<=2+<=(?iC< : : E4(+&)B4T >A34<
F <=2+3 F *ziC< F <=B$>7q
< W=*CB42+& : <=(P,.T$,.&)BQ, I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : , #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)K.,5>P,.B,.B4TCK)<[*.L4,5>+>@,.W@- nzm qPfS34<
2A, F <t>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2=ud>A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.KI2+W7,.K)&)B4TU,.B : >A34<wxQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=Ks&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB uC6c<=(+<< F H4K)* # < :
LN*C( " *.>A3_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.B : B4* : ,.KIW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2=q[fS34<'B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$>c&)2 ,.K)K)*z6c< : *CB4K # 6t34<=B
&G> # &)<=K : 2 HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<g,.(+<7,|LN*C(y,.K) >A34<gB4<=&)TC3 " *C(+&)B4T|>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=q <gB4*z6 TC* : *z6tB >A* <YiC<=B
W=*$,.(+2+<=(\TC(+& : M$m l.m TC(+& : ] % &)TCE4(+< PXq #n O e u.>A34<S3I,.KGLs2+[& Z=<S&)B <7,.W@3 : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB *.Ls>A34<8H4(+<YiX&)*CE42
> m M$m TC(+& : q % &)TCE4(+< PXq l.m 2+34*z6t2 >A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# >A34<[>A34&)( : *C( : <=( K)<7,.2?>
2+R/EI,.(+<=2 2+W@34< F <'6t&G>A34*CEd> TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> *CB >A34&)2\W=*$,.(+2+<'TC(+& : ] ,5L >A<=( l =Y=w&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3
>A34< (+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CBDL ,.WY>A*C( n q >$e q >w&)2'B4*.>w,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< <=B4*CE4TC3 o'&G>'L ,.&)K)2S>A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+<>A34< 2+E4WY>A&)*CB

nCnNM
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1
-0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+<PXq n#O o ,.B4(+*C&G>AE4&J,.B K : M$, m l.m #.*CE4-. *z6t TC2+(+- & #:

,.&)(?LN*C&)K q
-1
-0.5
0.5
&)TCE4(+<PXq l.m o 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<QTC(+& : q

x
MH <7,.-su >A3/E42 (+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T , (+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<=K # 2 F ,.K)KcW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB ,.(+*CE4B : >A34<D,.&)(?LN*C&)K u M q n n#O >C^ mdn u
6t34<=(+<7,.2 >A34< < 4,.WY> i.,.K)E4< &)2PXq OYOYO = n ^ mdn qkfS34<gK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T|TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : &)2
>A34<=B ,.H4H4K)&)< : LN*C( nzmCmCmCm &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3 >A34<k(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB L ,.WY>A*C(+2 n q > LN*C(y>A34<k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42
,.B : m q n LN*C(S>A34<QTC(+& : udLN*CK)K)*z6c< : "$# >A34<wOIBI,.K1&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBgLN*C(S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB4286t&G>A3D>A34<UTC(+& : O d< : q
fS34< " *CE4B : ,.( # B4* : <=2Q,.(+< F *ziC< : &)Ba>A34<y2A, F <68, # ,.268,.2 : *CB4<y&)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB PXq n q ] >A34<
p ,.H4KJ,.W=&J,.B 2 F *X*.>A34&)B4T >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<ze >A* LN*CK)K)*z6 >A34<a&)B$>A<=(+BI,.K B4* : < F *ziC< F <=B$>7u ,.B : <7,.W@3
B4* : <|&)2 H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* >A34<a,.&)(?LN*C&)KS& F_F < : &J,5>A<=K # ,5L >A<=(_>A34< F *ziC< F <=B$>7u',.B : >A34< # ,.(+<
F *ziC< : *CB4K # &GL >A34< F <=2+3 i.,.K)& : &G> # &)2QH4(+<=2+<=(?iC< : q|V&J,.TC*CBI,.K 2?68,.H4H4&)B4Tk>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4< &)2U,.K)2+*
E42+< : >A*k,.K)K)<YiX&J,5>A<U>A34<y>A*CHM*CK)*CTC&)W7,.K K)& F &G>@,5>A&)*CBk*.L >A34< TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$> ] ,.H4H4K)&)< : ,5>Q<YiC<=( #
nzmCm &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42@e qfS34< W=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CB >A<=( F &)B >A34< >A34&)( : *C( : <=(Q,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< (+<=2+& : EI,.K ] PXq n lCl e'&)2
,.T$,.&)B_(+<=T$,.( : < : ,.28,UW=*CB42?>@,.B$>7u4,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<'>A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB_*.L >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.KILN*C( B4* : ,.K
F *ziC< F <=B$>P&)2 HM<=(?LN*C( F < : !+E42?>[,.2 &)Bw>A34< 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( F <Y>A34* : qPfS34< TC(+& : ,.B : * " >@,.&)B4< :
"$# >A34<'K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4TUTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : ,.(+<'2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+<=?2 PXq l.m ,.B : PXq lCl q 9 2cW7,.B
" < 2+<=<=B ud>A34<TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B W=*CB4W=<=B$>A(A,5>A< : ,5>c>A34< K)<7, : &)B4T ,.B : >A34<'>A(A,.&)K)&)B4TQ< : TC<.u

Cp
Cp
nCn P
&)TCE4(+<PXq lXn o >A&J,.K : TC&)2?(+>A& :(+& q " Ed>A&)*CB *CB >A34<'&)B4& % &)TCE4(+<PXq lCl o , : ,.Hd: >A&G&)iC2?>A<w(+&TC" (+Ed& : >A&)q *CB *CB >A34<
,.B : >A34<c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBU,.W=W=E4(A,.W # 3I,.2 " <=<=B & F H4(+*ziC< : &)BQ>A34<=2+<c(+<=TC&)*CB42=q ^\2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # u >A34< F <Y>A34* :
3I,.2',.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # W7,.Hd>AE4(+< : >A34<Q2+E4WY>A&)*CBkHM<7,.-sus,.B : H4(+* : E4W=< : >A34<QW=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB >A3I,5>t&)28iC<=( #
,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.u PXq >Y= l P.^ mdn q 0'*.>A<t,.K)2+*>A3I,5>[>A34<t(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4TwTC(+& : &)2[iC<=( # 2 F *X*.>A3 u.6t34&)W@3 6c*CE4K :
B4*.>3I,7iC< " <=<=B ,5>+>@,.&)B4< : 6t&G>A34*CEd> : &J,.TC*CBI,.K\2?68,.H4H4&)B4T|>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2=q % &)BI,.K) # u1>A34<_B4*C( F 2
6c<=(+<LN*CE4B : >A* " < M q = O M ^ M LN*C(t>A34<O d< : TC(+& : W7,.2+< ,.B : l q =Y> ^ M LN*C(t>A34< F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& :
W7,.2+<.uI6t34&)W@3k2+34*z6t2'W=K)<7,.(+K # >A3I,5>t>A34<Q2 F ,.K)K)<=(cB4*C( F B4*z6 & F H4K)& <=2c2 F ,.K)K)<=(8<=(+(+*C(+2=q
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
0.2
0.2
x/c
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
x/c
b 8 K 8 b L-/ FD
9
9
R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.KITC(+& : 2=u/6c<-/B4*z6 LN(+* F >A34< : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CB &)Bgbc3I,.Hd>A<=( [>A3I,5>c>A34<=(+<,.(+<

B4*.> F ,.B # : <=TC(+<=<=2 *.LMLN(+<=< : * F K)<YL >[>A* F *ziC<8>A34<tTC(+& : q {cEd> &G>\&)2 ,.K)2+*>A(+E4<8>A3I,5>\>A34<=(+<t< d&)2?>
2+* F <.q8bc*CB42+& : <=(tW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T_, I*z6;,.(+*CE4B : ,.B|,.&)(?LN*C&)K "$# 2+*CKGiX&)B4Ty>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ] LN*C( ,.B : de *CB , O d< : (+<=TCE4KJ,.( TC(+& : q fS34<=(+< ,.(+< l 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42Q,5>
B4* : <=2=u8,.B : l <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 &)B R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.Kc<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q fS34<=B u8E42+&)B4T ] l q n Ce u >A34<
< dW=<=2+2 *.LP>A34<QE4B4-/B4*z6tB42 &)28LN*CE4B : >A* " <
] PXq n = M e
l l
%I*C(

nCn
9 2+2+E F <S>A3I,5>\>A34<S< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2\& F HM*C2+< : ,5>[>A34<t*CEd>A<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # u/,.B : ,.H4H4K # >A34<S>@,.B
TC<=B4W # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB ,5>S>A34<&)B4B4<=( " *CE4B : ,.( # q fS34<=B u4>A34<LN*C( F <=(c<=K)& F &)BI,5>A<=2 E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=u
,.B : >A34<tKJ,5>+>A<=( l E4B4-/B4*z6tB42 5q[fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u/6c<,.WY>AEI,.K)K # 3I,7iC< l F *C(+<t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
>A3I,.Ba>A34< E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=o >A34< H4(+* " K)< F &)2 *ziC<=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : "$# l <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3
,QiC<=( # 2 F ,.K)KIB/E F " <=(=u/6c< W7,.B F ,.-.<'E42+<*.L >A34<=2+<< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2c*.L LN(+<=< : * F >A* F *ziC<t>A34<
TC(+& : q < : *DB4*.>Q< dHM<=WY>7uP34*z6c<YiC<=(=u >A3I,5>w>A34< F <Y>A34* : 6c*CE4K : , : ,.Hd>w>A34< TC(+& : ,.2Q&)Ba>A34<
>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.('TC(+& : W7,.2+< ] % &)TCE4(+< PXq l.m e " <=W7,.E42+<y>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 6c*CE4K : " < ,.K)K : (+&GiC<=B >A* Z=<=(+*
6t&G>A3_,K)&G>+>AK)< F *ziC< F <=B$> *.Ls>A34<tTC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2=q[0'<YiC<=(?>A34<=K)<=2+2=u/6c< F , # 34*CHM<8>A3I,5> 2+* F <Y>A34&)B4T
&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4T6c*CE4K : 3I,.H4HM<=Bg2+&)B4W=<'>A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 W7,.BD,.K)K " < F , : <'>A*i.,.B4&)2+3 6t&G>A3_>A34<TC(+& :
F *ziC< F <=B$>7q 9 B : 6c<Q6t&)K)K 2+<=<U34<=(+<w>A3I,5>S>A34<Q2+* F <Y>A34&)B4T : *X<=2t3I,.H4HM<=B q
> &)2\2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : >A*,.H4H4K # >A34<tK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : *CB R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K4TC(+& : 2=q fP*
W=* F H4Ed>A< , (+<=2+& : EI,.KP6t&G>A34&)Ba, R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K u46c< OI(+2?> " (+<7,.-D>A34< R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K &)B$>A*_> 6c*
>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2[2+<=HI,.(A,5>A< : "$# , : &J,.TC*CBI,.K ] % &)TCE4(+< PXq l =$e q 9 B : 6c<'W=* F H4Ed>A<8>A34<t(+<=2+& : EI,.K46t&G>A34&)B
<7,.W@3 >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< ,.2 " <YLN*C(+<.u ,.B : , :4: >A34< F >A*a* " >@,.&)B >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K LN*C(U>A34< R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K
W=<=K) q
]
! ]
de ] e
PXq n = PCe

]
"! ]

de ] 4e
PXq n = e

6t34<=(+< ,.B : : <=B4*.>A<Q>A34<Q> 6c* 2+E " >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=q fS34<UK)&)B4<w&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K1,.K)*CB4Ty>A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K &)2
W=*CE4B$>A< : > 6t&)W=<6t&G>A3a*CH4HM*C2+&G>A< : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB us>A3/E42W7,.B4W=<=K)&)B4T *CEd><7,.W@3 *.>A34<=(=u ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<
>A34< W@34*C&)W=< *.Lt>A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K : *X<=2yB4*.> F ,5>+>A<=(=q fS34&)2 H4(+*XW=< : E4(+< F ,.-.<=2 &G>iC<=( # 2+& F &)KJ,.(
>A*a>A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(UW7,.2+< >A*aLN*C( F E4KJ,5>A< >A34<gH4(+* " K)< F ,.B : 6t(+&G>A<g,aW=* : <.q B L ,.WY>7u &G> W7,.B
" < 2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>Q>A34&)2w&)2Q<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>Q>A*g>A34< < 4,.WY>&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CBa6t&G>A3 ,.B ,.2+2+E F < : " &)K)&)B4<7,.(
i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<k2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u\>A* : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB "$# E42+&)B4T >A34<|,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A< : ,7iC<=(A,.TC<=2_*.L

!&-" -& (B

@*(
< -= - &

@* ( <
-#'

!0 '
( D
nCn

Q
A
j
&)TCE4(+<PXq l =do 9: &GiX2+& <Y: >'< *.: L[&)B$R/>AEI*, : ,U(+HI&)KJ,.,5&)>A(\<=(A*.,.L K)>A2 (+&J,. B4TCK)<=>A2 3I ,5>t,.2+B 3I: ,.(+ <,y"$# B4*: :,.2+<34I< q: ^ K)&),.B4W@<=3|2\LNR/*CEI(\, >A: 34(+<'&)KJ,5H4>AE4<=(+(AHM,.*CK 2+&)<2
*.L W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4Ty>A34<Q(+<=2+& : EI,.K1,.B : >A34<QTC(A, : &)<=B$>7q
>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 *ziC<=(>A34<> 6c* >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=u ,.B : ,.K)2+*_>A* >A34<E42+<y*.L\>A34< *CB4< HM*C&)B$>
xQ,.E42+2+&J,.BDR/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<Q*CB|,yR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K q
%I*C(cR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.KsTC(+& : 2=u/>A34<=(+<&)2cB4* H4(+* " K)< F &)B W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T ,K)&GL >A&)B4TU,.&)(?LN*C&)Ks,.2 F <=B
>A&)*CB4< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*C
B PXq l q n uI,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w6c< F &)B4& F [& Z=<t>A34<w6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F
nl
] PXq n = Ce

6t34<=(+<a>A34<a2+E F &)2 *ziC<=( >A34<a2+<Y> *.LQR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K)2 >A3I,5> W=*ziC<=(+2g>A34< : * F ,.&)B u
: <=B4*.>A<=2D>A34< ,.(+<7, *.LU>A34< R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.KW=<=K)K q fS34< TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2 6t&G>A3(+<=2+HM<=WY>k>A* >A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] de,.B : >A34< B4* : ,.K\W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 2 ] 4e,.(+< * " >@,.&)B4< : ,.2U,D2+E F *.L
>A34<QW=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB LN(+* F ,.K)KM>A34<Q2+E4(+(+*CE4B : &)B4T_R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K)2=q

] PXq n =Y>$e

] PXq n = O e

2
2
6t34<=(+<

]

PXq Nn M$m e

l
l

] PXq Nn M4n e
2
l
l
l
%
?@
BD
:
2:

@ *D

C1
AB
AB
C1

AB

nCn >
5
6
5
4
Cp
1
0
1
2
-5
-5
&)TCE4(+<PXq l9M o W=*CB$>A*CE4(+2 *CB,t(+<=TCE4KJ,.( TC(+& : q % &)TCE4(+<PXq l PXo E4KJ,.(8: &)TC2?(+>A&(+: & " q Ed>A&)*CBw*CBQ>A34< (+<=T
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
x/c
6t34<=(+< >A34< R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K\&)2 : &GiX& : < : &)B$>A*k> 6c*a>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 ] % &)TCE4(+<PXq l =$e oy*CB4<_6t34&)W@3 3I,.2
>A34<UB4* : < ,.2 &G>A2SiC<=(?>A< ,.B : >A34<U*.>A34<=(t6t34&)W@3 : *X<=2'B4*.>7uM,.B : >A34<2+E " 2+W=(+&)Hd> : <=B4*.>A<=2
>A34<LN*C( F <=(=ud2+*y>A3I,5>S>A34<wB4*.>@,5>A&)*CB42S,.(+<>A34<Q2A, F <w,.2S&)B >A34<w>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( W7,.2+<.q &G>A3g>A34<=2+<
TC(A, : &)<=B$>A2, " *ziC<.uM>A34<2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* : W7,.B " <E42+< : >A*_OIB : , F &)B4& F E F q8fS34<
2A, F <U>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2Q2+E4W@3 ,.22+<=R/E4<=B$>A&J,.K[E4H : ,5>A<=2*C( : &J,.TC*CBI,.KP2+W7,.K)&)B4T W7,.B ,.K)2+* " <E42+< : >A*
,.W=W=<=K)<=(A,5>A<w>A34<QW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.q
<DW=*CB42+& : <=(_,.T$,.&)B >A34< #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)Kc,5>_,.B ,.B4TCK)<g*.L,5>+>@,.W@- nzm q % &)(+2?>7u\>A34<
K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=282+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42\6c<=(+<W=* F H4Ed>A< : *CBg,UW=*$,.(+2+< TC(+& : ] l.m nzm TC(+& : 6t&G>A3 >A34< *CEd>A<=(
" *CE4B : ,.( # ,5> nzm e 6t&G>A34*CEd>STC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q 9 >8>A34<>A(A,.&)K)&)B4TU< : TC<.u4B4* 2+HM<=W=&J,.K W=*CB : &
>A&)*CB &)2[& F HM*C2+< : u$,.B : >A34<S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42[,.(+<8W=* F H4Ed>A< : >A34<=(+< !+E42?> K)&)-.<S,5>\&)B$>A<=(+&)*C( B4* : <=2=q[fS34<
F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : LN*C( n =Y=|xQ,.E42+2 ` <=& : <=K &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=uP,.B : >A34< OIBI,.K\i.,.K)E4< *.L8>A34<_B4*C( F
68,.2 =dq Ym O P l P.^ m$l qDbc*CB$>A*CE4(+2*.L8H4(+<=2+2+E4(+< W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2y,.(+<_2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< PXq 9l M u 6t&G>A3
>A34<_OIBI,.K TC(+& : *ziC<=(+KJ,.& : qgfS34&)22+34*z6t2 W=K)<7,.(+K # >A3I,5> ,k2+H4E4(+&)*CE42W@34<=W@-.<=( " *$,.( : F * : <_3I,.2
,.H4HM<7,.(+< : ,.B : W=*CB$>@, F &)BI,5>A< : >A34<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg,.(+*CE4B : >A34<Q,.&)(?LN*C&)Ks&)2 : &)2A,.2

nCn#O
5
6
5
4
Cp
1
0
1
2
-5
-5
&)TCE4(+<PXq l o CT(+& : q W=*CB$>A*CE4(+2 *CB!,.B , : ,.Hd>A&GiC< % &)TCE4(+<PXq l Xo , : ,.Hd: >A&G&)iC2?>A<w(+&TC" (+Ed& : >A&)q *CB *CB >A34<
>A(+*CE42,.22+34*z6tB &)B$% &)TCE4(+<PXq l PXq BaL ,.WY>7uM&G> &)2'6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB|>A3I,5>W=<=K)K iC<=(?>A< |2+W@34< F <=2w*CB
R/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K TC(+& : 2t2+E <=('LN(+* F >A34&)2tHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(S<=(+(+*C( F * : < q B4<Q68, # >A* 2+E4H4H4(+<=2+2
>A34&)2 F * : <w&)28>A34(+*CE4TC3D>A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=q F HM*C2+&)B4T m ,5>t>A34<w>A(A,.&)K)&)B4T < : TC<.u
& q <.qUvwEd>+>@, W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB us6c<_,.WY>AEI,.K)K # * " >@,.&)B4< : , K)&G>+>AK)< " <Y>+>A<=(2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u " Ed>w*CB4K # ,.(+*CE4B :
>A34< >A(A,.&)K &)B4TU< : TC<w,.B : >A34<W@34<=W@-.<=( " *$,.( : F * : < &)B >A34<H4(+<=2+2+E4(+<wW=*X< _W=&)<=B$>t(+< F ,.&)B4< : q 9
(+< F < : # 2+E4TCTC<=2?>A< : "$# jk*C(?>A*CB &)2 >A* , :4: ,QLN*CE4(?>A3 *C( : <=(c,.(?>A&GOIW=&J,.K : &)2+2+&)HI,5>A&)*CB u/,.B <=2
2+<=B$>A&J,.Kd&G>A< F LN*C( W=<=B$>A(A,.K42+W@34< F <=2=q %'<=(+<.uC6c< : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A<c>A3I,5>\&G> &)2 HM*C2+2+& " K)< >A*w<=K)& F &)BI,5>A<
>A34&)2 H4(+* " K)< F"$# >A34<TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3k6c<y3I,7iC<y,_iC<=( # 2 F ,.K)K B/E F " <=(*.L[>A34<
: <=TC(+<=<=2U*.L LN(+<=< : * F u 6c< ,.K)K)*z6 ,.K)K >A34< &)B$>A<=(+&)*C(B4* : <=2w>A* F *ziC<.u1>A3/E42QW=(+<7,5>A&)B4Tk,g34&)TC34K #
E4B : <=( : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : H4(+* " K)< F q fS34&)2'& F H4K)&)<=2c>A3I,5>t>A34<U(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2tW7,.B " < : (+&GiC<=Bk>A* Z=<=(+* LN*C(
,.K)KP>A34< <=K)< F <=B$>A2U,5>w>A34< W=*C2?>U*.L >A34<yE4B4&)R/E4<=B4<=2+2*.L >A34<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q &G>A3 >A34< (+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CB
L ,.WY>A*C(+2 n q m ,.B : m Qq PwLN*C( 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42c,.B : B4* : ,.KsW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # uX>A34< F <Y>A34* : W=*CB
iC<=(+TC< : R/E4&)W@-/K # LN*C( l PYP &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=u4(+< : E4W=&)B4T_>A34<QB4*C( F "$# 2+<YiC<=(A,.KP*C( : <=(+2t*.L F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <
: *z6tBD>A* =dq #n O YP m ^ m Xq[fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2',.(+<Q2+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+<=2 PXq l ,.B : PXq l Xq >t&)2t(+< F ,.(+-
%
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x/c

1.2
n l.m
, " K)<>A3I,5>w6t&G>A3 ,gK)&G>+>AK)<UTC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>Q>A34<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 3I,.2 " <=<=B & F H4(+*ziC< : 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # u
6t34&)W@3 &)2iC<=( # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< LN*C( >A34&)2 2+&[Z=<g*.L, W=*$,.(+2+<gTC(+& : q <Y>y>A34< F *C2?>y2?>A(+&)-/&)B4T (+<=2+E4KG>
&)2t>A3I,5> >A34<HM<=(?>AE4( " ,5>A&)*CBa*CBk>A34< TC(+& : H4(+* : E4W=< : "$# >A34< F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2'B4*z6
W@34<=W@-.<=( " *$,.( : ,.2S&GL >A34<Q<=(+(+*C( F * : <w3I,.2 " <=<=BD>A(A,.B42?LN<=(+< : LN(+* F >A34<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB >A* >A34<QTC(+& : q
fS34<_& F H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBa&)2w>A3I,5>, : & _W=E4KG>UH4(+* " K)< F F , # " <_*ziC<=(+W=* F <_<7,.2+&)K # "$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T
, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K : <=TC(+<=<=2'*.LPLN(+<=< : * F 4>A34<QTC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>'&)2t*CB4<QHM*C2+2+& " K)<Q,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 q % &)BI,.K)K # u
>A34<(+<=2+E4KG>82+34*z6t28>A3I,5>8TC(+& : R/EI,.K)&G>A&)<=2 2+E4W@3k,.2c*C(?>A34*CTC*CBI,.K)&G> # *C( 2 F *X*.>A34B4<=2+2=ud6t34&)W@3g3I,7iC<
" <=<=B 6t& : <=K # " <=K)&)<YiC< : >A* " <t& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> LN*C([2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # &)B TC<=B4<=(A,.K u$,.(+<SB4*.> ,.KG68, # 2
& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>7oP>A34<QTC<=B4<=(A,.K H4E4(+HM*C2+<wW=(+&G>A<=(+&J,LN*C(STC(+& : R/EI,.K)&G> # : *_B4*.>t2+<=(?iC<.uM,.B : , TC(+& :
W7,.B|,.WY>AEI,.K)K # " <U,yTC*X* : TC(+& : q

-!$'

/ '!$, "!
9 K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : 3I,.2 " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : LN*C(|*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K
" *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<kH4(+* " K)< F 2=uS,.B : 2+34*z6tB >A* " <|W7,.HI, " K)<k*.LwH4(+* : E4W=&)B4T 34&)TC34K # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 "$# , : !+E42?>A&)B4T_>A34<B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB q& Ba*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB u " <=W7,.E42+< *.L\>A34<KJ,.W@*.L : <=TC(+<=<=2U*.LcLN(+<=< : * F u &G>U&)2wB4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A*k&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<_, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42Q&)B *C( : <=(w>A*
TCE4& : <>A34< TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q %I*C( >A34&)2wH4E4(+HM*C2+<.uP,.B <=(+(+*C(<=2?>A& F ,5>A< 3I,.2 " <=<=B : <=(+&GiC< : "$#
W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T >A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=< " <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34< H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(w,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB ,.B : >A34<_%'<=(
F &G>A<tHM*CK # B4* F &J,.K qPfS34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB_*.L1>A34&)2 R/EI,.B$>A&G> # *ziC<=(c>A34< <=K)< F <=B$>A2c3I,.2cH4(+*ziC< :
>A* " <k,aiC<=( # < <=WY>A&GiC<k2?>A(A,5>A<=T # ,.B : " <g<7,.2+&)K # &)B4W=*C(+HM*C(A,5>A< : 6t&G>A3 >A34<D(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B4&
F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB q Bk, :4: &G>A&)*CB u/>A34&)2S2?>AE : # 3I,.2t&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : ,.BD&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4Ty&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CBg*.L >A34<
B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBg>A*_>A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K1<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=oS,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBg*.L
,kTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K\* " !+<=WY>7qkfS34<=(+< &)2UB4*|K)*CB4TC<=(Q>A34< : &)2?>A&)B4WY>A&)*CB " <Y> 6c<=<=B &)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$> ,.B :
: <=HM<=B : <=B$>Qi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=u & q <.qwTC(+& : 2w,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q 9 B : >A34&)2&)2'>A34<y*CB4K #kF <7,.B42 "$# 6t34&)W@3
6c<w,.(+<w, " K)<'>A* TC(A,.2+H >A34< F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F *.L1>A34< F *ziX&)B4TTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : q >c>A(+&)<=2 >A* H4KJ,.W=<'>A34<
B4* : <=2U*CB$>A*D>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W=E4(?iC< ,.2QR/E4&)W@-/K # ,.2UHM*C2+2+& " K)<.q fS34&)2w6c*C(+- 3I,.2 !+E42?>U*CHM<=B4< : ,
B4<Y6 HI,.(A, : &)T F o TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 q Ba34&)TC34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=us34*z6c<YiC<=(=u1&G>'&)2 2+* F <Y6t3I,5>
E4B4W=K)<7,.('34*z6 >A* < dH4K)*C&G>'&G>'&)B|,_H4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K 2+<=B42+< ,.KG>A34*CE4TC3k&G> W7,.B " <U< X>A<=B : < : BI,5>AE4(A,.K)K #
n lXn

n lCl
>A* 34&)TC34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CB42 ] ` <=< 9 H4HM<=B : & kVQe q

B L ,.WY>7u[>@,.-/&)B4T|>A34&)2 TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K HM*C&)B$> *.LtiX&)<Y6Qu ,.B4*.>A34<=( B4<Y6 ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 3I,.2 " <=<=B
: <YiX&)2+< : q bc*CB42+& : <=(+&)B4Ta,|H4(+* " K)< F *.L',.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4Tk,|*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K\W=E4(?iC<=2y&)B +
] % m e u HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+[& Z=< : "$# ( u 6c< 3I,7iC< : <YiX&)2+< : ,.B ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A* TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< , B4* : <
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB >A3I,5>',.W@34&)<YiC<=2'<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.LP>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(S<=2?>A& F ,5>A<.q 9 B : >A34<=(+<Q&)2 F *C(+<.q
>[&)2 W7,.HI, " K)<c*.LM,.W@34&)<YiX&)B4Tw, : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C(P6t&G>A3 (+< F ,.(+-5, " K)<c,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q[fS34<STC<=B4<=(A,.K)&G> #
*.Lc>A34<_H4(+* " K)< F ,.K)K)*z6t2w>A34< >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<_>A* " < ,.H4H4K)&)W7, " K)< >A*|,g6t& : <_(A,.B4TC< *.LSH4(+* " K)< F 2=o
&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB u B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K\&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB u &)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<QH4(+* " K)< F 2wLN*C(Q*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u ,.B : " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<UH4(+* " K)< F 2tLN*C('*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q B|>A34&)2
,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 u &)B|2?>A<7, : *.L , : !+E42?>A&)B4T >A34<TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2=us6c<yTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< B4* : <=2 LN(+* F *CB4<<=B : >A*
>A34<_*.>A34<=(2+E4W@3 >A3I,5>U>A34<_<=(+(+*C(U<=2?>A& F ,5>A<_&)2Q<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< : qgfS34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 3I,.2 " <=<=B
2+E4W=W=<=2+2?LNE4K)K # ,.H4H4K)&)< : >A*,.K)KC>A34<cH4(+* " K)< F 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : , " *ziC<.q ` <=< 9 H4HM<=B : & 9 LN*C( LNE4(?>A34<=(
: <Y>@,.&)K)2=q
fS34<'6c*C(+- *CB *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K4H4(+* " K)< F F &)TC3$> " <=W=* F <'& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>\6t34<=B 6c< (+<7,.W@3g,
2?>@,.TC<U*.LP>@,.W@-/K)&)B4T >A34<U0 ,7iX&)<=( ` >A*C-.<=2 <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q8%'<=(+<.uI>A34<=(+<U&)2tTC(+<7,5>'H4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>
*CB >A34< ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< H4(+< : &)WY>A&)*CB *.LQ>A34< F &)B4& F E F B/E F " <=(D*.LUB4* : <=2g>A* 6c<=K)K(+<=2+*CKGiC<a>A34<
" *CE4B : ,.( # KJ, # <=(=q

/ '!$, "!$,
%I*C([> 6c* : & F
=< B42+&)*CBI,.KdH4(+* " K)< F 2=u.>A34<tK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4TwTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : &)2 : <YOIB4&G>A<=K #
,.B H4(+* F &)2+&)B4T|,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 q 9 " *ziC<g,.K) u &G>H4(+*ziX& : <=2>A34< W7,.HI, " &)K)&G> # *.Lt< _W=&)<=B$>AK # W7,.Hd>AE4(
&)B4T : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE422+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42'6t&G>A3 F ,.B # LN<Y6c<=(B4* : <=2 >A3I,.Ba>A34< W=*CB$iC<=B$>A&)*CBI,.K F <Y>A34* : 2=q
%I*C( K)&)B4<7,.('3 # HM<=( " *CK)& WH4(+* " K)< F 2=uM6c<y3I,7iC<y2+34*z6tB >A3I,5> >A34< H4(+* " K)< F " <=W=* F <=2w, 2+& F H4K)<
F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBg*.Lc,_>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( ,.(+<7, &)BaW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W H4KJ,.B4<=2=u "$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T >A34< < X>A(A,
: <=TC(+<=<=2*.L8LN(+<=< : * F q %I*C( l l 2 # 2?>A< F 2=u 6c< ,.H4H4K # >A34< F <Y>A34* : LN*C(Q<7,.W@3 W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W

nl=
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u.>A34<=(+< "$# F &)B4& F &[Z=&)B4T8>A34<S,.(+<7,&)B <7,.W@3yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W8H4KJ,.B4<.q %I*C(P2 # 2?>A< F 2 F *C(+<
>A3I,.B l l uP6c< < dHM<=WY>>A3I,5>U>A34< F <Y>A34* : 6c*CE4K : (+<=2+HM*CB : >A*|*CB4<_*C(Q> 6c*k68,7iC<=2 >A3I,5>K)*
W7,.K)K # : * F &)BI,5>A<=2c>A34<I*z6 " <=W7,.E42+<.uM,.2S6c<U3I,7iC<U2+<=<=B usTC(+& : 2t,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S(+<=2+HM*CB : *CB4K #
>A*aB4*CB Z=<=(+*a(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=qa{cEd> &GL F *C(+< >A3I,.B > 6c*a68,7iC<=2 3I,.H4HM<=B4< : >A* " < & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>7uP2A, #
>A34(+<=<.u ,|HM*C2+2+& " &)K)&G> # 6c*CE4K : " < >A* &)B$>A(+* : E4W=< ,aR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K <=K)< F <=B$>7u[>A3/E42y&)B4W=(+<7,.2+&)B4T
,.B , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K < : TC<g>A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+<g>A34< >A34&)( : 68,7iC<.q >y68,.2_,.K)2+* : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : >A3I,5> >A34<
F <Y>A34* : &)2 W7,.HI, " K)<|*.LUW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T ,.B < 4,.WY> : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4&G> # "$# >A34<aE42+< *.L : <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<
<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q Z\(+<=2+E F , " K # u B4* *CB4<D,.WY>AEI,.K) # <YiC<=(_W=*CB42+& : <=(+< : 2+<=(+&)*CE42+K # &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T W=<=K)K)2
6t&G>A@3 Z=<=(+* ,.(+<7,dq fS34&)2t&)2tBI,5>AE4(A,.K " <=W7,.E42+< F ,.B # B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K12+W@34< F <=2t6c*CE4K : " (+<7,.- : *z6tB
*CB 2+E4W@3 ,aTC(+& : : E4< >A*a>A34<gH4(+<=2+<=B4W=<k*.LS>A34< L ,.WY>A*C( n 2+* F <Y6t34<=(+<g&)B >A34<=&)( E4H : ,5>A<
LN*C( F E4KJ,.2=q %I*C(?>AE4BI,5>A<=K # u[&)B >A34<gK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 2+W@34< F <.u 2+E4W@3 ,|2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G> # W7,.B " < <7,.2
&)K # (+< F *ziC< : 2+& F H4K #D"$#kF &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34<E4B$6c<=&)TC3$>A< : B4*C( F q B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>A< : TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K)K # u
>A34< F <Y>A34* : ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<=2w, > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KP2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : "$# >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CBk>A(+<7,5>A&)B4T
,.K)K[>A34< i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2Q,.2U&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>7qgfS34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2U,kTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K[* " !+<=WY>7u[,.B : >A34<=(+<
LN*C(+< : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)2tB4*.>t(+<7,.K)K # : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 " Ed> , 2+3I,.(+HkW=*C(+B4<=(S6t34&)W@3|W7,.B
" <D(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # "$# K)&)B4<7,.(>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q B L ,.WY>7u >A34<D(+<=2+& : EI,.KSW7,.B
" <y&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>A< : ,.2w(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A&)B4T|, TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K <=(+(+*C(=q %IE4(?>A34<=( : <Y>@,.&)K)2W7,.B " < LN*CE4B : &)B
9 H4HM<=B : & kV q
9 W=W=E4(A,5>A< ,.B : < _W=&)<=B$>cB4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(\2+34*XW@-yW7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4Tw68,.2 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : q 9 B , : ,.Hd>A&GiC<
<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)*CB *.LS>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K 68,.2 2+34*z6tB >A* " < < <=WY>A&GiC< >A*aW7,.Hd>AE4(+<g,|2+34*XW@- ,.26c<=K)K8,.2
,7iC*C& : B4*CB H43 # 2+&)W7,.K42+34*XW@-/2=q 9 K)2+*4u.>A34<8E42+<8*.LI>A34<8(A,5>A<8*.LsW@3I,.B4TC<8*.LI>A34<8<=K)< F <=B$> ,.(+<7,'68,.2
H4(+*CHM*C2+< : >A*U>A<=K)Ks&GL ,.B <=K)< F <=B$>c68,.2c&)B W=* F H4(+<=2+2+&)*CB *C( < dHI,.B42+&)*CB q\fS34&)2cR/EI,.B$>A&G> #_F &)TC3$>
OIB : &G>A2',.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBD&)Bk*.>A34<=( ,.(+<7,.2,.2 ,_2+& F H4K)<Q2+34*XW@- : <Y>A<=WY>A*C(=q 9 F *C(+<Q2+*CH434&)2?>A&)W7,5>A< :
F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F LN*C(y(+< F *ziX&)B4T B4* : <=2y2+34*CE4K : u 34*z6c<YiC<=(=u " < : <YiX&)2+< : q 0'*.>A<D,.T$,.&)B >A3I,5> >A34<
LN*XW=E42t&)2S*CBD(+< F *ziX&)B4T (+< : E4B : ,.B$> B4* : <=2t(A,5>A34<=(S>A3I,.BD&)B42+<=(?>A&)B4T B4* : <=2=q

n l9M
9 W=W=E4(A,5>A<'<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)Wc2+*CKGiC<=(+2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : >A3I,5> &)B4W=*C(+HM*C(A,5>A<86t&G>A3_,.B ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W
TC(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB q B HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=uX,Q>A34&)( : *C( : <=( 2+W@34< F <3I,.2 " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : 6t&G>A3 ,UK)&G>+>AK)<
, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K5W=*C2?>7q BU, :4: &G>A&)*CB u7>A34<\2+W@34< F < 3I,.2 ,STC*X* : 2 F *X*.>A34&)B4T8H4(+*CHM<=(?> # u5,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<
W7,.B " < W=* F " &)B4< : 6t&G>A3, F E4KG>A&)TC(+& : >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4< >A*'LNE4(?>A34<=( ,.W=W=<=K)<=(A,5>A< >A34< W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=< n l u
6t34&)W@3 &)2 K)<YL > ,.2g, LNEd>AE4(+<|6c*C(+-sq 9 K)2+*4ut, 34&G>A34<=(?>A* E4B4-/B4*z6tB H4(+* " K)< F *.LQW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T
K)&GL >A&)B4T ,.&)(?LN*C&)K)2 68,.2 : &)2+W=*ziC<=(+< : u'2?>AE : &)< : ut,.B : (+<=2+*CKGiC< : q > &)2_34*z6c<YiC<=( 6c*C(?>A3 LNE4(?>A34<=(
&)B$iC<=2?>A&)T$,5>A&)*CB >A* LNE4K)K # E4B : <=(+2?>@,.B : >A34<wH4(+* " K)< F q 9 B4*.>A34<=(S68, # >A*y(+<=W=*ziC<=(t>A34<Q,.W=W=E4(A,.W #
F , # " <8LN*CE4B : q % &)BI,.K)K # u >A34< F <Y>A34* : 68,.2 ,.H4H4K)&)< : >A*QR/EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.KXTC(+& : 2 LN*C([6t34&)W@3y>A34<=(+<
,.(+< *CB4K # ,gLN<Y6 < X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2*.LcLN(+<=< : * F ,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<.q {cEd>&G>w68,.2U2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>Q>A34<_TC(+& :
F *ziC< F <=B$>'<=K)& F &)BI,5>A< : W=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # >A34<QW@34<=W@-.<=( " *$,.( : F * : <w&)Bg>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 6t34&)W@3D>A34<=B
,.H4HM<7,.(+< : &)B >A34<tTC(+& : &)B42?>A<7, : q[fS34&)2 &)2 ,.B_&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4TU(+<=2+E4KG> &)By>A34<t2+<=B42+<'>A3I,5>c, : & _W=E4KG>
H4(+* " K)< F W7,.B " <D<7,.2+&)K # (+<=2+*CKGiC< : "$# &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T , :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K : <=TC(+<=<=2_*.L'LN(+<=< : * F uc,.B :
>A3I,5>>A34<yTC<=B4<=(A,.K H4E4(+HM*C2+< W=(+&G>A<=(+&J, LN*C(TC(+& : R/EI,.K)&G> # ,.(+< B4*.>wB4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # E42+<YLNE4K o, TC*X* :
TC(+& : : <=HM<=B : 2U*CB >A34< H4(+* " K)< F ,.B : F , # B4*.> " < : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : 6t&G>A34*CEd>Q(+<YLN<=(+<=B4W=< >A*g>A34<
BI,5>AE4(+<Q*.LP>A34<QH4(+* " K)< F q
By>A34&)2[2?>AE : # u$>A34<S(+<=KJ, 4,5>A&)*CBL ,.WY>A*C( LN*C([TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>\68,.2 : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : < dHM<=(+& F <=B
>@,.K)K # q %I*C(Q(+* " E42?>AB4<=2+2=u &G>Q&)2 : <=2+&)(+< : >A*D<=2?>@, " K)&)2+3 ,DH4(+<=W=&)2+< 68, # >A*kW@34*X*C2+<_&G>7u1HM*C2+2+& " K #
LN*C(U2+* F < 2?>@, " &)K)&G> # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB *CB >A34< TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>7q|fS34< : & _W=E4KG> # W=* F <=2ULN(+* F >A34<
L ,.WY>>A3I,5> >A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42ULN*C(TC(+& : W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 ,.(+<_> # H4&)W7,.K)K # B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(U<YiC<=B LN*C(UK)&)B4<7,.(
H4(+* " K)< F 2=uI2+*_>A3I,5> E42+<YLNE4KPK)&)B4<7,.(S2?>@, " &)K)&G> # ,.BI,.K # 2+<=2 : * B4*.>,.H4H4K # q80'<YiC<=(?>A34<=K)<=2+2=u >@,.-/&)B4T
, iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>t>A3I,5>S6c<,.(+<w2+*CKGiX&)B4T <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t*CBk, TC(+& : KJ,.& : &)Bg>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg2+HI,.W=<.us2+* F <
B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(\,.BI,.K # 2+&)2 F , # " < : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : q\fS34<SLNEd>AE4(+<S6c*C(+- 2+34*CE4K : &)B4W=K)E : <8>A34&)2\& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>
>A*CH4&)W.q
fS34< F <Y>A34* : W7,.B " <w,.H4H4K)&)< : >A*y,.B # > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KMHI,.(?>A&J,.K : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KM<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
"$# : <=W=* F HM*C2+&)B4T &)B$>A* 3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W ,.B : <=K)K)& Hd>A&)Wa2+E " H4(+* " K)< F 2=q fS34< ^\E4K)<=(k<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u

nlP
6t34&)W@3a3I,7iC< " *.>A3|3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W,.B : <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)WwHI,.(?>A2=u ,.(+<BI,5>AE4(A,.K)K # >A34< B4< X>>@,.(+TC<Y>'LN*C(t>A34<
K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : q 9 K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=28B4*C( F LN*C( >A34<w^\E4K)<=(c<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42c>A3I,5>8HM*C2+2+<=2+2+<=2',
W=<=(?>@,.&)B_B/E F " <=( *.L ,5>+>A(A,.WY>A&GiC<tH4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2 3I,7iC<,.WY>AEI,.K)K #" <=<=B : &)2+W=*ziC<=(+< : ] ` <=< 9 H4HM<=B : &
^ e u " Ed>'B4* B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K (+<=2+E4KG>A2',.(+<U,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<,5>S>A34<w>A& F <*.LP6t(+&G>A&)B4T >A34&)2S>A34<=2+&)2=q

$+'*'
/ '!$, "!$,-#&!$
' ""!$
9 W@3I,.K) <=B4TC<U&)2'>A* : <YiC<=K)*CH , F *ziX&)B4T TC(+& : F <Y>A34* : LN*C('>A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K H4(+* " K)< F 2
6t34<=(+< >A34< " <=B4<YO4> *.L F *ziX&)B4TaTC(+& : 6c*CE4K : " < <=B4*C( F *CE42=u <=2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # LN*C( : &)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q B >A34(+<=< : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=uS,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B bc3I,.Hd>A<=( @u8>A<Y>A(A,.34< : (A,.K'TC(+& : 2 W7,.B
" < E42+< : u 6t34&)W@3 H4(+*ziX& : <=2QE42w6t&G>A3 2+E _W=&)<=B$>, F *CE4B$>Q*.Lc< X>A(A, : <=TC(+<=<=2U*.LcLN(+<=< : * F ,.B :
L ,.W=&)K)&G> # LN*C(TC(+& : ,.KG>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB uPL ,.W=< 2?68,.H4H4&)B4T ,.B : &)B42+<=(?>A&)B4T : <=K)<Y>A&)B4TkB4* : <=2=q B L ,.WY>7u\&G>
&)2 <7,.2 # >A* 2+34*z6 >A3I,5> LN*C(g, 2+& F H4K)<|K)&)B4<7,.( , : iC<=WY>A&)*CB H4(+* " K)< F >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K'i.,.B4&)2+34<=2
&GL[>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB|&)2 W=*CB42?>@,.B$>Q,.K)*CB4T *CB4< < : TC< *.L ,_>A<Y>A(A,.34< : (+*CB ,.B : >A3I,5>w< : TC< &)2 ,.K)&)TCB4< :
6t&G>A3 >A34<8W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB q %IE4(?>A34<=([2?>AE : # *CB LNE4B : , F <=B$>@,.Kd<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42[&)2[34*z6c<YiC<=(
B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # q %I*C( B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.( 2+34*XW@-/2=uI,UR/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<'LN*C( F E4KJ, F E42?> " <'LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>c2A,5>A&)2?OI<=28,
!+E F HyW=*CB : &G>A&)*CB q %I*C([<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W H4(+* " K)< F 2=uC&G>A2\,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *CB ,O d< : TC(+& : F E42?> " <SW=*CBdOI( F < :
OI(+2?> " <YLN*C(+<w6c< F *ziC<w>A34<QTC(+& : q
%I*CE4( : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KMH4(+* " K)< F 2=ud& q <.q >A& F < : <=HM<=B : <=B$>tH4(+* " K)< F 2=ud,.(+< !+E42?>t,.B4*.>A34<=(SW@3I,.K
K)<=B4TC<.$q B >A34&)2 W7,.2+<.u[LN*C(&)B42?>@,.B4W=<.u[>A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : &)2< dHM<=WY>A< : >A*aW=(+<7,5>A<g,
W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W TC(+& : ,.B : W=* F H4Ed>A< >A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # *CBg&G>c&)Bg,U>A& F < ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<
F ,.B4B4<=(=q 9 T$,.&)B ud>A34<w-.< # LN<7,5>AE4(+<Q*.LP>A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2S&G>A2SK)*XW7,.K H4(+*CHM<=(?> # o F * : &GL # >A34<QTC(+& :
K)*XW7,.K)K # (+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4TQ>A*UB4*CB Z=<=(+*(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2 ,.K)*CB4<.q 9 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=uC&G> &)2\iC<=( # & F HM*C(
>@,.B$> >A* : <YiC<=K)*CH ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2P2+W@34< F <=2 " <YLN*C(+<\6c< F *ziC<\>A34< TC(+& : q >P&)2 >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<
: <=2+&)(+< : >A*kOI(+2?> : <YiC<=K)*CH ,D>A& F < ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 2+W@34< F <.qkfS34< : <YiC<=K)*CH F <=B$> *.L
(+<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB|2+W@34< F <=2LN*C( E4B42?>A<7, : # H4(+* " K)< F 2 3I,.2 " <=TCE4Ba(+<=W=<=B$>AK # dn u = Xu M P q

nl
9 K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 2+W@34< F < ,.2 *CB4<S*.LM>A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 2+W@34< F <=2 2+34*CE4K : " <S6c*C(?>A3_HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(
,5>+>A<=B$>A&)*CBD&)B >A34< : <YiC<=K)*CH F <=B$>7u4LN*C(S&G>A2S2+E4W=W=<=2+2,.2',yB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+W@34< F < F <7,.B428>A3I,5> ,.2t,
TC(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : ,.286c<=K)K q
fS34< 2?>AE : # H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : &)B >A34&)2Q>A34<=2+&)23I,.22+34*z6tB >A3I,5>R/E4&G>A< & F H4(+<=2+2+&GiC< (+<=2+E4KG>A2W7,.B
" <w* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4TyTC(+& : 2S,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB4282+& F E4KG>@,.B4<=*CE42+K # >A34(+*CE4TC3D(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B
& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CB uC<=2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # LN*C(c2+34*XW@- W7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4T4uXTC&GiX&)B4T,.K)2+*U>A34< < dH4KJ,.BI,5>A&)*CB42c,.2 >A*U6t3 # ,.B :
34*z6 2+E4W@3D(+<=2+E4KG>A286c<=(+<wTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : udLN*C(c>A34< F <=W@3I,.B4&)2 F *.L >A34<TC(+& : F *ziC< F <=B$>t&)B HI,.(?>A&)W
E4KJ,.(=q[fS34&)28>A34<=2+&)2t3I,.2 !+E42?>t*CHM<=B4< : >A34< : *X*C(c>A*y>A34< : <YiC<=K)*CH F <=B$>'*.L ,yB4<Y6 W=KJ,.2+2S*.LPTC(+& :
, : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2 "$# 2+34*z6t&)B4TQ>A3I,5> >A34<=(+< : *U< d&)2?> " <Y>+>A<=( TC(+& : 2 ,.B : 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42[>A3I,.B
>A34*C2+< 6c< ,.(+< W=E4(+(+<=B$>AK # W=*CB$>A<=B$>U6t&G>A3 ,.B : >A34<_(+<=2+& : EI,.K F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB : *X<=2UK)<7, : E42Q>A*
>A34<=2+<U(+< F ,.(+-5, " K)<(+<=2+E4KG>A2=q

nl

nl>
nlO

!" #

$ %!"
&

!" +
"!

'% <=(+<.us6c<< X>A<=B : >A34<UTC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>t>@,.-.<=Ba&)Babc3I,.Hd>A<=( >A* *.>A34<=('W=KJ,.2+2+<=2

*.L8*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K\H4(+* " K)< F 2=q < " <=TC&)B "$# HM*C&)B$>A&)B4TD*CEd>U>A3I,5>&)B F ,.B # " (A,.B4W@34<=2*.L
B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K ,.BI,.K # 2+&)2=u H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.('W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42,.(+< *.L >A<=Ba< F H4K)* # < : >A*g,.H
H4(+* d& F ,5>A<w*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2=ud6t34<Y>A34<=('*C(SB4*.>'*CB4<Q&)B$>A<=B : 2t>A* : *_2+*4uI2+E4W@3
,.2 : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.L " *CE4B : ,.(+&)<=2LN*C(W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : 2 &)B > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB u[&)B$>A<=(+HM*
KJ,5>A&)*CB *.LQ, LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB &)B *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB u B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KS2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 *.L*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u',.B : 2+* *CB q B , >A<=( F &)B4*CK)*CT # *.L F * : <=(+B F ,5>A34< F ,5>A&)W=2=u8>A34<=2+< H4(+* " K)< F 2
F , #y" <tW7,5>A<=TC*C(+[& Z=< : ,.2 ,wH4(+* " K)< F *.L B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K)K # ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K42+E "
F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2 ] W=E4(?iC<=2@e u[> # H4&)W7,.K)K # "$# H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q B ,.B # H4(+* " K)< F 2*.LS>A34&)2
-/&)B : u4&G>S&)286c<=K)K -/B4*z6tBk>A3I,5>', : !+E42?>A&)B4T >A34<QB4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)2t, iC<=( # < <=WY>A&GiC<w68, # >A*
& F H4(+*ziC< >A34< ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB q 9 HM*CH4E4KJ,.(w2?>A(A,5>A<=T # &)2w>A*|H4KJ,.W=<_B4* : <=2U2+* ,.2Q>A*k<=R/EI,.K)K #
: &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A<>A34<Q,.(+WQK)<=B4T.>A3g*.LP>A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q B 34&G>A< O > u42+E4W@3a,.Bk,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3k&)282?>AE : &)< :
&)B : <Y>@,.&)K >A* & F H4(+*ziC<Q>A34<B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K12+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42'*.L[> 6c* HM*C&)B$> " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<UH4(+* " K)< F 2=q
9 B4*.>A34<=( ,.(+<7, *.LP>A34<U2A, F <Q-/&)B : &)2 O4>A2t>A* LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42S6t&G>A3|, : !+E42?>@, " K)<QB4* : <=2=q BD>A34&)2
,.(+<7,du42+&)B4W=< >A34<LNE4B4WY>A&)*CBg&)28-/B4*z6tB us,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : " ,.2+< : *CBD, : &)(+<=WY>

n=m
F &)B4& F &[Z7,5>A&)*CB *.L\>A34< <=(+(+*C( 2+E4W@3 ,.2'>A34< *CB4<&)B {8,.&)B4<=2 P qw0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CBk&)2
# <Y>t,.B4*.>A34<=(8,.(+<7,&)B_6t34&)W@3 >A34< >A(A,.HM<;Z=*C& : ,.Ks(+E4K)<'W7,.B " < W=*CB42+& : <=(+< : ,.28,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T,
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB "$# ,_H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<UK)&)B4<7,.(SW=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42'LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q BD>A34<*.>A34<=('3I,.B : usHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(+K #
&)Bk>A34< ,.(+<7,_*.L\B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K &)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<UH4(+* " K)< F 2tLN*C('*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u ,
: & <=(+<=B$>c,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 &)2\E42+EI,.K)K # >@,.-.<=B_>A3I,5> LN*XW=E42+<=2 *CB >A34<t<=(+(+*C( ,5> TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2=q 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<
2?>A<=H 2+&[Z=<tW=*CB$>A(+*CK4>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : " ,.2+< : *CB_,.B <=(+(+*C(\<=2?>A& F ,5>A<STC&GiC<=B "$#
>A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<U*.L\B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42t* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# > 6c* 2+W@34< F <=2'6t&G>A3k> 6c* W=*CB42+<=W=Ed>A&GiC<
*C( : <=(+2t*.L[,.W=W=E4(A,.W # 2+E4W@3a,.2t< F " < :4: < : rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@, F <Y>A34* : 2 = O u P M Vu = l q
%'<=(+<.u 6c< ,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3Q>A34<=2+< H4(+* " K)< F 2 LN(+* F ,8E4B4&GOI< : iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>1>A3I,5>P,.K)K >A34<=2+< H4(+* " K)< F 2
W7,.B " <t>A34*CE4TC3$> *.L1,.2c,QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.KM,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB >A*U*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K42+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2 "$#
H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(QW=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 <=K)< F <=B$>A2=q bc34*X*C2+&)B4T|>A34< <=(+(+*C(=u >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,.K i.,.K)E4<_*.L
>A34<HM*C&)B$> 6t&)2+<'<=(+(+*C(c2+R/EI,.(+< : us,.28, F <7,.2+E4(+< *.L1>A34< <=(+(+*C(c*.L1>A34<,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB u$6c<W=*CB
2+& : <=(>A34< H4(+* " K)< F *.L W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)B4TDTC<=* F <Y>A( # ] *C(2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBse , : ,.Hd>A&GiC<UB4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB
&)B >A34< HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(Q2+HI,.W=< *.L8>A34< 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : >A*|(+< : E4W=< >A34< <=(+(+*C(=q 9 -.< # & : <7,g>A*k>A34<
: <Y>A<=( F &)BI,5>A&)*CBk*.L\>A34< B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB : <=(+&GiC<=2 LN(+* F >A34<L ,.WY> >A3I,5> >A34< <=(+(+*C( : *X<=2
B4*.> i.,.B4&)2+3 <YiC<=B 6t&G>A3 >A34<'< 4,.WY>cB4* : ,.K4i.,.K)E4<=2=u/& q <.q >A34<'&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CBy<=(+(+*C(=q[fS34&)2 2+& F H4K)<
L ,.WY>c& F H4K)&)<=2 >A3I,5> >A34<=(+< < d&)2?>c<=(+(+*C( W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2c&)B >A34
< >A3I,5>8,.(+<'<=2+2+<=B$>A&J,.K)K # &)B : <=HM<=B
: <=B$> *.LP>A34<QB4* : ,.K ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB q[%'<=B4W=<B4* B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K12+W@34< F <=2=uI6t34&)W@3kH4KJ, # ,y(+*CK)<w*.L
W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T >A34<SB4* : ,.KXi.,.K)E4<=2=u$W7,.ByW=*CB$>A(+*CKd>A34<=2+<t<=(+(+*C(+2=uC>A3/E42[LNE4(?>A34<=(\& F H4K # &)B4T'>A3I,5>[>A34< #
W7,.B " <W=*CB$>A(+*CK)K)< : *CB4K #_"$# W@3I,.B4TC&)B4T>A34<B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)B_>A34<HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(82+HI,.W=<.q B
*.>A34<=( 6c*C( : 2=uX>A34< : <YiC<=K)*CH F <=B$>c*.L1,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 2 LN*C(c, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<tB4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 2+34*CE4K : " <
TCE4& : < : "$# >A34<=2+<<=(+(+*C(tW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2=q 9 2 ,_W=*CB42+<=R/E4<=B4W=<.u 2+E4W@3 ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 2=udE4B4K)&)-.<w>A34*C2+<
6t34&)W@3 W=* F H4Ed>A<D>A34<kB4* : ,.KSi.,.K)E4<=2=u82+34*CE4K : " <|<=R/EI,.K)K # ,.H4H4K)&)W7, " K)< >A* ,.K)K8>A34<|,.(+<7,.2_*.L
,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBk6t34*C2+< * " !+<=WY>A&GiC< &)2 >A*DW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>,.B ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<yK)&)B4<7,.( W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB *.L[, *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q
:

n=n
fS34<'<=(+(+*C(\W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2\>A3I,5>c,.(+<S&)B4W=E4(A, " K)< "$# B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K42+W@34< F <=2 W7,.B " < : <=(+&GiC< : "$#
: &)(+<=WY>AK # W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T_>A34< <=(+(+*C( LN*C(, 2 F *X*.>A3a2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : ,.2 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A< : &)B ` <=W
>A&)*CB 9 q l q >'&)2S2+34*z6tBk>A3I,5>S>A34<QK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F *.LP>A34<=2+<U<=(+(+*C(SW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2t<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=28>A34<
<=(+(+*C( 6t&G>A3 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(S,.W=W=E4(A,.W # H4(+*ziX& : < : >A34< B4* : ,.K ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB_&)2 F *C(+<'>A3I,.B
>A34&)( : *C( : <=(U,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<_&G>QH4KJ, # 2,.B & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>w(+*CK)< B4*.>U*CB4K # &)B TCE4& : &)B4T >A34<
B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB " Ed>8,.K)2+*U&)B <=2?>A& F ,5>A&)B4T>A34< <=(+(+*C(=q\^ dH4K)*C&G>A&)B4Tw>A34&)2 L ,.WY>7uX,.B ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F
>A3I,5>cW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A2S,UH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(\W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE428,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CByLN*C( &)2 : <YiX&)2+< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB
9 q = " ,.2+< : *CB ,.B <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 2?>A(A,5>A<=T # u >A3I,5><=B42+E4(+<=2y,k2+HM<=W=&GOI< : TCK)* " ,.K <=(+(+*C(
*C(w<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>AK # ,g2+HM<=W=&GOI< : K)*XW7,.K[,7iC<=(A,.TC< <=(+(+*C(=qyfS34<_,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<=2QB4* : <=2Q2+E4W
W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # uI, : i.,.B4W=&)B4TULN(+* F *CB4< <=B : *.L1>A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : >A*>A34< *.>A34<=(c(A,5>A34<=( >A3I,.Bg, : !+E42?>A&)B4T
,.BD< d&)2?>A&)B4TyB4* : <=2=u46t34&)W@3 F ,.-.<=28>A34<wW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB iC<=( # R/E4&)W@-sq 9 : & _W=E4KG> # ,.(+&)2+<=2 "$# ,
2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.( " <=3I,7iX&)*C(S*.L >A34<wTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)B4Ty<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBg6t34&)W@3D&)282+*CKGiC< : &G>A<=(A,5>A&GiC<=K # o\, W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<
>A<=( F &)B >A34< : <=B4* F &)BI,5>A*C( W7,.E42+<=2g, >A(+*CE " K)<g6t34<=B &G>_&)2 iC<=( # 2 F ,.K)K q 9 F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB
*.L\>A34<<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBa&)2 H4(+*CHM*C2+< : >A3I,5> : , F H42, KJ,.(+TC<UB/E F " <=(W=(+<7,5>A< : "$# < X>A(+< F <=K # 2 F ,.K)K
W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<.q
9 H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42*.Lt>A34<g,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F ,.(+< : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB 9 q M q fS34<gOI(+2?>y< 4, F H4K)<
&)2 >A34<k,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB *.L, W=E4(?iC<|&)B + q rt<=2+E4KG>A2 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A<g>A3I,5>y>A34< F <Y>A34* : " <
W7,.HI, " K)<t*.L 34&)TC34K # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42 >A*U-/B4*z6tB LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 &)B *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBy>A3I,5>
<=B42+E4(+<=2U, 2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(=qwfS34< 2+<=W=*CB : &)2B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KP&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB|&)B|6t34&)W@3 W7,.2+<>A34<
E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : *.Lw>A34<a&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C( W7,.B " <|2+HM<=W=&GOI< : q fS34<|>A34&)( : &)2 &)B4&G>A&J,.Kci.,.K)E4<
H4(+* " K)< F 2\LN*C( *C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KI<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 &)B 6t34&)W@3_>A34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2 W=* F " &)B4< : 6t&G>A3
,wLN*CE4(?>A3 *C( : <=(\B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K42+W@34< F <'>A3I,5> W=* F H4Ed>A<=2 B4* : ,.K42+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q % &)BI,.K)K # u5>A34< F <Y>A34* :
&)2 ,.H4H4K)&)< : >A* " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<|H4(+* " K)< F 2 LN*C( *C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.Kt<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 iX&J, >A34<
2+34*X*.>A&)B4T >A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<.u 6t34&)W@3 (+<=R/E4&)(+<=2Q, 2+K)&)TC3$> F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CBk*.L\>A34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F LN*C(&)B4&G>A&J,.K
i.,.K)E4<wH4(+* " K)< F 2=q
:

n=l

+++ '*, / # '*,
A> 34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CB u 6c< : <=(+&GiC< ,.B <=(+(+*C(<=2?>A& F ,5>A<ULN*C(w, H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<yK)&)B4<7,.('W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42

,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBU>A*w, 2 F *X*.>A3 *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K/2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q %I*C( >A34&)2[H4E4(+HM*C2+<.uC6c< " <=TC&)B
"$# 2?>AE : # &)B4Ta>A34< 2+& F H4K)<_W7,.2+< >A3I,5>>A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2 F <=(+<=K # ,kLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB &)B *CB4< : & F <=B
2+&)*CB qgfS34< <=(+(+*C(Q6t&)K)K " <_W7,.K)W=E4KJ,5>A< : : &)(+<=WY>AK # ,.2+2+E F &)B4Tk>A3I,5>U>A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 6c<_6t&)2+3 >A*
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A< &)282 F *X*.>A3 q %I(+* F >A34&)28(+<=2+E4KG>7uX>A34<wK)<7, : &)B4TU>A<=( F 28*.L >A34<<=(+(+*C(8W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2
&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>t*.L1B4* : ,.KM<=(+(+*C(+2c6t&)K)K " <& : <=B$>A&GOI< : q[fS34<Q,.BI,.K # 2+&)2 6t&)K)KI>A34<=B " << X>A<=B : < : >A*
*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2&)B 34&)TC34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CB42 >A* : <=(+&GiC<_,DK)*XW7,.K[,.B : TCK)* " ,.K
<=(+(+*C(U<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2=q ` * F < B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K (+<=2+E4KG>A2,.(+<_2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>UiC<=(+&GL # >A34< ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.Lc>A34<
<=(+(+*C(S<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2=q
B

8 K 8 < N
` E4H4HM*C2+<U6c<U3I,7iC< , H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<UK)&)B4<7,.(SW=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBg*.L[E4B4-/B4*z6tB ,.W=W=E

(A,.W # u ] (+e u4>A* ,yLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] (+eS&)BD>A34<U&)B$>A<=(?i.,.K m )n 6t34&)W@3|&)2t2+E " : &GiX& : < : &)B$>A* , 2+<Y>
*.L <=K)< F <=B$>A2 ] ` <=< % &)TCE4(+< 9 q n e q &G>A34&)BD<7,.W@3k<=K)< F <=B$> ( ( /ud6c<U3I,7iC<
(
(
]9 qn e
(
] (+e
(
(
6t34<=(+< Nu ( ( +( u ,.B : c,.B : ,.(+< 2+* F <g,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42U>A*
] ( Je',.B : ] ( et(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q 9 2+2+E F <>A3I,5> ] (+e'&)2'2 F *X*.>A3|6t&G>A34&)Bk>A34< <=K)< F <=B$> ,.B :
>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q< dH4(+<=2+2+& " K)<,.2t, f , # K)*C(S2+<=(+&)<=2',.(+*CE4B : >A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>8*.L _u
] ( ( Se
]9 ql e
] (+e
%
6t34<=(+< ] ( ] ( ( e l e u1,.B : &)2 >A34< %M>A3 : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC< *.L ] (+e <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : ,5>
( q 9 2+2+E F &)B4T ( k&)2\2 F ,.K)K u.6c<',.(+<tTC*C&)B4T>A*QW=* F H4Ed>A<S>A34<t2+R/EI,.(+<t*.LM>A34<tK)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C(=u

] 9 q =$e
! ] ] (+e
] (+e+e (

@ D

@ D

:

n =Y=
E42+&)B4T ] 9 q n eS,.B : ] 9 q l e8E4HD>A* 2+* F <w2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>t*C( : <=(=q %'<=B4W=<Q6c< " <=TC&)Bg6t&G>A3

] ( ( Se

] 9 qM e
!
] (+e
(
%

h'2+&)B4Ty>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T (+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB uX6t34&)W@3k&)2 : <=(+&GiC< : "$# ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T "$#

u
] ( )e ] ( e >A(+E4B4W7,5>A&)*CBD<=(+(+*C(
] 9 qQPCe

] (+e
] (+e
l
( (
]( ( ( 8e

& ]9 q e
l %
6t34<=(+< ] e ] ] ( )e Ge ] ] ( e e /u ,.B : B4<=TCK)<=WY>A&)B4Ta34&)TC3 *C( : <=(
>A<=( F 2=u46c<Q* " >@,.&)B
] ( ( Se
(
] ( ( 8e

!
%
(
l %
] 9 q Ce
( &
6t34<=(+< q 0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>S>A34<Q&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K *.L ] ( ( Se i.,.B4&)2+34<=2t6t34<=B % &)2S* :4: u
,.B : (+<=2+E4KG>A2U&)B 6t34<= B % &)2Q<YiC<=B qkbc*CB42+<=R/E4<=B$>AK # u >A34< (+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4Tk< dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB 6t&)K)K
W=*CB$>@,.&)BD*CB4K # * :4: *C( : <=(8>A<=( F 2=q fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>'&)2
nn l l (

(
n9l M$m l (
nl>Y> m l.= m =P (
] 9 q >$e
( &
9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34&)2wK)*X*C-/2U,DK)&G>+>AK)< W=* F H4K)&)W7,5>A< : u1&G>QW=*CB$>@,.&)B42wi.,.K)EI, " K)<yH4&)<=W=<=2U*.L8&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB
, " *CEd>S>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(=q

:

:
:

:
:

:

9 @

9

:

:

6
:
:
:

6
:
8 K 8 K E

Sf 34< 2+& F H4K)<=2?> W7,.2+<U>A* " <=TC&)Bk6t&G>A3k6c*CE4K : " <, H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<K)&)B4<7,.(tW=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42w,.H4H4(+*

& F ,5>A&)*CBg*.L , LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] (+eS6t&G>A3k>A34<U< 4,.WY>B4* : ,.K1i.,.K)E4<=2=q& Bk>A34&)2'W7,.2+< ] 9 q >$eS2+& F H4K)&GOI<=2

n=M
x
u(t)
x3
x(t)
t=1
x2
u(t)
t=0
>A*
tl E tr
&)TCE4(+< 9 q n o 9F ,5H4>A&)&)<=*CW=B<Y6t>A* &)2+,S<cLNK)E4&)B4B4<7WY,.>A(&)*C,.BUH4&)H4BQ(+* *CdB4& <

: & F <=B42+&)*CB q
x(t)
x1
&)TCE4(+< 9 q l o 9& F H4,5>A&)<=&)*CW=B<Y6t>A&)*2+<U,QK)W=&)B4E4<7(?iC,.< (t&),.ByH4H4>A34(+*(+<=<

: & F <=B42+&)*CB q
] 9 qO e
( &
n l.m
$m l $m
$m l
6t34<=(+<Q6c<Q3I,7iC<UE42+< : >A34<wL ,.WY>S>A3I,5>
nl
] 9 q nzm e
( ( &
6t34<=B >A34<'B4* : ,.K4i.,.K)E4<=2 ,.(+<'< 4,.WY>7q\fS34&)2 2+34*z6t2 >A3I,5> >A34<'2+<=W=*CB : : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<t*.L ] (+e\&)2\>A34<
F ,.&)B W=*CB$>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB >A* >A34<w<=(+(+*C(=ud6t34&)W@3DW=K)<7,.(+K # ,.TC(+<=<=28>A* *CE4(8&)B$>AE4&G>A&)*CB q <wB4*.>A&)W=<w,.K)2+*
>A3I,5>[>A34<SK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F <=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2 >A34<S<=(+(+*C( 6t&G>A3y2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q > &)2=uC*.LMW=*CE4(+2+<.u
< 4,.WY>cLN*C( R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WtLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q >c&)2\>A34<=B >A< F Hd>A&)B4Tw>A* : <YOIB4< &G>c,.2c,Q2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(c<=(+(+*C(
<=2?>A& F ,5>A*C( B4<=TCK)<=WY>A&)B4T >A34<|(+<=2?>g*.L>A34<k>A<=( F 2=q Lw>A34&)2_&)2 >A* " < : *CB4<.u86c<aW7,.B (+<=H4KJ,.W=<
"$# ,Q2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( : & <=(+<=B4W=<',.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB u.6t&G>A34*CEd> ,.KG>A<=(+&)B4T>A34<',.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.LM>A34<
<=2?>A& F ,5>A<.q\fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w6c<UW7,.BD6t(+&G>A<
( (

] 9 q nCn e

&
n l.m

:

6

:
:
(
= 9M
6

( M :
=
(

:

:

:
n=P
6t34<=(+< : <=B4*.>A<=2 >A34<UOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<U*.L ] (+e q0'*z6Qu 6c<(+< F ,.(+-g>A3I,5> >A34<K)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F
L ,.&)K)2 >A*w<=2?>A& F ,5>A< >A34<8<=(+(+*C(\,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # &)B>A34<SB4<=&)TC3 " *C(+34*X* : *.L ,.By&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$> 6t34<=(+<
6c*CE4K : " <'< X>A(+< F <=K # 2 F ,.K)KIB4* F ,5>+>A<=(\6t3I,5> : & <=(+<=B4W=< ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBy&)2 < F H4K)* # < : q
bcK)<7,.(+K # u[&)B >A34&)2W7,.2+<.u\>A34< <=(+(+*C( F E42?> " < <=2?>A& F ,5>A< : "$# ,|R/EI,.B$>A&G> # 6t34&)W@3 W7,.(+(+&)<=2U>A34<
&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB *.L q ` &)B4W=<w>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(S>A<=( F 2t*.L 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( : & <=(+<=B4W=<,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42
>A* TC<=B4<=(A,.K)K # : * B4*.>W=*CB$>@,.&)B uM&G>'LN*CK)K)*z6t2t>A3I,5>'>A34<KJ,.(+TC<=2?>'>A<=( F *.L\2+E4W@3 &)2'*CB4K #
>A34<U2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)B ] 9 q O e q8%'*z6c<YiC<=(>A34&)2 F <7,.B42 ,.K)2+* >A3I,5>t>A34<U<=(+(+*C(t6t&)K)K " < ( &
2 F ,.K)K)<=( >A3I,.B >A3I,5>D&)B >A34< *.>A34<=(D(+<=TC&)*CB q {c<=2+& : <=2=uw2+&)B4W=< &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2 6t&)K)K< d&)2?>
E42+EI,.K)K # ,5>', OIB4&G>A<wB/E F " <=(t*.L : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<QHM*C&)B$>A2=u4>A34<L ,.&)K)E4(+< F &)TC3$> " <>A*CK)<=(A, " K)<&GL 6c<,.(+<
&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A< : *CB4K # &)Bk(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<=K # KJ,.(+TC<w<=(+(+*C(+2=qS{cEd>'&GLP>A3I,5>'&)2tB4*.>t>A34<UW7,.2+<.us6c< F E42?> (+<Y>@,.&)B
>A34<w2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F q[fS34<=B uI&G> F , # " <wW=*CB$iC<=B4&)<=B$>t>A*y(+<=H4KJ,.W=< "$# "$# E42+&)B4T ] 9 q nzm e q
<w>A3/E42'* " >@,.&)B
( (
]9 qn l e

&
n l.m
0'*.>A< >A3I,5>U6c< 3I,7iC< &)B4W=K)E : < : *CB4K # ,kHI,.(?>*.Lc>A34< B4< X> KJ,.(+TC<=2?>Q>A<=( F 6t34&)W@3 &)2U(+<=K)<Yi.,.B$>
>A* q_fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34< ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # &)2w& F H4(+*ziC< : B4<7,.(U&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2w*CB4K # uP,.B : 2+*D>A34<
*ziC<=(A,.K)K ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.LP>A34<Q<=2?>A& F ,5>A<w(+< F ,.&)B42S2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(=q
0'< X> 6c<UW=*CB42+& : <=(t>A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBD*.L[*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K1<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S6t34<=(+<U>A34<UB4* : ,.K
i.,.K)E4<=2S,.(+<W=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# , B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+W@34< F <.q Bg>A34&)28W7,.2+<.ud6c<QW7,.B : < : E4W=<wLN(+* F ] 9 q >$e
>A3I,5>
( (
] 9 q n =$e

&
n l.m
H4(+*ziX& : < : >A34<B4* : ,.K ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBD&)2'*.L ( & u ,.B : >A3I,5> 6c< (+<=W=*ziC<=( ] 9 q nCn e86t&G>A3
>A34<'B4* : ,.Ks,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42[34&)TC34<=(\>A3I,.B_>A34&)( : *C( : <=(=q\fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<t6c< F E42?>cE42+<.ud,5> K)*z6c<=2?>7u
>A34&)( : *C( : <=( F <Y>A34* : 2U>A*|W=* F H4Ed>A<_>A34< B4* : ,.K i.,.K)E4<=2&)B *C( : <=(ULN*C(Q>A34< K)<7, : &)B4TD>A<=( F >A*
<=2?>A& F ,5>A<g>A34<k<=(+(+*C(=q fS34&)2_&)2 HM*C2+2+& " K)<D&)B F *C2?> W7,.2+<=2=u8LN*C( < 4, F H4K)<kE42+&)B4T >A34<kLN*CE4(?>A3
:

6
:
6

6

:
9 :

6

:
:

n=
*C( : <=( rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@, F <Y>A34* : LN*C(&)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<_H4(+* " K)< F 2U*C( " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4< H4(+* " K)< F 2
iX&J,2+34*X*.>A&)B4T>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<.q\fS34<=B >A34<tK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F W7,.B " <SE42+< : >A*w<=2?>A& F ,5>A<
6t&G>A3 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(c,.W=W=E4(A,.W # uX,.B : ] 9 q n l e W7,.B ,.K)2+* " <tE42+< : >A*U& F H4(+*ziC<S&G>\B4<7,.( &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB
HM*C&)B$>A2=q <Y>7u <YiC<=B &GLc>A34< K)<7, : &)B4Tg>A<=( F &)2 : &)2+R/EI,.K)&GOI< : LN*C(w>A34< <=(+(+*C(U<=2?>A& F ,5>A*C(=u &G>Q6t&)K)K
2?>A&)K) " <_,DE42+<YLNE4K R/EI,.B$>A&G> # q ` E4H4HM*C2+< >A3I,5>,DHM<=(?LN<=WY>U2+W@34< F <_6c<=(+< : <YiX&)2+< : 6t34&)W@3 OIB : 2
>A34<w< 4,.WY>SB4* : ,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *CBD, TC(+& : 6t&G>A3g,OIB4&G>A<B/E F " <=(8*.LP<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q\fS34<=B uI&G>8&)282+<=<=B
LN(+* F ] 9 q O eU>A3I,5>_<YiC<=B 6t&G>A3 2+E4W@3 , 2+W@34< F <.uc>A34<D<=(+(+*C(=uc< dH4(+<=2+2+< : "$# u
W7,.B4B4*.> " < : (+&GiC<=B|>A* Z=<=(+*4u ,.B : >A3I,5>&G>'6t&)K)K " < : * F &)BI,5>A< : "$# >A34<K)<7, : &)B4T_>A<=( F *C(t>A34<
*CB4<k&)B ] 9 q n =$e q %'<=B4W=<k>A34<kK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F : * F &)BI,5>A<=2y>A34<k<=(+(+*C( W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2 >A3I,5> ,.(+<
&)B4W=E4(A, " K)< "$# B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K12+W@34< F <=2=q 9 B : 6c<2+<=<U>A3I,5> &G>'&)2tHM*C2+2+& " K)<Q>A*_W=*CB$>A(+*CK1>A34&)2'<=(+(+*C(
W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>w*CB4K # >A34(+*CE4TC3 >A34< , : !+E42?> F <=B$>Q*.L >A34<yTC(+& : q B *.>A34<=( 6c*C( : 2=u F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB
*.L\>A34&)2 R/EI,.B$>A&G> # W7,.B " < W=*CB42+& : <=(+< : ,.2w,_>A34< F < *.L\>A34< 2+<=K)<=WY>A&)*CBa*C('>A34<y, : !+E42?> F <=B$>w*.L
>A34<QTC(+& : q

:

:

8 K 8

Q< B4*z6 W=*CB42+& : <=( <=(+(+*C(t*.L H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<QK)&)B4<7,.(S,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42 >A*_*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K
2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2c&)B + q\fS34<w< X>A<=B42+&)*CBD*.L1>A34<wH4(+<YiX&)*CE42t,.BI,.K # 2+&)2 >A*y*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KM2+E "
F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 28&)Bk34&)TC34<=( : & F <=B42+&)*CB42S&)2t&)BDL ,.WY>'2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : q ` E4H4HM*C2+<U6c<U3I,7iC< , H4&)<=W=<
6t&)2+<QK)&)B4<7,.(8W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42',.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB &)B + ] ` <=< % &)TCE4(+< 9 q l e
] 9 q Nn M e
]
e ] ] (+e ] (+e+e

6t34<=(+< ( m )n 6t34&)W@3a&)2,.T$,.&)B : &GiX& : < : &)B$>A* ,_2+<Y>w*.L\<=K)< F <=B$>A2 /us>A* , 2 F *X*.>A3
*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+[& Z=< : "$#
] 9 q n PCe
2 ] e ] ] (+e ] (+e+e
%'<=(+< % : <=B4*.>A<=2'>A34< : & F <=B42+&)*CBk*.L[>A34< , F " &)<=B$>'2+HI,.W=<.u ,.B : >A3/E42 % n W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2'>A*
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 &)B *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB q &G>A34&)B <7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$>7u$6c<'3I,7iC< ,QK)*XW7,.K4K)&)B4<7,.( LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB

@ D

n=
+2 & F &)KJ,.(c>A* ] 9 q n e8LN*C('<7,.W@3|W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<.q B % : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=uI&G>t6c*CE4K : " <UBI,5>AE4(A,.K1>A* : <YOIB4<

>A34<QK)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C( "$#
2
] ] (+e ] (+e+e (
]9 qn e
!

xw<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K)K # uP>A34<DR/EI,.B$>A&G> # >A3/E42 : <YOIB4< : &)2 >A34< F <7,.2+E4(+<D*.Lt>A34<D2+R/EI,.(+<D*.L'>A34<D,.(+<7,
*.Lt>A34<D2+E4(?L ,.W=< LN*C( F < : "$# !+*C&)B4&)B4T|>A34< > 6c* 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2 "$# K)&)B4< 2+<=T F <=B$>A2_,5>yHM*C&)B$>A2
6t&G>A3|>A34< 2A, F < ( qfS34<=B >A34< H4(+<YiX&)*CE42w,.BI,.K # 2+&)2,.H4H4K)&)<=2'>A* <7,.W@3 +u ,.B : &)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T_>A34<
B4*.>@,5>A&)*CB ( ud6c<U3I,7iC<Q>A34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>

(

] 9 q n Ce
2

n l.m ( &
LN*C( , 2 F *X*.>A3|*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2S6t&G>A3D>A34<< 4,.WY>*C(tLN*CE4(?>A3 *C( : <=(',.W=W=E4(A,5>A<
B4* : ,.K i.,.K)E4<=2=q 0'*.>A<>A3I,5>t>A34<QK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<=2
(
$

] 9 q n >$e
n l.m
6t34<=(+<Q>A34<Q2+<=W=*CB :|: <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<wW7,.B " <6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk&)Bg>A<=( F 2S*.LP>A34<U,.(+WQK)<=B4T.>A3 -u &Cu
]
9
( 2 &( & 2 ( & 2 &
q
#n O e

fS34&)2 F <7,.B42t>A3I,5>'>A34<UK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F W=*CB$>@,.&)B42t>A34<&)BdLN*C( F ,5>A&)*CBgB4*.>'*CB4K # , " *CEd>'>A34<UW=E4(
i.,5>AE4(+< $ " Ed>U,.K)2+*D, " *CEd>>A34<_,.W=W=<=K)<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.K)*CB4T >A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q B HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u &GL
>A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2SHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+[& Z=< : "$# &G>A2S,.(+WQK)<=B4T.>A3 u4&G> " <=W=* F <=2tH4(+<=W=&)2+<=K # >A34< F <7,.2+E4(+<w*.L
>A34< F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <*.LP>A34<QW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<.q
0'*z6Qu[>@,.-/&)B4Tk>A34< 2+R/EI,.(+< (+*X*.>*.L ] 9 q n CeU,.B : < dHI,.B : &)B4T4u 6c< * " >@,.&)B >A34< LN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T
K)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C(S<=2?>A& F ,5>A<
2
] 9 q l.m e

n ( &
6t34<=(+<
(
] 9 q lXn e

(

n l.m

:
:

:

:

:

:
:
n =Y>
0'*.>A<w>A3I,5> &)2S(+<=KJ,5>A< : >A*y>A34<QK)*XW7,.K1,7iC<=(A,.TC<Q<=(+(+*C(=u
n ( ! ] ] (+e ] (+e+e (+ 2 (
n l.m n
B|,y2+& F &)KJ,.( F ,.B4B4<=(=u46c<QW7,.Bk<=2?>A& F ,5>A<>A34<QTCK)* " ., K <=(+(+*C( : <YOIB4< : "$#
] ] (+e ] (+e+e (
2

!

bcK)<7,.(+K # 6c<Q3I,7iC<

:

(

:

:
&
] 9 q lCl e
] 9 q l =$e
] 9 q l9M e
fS34<=B us&)B42+<=(?>A&)B4T ] 9 q n Ce u4>@,.-/&)B4T >A34<Q2+R/EI,.(+<U(+*X*.>',.B : < dHI,.B : &)B4T4ud6c<U* " >@,.&)B

2
] 9 q l PCe

n ( &
6t34<=(+<
(
]9 ql e

n l.m
fS34<a,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.L ,.B : ,.2_<=(+(+*C(_<=2?>A& F ,5>A*C(+2=u8,.2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=u 6t&)K)K " <
2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(6t&G>A3a>A34<yB4* : ,.K[,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB " <Y>+>A<=( >A3I,.B >A34&)( : *C( : <=(=u ,.B : OI(+2?> *C( : <=(
6t&G>A3 >A34&)( : *C( : <=(kB4* : ,.K,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42=uw< dW=<=Hd> &)B>A34< B4<=&)TC3 " *C(+34*X* : *.L &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB
HM*C&)B$>A2=q fP*a& F H4(+*ziC< &G> B4<7,.( &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2y,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=u[&G>W7,.B " < 2+34*z6tB u
< X>A<=B : &)B4T ] 9 q n l e ud>A3I,5>t6c<QB4<=< : >A* F * : &GL # ,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
] 9 q l Ce
(
n

6t34<=(+< + q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34<g<=(+(+*C( <=2?>A& F ,5>A*C(+2>A3/E42 : <YOIB4< : (+<=R/E4&)(+< >A34<
-/B4*z6tK)< : TC< *.L>A34< OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2D,5>DB4* : <=2=u >A34< # : * B4*.>k3I,7iC< >A* " < < 4,.WY>7q fS34<
<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2w6t&)K)K " < 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(U,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< ,.2UK)*CB4Tk,.2w>A34<_B4* : ,.K[i.,.K)E4<=2U,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T
>A34<cOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2 I,.(+<82+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=([,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<t,5>[K)<7,.2?>7q LI>A34<8HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB ] (+e
&)2S,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<.uC6c< F , # ,.H4H4K # ,OIB4&G>A< : & <=(+<=B4W=<w,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB_>A*yW=* F H4Ed>A< ] (+e E42+&)B4T ,

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9

n=O
2+E4&G>@, " K)<wW@34*C&)W=<U*.L\, 2 F ,.K)K &)B$>A<=(?i.,.K q BD>A34<UW7,.2+<U*.L[&)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<tH4(+* " K)< F 2SLN*C(t*C( : &)BI,.( #
: & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u a&)2t,.KG68, # 2',7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<,.2S>A34<Q(+&)TC3$>t3I,.B : 2+& : <w*.LP>A34<Q<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q

8 K 8 9

fS34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CB TC&GiC<=2 >A34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A2 >A3I,5> iC<=(+&GL # >A34< ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.L >A34<'<=(+(+*C( <=2?>A& F ,5>A<.q% &)(+2?>
6c< W=*CB42+& : <=(>A34< W7,.2+< 6t34<=(+< >A34< B4* : ,.K i.,.K)E4<=2 ,.(+< < 4,.WY>7u & q <.q|K)&)B4<7,.(U&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB *.L
,gLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q fS34<=B 6c< W=*CB42+& : <=(Q>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.LS,.B &)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<UH4(+* " K)< F LN*C(Q*C( : &)BI,.( #
: & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K8<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q B >A34<DKJ,5>+>A<=(=u\6c< : &)2+W=E42+2_34*z6 B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K82+W@34< F <=2 , <=WY>y>A34<
,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.LP>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(S<=2?>A& F ,5>A*C(=q
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(',.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T >A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TULNE4B4WY>A&)*CB
] 9 q l >$e
] (+e N2+&)B ] M (+e
"$# ,H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<tK)&)B4<7,.(PLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB *CB_,E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : 6t&G>A3 k<=K)< F <=B$>A2=q fS34<SLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB_,.B :
>A34<,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBg6t&G>A3 P ,.(+<U2+34*z6tBa&)$B % &)TCE4(+< 9 q =dqSfS34<W=* F H4Ed>A< : <=(+(+*C(+2 ,.(+<
TC&GiC<=BD&)B f , " K)< 9 q n ud6t34<=(+<>A34<Q,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C(+286c<=(+<wW=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# E42+&)B4T4ud6t&G>A34&)B <7,.W@3
<=K)< F <=B$>7u >A34<DO4iC< HM*C&)B$>gxQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<DLN*C( F E4KJ,a6t34&)W@3 &)2 < 4,.WY>_LN*C( O >A3 *C( : <=(
HM*CK # B4* F &J,.K)28,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<U&)2t2+E _W=&)<=B$>AK # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<wLN*C(t*CE4(tW=* F HI,.(+&)2+*CBDH4E4(+HM*C2+<.q80'*.>A<
>A3I,5>U,.K)K >A34< W=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB42w&)Ba>A34&)2QHI,.HM<=(6c<=(+<_HM<=(?LN*C( F < : 6t&G>A3 : *CE " K)<yH4(+<=W=&)2+&)*CB u " Ed>
>A34<w(+<=2+E4KG>A2S3I,7iC< " <=<=BD>A(+E4B4W7,5>A< : LN*C( " (+<YiX&G> # q\fS34<w>@, " K)< 2+34*z6t2', iC<=( # TC*X* : ,.TC(+<=< F <=B$>
" <Y> 6c<=<=B >A34< ,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C(w,.B : LN*C( 6t34&)W@3 6c< E42+< : : <YOIB4< : "$# ] 9 q lXn e ,.B :
] (+e&)2yW=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# E42+&)B4T >A34<DW=<=B$>A(A,.K : & <=(+<=B4W=<gLN*C( F E4KJ,k6t&G>A3 , 2?>A<=H 2+[& Z=< n q m ^ m P
6t34&)W@3 68,.2_LN*CE4B : >A* TC&GiC<D>A34<k& : <=B$>A&)W7,.Kt(+<=2+E4KG> ,.2 >A3I,5> * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# E42+&)B4T >A34<|< 4,.WY>
: <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<k*.L ] 9 q l >$e q B >A34<kKJ,.2?>_W=*CK)E F B *.L>A34<k>@, " K)<.u >A34<|(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<D<=(+(+*C(+2=u : <YOIB4< :
"$# n
u\,.(+< 2+34*z6tB q ` >@,.(?>A&)B4Tk6t&G>A3 n n P <=(+(+*C(ULN*C( `PXu >A34< (+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<
<=(+(+*C(TC*X<=2 : *z6tB ,.2 >A34<yTC(+& : &)2(+<YOIB4< : qfS34<y(A,5>A< *.L W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<_&)2 LN*CE4B : >A* " < n O >
6t34&)W@3kiC<=(+&GOI<=2t>A34<U(+<=2+E4KG>'&)Bg>A34<UKJ,.2?>t2+<=WY>A&)*CB q 9 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=ud>A34<QK)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C(

576

:

nNM$m
r
t
=
<
J
K
5
,
A
>
G
&
C
i
Q
<
\
^
+
(
+
(
C
*
(
nl.zmmP Mnn On MP = m$$mmdllnMnn Pn lCn M=l mdm$m$lln=n nnzM$mCP mml mdm$m =ln
M$ml O M4n m = l O = P m = n O =Y= m =
> m = P O m M = P
m M M >Y=Y= m M
f , " K)< 9 q n o\fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C( ] 9 q l >$e
W7,.B4B4*.> " <QH4(+< : &)WY>A< : ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # B4<7,.(t&)B I<=WY>A&)*CBDHM*C&)B$>A2=q fP* 2+<=<Q>A34&)2=u46c<QW=* F H4Ed>A< : >A34<
(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC< <=(+(+*C(8K)*XW7,.K)K # LN*C(8<7,.W@3D<=K)< F <=B$>c6t&G>A3 n Cm q[fS34<wH4K)*.>A2S,.(+< 2+34*z6tBk&)B % &)TCE4(+<
9 q M q 0'*.>A<k>A3I,5> >A34<a*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 *.L>A34<aK)*z6c<=(_>A34(+<=<aH4K)*.>A2 ,.(+<|K)*CT$,.(+&G>A3 F &)W7,.K)K # 2+W7,.K)< : q
B >A34< >A*CH u >A34< OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC< ] (+e&)2UH4K)*.>+>A< : 2+*D>A3I,5>U>A34<_&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2QW7,.B " <
<7,.2+&)K # K)*XW7,5>A< : ud,.B : >A34< E4H4HM<=( F & :4: K)<t*CB4< &)2 >A34< H4K)*.>c*.L >A34<<=K)< F <=B$> 6t&)2+< (+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<'<=(+(+*C(
H4K)*.>+>A< : &)B >A34< F & :4: K)<_*.Lt<7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$>7q >y&)22+<=<=B >A3I,5>>A34<g(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<
n
<=(+(+*C(S&)2S2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # KJ,.(+TC<=(8B4<7,.(t&)B I<=WY>A&)*CBDHM*C&)B$>A28>A3I,.BD&)Bg>A34<Q*.>A34<=(t(+<=TC&)*CB q\%'*z6c<YiC<=(=u
,.2Q2+<=<=B &)B >A34< H4K)*.>w&)Ba>A34< K)*z6c<=( F & :4: K)<.u >A34< ,.WY>AEI,.K\K)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C(+2 ,.(+<
2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # 2 F ,.K)K)<=(1B4<7,.( &)B I<=WY>A&)*CBHM*C&)B$>A2 >A3I,.B &)BU>A34<c*.>A34<=( (+<=TC&)*CB q fS34<8(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC< <=(+(+*C(
* " >@,.&)B4< : 6t&G>A3|>A34< F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB ] 9 q l Cet&)2 &)B|>A34< H4K)*.>*CB|>A34< " *.>+>A* F q >w&)2 2+<=<=B >A3I,5>
>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(+2t3I,7iC< " <=<=Bk(+< : E4W=< : B4<7,.(+K #g"$# ,.Bk*C( : <=(S*.L F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <Q,5>t&)B I<=WY>A&)*CBDHM*C&)B$>A2=q
0'< X>t6c<UW=*CB42+& : <=(tB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S*.LP>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T K)&)B4<7,.(8&)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<SH4(+* " K)< F q
]
9
]( (+e ! ! 2+&)B ] (+e W=*C2 ] (+e ( m )n
q
l
Oe

6t&G>A3 ! l.m ,.B : q fS34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg&)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] 9 q= m e
] (+e 2+&)B ] (+e
6t34&)W@3 &)2 2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+< 9 Qq P'6t&G>A3y,B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Kd2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q fS34<S<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB 68,.2\&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A< :
"$# ,>A34&)( : *C( : <=(\< dH4K)&)W=&G> rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@, F <Y>A34* : = O ,.B : >A34<tW=KJ,.2+2+&)W7,.K M >A3 *C( : <=( rtE4B4TC<
vwEd>+>@, F <Y>A34* : qwf , " K)< 9 q l 2+34*z6t2>A34<y(+<=2+E4KG> LN*C( >A34<>A34&)( : *C( : <=( F <Y>A34* : qfS34< ,.WY>AEI,.K

:

nNM4n
1
f(t)
11
Relative Error
0.8
0.6
x(t)
0.4
Relative Error
(Modified)
0.2
0.4
0
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
Error
0.2
&)TCE4(+< 9 q =do H4%I&)E4<=B4W=WY<Y>A6t&)*C&)2+B < K)]&)B49 <7q ,.l (>$e (+<=H4,.(+B <=: 2+<=B,
>@6t,5&G>A>A&)3 *CB *CB PX,q E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& :
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
&)TCE4(+< 9 q M o1fP*.L *CH ] 9o q l fS>$34e <q OIh'(+H42?> HM<=: ( <=?jk(+&Gi.& :4,5>A: &GK)iC<.< o
^(+\*CK)(=< qF <=B$p1> *z6t6c&)2+<=<( ?jk(+&<=:4KJ,5: >AK)&G<.iCo < 9 <=W(
>A>AEI* F,.K8owK)*X^\W7K),.< KF <=B$> 6t<=(+&)(+2+*C<y(+2=(+q<=KJ,5{c>A*.&GiC> <
>A<=,.&)(+(+*C(+< B*C( H4] 9 K)6t*.q >+l &G>A>AC<3 e : q >AfS34&)B34< <S>AKJF ,.342?*< >[: >A&GF 34OI(+W7& <=:, <
:K)< *.LDn C<7m ,.q W@3 <=K)< F <=B$> 6t&G>A3
0.5
<=(+(+*C(+2 6c<=(+<DW=* F H4Ed>A< : &)B >A34<g2A, F < 68, # ,.2y&)B >A34<gH4(+<YiX&)*CE42 2+<=WY>A&)*CB u ,.B : 68,.2
W=* F H4Ed>A< : 6t&G>A34*CEd>_>A34< F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB ] 9 q l Ce q <|2+<=<a>A3I,5> <=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2_>A34< ,.WY>AEI,.K
<=(+(+*C(L ,.&)(+K # 6c<=K)Kc&)B >A34< 2+<=B42+<D>A3I,5> >A34<=&)(UOI(+2?> : &)TC&G>A2 ,.TC(+<=<g< dW=<=Hd>yLN*C( > m q fS34<
(A,5>A<|*.LQW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=< *.Lw>A34<a(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<|<=(+(+*C( &)2 n nCn ,.2 6c<a< dHM<=WY>A< : q %I*C(_>A34<|LN*CE4(?>A3
*C( : <=( F <Y>A34* : u4&G>S&)2S2+<=<=B|&)BDf , " K)< 9 q = >A3I,5>t>A34<Q<=(+(+*C(+2',.(+<w<=2?>A& F ,5>A< : F *C(+<Q,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # u
LN*C('< 4, F H4K)<Q>A34<U(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<U<=(+(+*C('&)2 > LN*C
( l.m 6t34&)K)<Q&G>'&)2 =Y= LN*C(t>A34<U>A34&)( : *C( : <=(
F <Y>A34* : q fS34<S(A,5>A<S*.LMW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<'*.LM>A34<S(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<c<=(+(+*C(\&)2 l mCm ,.2[6c<S< dHM<=WY>A< : q <t,.K)2+*
,.H4H4K)&)< : >A34< F * : &GOI< : ^\E4K)<=;( W 2 F <Y>A34* : 6t34&)W@3D&)2S*CB4K # 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(',.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.q B4W=K)E : &)B4T
>A34&)2=u % &)TCE4(+< 9 q 2+34*z6t2 >A34<'H4K)*.> *.L >A34<tW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<w34&)2?>A*C(+&)<=2=q 9 2 6c< < dHM<=WY>A< : udE42+&)B4T,
2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( F <Y>A34* : : <Y>A<=(+&)*C(A,5>A<=2[>A34<t,.W=W=E4(A,.W # *.Ls>A34<S<=(+(+*C([<=2?>A& F ,5>A<.u$,.B : >A34<S(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<

nNM/l
.l m
n Cm
= l.m

M$m
>m
.l m
M$m
>m
n Cm
= l.m

t
r
=
<
J
K
5
,
A
>
G
&
C
i
Q
<
\
^
+
(
+
(
C
*
(
n m m P m$l n M = l $l m$l = = mdn = l mdn
= n = l OCm m = = YO = n = m = n >Y> lXn mdn
> P = mdn m M O = m m = m M PYP >Y= m m$l
l l P M4n#O m M l =Y= nNM m M = M/l > P m m$l
P =Y> mYO m P P >Y= n M m P n = m$l P m$l
f , " K)< 9 q l o:=.( : *C( : <=('rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,_jk<Y>A34* : q

t
r
=
<
J
K
5
,
A
>
G
&
C
i
Q
<
\
^
+
(
+
(
C
*
(
n M/lXn = m$l n M = l $l m$l O$l.mCm mm ==
= > P >Y= m = = YO = n = m = n O > l
O = m$l9M/l m M O = m m = m M M O P > l
m
M
l =Y= nCn > m M l =Y= nNM

=
P >Y= nNM
m P P >Y= n M mm MP =n mYl OYOO$lXn mm MP
f , " K)< 9 q =do M >A3k*C( : <=(trtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,_jk<Y>A34* : q

:

:

<=(+(+*C(S(+< F ,.&)B42SKJ,.(+TC<LN*C(t,.B # TC(+& : 2=q

% )+
/

A> 34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CB u 6c<yTC&GiC<y, " ,.2+&)W & : <7, *.L\>A34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A3I,5>wTC<=B4<=(A,5>A<=2Q, B4* : < : &)2
>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB >A* H4(+* : E4W=<|, 2 F *X*.>A3 H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<kK)&)B4<7,.(y,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB q >_&)2 " ,.2+< : *CB ,.B
<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB_H4(+*CHM<=(?> # 6t34&)W@3g&)2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : " <=K)*z6Qq[fS34<Q,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : LN*C(8,
2+& F H4K)<< 4, F H4K)<.q
B

8 8<
E
9
: <=2+&)(+< : >A3I,5> >A34<tB4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBy&)2 : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : 2+E4W@3_>A3I,5> >A34<'R/EI,.B$>A&G> #
&)2 F &)B4& F [& Z=< : qS{cEd>w2+&)B4W=< , : &)(+<=WY> F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB 2+<=< F 2(A,5>A34<=( : & _W=E4KG>7us6c< H4(+*CHM*C2+<U>A*
H4KJ,.W=< >A34<wB4* : <=282+*_,.2c>A*y<=R/EI,.K)K # : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< *ziC<=(8>A34<w<=K)< F <=B$>A2=ud>A3/E42SW=*CB4W=<=B$>A(A,5>A&)B4T
>A34<QB4* : <=2'&)Bg>A34<U(+<=TC&)*CBD*.L[KJ,.(+TC< $ *C(S<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>AK # <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)B4T >A34<UK)*XW7,.K ,7iC<=(
,.TC<y<=(+(+*C(=q < , : iC*XW7,5>A<y>A34&)2w2?>A(A,5>A<=T # ,.K)2+* " <=W7,.E42+< *.L >A34<yLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T E42+<YLNE4K\H4(+*CHM<=(?> # q
>c&)2

:
nNM =
1
log10 (Relative Error)
1.5
x(t)
0.5
0.5
2nd order scheme

Slope=0.095
3rd order scheme

Slope=1.11
4th order scheme

Slope=2.00
1
5
1.5
0
&)TCE4(+< 9 qQPXo16tfS34&G>A<g3 < 4! ,.WY> 2+*CnK)Edq m >Au&)*CB ,.B ] : 9 q >A= 34m <e % &)TCE4(+< 9 q o , # , # ] rt] <=KJ,5 >Ae &GiC<Q^\(+(+*C(@e ,.iXB 2=: q
B>A/34E &)F ( : <= (+*C&)(W7:,.<=K ( 2+*CrtK)EdE4>AB4&)*CTCB < vw"$Ed# >+>@,,
>AO434>A<2=q K)&)B4<7,.(K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
jk<Y>A34* : 6t&G>A3 l.m q
` E4H4HM*C2+<Q>A3I,5>S6c<UTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : B4* : <=2t2+E4W@3k>A3I,5> &)2t<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< : q\fS34<=BD6c<QOIB :
(
(
] 9 q= n e

n l.m
n l.m
n l.m
6t34<=(+< _LN*C(P,.K)K /qPfS34&)2P2+34*z6t2P>A3I,5>P>A34< TCK)* " ,.K <=(+(+*C( " <=W=* F <=2 & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K
>A*t>A34< K)*XW7,.K$,7iC<=(A,.TC< <=(+(+*C( *CBU<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBQTC(+& : 2=q 9 K)2+*4u F *C(+<\& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>AK # u76c< B4*.>A&)W=<
>A3I,5> &G> H4(+*ziX& : <=2 E42 6t&G>A3 , F <7,.B42 >A* : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< LN*C( , : <=2+&)(+< : *C(\>A34<'K)*XW7,.KI,7iC<=(A,.TC<
<=(+(+*C(=q\fS34&)286t&)K)K " <E42+<YLNE4K 6t34<=BD6c<w2+<=<=-g,.BD,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB >A3I,5>STC&GiC<=2t, : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C(=q
fS3/E42t>A34&)2SK)<7, : 2tE42S>A* W=*CB42+& : <=(',.B|,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A3I,5>'TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<=2tB4* : <=2'2+E4W@3k>A3I,5>
LN*C(S<YiC<=( # <=K)< F <=B$>t>A* " <QTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : q 0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>S>A34<Q<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg& F H4K)&)<=28, E4B4&GLN*C( F
2+HI,.W=&)B4TyLN*C(SR/EI, : (A,5>A&)WwLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB4286t34*C2+<UW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<Q&)2SW=*CB42?>@,.B$>7q
9 >8>A34&)2cHM*C&)B$>7uX&G>8&)2cB4*.>8W=K)<7,.( # <Y>S&GL1>A34<TC(+& : >A3/E42STC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : TC&GiC<=2S, " <Y>+>A<=(S,.H4H4(+* d&
F ,5>A&)*CB >A3I,.B >A3I,5>c6t&G>A3 >A34<E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : *.L >A34<2A, F < 2+[& Z=<.q\fP*y&)B$iC<=2?>A&)T$,5>A<'>A34&)2=uX6c<w,.2+34*z6 >A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB_, <=WY>A2 >A34<'OI(+2?>ci.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB *.L q %I*C(\>A34&)2 H4E4(+HM*C2+<.uX6t&G>A34*CEd>
K)*C2+28*.LPTC<=B4<=(A,.K)&G> # uX6c< F , # W=*CB42+& : <=(8>A34<W7,.2+< % n 6t&G>A3 >A34<w< 4,.WY>'B4* : ,.KMi.,.K)E4<=2=q ` E4H
%
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
log10 (1/NE)

:
:

:
@ D
:

nNMYM
HM*C2+<>A3I,5>86c<w3I,7iC<w2+E4W=W=<=2+2?LNE4K)K # <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A< : ( *ziC<=( /q <TC&GiC<w,
2 F ,.K)KMHM<=(?>AE4( " ,5>A&)*CB ( >A* , B4* : <w,5> ( ( zq\fS34<wOI(+2?>8i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB *.L &)2c>A34<=BDTC&GiC<=B "$#
n

( (

M$m (
] 9 q= l e
Cn m (
( ] ( =e (
6t34<=(+< ( ud,.B : >A34<2+E " 2+W=(+&)Hd>A2=usp ,.B : rQu : <=B4*.>A< >A34<<=K)< F <=B$>A28>A3I,5>82+3I,.(+< >A34<
B4* : < Iqy0'*.>A<y>A3I,5>>A34< " *.>A3 2+& : <=2Q,.(+< ( & u F <7,.B4&)B4T >A3I,5> ,.B : >A34<yTC(A, : &)<=B$>
TC* : *z6tB|,5>t>A34<Q2A, F <w(A,5>A<.q fS34<wOI(+2?>t>A<=( F i.,.B4&)2+34<=2 "$# >A34<U,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CB uI,.B : 6c<Q3I,7iC<
n (
] 9 q =Y=$e
( ] ( =e
(
Cm
0'*.>A<y>A3I,5>w>A34&)2w2+34*z6t2Q>A3I,5>Q6c<_,.W@34&)<YiC< , F &)B4& F E F LN*C(Q,gR/EI, : (A,5>A&)WyLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB " <=W7,.E42+<
>A34<g<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB & F H4K)&)<=2,|E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : u\,.B : >A3I,5>y&G> &)2y, F &)B4& F E F *.Lt>A34< >A(+E4<
" <=W=* F <=2'& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K >A*_>A34< <=(+(+*C(SLN*C(tR/EI, : (A,5>A&)WQLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q <Y>
<=(+(+*C( " <=W7,.E42+<
,.B4*.>A34<=(_&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4T * " 2+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CB &)2 >A3I,5> &GL m u8& q <.q B4*CB4W=*CB$iC< ut>A34<k*CB4K #
68, # >A* ,.W@34&)<YiC<g, F &)B4& F E F &)2Q>A*|H4KJ,.W=< ( ,5>>A34< &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>*.L ] (+ew6t34<=(+<
i.,.B4&)2+34<=2=q80'< X>'6c<,.2+2+E F <Q>A3I,5> m ,.B : >A3I,5> ( ( uM,.B : 6t(+&G>A<.uIE42+&)B4T
>A34<U,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CBD*.LP>A34<Q<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB u

] 9 q= M e
(
Cm ( ( ] ( Ye
6t34<=(+< ( ( Mq > &)2'W=K)<7,.(t>A3I,5> 6c<W7,.B4B4*.>3I,7iC<y, F &)B4& F E F &)Bk>A34&)2
W7,.2+<.qw%'*z6c<YiC<=(=u1&GL[6c< (+<=H4KJ,.W=< ] ( =e "$# , OI(+2?> *C( : <=( OIB4&G>A< : & <=(+<=B4W=<y,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB
&)BD<7,.W@3k<=K)< F <=B$>7u46c<Q* " >@,.&)B

] ( =e ( (
(
&
(
(
Cm
l
] ( Ye ( (
(
& ] 9 q = PCe
(
l

@ D
:

;B
:

:

6
:
9
;B
6
9
:

:

;B
6

:

9
;B
6

;B

:

;B

9

9
;B

9
;B
:

;B

:
;B

:
;B

nNM P
{ # >A34<U,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)*CBk,.B : ,.K)2+*yB4*.>A&)B4Ty>A3I,5> &)2 ( & ud6c<QOIBI,.K)K # TC<Y>

] 9 q= e
( n l.m ( ( ] ( =e ( &
%'<=B4W=<>A34<(+&)TC3$> 3I,.B : 2+& : <&)2'B4*z6 ( & uM& F H4K # &)B4Ty>A3I,5>,_2 F ,.K)K)<=(tTC(A, : &)<=B$> W7,.B " <
,.W@34&)<YiC< : "$# <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBk,.B : >A3I,5>'>A34<TC(A, : &)<=B$> TC*X<=2 : *z6tB|L ,.2?>A<=('>A3I,.B : *X<=2=u
& F H4K # &)B4Tk>A3I,5>y>A34<g<=(+(+*C(y&)2yW=K)*C2+<=( >A* , F &)B4& F E F q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u 6c<DW=*CB4W=K)E : <g>A3I,5> >A34<
<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBDTC(+& : TC&GiC<.us&GL B4*.> F &)B4& F E F ud,_2 F ,.K)K)<=(8<=(+(+*C(S>A3I,.Bk>A34<QE4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : *.L
>A34<Q2A, F <w2+[& Z=<.q
:
:

;B

6

:
;B
:

8 8 K 9
wx &GiC<=B , LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] (+e &)B >A*CTC<Y>A34<=(_6t&G>A3 &G>A2 OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<.uc6c<aW=*CB42+& : <=( W=*CB
2?>A(+E4WY>A&)B4T ,UH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<'K)&)B4<7,.( W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42c,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CByLN*C(c,QTC&GiC<=B <=(+(+*C( 6t34<=(+< &)2
, : <=2+&)(+< : K)*XW7,.KI,7iC<=(A,.TC< <=(+(+*C( F E4KG>A&)H4K)&)< : "$# n l.m q[fS34<'B4* : ,.KIi.,.K)E4<=2c,.(+<',.2+2+&)TCB4< : 2+& F
H4K #Q"$# ] (+e uC,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34< <=(+(+*C( <=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2 ,.(+< 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.q[0'*z6 >A34<c& : <7,
&)2 >A* TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<B4* : <=2S2+E4W=W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # 2?>@,.(?>A&)B4TULN(+* F >A34<&)B4&G>A&J,.K4HM*C&)B$> ] ( ] ( e+e ] m ] m e+e
2+E4W@3 >A3I,5> *ziC<=(y,.K)K >A34<g<=K)< F <=B$>A2>A* " < W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A< : q fP* TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< >A34< B4< X>
B4* : < ( LN(+* F ( S6t34&)W@3g>A*CTC<Y>A34<=( : <YOIB4<>A34<w<=K)< F <=B$> /uX6c<wB4<=< : >A*y&G>A<=(A,5>A<'LN*C(
( E4B$>A&)K 6c<Q3I,7iC<
] ( ( =e m
] 9 q = Ce
6t34<=(+< ] ( e ] ( =e q 9 TC*X* : &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB LN*C( F E4KJ,&)2
] ( ( =e
] 9 q =Y>$e
( (

6t34<=(+<U>A34<2+E4HM<=(+2+W=(+&)Hd> ] n e8&)B : &)W7,5>A<=2t>A34<UB/E F " <=('*.L\&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=u |&)2 ,_HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<Q(+<7,.K
B/E F " <=(=q >w&)2 <7,.2 # >A* 2+34*z6 >A3I,5> ] 9 q = Cet&)2 2A,5>A&)2?OI< : ,5>wW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<.qUfS34<y(+*CK)<*.L &)2
>A* : , F H ,.Ba< dW=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # KJ,.(+TC<UW@3I,.B4TC<.u & q <.qw,.Ba< X>A(+< F <=K # 2 F ,.K)K 6t34&)W@3|6t&)K)KP*XW=W=E4(
6t34<=B >A34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB_<=B$>A<=(+2S,U(+<=TC&)*CB_>A3I,5>8&)2 B4<7,.(8,.B &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>c*C( 6t34<=(+< >A34< W=E4(?iC<

;B
;B
;B
@ D
;B
;B
;B
;B
B
;B
B
;B

5"9

nNM
&)2QK)*XW7,.K)K # K)&)B4<7,.(=q 9 K)2+*D>A34< F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB ] 9 q l Ce 6t&)K)K " <_< <=WY>A&GiC<_>A*kH4(+<YiC<=B$> >A34< Z=<=(+*
: &GiX&)2+&)*CB q {cEd>c&GLM>A34<'W=E4(?iC<'&)2\>A(+E4K # K)&)B4<7,.(=u$& q <.q ,.2\6c<=K)KM,.2 a,.(+<t& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # Z=<=(+*4u
,.B # W@34*C&)W=< *.L *C(U>A34< F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB ] 9 q l Ce6t&)K)K B4*.>U6c*C(+-sq B >A34&)2UW7,.2+<.u\,kH4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K
>A&)Hk&)2t>A* , :4: , 2 F ,.K)K1W=*CB42?>@,.B$>&)BD>A34< : <=B4* F &)BI,5>A*C(=u4>A3/E42, :4: &)B4T , 2 F ,.K)K1W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+< q
<Y>7u , F *C(+< 2+*CH434&)2?>A&)W7,5>A< : 68, # >A*k, :4: >A34<_,.(?>A&GOIW=&J,.KPW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+< &)2 >A*k, :4: >A34< >A<=( F &)B
>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TLN*C( F q
] 9 q= O e

< dH &
6t34<=(+< &)2y>A34< : <=2+&)(+< : 2+HI,.W=&)B4T &)B >A34<D(+<=TC&)*CB 6t34<=(+<k>A34<DW=E4(?iC<k&)2 K)&)B4<7,.(y,.B : &)2 ,
W=*CB42?>@,.B$>g>A3I,5>gW=*CB$>A(+*CK)2 >A34<a< <=WY>k*.LQ>A34< ,.(?>A&GOIW=&J,.K'W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<.q fS34&)2 6t&)K)K uS*.LUW=*CE4(+2+<.u
: <=2?>A(+* # >A34< <=(+(+*C(w<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB H4(+*CHM<=(?> # u " Ed>w6t&)K)K[B4*.>Q&)B4W=(+<7,.2+<y>A34< <=(+(+*C( " <=W7,.E42+<
&G>A2S< <=WY>'&)2S>A* &)B4W=(+<7,.2+<w>A34<QB4* : <=2=q

8 8 3

I% *C('2+& F H4K)&)W=&G> # u46c< ,.2+2+E F <>A3I,5>'>A34<ULNE4B4WY>A&)*CB|&)B|W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB|&)2'R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W.us6t34&)W@3
6c*CE4K : " <S,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<=K # i.,.K)& : K)*XW7,.K)K # &)By, 2 F ,.K)KX2+E " : * F ,.&)B *.LsB4*CB4R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WcLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42
E4B4K)<=2+2S>A34<QW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<U&)2 Z=<=(+*4q <w6t(+&G>A< ] 9 q =Y>$e8,.2
] 9 q M$m e
( ] ( e
6t34<=(+<
] 9 q M4n e

( ( (

(

%I*C(PR/EI, : (A,5>A&)W LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=u ( (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2[>A34<cW=*CB42?>@,.B$>[W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<c< 4,.WY>AK # u$,.B : >A34<=(+<
LN*C(+< &)2SW=*CB42?>@,.B$>7q " 2+<=(?iC<Q>A3I,5>SLN*C(S>A34<QW@34*C&)W=< l u ] 9 q M$m e " <=W=* F <=2
] 9 q M/l e
(
fS3I,5>'&)28>A* 2A, # u4>A34<Q&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB &)2S&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$> *.L ,.2S6c<=K)K ,.28>A34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.KMTCE4<=2+2=uM,.B : 6t&)K)K
W=*CB$iC<=(+TC< ,5> >A34<UOI(+2?>>A( # LN*C( ,.B # &)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<=2=uMH4(+* : E4W=&)B4T E4B4&GLN*C( F B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB
B
9

95
;B

Nn M
&)B( q L[W=*CE4(+2+<.u46c<Q>A34<=B|,.W@34&)<YiC<Q>A34<Q<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB q

9

(
9

(

BkTC<=B4<=(A,.K ud6c<U3I,7iC<.uILN*C(SR/EI, : (A,5>A&)WLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=u
9
:

] 9 q M =$e

] 9 q MYM e
U> W7,.B " < 7< ,.2+&)K # H4(+*ziC< : "$# &)B : E4WY>A&)*CB >A3I,5>w>A34&)2Q2A,5>A&)2?OI<=2 ] 9 q M$m e q B >A<=( F w2 *.L \u16c<
3I,7iC<
(
] 9 q M PCe

(

>'&)2S2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>+LN*C(?68,.( : >A* 2+34*z6 >A3I,5>SLN*C( n 6c<Q3I,7iC<
] 9 qM e
n l n
,.B : 6t&)K)K W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<Q>A* >A34<QK)& F &G> uI,.B : >A3I,5>SLN*C( n 6c<QOIB :
] 9 q M Ce
n l n
,.B : 34<=B4W=< &G> 6t&)K).B4*.>PW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<.q[fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u >A34<\i.,.K)E4<\*.L F E42?> " < TC(+<7,5>A<=(1>A3I,.B n LN*C( >A34<
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB>A*'W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<.q >P&)2P,.K)2+*t& F HM*C(?>@,.B$> >A*'B4*.>A<\>A3I,5>P&G>1>@,.-.<=2PK)*CB4TC<=(1>A*tW=*CB$iC<=(+TC< 6t&G>A3
,'KJ,.(+TC<=( y2+&)B4W=< n n ,.2 q %I*C(PB4*CB4R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42P6t&G>A3B4*CB$i.,.B4&)2+34&)B4T
W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<.uX6c< >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< W=*CB4W=K)E : <'>A3I,5> l TC&GiC<'>A34<'L ,.2?>A<=2?>8W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<6t34&)W@3 >@,.-.<=2
*CB4K # *CB4<t&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CByH4(+*ziX& : < : >A34<t2+HI,.W=&)B4T ([>A3I,5>c,.W@34&)<YiC<=2 &)2\2+*2 F ,.K)Kd>A3I,5>\>A34<
W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<y&)2 K)*XW7,.K)K # W=*CB42?>@,.B$>7q %I*C( LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3a&)B I<=WY>A&)*CBaHM*C&)B$>A2=u 34*z6c<YiC<=(=uP, KJ,.(+TC<
i.,.K)E4< F E42?> " < ,.2+2+&)TCB4< : >A* |>A* F ,.-.<Q>A34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBDH4(+*XW=<=< : ,.2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : &)Bk>A34<KJ,.2?>
2+E " 2+<=WY>A&)*CB ,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34&)2U6t&)K)K F ,.-.< >A34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB >@,.-.< K)*CB4TC<=(&)B W=*CB$iC< HI,.(?> *.LS>A34<
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q 0'*.>A<Q,.K)2+*y>A3I,5>S>A34<Q&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB 6t&)K)K W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<QL ,.2?>A<=(8LN*C(S2 F ,.K)K)<=( u4& q <.q\2 F ,.K)K)<=(
( ud2+&)B4W=<'>A34<'LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB_6t&)K)K " <=3I,7iC< F *C(+< ,.B : F *C(+<'R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W7,.K)K # &)B_>A34< B4<=&)TC3 " *C(+34*X* :
*.L 2+E4W@3a,y2 F ,.K)K 2+E " : * F ,.&)B q

( 9

( 9

9

95
95
9
:

nNM >

% # "!$,

8 8 < L2/ #-

By>A34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CB uC6c< : <=2+W=(+& " <t,.B ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A*wW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY> ,.B ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<SH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<8K)&)B4<7,.(
W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBU>A*w,TC&GiC<=ByW=E4(?iC<t&)B + uC6t&G>A3>A34<S<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBH4(+*CHM<=(?> # q
fS34<gW=E4(?iC<g&)2y,.2+2+E F < : >A* " < HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+&[=Z < : ,.BI,.K # >A&)W7,.K)K # *C( "$# 2+* F <g,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB
2+E4W@3 ,.2yW=E " &)Wg2+H4K)&)B4<=2=q fS34< F ,.&)B * " +! <=WY>A&GiC<D&)2 >A* : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< >A34< : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB *.Lt>A34<
B4* : <=28&)B_>A34<HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(c2+HI,.W=<2+E4W@3g>A3I,5>c>A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)2c,.W@34&)<YiC< : q fS34<(+<=2+E4KG>A2

,.(+<Q34*z6c<YiC<=( 2+34*z6tBDLN*C(8>A34<QW7,.2+< % n *CB4K # q
9
wx &GiC<=B ,.B <=(+(+*C(=u$6c< W=* F H4Ed>A< 2+E4W@3 >A3I,5> &)2 <=R/EI,.Ks>A*Q>A34<'2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(=ud,.B :
TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<gB4* : <=2y2+E4W=W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # 2?>@,.(?>A&)B4TaLN(+* F ,.B &)B4&G>A&J,.K HM*C&)B$> ] ( ] ( e ] ( e+e
] m ] m e ] ( e+eQ2+E4W@3 >A3I,5> LN*C(,.K)\>A34< <=K)< F <=B$>A2U>A* " < TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : q|fS34<
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB LN*C( F E4KJ,ULN*C ( ( us,yTC<=B4<=(A,.K)[& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.L ] 9 q =Y>$ec>A* % : & F <=B42+&)*CB42=ud&)2
] 9 q M >$e
( ( ] ( ( =e
6t34<=(+< &)B : &)W7,5>A<=28>A34<QB/E F " <=(t*.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=u k&)2t, HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<(+<7,.K1B/E F " <=(',.B :
n
] 9 qM O e
] (
(
=
e

fS34<2+<=W=*CB : >A<=( F &)B_>A34<2+R/EI,.(+<(+*X*.> F , #_" < (+< F *ziC< : LN*C(c2?>A(+&)WY>AK # W=*CB$iC< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q L
&G>8&)2 : <=2+&)(+< : >A* 3I,7iC<Q, E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : 2+HI,.W=&)B4T &)B >A34<(+<=TC&)*CB 6t34<=(+<>A34<W=E4(?iC<w&)2cK)&)B4<7,.(=u
6c< F , # 2+<Y>
] 9 qQP m e

< dH n
6t34<=(+< &)2 ,tE42+<=( 2+HM<=W=&GOI< : W=*CB42?>@,.B$>P>A3I,5>PK)& F &G>A2M>A34< &)B IE4<=B4W=< *.Ld>A34&)2P,.(?>A&GOIW=&J,.K.W=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<
&)Bk>A34<(+<=TC&)*CBk6t34<=(+< 2+E4W@3 W=*C(+(+<=WY>A&)*CBa&)2'B4*.> : <=2+&)(+< : qG'fS34<OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC< ] (+e86t&)K)K " <

;B
;B
;B
;B

Nn M O
W=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# , 2+& F H4K)<W=<=B$>A(A,.K : & <=(+<=B4W=<wLN*C( F E4KJ,du
] 9 qQP n e
] ( =e ] ( se l ] ( se
6t&G>A3 n q m ^ PXqfS34<y&)B4&G>A&J,.K TCE4<=2+2Q&)2Q,.KG68, # 2w2+<Y>Q>A* " < ( ] ( ( e ,.2+2+E F &)B4T >A34<
W=E4(?iC<&)2SK)*XW7,.K)K # R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WwLN*C( m us,.B : >A* " < m mCmdn ,.2', 2+34<=<=( TCE4<=2+2tLN*C( m q fS34<
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBg&)28>@,.-.<=BD>A* " <QW=*CB$iC<=(+TC< : 6t34<=B

] 9 Qq P l e
n fp
6t34<=(+<|f p &)2_2+<Y> >A* " < n q m ^ m =du >A3/E42 ,.K)K)*z6t&)B4T m q n <=(+(+*C(=q fS34<|H4(+*XW=<=2+2_6t&)K)K " <
>A<=( F &)BI,5>A< : 6t34<=B , B4<Y6 B4* : <k< dW=<=< : 2 ( n q fS34<|B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)B 6t&)K)K " <
: <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : &)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>AK # u8,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<g>A34<kB4* : ,.Kci.,.K)E4<=2 W7,.B " <k,.2+2+&)TCB4< : "$# >A34<
TC&GiC<=BkHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CBk,5>S>A34<U<=B : *.L >A34<UB4* : <QTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CBkH4(+*XW=<=2+2=q8fS34<,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2
2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : ,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
n q\W=* F H4Ed>A< "$# n l.m LN*C(', : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C(
l q\2+<Y.> ( ( ] ( ( e ] ( m mCmdn LN*C( m e
=dq\W=* F H4Ed>A<U,yB4<Y6 K)*XW7,5>A&)*CB ( "$# ] 9 q M >$e
M q\&GL ] 9 Qq P l e8&)2SB4*.>t2A,5>A&)2?OI< : uITC*y>A* =
PXq\&GL ( n u4TC*y>A* l ] 0'< X>'B4* : <ze q
q\W@34*X*C2+<w>A34<QB4* : <U,5> ( n o\<=B : *.LP>A34<QB4* : < TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CBDH4(+*XW=<=2+2=q
Xq ,.2+2+&)TCB ] (+eS,5> ,.K)KM>A34<QB4* : <=2tTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : q
B_>A34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A2 >A3I,5> LN*CK)K)*z6QuC>A34<'<=B : HM*C&)B$> 3I,.2 " <=<=B W@34*C2+<=Bg,.2 LN*CK)K)*z6t2=q fS34<'KJ,.2?> B4* : <
TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : uc>A34<D*CB4<D>A3I,5>_< dW=<=< : 2 ( n u 6t&)K)K " < F *ziC< : >A* ( n &GL'>A34<D2+[& Z=<k*.L'>A34<
<=K)< F <=B$> : <YOIB4< : "$# ( n ,.B : >A34<QH4(+<YiX&)*CE42'B4* : <Q&)2STC(+<7,5>A<=(S>A3I,.B l.m *.L &G>A2SH4(+<YiX&)*CE42
<=K)< F <=B$>t2+[& Z=<.q >A34<=(?6t&)2+<.u4>A34<QH4(+<YiX&)*CE42tB4* : <w6t&)K)K " < F *ziC< : >A* ( n q

;B
;B
;B
;B
;B

;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
5"9
;B
:

;B

:
;B
5"9
nPm

0
%#

nn qq mm ^^ $mm Ml $M m Xl qQq MP M qq m YnCOn ^^ mm =P OO qq OOY=OYOl ^^ mm =P l qq mm P =C=C^^ m$m =l
n q m ^ m =Y> M n q l Xq M$mYO ^ m n q mCmCm ^ m l q n#OYO ^ m P
f , " K)< 9 q M o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] ,$e o l q

0
%#

nn qq mm ^^ m$m Ml n =n PP PXl qq >l On qq mdO n >CO ^^ m$m lP nn qq ml C> m ^^ m$m Ml=dn qq nNMYl M=C^^ mdm =n
n q m ^ m n =Y= n q n q mCmCm ^ m n q m M >C^ m =dq > =C^ m P
f , " K)< 9 Qq PXo ^ 4, F H4K)< ] " e o =dq
:

:

:

:

+
< W=*CB42+& : <=(Q>A34<_W7,.2+< %+ n uP& q <.qg,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB *.LcLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42U&)B *CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CB q
0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K >A<=2?>A2S6c<=(+<UHM<=(?LN*C( F < : LN*C(8>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TLN*CE4( : & <=(+<=B$>SLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q
] ,$e ( ] n e n n
6t&G>A3 m m M ,.B : m
] " e ] ( m PCe ] n > (+e ] n l e n n
6t&G>A3 m mdn
,.B : = P
] Wzec>@,.B43 l.m ] ( m PCe
] : e nzm l.m n M$mCm ] ( m Ce
] ,$e &)2[, 2?>A(+&)WY>AK # W=*CB$iC< yLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB uC,.B : ] " e 3I,.2\, 2+&)B4TCK)<c&)B I<=WY>A&)*CBHM*C&)B$>\,.B : ,.K)2+* < d34& " &G>A2
,DKJ,.(+TC< i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB B4<7,.( ( m q ] Wze&)2Q2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)Wy6t&G>A3 ,k2+&)B4TCK)<y&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>U&)B >A34<
F & :4: K)<.us,.B : ] : eS3I,.2t> 6c* &)B I<=WY>A&)*CBkHM*C&)B$>A2=qS^ 4, F H4K)<=2 ] Wzet,.B : ] : et,.(+<Q>@,.-.<=B|LN(+* F P q
<Q2+<Y> m LN*C(t,.K)KM>A34<QW7,.2+<=2=q
fS34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A2c,.(+<t2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : &)B_f , " K)< 9 q M >A* 9 q 6t34<=(+< &)2[>A34<'2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(=u
&)2 >A34<D>A*.>@,.KtB/E F " <=(_*.LB4* : <=2=u %# U&)2 >A34<|,.(+&G>A3 F <Y>A&)WD,7iC<=(A,.TC<|*.L >A34<|B/E F " <=(+2_*.L
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42 >A*OIB : >A34<B4< X>tB4* : <.u &)2c>A34<w,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C(8W=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# >A34<
5"9
5"9

5

5

5"9

!@
: D

:
nPn

0
%#

nn qq mm ^^ m$m Ml nzmn Ml =Yn =dqq Ml PXXqqQ>P m m.^^ mm =P nn qq mmCM/mdln ^^ m$m Ml
n q m ^ m nzm$l >dq >dq > OYO ^ m n q mCmdn ^ m
f , " K)< 9 q o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] Wze o >dq

0
%#

nn qq mm ^^ mdm =n l =l MP nzm Qqq MP OO qq MO >Y=C>C^^ m$m Ml nn qq mm >=YM=C^^ mdm =n
n q m ^ m P l = 9l M =dq M O q OYO =C^ m n q mCm =C^ m P
f , " K)< 9 q Xo ^ 4, F H4K)< ] : e o M q

:

:
=dq := nCn ^ m$l

Xq O = m ^ m M
>dq m$l ^ m

=dq : > P.^ mdn

M q $l .^ m =
M q Cm ^ m P

O4iC<DHM*C&)B$> xQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< LN*C( F E4KJ,du &)2>A34< F , d& F E F *.Lt>A34<gK)*XW7,.Kc,7iC<=(A,.TC<

<=(+(+*C(=uI& q <.q ] ( Pe us,.B : OIBI,.K)K # &)2 <=(+(+*C(S*CB|, E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : *.L
>A34< 2A, F < 2+[& Z=<.q_fS34< ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42W=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A< : ,.(+< 2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+<=2 9 q >A* 9 q nzm q
fS34< (+<=2+E4KG>A2UW=*CBdOI( F >A3I,5>Q>A34<_2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(+2,.(+< ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # ,.W@34&)<YiC< : < dW=<=Hd>LN*C(
^ 4, F H4K)<=2 ] ,$eQ,.B : ] " e6t34<=(+<_>A34< ,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C(+2,.(+< 2 F ,.K)K)<=(>A3I,.B < dHM<=WY>A< : qkfS34&)2
3I,.H4HM<=B42 " <=W7,.E42+< *.Lc>A34<yiX&)*CKJ,5>A&)*CB|*.L >A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)B >A34< KJ,.2?>Q<=K)< F <=B$>7q ` &)B4W=<
>A34<yLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42U,.(+< ,.K F *C2?>wK)&)B4<7,.(B4<7,.( ( n &)B " *.>A3 W7,.2+<=2=u >A34< H4KJ,.W=< F <=B$>Q*.Lc>A34< KJ,.2?>
B4* : <'&)2 iC<=( # K)&)-.<=K # >A*UTC&GiC<,Q2 F ,.K)K)<=( <=(+(+*C( LN*C(\>A34< KJ,.2?> <=K)< F <=B$>7q B : <=< : ud6c<'LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>
&GL16c<w< dW=K)E : < : >A34<KJ,.2?>S<=K)< F <=B$>86t34<=BDW=* F H4Ed>A&)B4T>A34<w<=(+(+*C(=uX>A34<Q,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C(+286c<=(+<
iC<=( # W=K)*C2+< >A*>A34<2+HM<=W=&GOI< : i.,.K)E4<=2=q B4*C( F *.L1>A34<K)*XW7,.K ,7iC<=(A,.TC<<=(+(+*C(+2S,.(+<W=* F HI,.(+< :
6t&G>A3 q 9 TC*X* : ,.TC(+<=< F <=B$>yW7,.B " <g2+<=<=B LN*C(<YiC<=( # W7,.2+<.q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34< *CB4K #
B4*C( F &)2 TC&GiC<=B 34<=(+<.uS>A34<ki.,.K)E4<=2 : * B4*.>_i.,.( # 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # *ziC<=( >A34<|<=K)< F <=B$>A2=ut,.T$,.&)B
< dW=<=Hd> LN*C(Q>A34< KJ,.2?><=K)< F <=B$>7u : E4<_>A*k>A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB q <=(+(+*C(+2U*CB >A34< E4B4&GLN*C( F
TC(+& : *.L >A34<2A, F <U2+[& Z=<=2 ,.(+<UTC&GiC<=BkLN*C('W=* F HI,.(+&)2+*CBkH4E4(+HM*C2+<=2=&q Ba,.K)K >A34<UW7,.2+<=2=u &G>'&)2'2+<=<=B
>A3I,5>w< X>A(A,g*C( : <=(+2w*.L F ,.TCB4&G>AE : < (+< : E4WY>A&)*CB 3I,.2 " <=<=B ,.W@34&)<YiC< : q B4* : < &)2E42+EI,.K)K # , LN<Y6
&)B_K)*XW7,.K)K # W=*CB$iC< (+<=TC&)*CB42=uX,.B : F *C(+<t&)B >A34<'B4<=&)TC3 " *C(+34*X* : *.L1&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2=q 9 2c2+<=<=B
&)B|>A34<>@, " K)<=2=uM>A34<y,7iC<=(A,.TC< B/E F " <=(*.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42 : <=W=(+<7,.2+<=2w6t&G>A3|>A34< B/E F " <=(*.L B4* : <=2

:

:

nPl
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
x(t)
x(t)
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0.1
)& TCE4(+< 9 q Xo ^m M 4q , F H4K)< ] ,$e q n q m ^ % &)TCE4(+< 9 q >do ^m$l 4, F H4K)< ] " e q n q m ^

&)B4W=(+<7,.2+< : ,.2U6c< < dHM<=WY>A< : q ^\2+HM<=W=&J,.K) # uP&)B >A34<_OI(+2?> < 4, F H4K)<_6t34&)W@3 &)2 ,|W=*CB$iC< W7,.2+<.u
>A34<yB/E F " <=(w*.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBa,.H4H4(+*$,.W@34<=2Q*CB4< ,.2>A34<yB/E F " <=(w*.L B4* : <=2w&)B4W=(+<7,.2+<=2=u 6t34&)W@3 &)2
W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>86t&G>A3 *CE4(8* " 2+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CB &)B_>A34<KJ,.2?>82+<=WY>A&)*CB q ` & F &)KJ,.( " <=3I,7iX&)*C(8&)2 * " 2+<=(?iC< : ,.K)2+*
&)B>A34<S2+<=W=*CB : < 4, F H4K)<8,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 = 68,.2\E42+< : >A* : <7,.Kd6t&G>A3y,.By&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>7q[0'*.>A<
,.K)2+*w>A3I,5> >A34<tB/E F " <=( *.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42\&)2\KJ,.(+TC<8LN*C( ,QKJ,.(+TC< 6t34&)W@3 ,.T$,.&)B &)2\W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$> 6t&G>A3
*CE4(S* " 2+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CBk&)B >A34<QKJ,.2?>t2+<=WY>A&)*CB q
Bk2+* F <Q,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42=uX&G> F , # " < : <=2+&)(+< : >A*yW7,.Hd>AE4(+<w>A34<Q<=B : HM*C&)B$>t,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # q %I*C(
&)B42?>@,.B4W=<.uM,.2t2+34*z6tB|&)B % &)TCE4(+< 9 q O uI>A34<wLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBk&)2S2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W6t&G>A3k(+<=2+HM<=WY>'>A* m P
" Ed> >A34< TC(+& : &)2'B4*.>R/E4&G>A<2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W.u ,.B : *CB4< F &)TC3$>'6t&)2+3|>A* 3I,7iC<y, 2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)WUTC(+& : q
B4<_68, # >A* : *|>A34&)2U&)2U>A*a,.H4H4K # ,k2+34*X*.>A&)B4Tk>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<g2+E4W@3 ,.2U>A34< *CB4< H4(+*CHM*C2+< : "$#
vw<Y> Z=2+W@34<=( ,.B : %I*C(?>A3 P l &)Bg,y(+<=KJ,5>A< : W=*CB$>A< X>7q 9 Bk,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : " ,.2+< : *CB >A34&)2
& : <7,y&)2SH4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : &)B 9 H4HM<=B : & k{ q
%
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
:

:

8 8 K 9 :

Sf 34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)Bk>A34< KJ,.2?>2+E " 2+<=WY>A&)*CBa68,.22+34*z6tB >A* " < W7,.HI, " K)<*.L H4(+*
: E4W=&)B4TQ,34&)TC34K # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<SH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<SK)&)B4<7,.([,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB u56t&G>A3 ,2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(=u.>A*
nP=
1
20
0.8
18
0.6
16
0.4
14
0.2
x(t)
x(t)
12
0
10
0.2
8
0.4
6
0.6
4
0.8
2
1
&)TCE4(+< 9 q O o ^m$l 4, F H4K)< ] Wze q

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
:
0
0
n qm ^
&)TCE4(+< 9 q nzm o ^ 4, F H4n K)< q m ^ mdn
0.2
0.4
0.6
:
0.8
]: e q
U, -/B4*z6tB LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q 9 "$# H4(+* : E4WY>S&)2 ,.Bg,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< <=2?>A& F ,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,.KI*.L >A34<'LNE4B4W
>A&)*CB q\{cEd>t,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<wH4(+< : &)WY>A&)*CB *.L >A34<w<=(+(+*C(8W7,.B4B4*.> " < F , : <&)B >A34&)28W7,.2+<.us,.B : *CB4K # >A34<
E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : *.L\>A34<<=(+(+*C( W7,.B " <2+HM<=W=&GOI< : q fS34< (+<=2+E4KG>A2 2+34*z6;>A3I,5> >A34< F <Y>A34* : TC&GiC<=2
<=(+(+*C(+2UK)*z6c<=(Q>A3I,.B u " Ed>2+E _W=&)<=B$>AK # W=K)*C2+< >A*4u >A34<_2+HM<=W=&GOI< : E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : LN*C(QH4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K
H4E4(+HM*C2+<=2=q
9
bc*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # ` W@3$68,.( Zy&)B4<=R/EI,.K)&G> # l P u

] 9 qQP =$e
! ] (+e ] (+e ( ] (+e ] (+e
6t34<=(+< ] (+e ,.B : ] (+eP,.(+<cW=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42PLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 &)B sq[p1<Y> ] (+e ] (+e ] (+e ,.B : ] (+e n u
6t34<=(+< ] (+ew&)2,D-/B4*z6tB LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB 6c<_6t&)2+3 >A*k&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A< ,.B : ] (+e &)2U,kH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<_K)& B4<7,.(
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB >A* ] (+e u4>A34<=BD6c<U3I,7iC<
] 9 qQP M e
! ] (+e ] (+e ( ] (+e ] (+e

nPM
fS34< B$l>A<=qQPTCm(A,5^ >A &)m *C= Bk^\(+(+*C( fS34<h'H4HMn <=q ('m ^ {c *Cm$E4l B : ] e 0
q
^
m M
M q nNM ^ m P
n
m
M$m
PXqQP l ^ m
=Y> M
n qm ^ m
f , " K)< 9 q >do ^ 4, F H4K)< ] ,$e o l q
fS34< B$>A>d<=qTCm (A.,5^ >A&) *C= Bk^\(+(+*C( fS34<Uh'H4HMn <=q ('m ^ {c *Cm$E4l B : ] e n 0 P
XXqq >> ll ^^ P
nn qq mm ^^ mm M
nn =Y== P
f , " K)< 9 q O o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] " e o =dq
6t34&)W@3 " <=W=* F <=2=u "$# ] 9 q l PCe u
] 9 qQPYPCe
! ] (+e ( ! ] (+e (
n ( &
fS34<k&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K8*.L ] (+e u >A3I,5> &)2 <7,.2+&)K # W=* F H4Ed>@, " K)< "$# >A34<g>A(A,.HM<;Z=*C& : ,.K8(+E4K)<.u " <=&)B4T *CE4(
B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KI,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB>A*w>A34<S< 4,.WY> &)B$>A<=TC(A,.K u.>A34<tK)<YL >\3I,.B : 2+& : <S(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2cH4(+<=W=&)2+<=K #
>A34< <=(+(+*C(*.L >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB qfS34<=B u1>A34<y, " *ziC<y&)B4<=R/EI,.K)&G> # 2+34*z6t2>A3I,5>>A34<y&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB
<=(+(+*C('&)2 " *CE4B : < : "$# >A34< <=(+(+*C('<=2?>A& F ,5>A<.u us6t&G>A3|,_HM*C2+2+& " K)<U2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( <=(+(+*C(=q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uC6t&G>A3 >A34<S,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A3I,5>[W7,.ByW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY> ] (+e LN*C([,TC&GiC<=B u.6c<SW7,.By2+HM<=W=&GL #
>A34< E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : *.L >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(w6t&G>A34&)B >A34< 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(Q>A(+E4B4W7,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(=q
fS34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4TQ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2 ,.B_, : ,.Hd>A&GiC<t2?>A<=H 2+[& Z=<tW=*CB$>A(+*CK4>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<tLN*C([>A34<S>A(A,.HM;< Z=*C& : ,.K
(+E4K)<.q
fS34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2Q< 4,.WY>AK # >A34< 2A, F < ,.2 " <YLN*C(+< < dW=<=Hd>U>A3I,5>Q>A34< KJ,.2?>QB4* : <.u & q <.q >A34<
*CB4< >A3I,5>Q< dW=<=< : 2 ( n u1&)2w,.KG68, # 2QH4E4K)K)< : : *z6tB >A* ( n >A*k,7iC*C& : ,.B &)B4W=(+<7,.2+<y&)Ba>A34<
E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : uX,.B : >A3I,5> >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<'(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4TUH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.([LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB
F E42?> " <wHM<=(?LN*C( F < : ,5>S>A34<Q<=B : *.LP>A34<QH4(+*XW=<=2+2=q
n q\W=* F H4Ed>A< "$# n l.m LN*C(', : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C( " *CE4B :
:

:

:

:

:

:
;B
;B
;B
;B
5"9
:
;B

:
n PYP
fS34< B$>AM <=qTCmY(AO ,5^ >A&) *CM Bk^\(+(+*C( fS34<Uh'H4HMn <=q ('m ^ {c *Cm$E4l B : ] e 0
PXq nCn ^
q
^
m M
n
m
z
n
m
M
M q dn ^ >
n qm ^ m
nzm$l
f , " K)< 9 q nzm o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] Wze o >dq
fS34< B$X>A<=q M TC.(A,5^ >A &)m$*Cl Bk^\(+(+*C( fS34<Uh'H4HMn <=q ('m ^ {c *CmdE4n B : ] e l 0 P
>dq m P.^ m M
q
^
m =
=M
n
m
l
>dq m .^ m
n qm ^ m P
l = l9M
f , " K)< 9 q nCn o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] : e o M q
=dq\W=* F H4Ed>A<U,yB4<Y6 K)*XW7,5>A&)*CB ( "$# ] 9 q M >$e
M q\&GL ] 9 qQP l e8&)2SB4*.>t2A,5>A&)2?OI< : uITC*y>A* =
PXq\&GL ( n u4TC*y>A* l ] 0'< X>'B4* : <ze q
q\2+<Y.> ( n o <=B : *.LP>A34<QB4* : < TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CBDH4(+*XW=<=2+2=q
Xq ,.2+2+&)TCB ] (+eS,5> ,.K)KM>A34<QB4* : <=2tTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : uM,.B : W=* F H4Ed>A<w>A34<Q&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K ] (+e ( q
:

:

;B

;B

;B
+
D< W=*CB42+& : <=(yB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K)K # &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4T *ziC<=( >A34< LN*CE4( LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42yE42+< : &)B >A34<DKJ,.2?>
2+<=WY>A&)*CB q fS34<=2+< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 W7,.B " <a&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A< : < 4,.WY>AK # *ziC<=( sut,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<|6c< W7,.B
W=* F H4Ed>A<>A34<Q,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C(+2t*.L >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB q[fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2t,.(+<w2+E F_F ,.(+&[Z=< :
&)B f , " K)<=2 9 q >du 9 q O u 9 q nzm ,.B : 9 q nCn &)B 6t34&)W@3 >A34<D,.WY>AEI,.KS&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(=u & q <.q >A34<
K)<YL >y3I,.B : 2+& : <g*.L ] 9 Qq PYPCe u >A34<gE4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : 6c<D2+HM<=W=&GOI< : uc,.B : >A34<gB/E F " <=( *.L'B4* : <=2
TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : ,.(+< 2+34*z6tB LN(+* F >A34<yK)<YL >7q %I*C( LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 ] ,$e u ] " e u1,.B : ] : e u 6c<y2+<=<y>A3I,5> >A34<
&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K)2_,.(+<giC<=( # ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # <=2?>A& F ,5>A< : 6t&G>A3 >A34<|<=(+(+*C(+2 >A3I,5> ,.(+<k2 F ,.K)K)<=( >A3I,.B " Ed>
iC<=( # W=K)*C2+<>A*y>A34<w2+HM<=W=&GOI< : E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : 2=u46t34&)W@3 : < F *CB42?>A(A,5>A<>A34<w< <=WY>A&GiC<=B4<=2+2 *.L >A34<
F <Y>A34* : q Bk>A34<U< 4, F H4K)< ] Wze uM*CBk>A34<U*.>A34<=('3I,.B : uI>A34<<=(+(+*C(+2t6c<=(+<ULN*CE4B : >A* " <,.KG68, # 2

nP
B4<7,.(+K # > 6c*a*C( : <=(+2 *.L F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <_2 F ,.K) <=(>A3I,.B >A34< E4H4HM<=( " *CE4B : 2=u " Ed>>A34&)2 : *X<=2B4*.>
F <7,.Ba>A3I,5>6c< TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : F *C(+< B4* : <=2w>A3I,.B B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # qyfS34&)2w&)2w, 2+HM<=W=&J,.K[W7,.2+<.o "$# >A34<
2 #XF_F <Y>A( # *.Ld>A34< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB uC,tKJ,.(+TC< HI,.(?>P*.L4>A34< R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< <=(+(+*C(PW7,.B4W=<=KX*CEd>7q > &)2 <7,.2 # >A*
2+34*z6 >A3I,5> ,HM<=(?LN<=WY>AK # 2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)WcH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<SK)&)B4<7,.([,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBTC&GiC<=2 >A34<S< 4,.WY>[i.,.K)E4<
*.L[>A34<U&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB ] Z=<=(+*/eSLN*C(',.B # B/E F " <=('*.L\B4* : <=2=qSfS34< ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42SW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A< :
"$# >A34<w,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F ,.(+<.ud34*z6c<YiC<=(=usB4*.>8HM<=(?LN<=WY>AK # 2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W ] 2+<=< % &)TCE4(+< 9 q O e q\fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u
>A34< # : *kB4*.>UTC&GiC<y>A34<_< 4,.WY>Qi.,.K)E4<.u " Ed>UiC<=( # 2 F ,.K)K[<=(+(+*C(+2 : E4<y>A*|,DKJ,.(+TC<yW7,.B4W=<=K)KJ,5>A&)*CB
>A3I,5>t2?>A&)K)K W7,.BD*XW=W=E4(=q

8 8 " E - E "E

> &)2_6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tB >A3I,5>_>A34<a2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.LU,.B % % 2 # 2?>A< F *.Lw*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42\&)2\,*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.Kd2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)B + ] *C([>A34<S2+* W7,.K)K)< : H43I,.2+<t2+HI,.W=<zeP6t&G>A3
&G>A21&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$> i.,.(+&J, " K)<\,.2 ,SHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(=q <\W=*CB42+& : <=(P,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4Tc>A34&)212+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK :
"$# ,H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<SK)&)B4<7,.([W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42[LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34< F <Y>A34* : *CK)*CT # &)2 " ,.2+&)W7,.K)K # >A34<
2A, F <U,.2t>A34<UH4(+<YiX&)*CE42=uI6c<B4*z6 B4<=< : >A*_W=*CB42+& : <=('B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K12+W@34< F <=2'>A3I,5>'H4(+* : E4W=<Q>A34<
B4* : ,.K ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBa2+&)B4W=< >A34< HI,.(A, F <Y>A<=(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2wB4*.>
-/B4*z6tB q
9
< W=*CB42+& : <=(t,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4TQ>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F ,.B4&GLN*CK : *.L ,.B% %a2 # 2?>A< F *.LP*C( : &)BI,.( #
: & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u
]
9
2 ]( (+e ] 2 (+e
QP e
q

6t34<=(+< 2 ] (+e ] ] (+e ] (+e+eP,.B : ] 2 (+e ] ] 2 (+e ] 2 (+e+e16tG& >A3 2+E4&G>@, " K)<c&)B4&G>A&J,.K
W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42=u "$# ,yH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<UK)&)B4<7,.(8W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42SLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u
] (+e+e
] 9 qQP Ce
] (+e ] ] (+e

nP
xw&GiC<=B , : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C(=u 2?>@,.(?>A&)B4T|LN(+* F >A34< &)B4&G>A&J,.K[HM*C&)B$> ] ] m e ] m e+e u 6c<g,.(+<
TC*C&)B4Tw>A*UOIB : >A34< TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 2+E4W=W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # "$# >A34< B4* : <'TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F E42+&)B4TQ>A34<
(+&)TC3$> 3I,.B : 2+& : < >A*UW=* F H4Ed>A<t>A34<'OI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2=q[fS34<,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2 < 4,.WY>AK # >A34<'2A, F <
,.2 " <YLN*C(+<y< dW=<=Hd>U>A3I,5>w6c< B4<=< : >A*gW=* F H4Ed>A< >A34< B4* : ,.K i.,.K)E4<=2 "$# ,gB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K[2+W@34< F <
>A34&)2 >A& F <a,5>D<YiC<=( # &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB LN*C( ( q fS34< TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB H4(+*XW=<=2+2D6t&)K) " <a>A<=( F &)BI,5>A< :
6t34<=B , B4<Y6B4* : <k< dW=<=< : 2 ( n m ,.B : >A34<|B4* : <kW=K)*C2+<=2?>_>A* >A34<k<=B : HM*C&)B$> 6t&)K)K " <
F *ziC< : >A* >A34< <=B : HM*C&)B$>7q 9 BI,5>AE4(A,.KPW@34*C&)W=< *.L\>A34< 2+W@34< F <6c*CE4K : " <U>A34< W=KJ,.2+2+&)W7,.K M >A3
*C( : <=(rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@, F <Y>A34* : us6t34&)W@3 F ,.-.<=2'>A34<<=(+(+*C('<=2?>A& F ,5>A<U2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<.q
%I*C(D2 F *X*.>A32+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=u'>A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2D< dHM<=WY>A< : >A* H4(+* : E4W=< B4* : ,.Kwi.,.K)E4<=2k,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<
<=B4*CE4TC3 LN*C([*CE4(\H4E4(+HM*C2+<.q %'*z6c<YiC<=(=uXLN*C([2?>A& gH4(+* " K)< F 2=uC>A34<S2+W@34< F <'&)2\B4*.> (+<=W=* F_F <=B : < :
" <=W7,.E42+< *.L &G>A2HM*X*C(2?>@, " &)K)&G> # H4(+*CHM<=(?> # LN*C(2+E4W@3 H4(+* " K)< F 2=q E4(wW@34*C&)W=<y34<=(+<y&)2w, > 6c*
2?>@,.TC< M >A3 *C( : <=( & F H4K)&)W=&G>QrtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,|2+W@34< F <g*.L xQ,.E42+2 p1<=TC<=B : (+< > # HM< 6t34&)W@3 &)2 9
2?>@, " K)< P M q 0'*.>A<|34*z6c<YiC<=(g>A3I,5> 9 2?>@, " K)< F <Y>A34* : 2 : *X<=2 B4*.>gB4<=W=<=2+2A,.(+&)K # & F H4K # 34&)TC3
,.W=W=E4(A,.W # q >A2 ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # : <=HM<=B : 2 *CBD>A34<U2?>A<=H|2+[& Z=< s>A34<UB4* : <QTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB|,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 6t&)K)K
H4KJ, # ,.Bk& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>8(+*CK)<w&)B : <Y>A<=( F &)B4&)B4Ty&G>7q[fS34<,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2S2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : ,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
=dq\W=* F H4Ed>A< ] ( e "$# ,yB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+W@34< F <
M q\W=* F H4Ed>A<U,yB4<Y6 K)*XW7,5>A&)*CB ( "$# ] 9 q M >$e
PXq\W=* F H4Ed>A<QB4<Y6 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ] ( e "$# ,yB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+W@34< F <
q\&GL ] 9 Qq P l e8&)2SB4*.>t2A,5>A&)2?OI< : uITC*y>A* M
Xq\&GL ( n u4TC*y>A* l ] 0'< X>'B4* : <ze q

;B

;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
:
;B
5"9

;B

;B
;B
:

nP>

0
%#

nn qq mm ^^ m$m =l Xl Pnnnzml qQq Pl nn qq mmd>n M.^^ m$m =l nn qq == YM4O =n P.^^ m$m =l
n q m ^ m M l.m P >dQq P n q mCm P.^ m M n q = P m = l ^ m M
f , " K)< 9 q n l o\fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C(8>A34<Q2+W7,.KJ,.(SW7,.2+<.q PXq
0
%# 2

nn qq mm ^^ mdm$ln nCMn M>dqq = On qq =n $P >Cl ^^ m$m$ll >dn qq = mdl >n ^ mdn
n q m ^ m = = M =dQq P n q mdNn M ^ m = l q M .^ mdn
f , " K)< 9 q n =do fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C(8>A34<Q2?>A& 2 # 2?>A< F q l q
L\&G> &)2'-/B4*z6tBa>A3I,5>'>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBD>A<=B : 2'>A* " <=W=* F <K)&)B4<7,.(=uI&)B4W=K)E : &)B4T 6t&)K)K " << <=WY>A&GiC<
,.2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=udH4(+* : E4W=&)B4T_, E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : &)BD2+E4W@3a,y(+<=TC&)*CB q

:

:

:

+
<wOI(+2?>'W=*CB42+& : <=(', 2+W7,.KJ,.(8H4(+* " K)< F u

]( (+e ! m =! 2+&)B ] (+e m = W=*C2 ] (+e ( m n) ] 9 qQP >$e

6t&G>A3 ! ,Py,.B : ] m e n q fS34<Q< 4,.WY>'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBD&)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] 9 qQP O e
] (+e NW=*C2 ] (+e m =\2+&)B ] (+e
` &)B4W=<_>A34&)2U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2U2 F *X*.>A3 uP6c< E42+<_>A34< W=KJ,.2+2+&)W7,.K M >A3 *C( : <=( rtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@, F <Y>A34* :
LN*C(w>A34&)2QH4(+* " K)< F q fS34< F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB ] 9 q l Ce&)2wB4*.>E42+< : 34<=(+< LN*C(Q2+& F H4K)&)W=&G> # u1,.B : &)2
,.K)2+* 2+<Y> Z=<=(+*4q fS34< F <Y>A34* : H4(+* : E4W=< : (+<=2+E4KG>A2_2+34*z6tB &)B f , " K)< 9 q n l q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34<
& F H4(+*ziC< F <=B$>8*.L1>A34<<=(+(+*C(c*ziC<=(c>A34<E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : 2c&)2cB4*.>8& F H4(+<=2+2+&GiC<.uX>A34< : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C(+2
3I,7iC< " <=<=B ,.W@34&)<YiC< : R/E4&G>A< ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # LN*C(U,.K)K >A34< W7,.2+<=2=q 9 2U2+<=<=B &)
B % &)TCE4(+< 9 q nCn u >A34<
B4* : <=2',.(+<QW=*CB4W=<=B$>A(A,5>A< : &)Bg>A34<Q(+<=TC&)*CB4286t34<=(+<Q>A34<QW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<Q&)2S(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC<=K # KJ,.(+TC<.q
fS34<U2+<=W=*CB : >A<=2?>'W7,.2+<Q&)2',y2?>A& l l 2 # 2?>A< F *.L <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S>@,.-.<=BkLN(+* F = O q
] 9 q Cm e
( ] (+e OYO > #n OYO >

nPO
1
0.8
1.5
0.6
0.4
x , x
0.5
x(t)
0.2
0.2
0
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.8
1
1
0
&)TCE4(+< 9 q nCn o K)0'EdE>A&)F *CB4<=2(+&)W7,.LNK *C( ,.B : >A34<<4,.WY2+>kW7,.2+KJ,.* ( % &)TCE4(+< 9 q n l o K)0'EdE>A&)F *CB4<=2(+&)W7LN,.*CK( ,.>AB 34: < < 2?4>A&,.WY>k2 #2+* 2
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q n q m ^ m =
>A< F q n q m ^ m =
]
( ] (+e OYOYO n#OYOYO
9
q
e
d
n

6t&G>A3 >A34<'&)B4&G>A&J,.KdW=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42 ] m e n ,.B : ] m e m q[fS34<'< 4,.WY>c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<tTC&GiC<=B "$#
] 9 q $l e
l
<y6t&)K)K W=* F H4Ed>A<y>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB E4H >A* ( n qyfS34<_B4* : ,.K i.,.K)E4<=2U,.(+<yW=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# >A34<
> 6c* 2?>@,.TC< M >A3 *C( : <=( & F H4K)&)W=&G>UrtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,|2+W@34< F <.q 9 2 W7,.B " < 2+<=<=B &)B f , " K)< 9 q n =du
>A34< : <=2+&)(+< : <=(+(+*C(+2 3I,7iC< " <=<=B ,.W@34&)<YiC< : ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # LN*C( ,.K)K\>A34< W7,.2+<=2=u ,.B : ,.K)2+*|B4<7,.(+K #
> 6c*|*C( : <=(+2*.L F ,.TCB4&G>AE : < (+< : E4WY>A&)*CB *.L8>A34<_<=(+(+*C(U*ziC<=(Q>A34< E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : W7,.B " <_2+<=<=B q
fS34<aB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ,.B : >A34<a< 4,.WY>g2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42_LN*C( n q m ^ m = ,.(+<a2+34*z6tB &)B
% &)TCE4(+<=2 9 q n l ,.B : 9 q n =dq <D2+<=<D>A3I,5> >A34<DTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : TC(+& : &)2 iC<=( # 2 F *X*.>A3 &)B42+& : <k,.2
6c<=K)K ,.28*CEd>A2+& : <'>A34<'>A(A,.B42+&)<=B$>8(+<=TC&)*CB q % &)TCE4(+< 9 q Nn M 2+34*z6t28>A34< < 4,.WY>S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] 2+*CK)& : K)&)B4<ze
,.B : >A34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Ks2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] W=&)(+W=K)<=2@e[&)B_>A34< H43I,.2+<2+HI,.W=< 6t34&)W@3 6c<w,.WY>AEI,.K)K # &)B$>A<=B : < : >A*
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<.q >S&)2cW=K)<7,.(+K # 2+<=<=B uI,.2c6c<w< dHM<=WY>A< : u4>A3I,5> F *C(+< B4* : <=2t,.(+< H4KJ,.W=< : " <Y> 6c<=<=B
( m ,.B : ( m q mCm P6t34<=(+<Q>A34<,.(+WQK)<=B4T.>A3kW@3I,.B4TC<=2tiC<=( # (A,.H4& : K # 6t&G>A3D(+<=2+HM<=WY> >A* (c>A3I,.B
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

:
5"9

5"9

:

:
n Cm
t=0
0
1.5
0.2
t=1
x2
x , x
0.4
0.5
0.6
0
0.8
0.5
t=0.005
1
0
&)TCE4(+< 9 q n =do1>AfS3434< < 2+>A*C(AK),.EdB4>A2+&)*C&)<=B4B$2 > 2+(+34<=*zTC6t&)*CB!B &)*.B L % &)TCE4(+< 9 q nNM o1fS,.WY34>t< 2+*CB/K)EdE >AF &)*C<=Bg(+&)W=W7E4,.K(?iC<=,.2'B :&)B >A< 34<
% &)TCE4(+< 9 q n l q
H43I,.2+<Q2+HI,.W=<.q
>A34*C2+< &)B >A34< (+<=2?>*.L8>A34< W=E4(?iC<.u\,.B : >A3I,5>U>A34< B4* : <=2 ,.(+<_W=*CB4W=<=B$>A(A,5>A< : &)B >A34<_HM*C(?>A&)*CB
6t&G>A3DKJ,.(+TC<wW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<QB4<7,.( ( m q mCm PXq
9 OIBI,.K(+< F ,.(+- &)2 *CB < X>A(+< F <=K # 2?>A& H4(+* " K)< F 2=q fS34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 68,.2 >A<=2?>A< : LN*C(
>A34<_2+W7,.KJ,.(UW7,.2+<_6t&G>A3 ! n q m ^ nzm ,.B : n q m ^ mdn q < LN*CE4B : >A3I,5>U>A34< F <Y>A34* :
TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : ,wLN<Y6 B4* : <=2 &)B >A34<t< X>A(+< F <=K # BI,.(+(+*z6 >A(A,.B42+&)<=B$>c(+<=TC&)*CB_,.B : , " *CEd> mCm B4* : <=2
&)B>A34< 2 F *X*.>A3w(+<=TC&)*CB6t34&)W@3U,.(+<[>A*X* F ,.B # u " Ed>1>A3I,5>1>A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 68,.2P,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K #
,.W@34&)<YiC< : *CB >A3I,5>yTC(+& : $q >y2+<=< F 2 >A3I,5> >A34&)2U68,.2yW7,.E42+< : "$# >A34< KJ,.(+TC< <=(+(+*C( &)B ] (+e
H4(+* : E4W=< : "$# >A34< H4(+* : E4WY>w*.L ! ,.B : , 2 F ,.K)KP<=(+(+*C( &)Ba>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q B *.>A34<=( 6c*C( : 2=u
>A34< F <Y>A34* : 2+<=< F 2U>A*|3I,7iC<g,.W@34&)<YiC< : >A34< <=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB "$# , : !+E42?>A&)B4TkB4*.>U>A34< 2?>A<=H
2+[& Z=< " Ed>t>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q %IE4(?>A34<=(S2?>AE : # &)2SB4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # *CBD>A34&)2SH4(+* " K)< F q
t
x 10
0.5
1.5
x1
2.5

:

8 8 0 F- E "E

A> 34&)2 2+<=WY>A&)*CB u 6c< : <=2+W=(+& " <>A34< ,.H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB|*.L\>A34<yB4* : < TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A*
" *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<yH4(+* " K)< F 2LN*C(Q*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K[<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q >U&)26c<=K)K\-/B4*z6tB >A3I,5>
>A34<|H4(+* " K)< F W7,.B " <k>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F < : &)B$>A* > 6c* &)B4&G>A&J,.Kci.,.K)E4<DH4(+* " K)< F 2 iX&J, >A34<|2+34*X*.>A&)B4T
B
n dn
>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<.q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<Q*CE4(',.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F W7,.B " <U,.H4H4K)&)< : !+E42?> ,.2 : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)Bg>A34<wH4(+<YiX&)*CE42
2+<=WY>A&)*CB u " Ed> ,y2+K)&)TC3$> F * : &GOIW7,5>A&)*CB &)2SB4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # q
9
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(',.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T >A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg*.LP>A34<QK)&)B4<7,.( " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<wH4(+* " K)< F u
]
9
( ] (+e ( ] (+e ] (+e ( m )n
q
=$e

6t&G>A3 ] m e ,.B : ] n e u "$# ,aH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+< K)&)B4<7,.(W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] (+e q <
,.2+2+E F <g>A3I,5> ] (+e u ] (+e ,.B : ] (+e,.(+<DW=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42y&)B ,.B : ] (+e m &)B sq fS34<=B >A34<
H4(+* " K)< F 3I,.2t, E4B4&)R/E4<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB P $n q >S&)2c6c<=K)K -/B4*z6tBD>A3I,5>8>A34&)28E4B4&)R/E4<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB W7,.B " <
6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2
]9 q M e
] (+e ] (+e ] n e ] n e ] (+e
6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<w>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB428*.LP>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T $

P $n q
( ] (+e ( ] (+e ] (+e ] m e u
] m e m ] 9 q PCe
]
9
( ] (+e ( ] (+e ] m e m u
] m e n
q
e

fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.ut<7,.W@3 H4(+* " K)< F W7,.B " <|2+*CKGiC< : ut(+<Y6t(+&G>+>A<=B ,.2 , OI(+2?>g*C( : <=( 2 # 2?>A< F u "$# >A34<
,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F : <=2+W=(+& " < : &)B >A34< H4(+<YiX&)*CE42 2+E " 2+<=WY>A&)*CB q > &)234*z6c<YiC<=( & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>Q>A*aB4*.>A&)W=<
>A3I,5>c6c<Q,.(+< &)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A< : B4*.>8&)B >A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F ,.B4&GLN*CK : *.L1>A34<=2+<w2 # 2?>A< F 2 " Ed>8>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
*.L ] 9 q =$e q fS3I,5>y&)2U>A*a2A, # u\6c< 68,.B$> >A* E42+< (w>A* W=* F H4Ed>A< [q > ,.H4HM<7,.(+2
HM*C2+2+& " K)<U>A*gW=* F H4Ed>A< : E4(+&)B4T >A34< &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB|*.L >A34< &)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<H4(+* " K)< F 22+&)B4W=<6c<
3I,7iC<QLN(+* F ] 9 q M e
] n e ] (+e
] 9 q Ce
] (+e ] (+e
]ne
6t34<=(+< (y,.B : (6t34&)W@3 ,.(+<g>A* " <DW=* F H4Ed>A< : >A*CTC<Y>A34<=(y6t&G>A3
,.B : q %'*z6c<YiC<=(=u &G>Q(+<=R/E4&)(+<=2w>A34< -/B4*z6tK)< : TC<_*.L ] n e,.B : ] n e'6t34&)W@3 ,.(+< ,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<

<
<

n $l

0
%# %#

nn qq mm ^^ mdm$lnnzn m nznzmm qq n lCn lPXqq m> nn qq =nzOm MP.^^ mdm$ln =dPXqq m> MPY=CP.^^ mdmdnn
n q m ^ m = M = O q > nCn q n O q OdnNM ^ m M n qQP n >C^ mdn
f , " K)< 9 q nNM o fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2SLN*C( ] 9 q >$e q,PXq
*CB4K # ,5L >A<=(8>A34<U&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB q fS34&)2tK)<7, : 2tE42S>A*_,y> 6c* 2?>A<=H F <Y>A34* : dOI(+2?> 2+*CKGiC<w>A34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.K
i.,.K)E4<UH4(+* " K)< F 2S6t&G>A3 ( u ,.B : 2+<=W=*CB : (+<=HM<7,5> >A34<UW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB
6t&G>A3 ( q Bk>A34<wOI(+2?>'2?>A<=H uI>A34<wLN*XW=E42'&)2S*CBD>A*_,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)B ] e2+HI,.W=< ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # " <=W7,.E42+< 6c<_2+<=<=- ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< i.,.K)E4<=2Q*.L ] n ew,.B :
] n e q B|>A34<2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H uM6c<ULN*XW=E42 *CBa,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4Ty>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBk*.L ] 9 q =$et,.2 &)2
B4*z6;W=* F H4Ed>@, " K)< "$# ] 9 q Ce &q BaTC<=B4<=(A,.K us>A34<TC(+& : 2 TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : &)Bk>A34<U> 6c*g2?>A<=H42W7,.B " <
R/E4&G>A< : & <=(+<=B$>7q\fS34<,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2S2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : ,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
l q 9 H4H4K # >A34<_B4* : <_TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A*D>A34< > 6c*a&)B4&G>A&J,.KPi.,.K)E4< H4(+* " K)< F 2 ] 9 q PCe
,.B : ] 9 q e 6t&G>A3 (
=dq rt<=HM<7,5>t>A34<Q2?>A<=H l 6t&G>A3 ( q
:

:

:
:

+
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T K)&)B4<7,.(8H4(+* " K)< F q

]
( n ( % % 2+&)B ] % (+e W=*C2 ] % (+e ( m n)
9
q
>$e

6t&G>A3 >A34< " *CE4B : ,.( # W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB42 ] m e m ,.B : ] n e n u\,.B : m mCmdn ., B : % n q
9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 ] (+e m ud>A34<=(+<U< d&)2?>A2',yE4B4&)R/E4<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgTC&GiC<=B "$#
] 9 q YO e
] (+e n n
2+&)B ] % (+e

5
5"9
n=
<QE42+<w>A34<> 6c* 2?>@,.TC< M >A3D*C( : <=(t& F H4K)& W=&G>crtE4B4TC< vwEd>+>@,y2+W@34< F <U,.T$,.&)B >A* &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A< >A34<
<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>8&)B4&G>A&J,.K4i.,.K)E4< H4(+* " K)< F 2=q 9 28W7,.B " <2+<=<=BD&)B f , " K)< 9 q Nn M ud&)B 6t34&)W@3%# &)2 >A34<
,7iC<=(A,.TC< *.L8>A34< B/E F " <=(+2*.LS&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42U,5>U>A34<_OI(+2?> 2?>A<=H ,.B : %# ,5>U>A34< 2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H u
>A34< 2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(+2 ,.(+< ,.W@34&)<YiC< : ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<=K # LN*C(U<7,.W@3 W7,.2+<.q B >A34< *.>A34<=(U3I,.B : uP>A34<
<=(+(+*C(+2Q*CB >A34<_E4B4&GLN*C( F TC(+& : 2U,.(+< 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # KJ,.(+TC<=(LN*C(w<7,.W@3 W7,.2+< ,.B : : <=W=(+<7,.2+< iC<=( #
2+K)*z6tK # ,.2y>A34<gTC(+& : &)2y(+<YOIB4< : q fS34<D(+<7,.2+*CB LN*C( >A34<DKJ,5>+>A<=( &)2 >A3I,5> B4* TC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 ,.(+<
H4KJ,.W=< : &)B42+& : <t>A34<BI,.(+(+*z6 (+<=TC&)*CB B4<7,.( ( m <YiC<=Bg6t&G>A3 MYM q % &)TCE4(+<=2 9 q n P,.B : 9 q n
2+34*z6 >A34< < 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,.B : >A34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Kc2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42U* " >@,.&)B4< : ,5>>A34< OI(+2?>_,.B : >A34<
2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H42 (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # u$LN*C( n q m ^ m =duC6t34<=(+<tTC(+& : HM*C&)B$>A2 ,.(+<S&)B : &)W7,5>A< : "$# 2?>@,.(+2
,.2 " <YLN*C(+<.q >8W7,.B " < 2+<=<=BgW=K)<7,.(+K # >A3I,5>c>A34<'> 6c*yTC(+& : 2 : & <=( 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # q 9 2 F <=B$>A&)*CB4< :
<7,.(+K)&)<=(=us>A34&)2 3I,.H4HM<=B42 " <=W7,.E42+<y&)B|>A34<OI(+2?>w2?>A<=H 6c<y2+<=<=-a, TC*X* : ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBD>A* >A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBgW=E4(?iC<U&)B 2+HI,.W=<.usB4*..> ] (+e q 9 KG>A34*CE4TC3 : *X<=2t3I,7iC<, BI,.(+(+*z6 (+<=TC&)*CBg*.L
B4<7,.(+K # >A34<Q2A, F <6t& : >A3DB4<7,.( ( m u4&G>A2 F ,.TCB4&G>AE : <&)2S*.LP>A34<w2A, F <Q*C( : <=(t,.2S>A3I,5>S6t& : >A3 q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34< F <Y>A34* :a: *X<=2B4*.>wH4KJ,.W=< F ,.B # HM*C&)B$>A2 &)B|>A34&)2 (+<=TC&)*CB q 9 >>A34&)2 2?>@,.TC<.u 6c<
LN*CE4B : >A3I,5> =dq = nzm ^ m$l 4>A34<UH4(+<=2+W=(+& " < : <=(+(+*C(t3I,.2 B4*.> " <=<=B ,.W@34&)<YiC< : &q B
>A34<S2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H u$>A34&)2[2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB&)2 F ,.TCB4&GOI< : "$# >A34<8W=*CB42?>@,.B$>

6t34&)W@3y68,.2[LN*CE4B : >A*
" < OYO >,5L >A<=(P>A34< OI(+2?>\2?>A<=H u$,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34<8BI,.(+(+*z6 (+<=TC&)*CB " <=W=* F <=2 iC<=( # & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>7u
>A3/E42 F ,.-/&)B4T_>A34< F <Y>A34* : H4KJ,.W=< F ,.B # B4* : <=2 6t&G>A34&)Ba&G>7q 9 22+34*z6tB &)Baf , " K)< 9 q Nn M us>A34<
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBg>A* TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<<7,.W@3aB4* : <Q>A*X*C- nzm >A* l.m *CBa,7iC<=(A,.TC<U6t&G>A3 PXqSfS34<W@34*C&)W=<U*.L
P68,.2'B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # LN*C(8>A34<Q&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB >A* W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<UB4<7,.(S>A34<Q&)BdLN<=WY>A&)*CBgHM*C&)B$>7q
% &)BI,.K) # 6c< (+< F ,.(+- >A3I,5> >A34< F <Y>A34* : 6c*C(+-/2gLN*C( < X>A(+< F <=K # 2?>A& " *CE4B : ,.( # i.,.K)E4<
H4(+* " K)< F 2=q <|,.H4H4K)&)< : >A34<|,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F >A* >A34<kW7,.2+< n q m ^ nzm 6t&G>A3 n q m ^ mdn
,.B : PXq fS34< ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : lXn &)B$>A<=(+&)*C(gB4* : <=2=uTC&GiX&)B4T >A34< <=(+(+*C(

n q m M P.^ mdn qfS34<y(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T TC(+& : K)*X*C-/2,.K F *C2?> & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K >A* >A34< *CB4< &)B % &)TCE4(+<
9 q n *CEd>A2+& : < >A34< BI,.(+(+*z6 (+<=TC&)*CB u " Ed>3I,.2 F ,.B # F *C(+< B4* : <=2U&)B42+& : <.q_fS34&)2U(+<=2+E4KG>U&)2U,

:

9
9
:
n
M
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
x(t)
x(t)
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
&)TCE4(+< 9 q n PXo1>AfS3434< < <B/4E ,.F WY><=(+&)2+W7*C,.K)KEd>A&)2+*C*CB K)Ed>A,.&)B*C:B % &)TCE4(+< 9 q n o1>AfS3434<S< B/E < F4,.<=WY(+> &)W7,.2+Kd*C2+K)Ed*C>AK)Ed&)*C>AB&)*CB ,.,5B L :
*2?>A" <=>@H ,.q &)B4< : ,5L >A<=(;>A34< OI(+2?>
>A<=(S>A34<Q2+<=W=*CB : 2?>A<=H q
>A*.>@,.KPW=*CB$>A(A,.2?>w>A* >A34<y*CB4<LN*C(, 2?>A& &)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<H4(+* " K)< F F <=B$>A&)*CB4< : &)B|>A34< H4(+<YiX&)*CE42
2+<=WY>A&)*CB qfS34< (+<7,.2+*CBaLN*C('>A34&)2'2+E4W=W=<=2+2QK)&)<=2 &)Bk>A34<L ,.WY> >A3I,5> >A34< <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>&)B4&G>A&J,.K i.,.K)E4<
H4(+* " K)< F 2w,.(+< B4*.>w(+<7,.K)K # 2?>A& ,.B : >A3I,5>>A34<y< <=WY>Q*.L >A34<y2?>A& B4<=2+2Q,.H4HM<7,.(+2w*CB4K # &)B|>A34<
W=*CB42?>@,.B$>

,.B :k: *X<=2tB4*.>', <=WY>t>A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

9
9
'/ #+ ,
A> 34&)2 2?>AE : # uc>A34<Di.,.K)E4<D*.L &)B >A34<|,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 68,.2 O d< : &)B >A34<k<=B$>A&)(+< : * F ,.&)B q
9 KG>A34*CE4TC3aiC<=( # < <=WY>A&GiC<.u &G>6c*CE4K : " < F *C(+< < _W=&)<=B$>U&GL &G>wW=*CE4K : " <yW@3I,.B4TC< : &)B 2+E4W@3 ,
68, # >A3I,5> ,aKJ,.(+TC< i.,.K)E4< &)2y,.2+2+&)TCB4< : B4<7,.( &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2y,.B : l &)2y,.2+2+&)TCB4< : &)B
*.>A34<=(UW=*CB$iC< HI,.(?>7qgfS34&)2U&)2 " <=W7,.E42+<_>A34< KJ,.(+TC<=(w>A34< &)2Q>A34< F *C(+<_&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42Q&G>Q>@,.-.<=2
&)B W=*CB$iC< (+<=TC&)*CB42 6t34<=(+< l &)2 >A34< " <=2?>Qi.,.K)E4<.qUfS34&)26c*CE4K : " <=W=* F < ,.B & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>
&)2+2+E4< 6t34<=B >A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2 ,.H4H4K)&)< : >A* B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(2?>A& *C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.Kc<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
6t34<=(+< >A34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB &)2D(+<=R/E4&)(+< : LN*C(gB4* : ,.Ki.,.K)E4<=2k,.2g6c<=K)K u,.B : ,.K)2+* LN*C(gKJ,.(+TC< 2+W7,.K)<
H4(+* " K)< F 2SLN*C(t6t34&)W@3k>A34<<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)*CBD*.L[>A34<U(+&)TC3$>'3I,.B : 2+& : <U&)2SiC<=( # < dHM<=B42+&GiC<.q %IE4(?>A34<=(
B

nP
2?>AE : # &)2 B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # ,.K)2+*wLN*C( < X>A(+< F <=K # 2?>A& D&)B4&G>A&J,.KXi.,.K)E4<tH4(+* " K)< F 2=u/W=*CB4W=<=(+B4&)B4T ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<
<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)*CB428*.LP>A34<wOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2t*.LP>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=u4& q <.q[>A34<Q(+&)TC3$>S3I,.B : 2+& : <=2=q
bc* F HI,.(+< : 6t&G>A3 B4* : <_, : !+E42?> F <=B$>U,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3 ] p ` jaxUjae u >A34<yB4* : < TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.H
H4(+*$,.W@3 &)2 F *C(+<_< _W=&)<=B$> ,.B : (+* " E42?>7q %'*z6c<YiC<=(=u &)B >A<=( F 2 *.L8>A34< < X>A<=B42+&)*CB >A*a34&)TC34<=(
: & F <=B42+&)*CB u1&G>A2U, " &)K)&G> #|F , # " <_K)& F &G>A< : " <=W7,.E42+<_> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K[2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : 2=u1<=2+HM<
W=&J,.K)K # ,.2'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42t*.L[HI,.(?>A&J,.K : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=usW7,.B4B4*.> " <UW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A< : ,.KG68, # 2 "$#
F ,.(+W@34&)B4TLN(+* F , " *CE4B : ,.( # q BD, :4: &G>A&)*CB uX,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34<< dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CBgLN*C( >A34< <=(+(+*C(8<=2
>A& F ,5>A<83I,.2 ,.K)2+* " <=<=B : <=(+&GiC< : LN*C( ,w>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( <=K)< F <=B$> ] ` <=< 9 H4HM<=B : & bSe u$&G> 2+<=< F 2 >A*X*
W=* F H4K)&)W7,5>A< : LN*C(t,yH4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.K E42+<.qc{cEd>t&G> F , # " <QHM*C2+2+& " K)<>A3I,5>t2+& F H4K)<=(8<=(+(+*C(S<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2
W=*CE4K : " <wLN*CE4B : &)Bg*.>A34<=(tB4*C( F 2=ud6t34&)W@3|&)2SK)<YL >t,.2', LNEd>AE4(+<w6c*C(+-sq

"

!
>A34&)2c,.H4HM<=B : & u4,U2+34*X*.>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : &)2 2?>AE : &)< : >A* W7,.Hd>AE4(+<'>A34< <=B : HM*C&)B$> "$# , : !+E42?>A&)B4T
q fS34<S& : <7, &)2 >@,.-.<=ByLN(+* F P l 6t34<=(+<t,2+34*X*.>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : LN*C(P>A34<SW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)*CBy*.LM,.B
*CHd>A& F E F B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBk&)2'2?>AE : &)< : q B P l us>A34<B4* : <=2w,.(+<TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : 2+E4W=W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K #
2?>@,.(?>A&)B4T LN(+* F , HI,.&)(c*.LPB4* : <=28>A* F &)B4& F [& Z=
< <=(+(+*C(=u4,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<>A34<wHM*C2+&G>A&)*CB *.L >A34<
KJ,.2?>'B4* : < : <=HM<=B : 2E4HM*CBk>A34<W@34*C&)W=<U*.L[>A34<2+<=W=*CB : B4* : <.qtfS34<2+<=W=*CB : B4* : <U&)2t>A34<=B " <
LN*CE4B : "$# >A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBU>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4< *.L1{c(+<=B$N> W 2=uX6t34&)W@3 TCEI,.(A,.B$>A<=<=2 >A3I,5> >A34<'KJ,.2?> B4* : <
&)2 H4KJ,.W=< : ,5> >A34<t2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=B : HM*C&)B$>7q B_>A34&)2 2?>AE : # u/6c<'B4<=< : >A*QOIB : >A34<ti.,.K)E4<t*.L 2+E4W@3
>A3I,5>
B

' ('!$'*+# "!
% )+
/
<W=*CB42+& : <=(cTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)B4T B4* : <=2cLN*C( &)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB_*.LP,ULNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] (+e &)B ( m n)

6t34&)W@3 6t&)K)K8<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A<g>A34<kK)<7, : &)B4T >A<=( F *.L >A34<kK)*XW7,.KS,7iC<=(A,.TC<k<=(+(+*C( ] ` <=< ` <=WY>A&)*CB
9 qM qn e

(
] { q n e

n
n l.m
n l.m
6t34<=(+< ] (+e ( u ( ( ( u ] ( e ] ( =e u
] ( Se ( ( (
] { q l e

(
l
;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
n
,.B : : <=B4*.>A<=2 >A34<'<=K)< F <=B$> : <YOIB4< : "$# > 6c*W=*CB42+<=W=Ed>A&GiC<B4* : <=2=u ( S,.B : ( q[fS34<'B4* : <=2
W7,.B " <'TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : 2+E4W=W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # 2?>@,.(?>A&)B4TQLN(+* F >A34< &)B4&G>A&J,.KdHM*C&)B$> ] ( ] (+e+e ] m ] m e+e[*CB4W=<
6c< 2+HM<=W=&GL # >A34<yi.,.K)E4< *.L [qyp1<Y> : <=B4*.>A<y>A34&)2 : <=2+&)(+< : i.,.K)E4<.u >A34<=B TC&GiC<=B ,gB4* : < ( u
6c< F E42?>SOIB : ( 2+E4W@3k>A3I,5>
] { q =$e
]( e
m
fS34<U&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB LN*C( F E4KJ, H4(+*CHM*C2+< : &)B|bc3I,.Hd>A<=( l &)2
] { q M e
( ( ] ( ( =e
>A34<t2+E4HM<=(+2+W=(+&)Hd> &)B : &)W7,5>A<=2[>A34<tB/E F " <=( *.L &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=u _&)2 ,wHM*C2+&G>A&GiC<t(+<7,.KIB/E F " <=(=q[fS34<
(+*CK)<w*.L |&)2S>A* : , F Hk,.Bk< dW=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # KJ,.(+TC<wW@3I,.B4TC<.us& q <.qc,.Bk< X>A(+< F <=K # 2 F ,.K)K 6t34&)W@3
6t&)K)K4*XW=W=E4( 6t34<=B_>A34<'&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB <=B$>A<=(+28,Q(+<=TC&)*CBy>A3I,5>c&)2\B4<7,.(c,.B_&)B I<=WY>A&)*CB_HM*C&)B$> *C(\6t34<=(+<
>A34<yW=E4(?iC< &)2K)*XW7,.K)K # K)&)B4<7,.(=q < >A<=( F &)BI,5>A<U>A34<y&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBk6t34<=B >A34<y<=R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB|&)2
,.W@34&)<YiC< : 6t&G>A34&)*B = <=(+(+*C(=q\fS34<UB4* : <QTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CBk,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2S2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : ,.28LN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
=dq\W=* F H4Ed>A<U,yB4<Y6 K)*XW7,5>A&)*CB ( "$# ] { q M e
M q\&GL
n n q m ^ m =Xu4TC*y>A* =
PXq\&GL ( n m u4TC*y>A* l ] 0'< X> B4* : <ze q
p1<Y> : <=B4*.>A<S>A34<S>A*.>@,.K4B/E F " <=( *.LMB4* : <=2 TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# >A34<t, " *ziC<',.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F u.&)B4W=K)E : &)B4T
>A34<&)B4&G>A&J,.KsB4* : <.q\fS34<=BDB4*.>A< >A3I,5>86c<Q,.KG68, # 283I,7iC< ( n m q Bg*C( : <=(c>A* F ,.-.<&G>cOIB4&)2+3
,5> ( n u$6c<, : !+E42?>c>A34<ti.,.K)E4<t*.L "$# ,U2+34*X*.>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : q fS34< & : <7,Q&)2 >@,.-.<=B LN(+* F P l
6t34<=(+<_, 2+34*X*.>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : LN*C( >A34<yW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)*CB *.L8,.B *CHd>A& F E F B4* : < : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB
&)2 : <YiC<=K)*CHM< : $q B P l u >A34< B4* : <=2y,.(+< TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : 2+E4W=W=<=2+2+&GiC<=K # 2?>@,.(?>A&)B4TkLN(+* F ,kHI,.&)(U*.L

;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
;B

;B
;B
;B
;B
;B
5"9
;B
;B
:
:

n>
B4* : <=2\>A* F &)B4& F &[Z=< <=(+(+*C(=u/,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<S>A34<tHM*C2+&G>A&)*CB *.LM>A34<SKJ,.2?> B4* : < : <=HM<=B : 2 E4HM*CB
>A34<W@34*C&)W=< *.L[>A34<2+<=W=*CB : B4* : <.q'fS34< 2+<=W=*CB : B4* : < &)2t>A34<=BaLN*CE4B : "$# >A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB
>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<y*.L {c(+<=B$>NW 2=u 6t34&)W@3 TCEI,.(A,.B$>A<=<=2>A3I,5> >A34< KJ,.2?>B4* : < &)2 H4KJ,.W=< : ,5> >A34< 2+HM<=W=&GOI< :
<=B : HM*C&)B$>7q

$ !$)
' $

wx &GiC<=BD, 2+<Y>S*.L B4* : <=2STC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# >A34<B4* : <TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CBD,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F uC6c<wW=*CB42+& : <=(

2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T B4*CB4K)&)B4<7,.(8<=R/EI,5>A&)*CBDLN*C( q
] { qQPCe
( ] e n m m
0'*.>A<g>A3I,5>y>A34&)2y3I,.2 F ,.B # 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 E4B4K)<=2+2 !&)2 O d< : q %I*C( , W=*CB$iC< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u\>A34&)2
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB 3I,.2Q,gE4B4&)R/E4<y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBaLN*C(w, O d< : 2+&)B4W=< ( &)2w, F *CB4*.>A*CB4<LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB *.L
P l qU%'*z6c<YiC<=(Q&G>&)2 B4*.>wTCEI,.(A,.B$>A<=< : LN*C( B4*CB4W=*CB$iC< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=u1,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<6c< ,.K)K)*z6
>A*_W@3I,.B4TC<.u (+<=KJ, d&)B4T >A34<U(+<=R/E4&)(+< F <=B$> LN*C(t>A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB qS{cEd>'>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg6c< 2+<=<=-D&)2
>A34< *CB4<y6t&G>A3 >A34< >A*.>@,.K[B/E F " <=(Q*.LcB4* : <=2QW=K)*C2+<y>A*g>A34<y*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K B/E F " <=( q ` &)B4W=< >A34<
< dH4K)&)W=&G>LNE4B4WY>A&)*CBI,.K (+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42+34&)H " <Y> 6c<=<=B ( ,.B : &)2wB4*.>Q-/B4*z6tB u16c< E42+<y>A34< ` <=W7,.B$>
F <Y>A34* : >A* 2+*CKGiC<U>A34<UH4(+* " K)< F q'xw&GiC<=Ba,.B4*.>A34<=( 2+<Y>*.L\B4* : <=2'6t&G>A3 n mCmCmdn ,.B :
>A34<Q&)B4&G>A&J,.KM*CB4< u46c<w>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<QW=* F H4Ed>A< "$#
( ]
e
n
] { q e

( ]
e ( ] e .

6t34<=(+< % &)2w>A34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB &)B : < TC(+<7,5>A<=(w>A3I,.B > 6c*4u[,.B : 6t34<=B TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< ,.B4*.>A34<=(Q2+<Y>*.L
B4* : <=2c,.B : ,.K)2+*,5> <7,.W@3 &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB u.6c< F * : &GL # >A34<'2?>A<=*H Pw2+E4W@3 >A3I,5> >A34<'B4* : <'TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB
>A<=( F &)BI,5>A<=2 &GL[>A34< B/E F " <=( *.L B4* : <=2(+<7,.W@34<=2 n qfS34< &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CBD6t&)K)K " <>A<=( F &)BI,5>A< :
6t34<=B_>A34<'<=(+(+*C( &)B W7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4Tw>A34<'<=B : HM*C&)B$> " <=W=* F <=2 K)<=2+2 >A3I,.B P *.L >A34<t2+[& Z=<'*.LM>A34<'KJ,.2?>
<=K)< F <=B$>7u
] { q Ce
( ] e n m m m P ( ] e ( ] e

:
9
5"9
5"9
5"9
57:
5"9
57:

5"9
n YO
>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB
O

=dq P m M ^ m =
nn qq mm ^^ m$m Ml M$m
= M$m q l > n l ^ m P
n q m ^ m =Y>Y=
M =Y>Y= Xq = P.^ m
f , " K)<U{ q n >Ao <=(A^ ,54>A,&)*CF B H4K)< ] ,$ e o l q
P n >dq mdn l.m ^ m =
nn qq mm ^^ m$m Ml n =n PP
= P O q O >Y=C^ m P
l
n
n q m ^ m n =Y=
nn =Y= n q mCmCmdn ^ m
f , " K)<Q{ q l >Ao <=(A^ ,54>A,&)*CF B H4K)< ] " e o =dq
> n = PXq M P mCm ^ m =
nn qq mm ^^ m$m Ml nzmn Ml
P nzm P Xq $9l M .^ m P
qn m ^ m nzm$l
nzm$l n q mCmCmdn ^ m
f , " K)<Q{ q =d>Ao <=(A^ ,54>A&), *CF B H4K)< ] Wz e o >dq
nn qq mm ^^ mdm =n l =l MP M4n = l =l P >dO Qqq P mnzMm$l ^^ m$m Ml
n q m ^ m P l = l9M
nl = l P O q O > l ^ m
f , " K)<Q{ q M o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] : e o PXq
fS34<,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F &)2S2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : ,.2SLN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
n q\W=* F H4Ed>A< ( LN*C(
l q\W=* F H4Ed>A< ( LN*C( n mCmCmdn 6t&G>A3 n uI2+<Y> % =
=dq\W=* F H4Ed>A< "$# ] { q e
M q\W=* F H4Ed>A< ( LN*C( 6t&G>A3 n
PXq\&GL ] { q Ce8&)2SB4*.>t2A,5>A&)2?OI< : uI2+<Y> % % n ,.B : TC* >A&* =
q\2+<Y.> ( n m q
:

:
:
:

9
:

nm

'*,
% ,
0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K8>A<=2?>A2_6c<=(+<|HM<=(?LN*C( F < : LN*C( >A34<k2A, F <gLN*CE4( : & <=(+<=B$>_LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42_,.2 >A34*C2+<

E42+< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB 9 q M q n q
] ,$e ( ] n e n < n <
6t&G>A3 m m M ,.B : m
] " e ] ( m PCe ] n > (+e ] n l e n < n <
6t&G>A3 m mdn
,.B : = P
] Wzec>@,.B43 l.m ] ( m PCe
] : e nzm < l.m n M$mCm ] ( m Ce
] ,$e'&)2Q, 2?>A(+&)WY>AK # W=*CB$iC< LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u ] " e,.B : ] Wze 3I,7iC<_, 2+&)B4TCK)< &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>7u1,.B : ] : e
3I,.2S> 6c*_&)B I<=WY>A&)*CBDHM*C&)B$>A2=q
9 K)Kd>A34<tW=* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB42 6c<=(+< : *CB4<S6t&G>A3 : *CE " K)<SH4(+<=W=&)2+&)*CB q fS34<ti.,.K)E4<S*.L 68,.2 W@34*C2+<=B
2+E4W@3 >A3I,5>y>A34<gB4* : <gTC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2 LN*C( ,.K)K >A34<DB4* : <=2=q fS34<D(+<=2+E4KG>A2
,.(+<y2+E F_F ,.(+[& Z=< : &)B f , " K)<y{ q n >A*k{ q M 6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34<y2+HM<=W=&GOI< : <=(+(+*C(=u &)2 >A34<
&)B4&G>A&J,.K/B/E F " <=(\*.LMB4* : <=2=u &)2[>A34<8OIBI,.K4B/E F " <=(\*.LMB4* : <=2=uX,.B : &)2[>A34<t,.WY>AEI,.K
<=(+(+*C(W=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# >A34<_O4iC<gHM*C&)B$>yxQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+< LN*C( F E4KJ,dq ` * F < 2+<=K)<=WY>A< :
(+<=2+E4KG>A2U,.(+<y2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+<=2w{ q n >A*k{ q M 6t34<=(+<_W=&)(+W=K)<=2w&)B : &)W7,5>A< B4* : <=2=uP,.B : 2?>@,.(+2U,.(+<
>A34<=&)( H4(+* !+<=WY>A&)*CB *CB$>A* > , d&)2=q B,.K F *C2?> ,.K)K W7,.2+<=2=u'>A34< 2+34*X*.>A&)B4T F <Y>A34* : W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=2
R/E4&)W@-/K # ,5>8K)<=2+2c>A3I,.B nzm &G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB42=q %I*C(cB4*CB4W=*CB$iC< gLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=uX>A34&)2c&)2 : E4<>A*>A34<*CHd>A&)*CB
>A3I,5>w&G>&)2w,.K)K)*z6c< : >A*g&)B4W=(+<7,.2+<>A34< >A*.>@,.K B/E F " <=(*.L B4* : <=2 "$# n q &G>A34*CEd>w&G>7u &G> 6c*CE4K :
>@,.-.< < X>A(+< F <=K # K)*CB4T *C( <YiC<=BL ,.&)K'>A* W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<.q %'*z6c<YiC<=(D>A34<=(+< 2?>A&)K)K'W7,.B " < 2+<=<=B ,
HI,5>A34*CK)*CTC&)W7,.K W7,.2+<.q B >A34<_KJ,.2?>U< 4, F H4K)<.u1>A34< F <Y>A34* : >A*X*C-|iC<=( # K)*CB4Tg>A*kW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<_LN*C(
n q m ^ m =dq B4<y68, # >A* F ,.-.< &G>QW=*CB$iC<=(+TC< L ,.2?>A<=(Q&)2>A*DW@3I,.B4TC< >A34< &)B4H4Ed>wi.,.K)E4<
"$# ,yiC<=( # 2 F ,.K)K

5"9
5"9

5

5

5"9

!@
: D

:

:

nn
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
x(t)
x(t)
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
&)TCE4(+<\{ q n o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] ,$e q

%
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

:
0
0.1
n q m ^ m M q % &)TCE4(+<w{ q l o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] " e q
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
n q m ^ m$l
0.7
0.8

:
0.9
25
0.8
0.6
20
0.4
15
x(t)
x(t)
0.2
0.2
10
0.4
0.6
5
0.8
1
&)TCE4(+<Q{ q =do ^ 4, F H4K)< ] Wze q

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
0.6
0.7
:
n q m ^ m$l % )& TCE4(+<w{ q M o ^ 4, F H4K)< ] : e q
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
0.6

0.7
:
n q m ^ mdn
0.8
0.9
nl
, F *CE4B$>7q <_LN*CE4B : >A3I,5> n q mdn ^ m =k&)B42?>A<7, : .* L n q m ^ m = F , : < &G>Q>A*aW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<g,5>
>A34<wOI(+2?>'&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB q
%'*z6c<YiC<=(_&G>y2+34*CE4K : " <g(+< F < F " <=(+< : >A3I,5>y>A34<=(+<gW7,.B " <g&)B H4(+&)B4W=&)H4K)<_> 6c* 2+<Y>A2 " , :
2+W=<=BI,.(+&)*C2U&)B >A34< F <Y>A34* : q % &)(+2?>7u W7,.B TC*kB4<=T$,5>A&GiC< : E4(+&)B4Tk>A34<_&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB q ` <=W=*CB :
>A34<_OIBI,.KcB/E F " <=(*.LtB4* : <=2W7,.B " < 2+&)TCB4&GOIW7,.B$>AK # K)<=2+2U>A3I,.B >A34< 2?>@,.(?>A&)B4Tki.,.K)E4<.qkfS34<=2+<
H4(+* " K)< F 2 W=*CE4K : ,.(+&)2+<U6t34<=B >A34< F <Y>A34* : &)2w,.H4H4K)&)< : >A* LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 6t&G>A3 , KJ,.(+TC<UB/E F " <=(
*.L &)B I<=WY>A&)*CB HM*C&)B$>A2=q B L ,.WY>y6c<D3I,7iC<DLN*CE4B : >A3I,5> " <=W7, F <gB4<=T$,5>A&GiC< : E4(+&)B4Ta>A34<
&G>A<=(A,5>A&)*CB LN*C( ,.B *C2+W=&)K)KJ,5>A*C( # LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB 2+E4W@3 ,.2 ] (+e < 2+&)B ] nzm (+e q %IE4(?>A34<=( 2?>AE : # &)2
B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # *CBg>A34&)2t(+* " E42?>AB4<=2+2'&)2+2+E4<.q

:
576
=

l

+++. +$#+#

!
!
"#!"#

"!$,
` E4H4HM*C2+< 6c< 3I,7iC<g,|R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB ] 4e&)B , : * F ,.&)B ,.B : &G>A2UH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<

K)& B4<7,.(|W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB *.L_E4B4-/B4*z6tB ,.W=W=E4(A,.W # u & q <.q >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB*.Ly>A34<
R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q <k,.(+<DTC*C&)B4Ta>A* W=* F H4Ed>A<D&G>A2yK)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C( *CB , >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< <
,.WY>AK # q_p1<Y> : <=B4*.>A< >A34< 2+<Y>*.L >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2>A3I,5>wOIK) 2 u ,.B : " <yLN*C( F < : "$#
iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 n u l ,.B : =dq < : <YOIB4<Q>A34<QK)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C(t*CBg>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< "$#
] 4e
] b q n e
& ! ] 4e

%'<=(+< ] 4e &)2_>A34<a(+<=2?>A(+&)WY>A&)*CB *.Lw>A34< ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB >A* >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< 6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <
6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2

] 4e
] b q l e

6t34<=(+<

n

n
] b q =$e

l

l
e =du &)2'>A34<y,.(+<7, *.L Uu
\,.(+<y,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42'*.L ,5> iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=u ]
] e =du u M&)2[>A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<t*.*L _>@,.-.<=B_W=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+<
,.K)*CB4T>A34<w2+& : <w*CH4HM*C2+&G>A< >A* IuI,.B : 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C ( Mq\{c<=&)B4T , R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u ] 4e

@> D
>
?>

>
@> D
=>
7W ,.Ba,.K)2+* " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # &)Bg>A34<QLN*C( F *.L[f , # K)*C(t2+<=(+&)<=2',.(+*CE4B : >A34<QW=<=B$>A(+*C& : *.LP>A34<

>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.q
] b q M e
] 4e ] e
ln
6t34<=(+<
] b qQPCe
] e ] e
fS34< : & <=(+<=B4W=<w>A34<=B " <=W=* F <=2
] 4e ] 4e ] e
ln ] b q e
6t34<=(+<

] b q Ce

fS34<QOI(+2?>t> 6c* >A<=( F 2SW7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2
]

b
q
>$e
] e = n l

6t34<=(+< &)2U>A34< ,7iC<=(A,.TC< *.L8>A34< B4* : ,.K <=(+(+*C(+2 : <YOIB4< : "$# ] Ne /u\,.B :
u q fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.us&)B$>A(+* : E4W=&)B4T >A34<QB4*.>@,5>A&)*CB u
] e

]
e ln
n

6c<U3I,7iC<
] b q O e
] 4e ] 4e

0'*z6 >A34<QK)*XW7,.K <=(+(+*C(SW7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2
l l l ] e l l
& !
] b q nzm e

:
:
:
n YP
fS34<U&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K)28*.LP>A34<QKJ,.2?>S> 6c* >A<=( F 2t& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K)K # i.,.B4&)2+3 us,.B : 6c<,.(+<wK)<YL >S6t&G>A3
&
! l ! ] e ! !
] b q nCn e
! l ! l !
B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4T4ud6c<U* " >@,.&)B

&

O n =n P

=

&

lXn Cm

= 9l M

= m
&

:
:
6t34<=(+<
M>

=

=m
:

9
6

6
:

nl

&

] b q n l e

&

:
fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>tW7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2

&
:
:
nM >= m

6
nn= P

:
:
:

6t34<=(+<8>A34<82+E " 2+W=(+&)Hd>A2 ,.B : , >@,.-.< n u l u =du$,.B : ,.(+<8HM<=( F Ed>A< : W # W=K)&)W7,.K)K # LN*C( +q[fP*2+& F H4K)&GL #
>A34&)28LNE4(?>A34<=(=u46c<U(+<Y6t(+&G>A<>A34<QW=E4(?i.,5>AE4(+<Q>A<=( F ,.28LN*CK)K)*z6t2=q

l
*

n

9
6
: 6 6
9
9
6
9

0'*z6Qu4LN*C(SR/EI, : (A,5>A&)WwLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB428>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T &)2t,.Bk& : <=B$>A&G> # q

] b q n =$e

,.B : 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C( q %'<=B4W=<Q6c<Q3I,7iC<
6 :
9

] b q nNM e
Ne

h'2+&)B4Ty>A34&)2S< 4,.WY> (+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB uX6c<Q* " >@,.&)B

n & O ] Ne = n
&

OCn m
& ]
e
e ]

nn= P
]
] b q n PCe
M n => m
Ne

<wOI(+2?>tW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<Q&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(=u4& q <.q\< 4,.WY>'B4* : ,.K i.,.K)E4<=2=q Bg>A34&)2SW7,.2+<.uI&G>tW7,.B
" <Q2+34*z6tBk>A3I,5>S>A34&)2S2+& F H4K)&GOI<=2c>A*

] b q n e
&
lXn Cm
6t34<=(+<

] b q n Ce

n
M

,.B :
] b q n >$e

9 :4: &)B4T >A34&)2 *ziC<=( >A34<a2+<Y>g*.Lw>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 ,.B : >@,.-/&)B4T 2+R/EI,.(+<a(+*X*.>7u86c<a* " >@,.&)B >A34<
LN*CK) *z6t&)B4T &)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(

] b q #n O e
] e
lXn Cm

@

:
@> D
:

n
fS34&)2 &)2 < 4,.WY> LN*C( R/EI, : (A,5>A&)WkLNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42 ,.B : +2 <=W=*CB : *C( : <=(D,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<kLN*C( B4*CB4R/EI, : (A,5>A&)W
LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42=q
0'< X>wK)<Y>'E42 W=*CB42+& : <=('>A34<W7,.2+<U>A3I,5>'>A34<B4* : ,.K1i.,.K)E4<=2 ,.(+<B4*.> < 4,.WY>7q BaHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u
6c< ,.(+<Q&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A< : &)Bg>A34<UB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K12+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42t*.L[2+* F <QHI,.(?>A&J,.K : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K1<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q >
W7,.B " <Q<7,.2+&)K # : < : E4W=< : LN(+* F ] b q n PCe8>A3I,5>t>A34<U&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CBg<=(+(+*C( ] b q #n O e8<=2?>A& F ,5>A<=2S>A34<
<=(+(+*C(c6t&G>A3 OI(+2?> *C( : <=(t,.W=W=E4(A,.W # LN*C( >A34&)( : *C( : <=(8,.W=W=E4(A,5>A<wB4* : ,.KMi.,.K)E4<=2=u4,.B : 2+<=W=*CB :
*C( : <=('LN*C('LN*CE4(?>A3 *C( : <=( ,.W=W=E4(A,5>A< B4* : ,.K1i.,.K)E4<=2=q^[iC<=B &GL\2+E4W@3 34&)TC3a,.W=W=E4(A,.W # W7,.B4B4*.> " <
,5>+>@,.&)B4< : u8>A34<|&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C( &)2 2?>A&)K)Kt,.B & F HM*C(?>@,.B$> R/EI,.B$>A&G> # q > (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2 >A34<
<=(+(+*C( W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2 >A3I,5>8,.(+<t&)(+(+<=K)<Yi.,.B$> >A*UB/E F <=(+&)W7,.KI2+W@34< F <=2=q B_*.>A34<=( 6c*C( : 2=uX&G> W7,.B " <
W=*CB$>A(+*CK)K)< : *CB4K #|"$# >A34<yTC(+& : W=*CBdOITCE4(A,5>A&)*CB qU{cEd>>A34<yH4(+<=W=&)2+< 68, # >A*gE42+< >A34&)2R/EI,.B$>A&G> #
LN*C(STC(+& : , : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CBg(+< F ,.&)B428*CHM<=B q

/ '*+ #&%

'*, ,
tr <=2+E4KG>A2[,.(+< 2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>PiC<=(+&GL # >A34<c,.BI,.K # 2+&)2P&)BU>A34< KJ,.2?> 2+<=WY>A&)*CB q <cE42+< >A34< LN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T
< dHM*CB4<=B$>A&J,.K LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB q
] b q l.m e
] 4e < dH nzmCm ] e
fS34<QOI(+2?> : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<=2',.(+<UW=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# , 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=( : & <=(+<=B4W=<,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB 6t&G>A3
n m
m qfS34< : * F ,.&)B|&)2, >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.uI6t34&)W@3 W=*CB$>@,.&)B42 >A34< HM<7,.-k*.L\>A34<LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB u
,.B : &G>[&)2\2 # 2?>A< F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # (+<YOIB4< : "$# W=*CB4B4<=WY>A&)B4Tw>A34< F & : HM*C&)B$>A2\*.Ls>A34<S2+& : <=2=q[fS34<S(+<=2+E4KG>A2
,.(+<2+34*z6tB &)B % &)TCE4(+<=2b q n ,.B : b q l 6t34<=(+< &)2'>A34<y,.(+&G>A3 F <Y>A&)WU,7iC<=(A,.TC<y*.L\>A34<2+& : <=2*.L
>A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.u\,.B : >A34< (+<=KJ,5>A&GiC< <=(+(+*C( &)2>A34<g, " 2+*CK)Ed>A< i.,.K)E4< *.Lt>A34< : & <=(+<=B4W=< " <Y> 6c<=<=B
>A34<D<=(+(+*C( <=2?>A& F ,5>A<DW=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# ] b q #n O ey,.B : >A34<k,.WY>AEI,.K <=(+(+*C( W=* F H4Ed>A< : "$# >A34<
2+<YiC<=B HM*C&)B$>DxQ,.E42+2+&J,.B R/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<.q % &)TCE4(+<|b q n 2+34*z6t2_>A34<|(+<=2+E4KG> LN*C( >A34< : * F ,.&)B *.L
>A34<g<=R/E4&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< 6t&G>A3 >A34<gW=<=B$>A(+*C& : H4KJ,.W=< : ,5> >A34< *C(+&)TC&)B ,.B : >A34< 2+& : < K)<=B4T.>A3
m n q % &)TCE4(+< b q l 2+34*z6t2>A34< (+<=2+E4KG>ULN*C(Q>A34< : * F ,.&)B *.Lt,k2+-.<Y6 >A(+&J,.B4TCK)< : <YOIB4< : "$# >A34<

@
: D

n

>
(Relative Error)
log
log
2
slope=2.01321
10
slope=2.00225
10
(Relative Error)
&)TCE4(+< b q n o , # , # ] rt] <= KJ,5e >A&GiC<Q^\(+(+*C(@e iX2=q % &)TCE4(+< b q l o , # , # ] rt] <= KJ,5e >A&GiC<w^\(+(+*C(@e ,.iXB 2=: q
,2+.R/B EI: ,. (+<=2>A34< O4>7q K)&)B4<7^\,.R/( E4&)KJ,5K)<7>A<=,.(A2?,.> K
>A` 34-.<Q<Y6;K)&)B4fP<7(+,.&J(c,.B4K)<7TC,.K)2?<=>2= q 2+R/EI,.(+<=28O4>7q
fP(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2=q
iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 ] m m e u ] m mdn m e\,.B : ] m m n e q B " *.>A3 W7,.2+<=2=uX>A34< 2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(cW=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<wW7,.B
" <Q* " 2+<=(?iC< : W=K)<7,.(+K # q
%

2
log10 (L)

2
log10 (L)
n

#
"

!"!
8< W=*CB42+& : <=([, TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K$iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$> LN*C(P> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K/H4(+* " K)< F 2=o1>A34<8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
F *ziX&)B4TwTC(+& : F <Y>A34* : &)2 ,5>+>A< F Hd>A&)B4T >A*U,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<S,TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.Kd* " !+<=WY> 6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <
(+<=T$,.( : < : ,.2P>A34<c2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K/<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u$,.2 &)B>A34<c*CB4< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K/H4(+* " K)< F 2=q
B TC<=B4<=(A,.K u ,D2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.LS,D2+<Y>*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K\<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u 6t&G>A3 ] % Me : <=HM<=B : <=B$>
i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2w,.B : &)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>Qi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=u W7,.B " < (+<=T$,.( : < : ,.2LN*C( F &)B4Tg, : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K
2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)B,.B % : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q B >A34< >A34<=*C( # *.L< X>A<=(+&)*C( : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K
LN*C( F 2=u ,k2+<Y> : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42,.(+< (+<=H4KJ,.W=< : "$# ,k2+<Y> : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K\LN*C( F 2=u ,.B : >A34<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg>A*y>A34<U2+<Y>'*.L LN*C( F 2t,.(+<w>A34<=B|E4B : <=(+2?>A*X* : ,.2', 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : ] *C(t&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K F ,.B
&GLN*CK : e 6t34*C2+< >@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.B4B/E4K >A34< LN*C( F 2<YiC<=( # 6t34<=(+<D*CB &G>7u &)B W=*CB$>A(A,.2?> 6t&G>A3 ,
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB >A* : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42',.2', LNE4B4WY>A&)*CBD*.L &)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>'i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q
ByHI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(=u56c<S2+3I,.K)KXW=*CB42+& : <=(\,B/E F <=(+&)W7,.Kd,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBQ>A*Q, 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F ,.B4&GLN*CK : u
> # H4&)W7,.K)K # "$# >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB &)B 6t34&)W@3 <7,.W@3 >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(U<=K)< F <=B$> &)2>A34*CE4TC3$> *.L ,.2LN*C( F
&)B4T ,a> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K >@,.B4TC<=B$> 2+HI,.W=<.q 9 H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB <=(+(+*C(+2_,.(+<g* " >@,.&)B4< : *CB <7,.W@3
>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< "$# (+<=R/E4&)(+&)B4TD, 2+<Y>U*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KPLN*C( F 2 >A* i.,.B4&)2+3 6t34<=B >A34< # ,.(+<yW=*CB$>A(A,.WY>A< :
6t&G>A3_,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<c>@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(+2 : <YOIB4< : "$# > 6c*U2+& : <=2\*.LM>A34<S>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( <=K)< F <=B$>7q <
2+3I,.K)12+34*z6 >A3I,5>S>A34<U(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T < dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB42 ,.(+<Q& : <=B$>A&)W7,.K >A* (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u4>A3/E42'H4(+*ziX&)B4Ty>A34<
TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=u4,.B : >A3I,5>S>A34&)2ciX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>tW7,.B " <wE42+<YLNE4K1&)Bg&)B$>A<=(

n>m
H4(+<Y>A&)B4Ty>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F *ziX&)B4T CT (+& : F <Y>A34* : u4<=2+HM<=W=&J,.K)K # LN*C(S3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)WwH4(+* " K)< F 2=q
$#
8 < 8 < : $-

'*+ "%
"!$,
<wOI(+2?>'W=*CB42+& : <=(', K)&)B4<7,.(S, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBD<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB
]V qn e
LN*C( 6t34&)W@3 >A34<|2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2 , LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB *.L ,.B : Mq xw<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KS2?>@,5>A< F <=B$> *.L >A34<
H4(+* " K)< F &)2=o % &)B : ,'> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K/2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)BU>A34< F ,.B4&GLN*CK : + 6t&G>A3W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2
] 4e >A3I,5>',.B4B/E4K)2', > 6c* LN*C( F : <YOIB4< : "$#
] V ql e

0'*.>A< >A3I,5>86c<wB4*z6>A(+<7,5>t,.K)Ks>A34< i.,.(+&J, " K)<=28,.28&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$>7q fP*yTC<Y> " ,.W@-_>A* >A34<*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u 6c< & F HM*C2+<>A34<y&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B4W=<_*.L ] 4e "$#
Mu 2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4T
>A34&)2S&)B$>A*y>A34<w> 6c* LN*C( F ud6c<Q* " >@,.&)B
] V q =$e
]
ze
,.B : (+<=R/E4&)(+&)B4Ty>A34<UW=*X< _W=&)<=B$>'>A*yi.,.B4&)2+3kK)<7, : 2S>A* ] V q n e ud>A3/E42'iC<=(+&GL # &)B4Ty>A34<U<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=<
>A* >A34<*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K1H4(+* " K)< F q <W7,.B * " >@,.&)Ba,.K)2+* *.>A34<=( TC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4T <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 "$# W@34*X*C2+&)B4T
*.>A34<=( HI,.&)(+2_*.Lw&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$> i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=o|>A34<|W@34*C&)W=<|*.L>A34<|&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B$> i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2 ,.(+<
W=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # ,5>t*CE4( : &)2+HM*C2A,.K q %I*C(S< 4, F H4K)<.u4& F HM*C2+&)B4T>A34<w&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B4W=<*.L |,.B : u "$#

uI2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4Ty>A34&)2S&)B$>A*y>A34<w> 6c* LN*C( F ud6c<U* " >@,.&)B
] V qM e
]
e
,.B4&)2+34&)B4TwW=*X< _W=&)<=B$> TC&GiC<=2[>A34<tTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4TQ<=R/EI,5>A&)*CByLN*C( &)B H4KJ,.B4<.u
uC6t34&)W@3
&)2 !+E42?>S,.B *C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KI<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB_LN*C( y6t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>c>A* q\fS34&)2c&)2 R/E4&G>A<'BI,5>AE4(A,.K
LN*C(t, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBkH4(+* " K)< F 2=q

<

<

<

<

n>n
&G>A3 >A34<D> 6c* LN*C( F u >A34<kH4(+* " K)< F B4*z6 " <=W=* F <=2_OIB : &)B4T , > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KS2+E "
F ,.B4&GLN*CK : u[6t34*C2+<D>@,.B4TC<=B$>_iC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.B4B/E4K8>A34<D> 6c* LN*C( F q j|,5>A34< F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K # 2?>@,5>A< : u >A34<
W=*CB$>A(A,.WY>A&)*CBD*.L >A34<w>@,.B4TC<=B$>SiC<=WY>A*C(+2t6t&G>A3 i.,.B4&)2+3k,5>t<YiC<=( # HM*C&)B$>S*CBg>A34<Q2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : o
] e m 6t34<=(+< ,.B : : <=B4*.>A<>@,.B4TC<=B$>SiC<=WY>A*C(+2S>A3I,5> : <YOIB4<>A34<w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E4(?L ,.W=<.q
0'*.>A<U>A3I,5>2+E4W@3 >@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(+2LN*C( F ,_iC<=WY>A*C(2+HI,.W=< *.L : & F <=B42+&)*CBk> 6c*g,5>w, HM*C&)B$> *CB
>A34<k&)B$>A<=TC(A,.Kt2+E4(?L ,.W=<.u86t34*C2+<|<=K)< F <=B$>A2 ,.(+<k>@,.B4TC<=B$>_>A* >A34<k2+E4(?L ,.W=<a,5>_>A3I,5> HM*C&)B$>7q 9
2+& F H4K)< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB &)2Q,DW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB u 6t34&)W@3 W7,.B " <yLN*CE4B : "$# (+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC&)B4T >A34<
> 6c* LN*C( F ,.28LN*CK)K)*z6t2=q
] V Qq PCe
] 4e m
bcK)<7,.(+K # ud>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : &)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
]V q e
!$#%'&)( ,.B : !$#%'&)(
fS34<=2+< >A*CTC<Y>A34<=(ULN*C( F K)&)B4<=2U2?>@,.(?>A&)B4T|LN(+* F &)B4&G>A&J,.K[i.,.K)E4<=2*.L 6t34&)W@3 &)B >AE4(+B F <=2+3 >A*
TC<Y>A34<=(\>A*LN*C( F ,w2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBy2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : *.L : & F <=B42+&)*CB> 6c*4q 0'*z6Qu$6c<tW=*CB42+& : <=(\B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K
,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB_*.L1>A34<2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : q < 2+3I,.K)KMW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>',.Bg,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A< 2+E "
F ,.B4&GLN*CK : "$# >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB : <YOIB4< : "$# ,y2+<Y> U*.LP>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=28&)B 6t34&)W@3k<7,.W@3D>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< &)2
W=*CB42+& : <=(+< : ,.2',.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4Ty>A34<Q>@,.B4TC<=B$> 2+HI,.W=<*.L : & F <=B42+&)*CBg> 6c* ,5>, B4<7,.( "$# HM*C&)B$>7q
bc*CB42+& : <=(c,Q> # H4&)W7,.KI>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.([<=K)< F <=B$> 6t&G>A3_iC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 n u l ,.B : =dq[fS34<t>@,.B4TC<=B$>
2+HI,.W=< " <=&)B4T_> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K u46c< F , # : <YOIB4<>A34<U> 6c* >@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(+2 >A3I,5>(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>
>A34<w>@,.B4TC<=B$>'2+HI,.W=< "$# > 6c*_*.LP>A34<w>A34(+<=<U2+& : <=2t*.LP>A34<w>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.u
] V q Ce
]
e
] V q >$e
]
e
6t34<=(+< ] e u ] e\,.B : 2+& F &)KJ,.(+K # LN*C( g,.B : Mq[bc*CB$>A(A,.WY>A&)B4TQ>A34<=2+<
iC<=WY>A*C(+2t6t&G>A3g>A34< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LN*C( F 2=ud6c<UTC<Y>
] e ] e ] e
] V qO e
<
<

@> D
>
@> D
:
6

<

n>l
h'2+&)B4T_>A34<ULN*C( F E4KJ, ] e ] e ] e ] e ] e 6t34<=(+< ,.B :

,.(+<w*CB4< LN*C( F 2=ud6c<U* " >@,.&)B u4,5L >A<=(t2+* F <w(+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>7u
] V q nzm e
ln ] e
6t34<=(+< ! n l = ,.B : ] e : <=B4*.>A<=2 , : & <=(+<=B4W=<k>@,.-.<=B W=*CE4B$>A<=(+W=K)*XW@-$6t&)2+< ,.K)*CB4T
>A34<g2+& : <g*CH4HM*C2+&G>A< >A* Iq fS34&)2 &)2 B4*.>A34&)B4T " Ed>y>A34<g(+<=2+& : EI,.K 6t34&)W@3 &)2 * " >@,.&)B4< : "$#
&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4Tw>A34< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.KI<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 *CB ,Q>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.([<=K)< F <=B$>c&)B H4KJ,.B4<.q\{cEd>c*CE4(
iX&)<Y6tHM*C&)B$>w34<=(+<y&)2'>A3I,5> (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2,.B <=(+(+*C(&)B ,.K)&)TCB4&)B4T >A34< >@,.B4TC<=B$>wiC<=WY>A*C(+2Q,.K)*CB4T
>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB_2+E4(?L ,.W=<.o ,TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KI&)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>@,5>A&)*CB *.L1(+<=2+& : EI,.K q ` *4u "$#_F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34&)2
<=(+(+*C(_&)B , K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 B4*C( F u 6c<a,.(+<k&)B < <=WY>g,5>+>A< F Hd>A&)B4T >A* ,.K)&)TCB >A34<D>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(
<=K)< F <=B$>,.K)*CB4Tg>A34<_2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E4(?L ,.W=<_&)B + u16t34&)W@3 F <7,.B42Q>A3I,5>Q>A34<_E4B4-/B4*z6tB42 ,.(+<y>A34<
HM*C2+&G>A&)*CB42 *.L>A34<kiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2 &)B + uS,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<|&G>_&)2_BI,5>AE4(A,.KS>A* &)B4W=K)E : < ,.B : ,.2
, :4: &G>A&)*CBI,.K E4B4-/B4*z6tB42=q
0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>
] V q nCn e
] e ] e
6t34<=(+< k&)2_>A34<a,.(+<7, *.L>A34<|>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( <=K)< F <=B$> H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* H4KJ,.B4<.ut,.B :

,.BI,.K)*CTC*CE42+K #
U&)2S>A3I,5>'H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* aH4KJ,.B4<.q fS34&)2t&)2',yLNE4B : , F <=B$>@,.K1H4(+*CHM<=(?> #
*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LN*C( F 2=q <y6t&)K)K F ,.-.< E42+<_*.L >A34&)2wL ,.WY>Q&)B >A34< (+<=2?>*.L >A34< 2+<=WY>A&)*CB q >Q&)2
&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>A&)B4Ty>A3I,5> "$# ] V Qq PCe 6c<Q3I,7iC<
]V qn l e
] 4e ] e
6t34<=(+< &)2Q>A34< ,.(+<7,k*.L8>A34<_>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< H4(+* !+<=WY>A< : *CB$>A* ! H4KJ,.B4< ,.B : ! Mq
B : <=< : 6c<UW7,.Bg6t(+&G>A< ] V q nzm e
] V q n =$e
ln ] e
9 @
:
B
7D
/

/

B
n >Y=
fS34<=B uX&G> &)2 * " iX&)*CE42\>A3I,5> >A34<t(+<=2+& : EI,.KI6t&)K)KXi.,.B4&)2+3_&GLM>A34<'W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Wt(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42\,.(+<t2A,5>
&)2?OI< : ,.K)*CB4T *CB4<c*.LI>A34<c< : TC<=2[*.LI>A34< >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.u5& F H4K # &)B4TtW=*CK)KJ,.H42+< *.LI>A34<c< : TC<8&)B$>A*, HM*C&)B$>7u
,.B : >A3/E42 i.,.B4&)2+34&)B4Ta,.(+<7,dq|fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u "$# F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4T >A34&)2=u >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* :
,5>+>A< F Hd>A28>A* F &)B4& F &[Z=<t>A34<U,.(+<7, 2+* >A3I,5>t>A34<QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CBg&)2S2A,5>A&)2?OI< : q

8 < 8 K : 9 5

<QW=*CB42+& : <=(
] V q nNM e
m
6t34<=(+< n ,.B : n uS>A34< 2+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)W W7,.2+<.q B , F ,.B4&GLN*CK : + gt6 &G>A3
W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 ] 4e uX6c< : <YOIB4<Q> 6c* LN*C( F 2
] V q n PCe

!
]V qn e

fS34<g<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=< 6t&G>A3 >A34<g*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K\H4(+* " K)< F W7,.B " < 2+34*z6tB ,.2 " <YLN*C(+<.q F HM*C2+&)B4Tk>A34<
&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B4W=<U*.L ,.B : Mu
g,.B :
Mu
] V q n Ce

]
ze
] V q n >$e

]
7e
,.B : (+<=R/E4&)(+&)B4Ty>A3I,5>S>A34<QW=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2Si.,.B4&)2+3 u46c<Q* " >@,.&)B >A34<Q*C(+&)TC&)BI,.KM2 # 2?>A< F ] V q Nn M e q B
>A34< *.>A34<=(g3I,.B : u & F HM*C2+&)B4T >A34< &)B : <=HM<=B : <=B4W=< *.L ,.B : su ,.B :
sud6c<U* " >@,.&)B
] V q #n O e

] .e
] V q l.m e

] .e
,.B4&)2+34&)B4TyW=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2'& F H4K)&)<=2 >A34<Q34* : *CTC(A,.H43D<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
] V q lXn e
m
m
:

n>M
fS34< > 6c* LN*C( F 2 ,.(+<\>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<c,.BUE4B4&GOI< : (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CBU*.L " *.>A3UH43 # 2+&)W7,.K/,.B : 34* : *CTC(A,.H43
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q By>A34&)2\W7,.2+<',.K)2+*4u.6c<tW7,.ByOIB : >A34<tW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W82+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q\bc*CB42+& : <=( ,K)&)B4<7,.(
W=* F " &)BI,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<w> 6c* LN*C( F 2
] V q lCl e

!
<w6t&)K)K (+<=R/E4&)(+<w>A3I,5>S>A34&)2tW7,.B " <6t(+&G>+>A<=B
] V q l =$e
] de ] 4e

6t34&)W@3kK)<7, : 2S>A*
] V q 9l M e

fS34&)2tTC&GiC<=2=u4LN*C( n u uI,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<w6c<U3I,7iC<
] V q l PCe
# ]
e ] 4e

6t34&)W@3k& F H4K # >A34<QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB|*.LP>A34<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK :
] V ql e

W=*CB42?>7qs,.B : W=*CB42?>7q
] V q l Ce
W=*CB42?>7qs,.B : W=*CB42?>7q
0'*z6Qu/6c< W=*CB42+& : <=( ,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)B4T>A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : "$# ,Q>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB q 9 2
" <YLN*C(+<.u46c<Q3I,7iC< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<w>@,.B4TC<=B$>tiC<=WY>A*C(+2 *CBD<7,.W@3k>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>7q
] V q l >$e
]
e
] V ql O e
]
e
bc*CB$>A(A,.WY>A&)*CBg6t&G>A3g>A34<w> 6c* LN*C( F 2 ,.B : (+<=2+E4KG>A2
] e
ln ln ] V q = m e

] e

ln
n
l ] V q= n e

:

<
<
:
:
6
B
B
B
B
n>P
9 T$,.&)B tu 6c< 3I,7iC< * " >@,.&)B4< : (+<=2+& : EI,.K)2=q bc*CB42+& : <=(gB4*z6 )& B42?>A<7, :: <YOIB4&)B4T @W 3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W
IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB42
] V q= l e

] e ] 4e ] e
] V q =Y=$e

] e ] 4e ] e
,.B : F &)B4& F [& Z=&)B4TQ>A34&)2S&)Bk,yK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2tB4*C( F
nM
] V q= M e

6t34<=(+< >A34<aL ,.WY>A*C( n M 3I,.2 " <=<=B&)B$>A(+* : E4W=< : LN*C( W=*CB$iC<=B4&)<=B4W=<.q fS34&)2g&)2D, B4*C( F >A3I,5>
(+<=W=*CTCB4[& Z=<=2 W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Wa(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42=q %'<=B4W=<.utLN*C( <7,.W@3 <=K)< F <=B$>7u i.,.B4&)2+34<=2 6t34<=B,
W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WD(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB &)2 2A,5>A&)2?OI< : ,.K)*CB4T *CB4<D*.L&G>A2y2+& : <=2=uS,.B : >A34<k*.>A34<=( &)2y2A,5>A&)2?OI< :
,.K)*CB4Tg,.B4*.>A34<=(2+& : <.q L &G>&)2 : <=2+&)(+< : >A* 6t(+&G>A<U>A34&)2E42+&)B4T >A34< *C(+&)TC&)BI,.K IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB42=u *CB4<
W7,.B F ,.-.<w>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)*CB42=u : E4<w>A* ] V q l PCe u
] V q = PCe
] #8e ] e

] V q= e

] #8e ] e

fS34<=B uI>A34<QB4*C( F " <=W=* F <=2
nl
] V q = Ce

6t34&)W@3k2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2t>A34<QW@34*C&)W=<Q*.LP6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4T F ,5>A(+& aLN*C(
n m
]

V
q
=Y>$e
m
fS34&)2tB4*C( F : *X<=2t(+<=W=*CTCB4[& Z=<=2'W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42S,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB M q n q l q

%:
*:

:
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(

: :
8 < 8 0

*

m
] V q= O e
n>
B|, F ,.B4&GLN*CK : + t6 &G>A3DW=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2 ] 4e uX6c< : <YOIB4<, > 6c* LN*C( F

<

<
] V q M$m e

0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>S>A34&)2S3I,.2', B4*CB4W=*CB42?>@,.B$>'W=*X< _W=&)<=B$> q < F , # 6t(+&G>A<

] V q M4n e
] e
LN(+* F 6t34&)W@3D6c<QOIB : ,yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WQ(+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB
] V q M/l e
!$#%'&)( ,.B :

9 T$,.&)B ud6c<QW=*CB42+& : <=(tW=*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)B4T ,.Bk,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<w2+E "4F ,.B4&GLN*CK : "$# >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,5>A&)*CB qPfS34<
: &)2+W=(+<Y>A<w>@,.B4TC<=B$>tiC<=WY>A*C(+2 ,.(+<
] V q M =$e
]
e
] V q MYM e
]
e
fS34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<Q<=(+(+*C(S&)28>A34<=BkTC&GiC<=B "$#
] e ] e ] e ln ] Ne
] V q M PCe
0'*z6 >A34<gR/E4<=2?>A&)*CB (+< F ,.&)B42 ,.2>A*a34*z6 >A*a<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A<_>A34<gB4*CB4W=*CB42?>@,.B$>yW=*X< _W=&)<=B$> u[*C(
6t34<=(+<w>A*y<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< >A34<> 6c* LN*C( F ud&)Bg*.>A34<=(86c*C( : 2=q fS34<Q2+& F H4K)<=2?>8W@34*C&)W=<6c*CE4K : " <
] e =Q6t34&)W@3 W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2c>A* <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A&)B4Tw>A34< > 6c* LN*C( F ,5>c>A34< W=<=B$>A(+*C& : *.L >A34<
>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>'*C(8>A34<Q2+* W7,.K)K)< : W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<UK)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB q
] V qM e
ln ] Ne
" iX&)*CE42+K # u'>A34&)2 i.,.B4&)2+34<=2g6t34<=B >A34< K)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z=< : W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W (+<=KJ,5>A&)*CB42=u ] V q M/l e 6t&G>A3
,.(+<Q2A,5>A&)2?OI< : ,.K)*CB4Ty*CB4<Q*.LP>A34<Q2+& : <=2=q

<
<

:
6

B

B
n>
>&)2Q* " iX&)*CE42Q>A3I,5>Q>A34<=(+< ,.(+<_&)BdOIB4&G>A<=K #aF ,.B # W@34*C&)W=<=2 ,.2w>A*k6t34<=(+< >A*k<Yi.,.K)EI,5>A<y>A34<
LN*C( F *CB ,g>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.( <=K)< F <=B$>7q fS34<=B uP&G>w6c*CE4K : " < (+<7,.2+*CBI, " K)<y>A* : <YOIB4< >A34< <=(+(+*C( "$#
&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB *.Lc>A34<y> 6c* LN*C( F *ziC<=(Q>A34<y>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(<=K)< F <=B$>7u16t34&)W@3 (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A2 ,D2+*C(?>U*.L
,7iC<=(A,.TC<U<=(+(+*C(=q
] V q M Ce
! ! ] 4e
0'*.>A<g>A3I,5>y>A34<k&)B$>A<=TC(A,.B : W7,.B " <g6t(+&G>+>A<=B ,.2 ] ] l e 4e uc,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< "$#
` >A*C-.<=;2 WI>A34<=*C(+< F 6c<U3I,7iC<
] V q M >$e
! ] l e
&)B 6t34&)W@3 F , # " <wW=*CB42+& : <=(+< : ,.2t, LNE4B4WY>A&)*CBD*.L ,.B : 2+&)B4W=< k&)2t, " 2+<=B$>7q fS34&)2t&)28*.L
W=*CE4(+2+< <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$> >A*U>A34<'E42+EI,.K : <YOIB4&G>A&)*CB_*.L >A34< IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB q\{cEd>c34<=(+<'&G> &)2 &)B$>A<=(+H4(+<Y>A< :
,.2y,.B &)B$>A<=TC(A,.K <=(+(+*C( &)B ,.K)&)TCB4&)B4TD>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A< >@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(y>A*a>A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 2+E4(?L ,.W=<
(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>A< : "$# >A34<QB4*CB4W=*CB42?>@,.B$>t> 6c* LN*C( F q

<

<

:
:

'/
#&!! '
$# "!$,
<QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4Bk2 # 2?>A< F

] V qM O e
m

m
6t34<=(+< ,.B : : <=B4*.>A<|iC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2=q B , F ., B4&GLN*CK : + t6 &G>A3 W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2
] 4e u/6c< : <YOIB4<Q>A34<w> 6c* LN*C( F 2 ,.B : ,.2
] V Qq P m e

] V Qq P n e

fS34<_<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B4W=< 6t&G>A3 >A34<y*C(+&)TC&)BI,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 F , #a" <yiC<=(+&GOI< : "$# & F HM*C2+&)B4T >A34< &)B : <
HM<=B : <=B4W=<Q*.'L |,.B : Mq Bg2+E " 2?>A&G>AEd>A&)B4T
,.B :
Mu/6c<

<
<
<
<

n >Y>
3I,7iC<
] V qQP l e
7e
] V qQP =$e
]
7e
,.B : (+<Y>A(+&)<YiC<>A34<w*C(+&)TC&)BI,.Ks<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 "$# (+<=R/E4&)(+&)B4T >A34<W=*X< _W=&)<=B$>A2S>A* i.,.B4&)2+3 q 0'*.>A< >A3I,5>
&)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4Ta>A34<=2+<kLN*C( F 2=uc,.2+2+E F &)B4T >A34<kK)&)B4<7,.(i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB *.L ,.B : suc*ziC<=( , >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<
&)B >A34< H43 # 2+&)W7,.KQH4KJ,.B4< ] 4e u'6c< * " >@,.&)B >A34< IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB ,.2DE42+EI,.K u& q <.q &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4T
>A34< : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K8<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q fS34<|34* : *CTC(A,.H43 <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.(+< : <=(+&GiC< : "$# & F HM*C2+&)B4T|>A34<
&)B : <=HM<=B : <=B4W=<U*.L a,.B : ,.2 " <YLN*C(+<.u
] V Qq P M e
] .e
] V Qq PYPCe
] 7e
B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4T >A34<=2+<LN*C( F 2=us,.2+2+E F &)B4T >A34<K)&)B4<7,.(8i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CBD*.L ,.B : Mus*ziC<=(, >A(+&J,.B4TCK)<w&)B
>A34<34* : *CTC(A,.H43|H4KJ,.B4< ] de # &)<=K : 2'< 4,.WY>AK # >A34<2A, F < IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB42,.2'2+34*z6tB &)B|2+<=WY>A&)*CB
n l =dq%'<=(+<.uM>A34< IE4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB42,.(+< * " >@,.&)B4< : u ,.2&)Bk>A34< H4(+<YiX&)*CE42 2+<=WY>A&)*CB42=u LN(+* F >A34<> 6c*
LN*C( F 2[6t34&)W@3 &)2\>A34<'E4B4&GOI< : (+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$>@,5>A&)*CB u "$# ,.H4H4K # &)B4Tw>A34<t> 6c*U>@,.B4TC<=B$> iC<=WY>A*C(+28,.2\>A34<
> 6c*_*.LP>A34<w>A34(+<=<U2+& : <=2t*.LP>A34<w>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<.q
] V Qq P e
]
e
] V Qq P Ce
]
e
fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>A2',.(+<
] V Qq P >$e
] e ln ln

] e ln ln
] V Qq P O e

9 KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<=K # ud6c<QW7,.B : <YOIB4<Q>A34< F "$# &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)*CB
] V q Cm e
!
!
<
<

<
<

<
<
:
6
:
6
B
<
B

B
<
B
n>O
6t34&)W@3kW7,.B " <w6t(+&G>+>A<=Bk,.2tK)&)B4<&)B$>A<=TC(A,.K)2 "$# ` >A*C-.<=2;WI>A34<=*C(+< F
] V q dn e
&)B 6t34&)W@3 _,.B : F , #" <SW=*CB42+& : <=(+< : ,.2[LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42[*.L- ,.B : Mq 9 B : ,.2+2+E F &)B4T>A34<8K)&)B4<7,.(
i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB u/6c<U* " >@,.&)B ,.B : Pq

n#OCm

#

!" +
#

!"

"!
"!
Q< W=*CB42+& : <=(tB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K)K # 2+*CKGiX&)B4T >A34<U^\E4K)<=(t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t&)B > 6c* : & F <=B42+&)*CB42 "$#DF &)B4&
F &[Z=&)B4Ty, B4*C( F *.LP>A34<wLN*C( F
nl D
] ^Sq n e

*ziC<=( ,y2+<Y> *.LP>A(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2c6t34<=(+< a&)2t,yiC<=WY>A*C(t*.L (+<=2+& : EI,.K)28LN*C(8>A34<U^\E4K)<=(t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42
,.B : &)2,kHM*C2+&G>A&GiC< : <YOIB4&G>A<_2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W F ,5>A(+& >A3I,5> ,.2+2+&)TCB42U(+<=KJ,5>A&GiC< 6c<=&)TC3$>U>A*k>A34<
: & <=(+<=B$>t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q\fS34< F *C2?>S& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>cHI,.(?>S*.L >A34<wK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=28LN*C( F E4KJ,5>A&)*CB &)2 >A34<
: <YOIB4&G>A&)*CB_*.L >A34<'B4*C( F >A* " < F &)B4& F [& Z=< : 6t34&)W@3 TC(+<7,5>AK # , <=WY>A2 >A34< B/E F <=(+&)W7,.KI2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
B >A34<tW=KJ,.2+2 *.L B4*C( F 2 : <YOIB4< : , " *ziC<.u/&G> &)2[>A34<tW@34*C&)W=<t*.LM>A34< F ,5>A(+& >A3I,5> : <Y>A<=( F &)B4<=2
>A34<QH4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2S*.L >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
9 2+2+E F &)B4TU>A3I,5> 6c< <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A<S>A34<'(+<=2+& : EI,.K " ,.2+< : *CB &G>A2 W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<'LN(+* F uC6c< : <=(+&GiC<
>A34< F ,5>A(+& >A3I,5> TC&GiC<=2 ,wW=<=(?>@,.&)B B/E F " <=( *.L H4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2[>A*w>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CBU2+W@34< F <.q
vw<=<=HD&)B F &)B : >A3I,5>86c<Q(+<Y>@,.&)B >A& F < : <=HM<=B : <=B$>t>A<=( F 2S&)B >A34<Q,.BI,.K # 2+&)2=u " Ed>t*CE4(8H4(+& F ,.( #
W=*CB4W=<=(+B|&)2S2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<Q2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
@> D
n#Odn

6t34<=(+<
/ '!$, "!$#&%%

$# "!$,
"!$, , '!"
' . #+ #

% '*, #&!$
< " <=TC&)Bg6t&G>A3g>A34<U^\E4K)<=(t<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t&)B >A34<QW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<QLN*C( F q

) % m
(

)

%

] ^Sq l e

:

,

] ^Sq =$e
6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34< : <=B42+&G> # u D,.B : ,.(+<'>A34<'iC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A28&)B >A34< k,.B : : &)(+<=WY>A&)*CB u
(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # uI,.B : D&)2 >A34< 2?>@,5>A&)W H4(+<=2+2+E4(+<.q fS34<2+HM<=W=&GOIW<=B4<=(+T # ,.B : <=B$>A3I,.K)H # ,.(+<TC&GiC<=B
"$#
n n ln ] e
] ^Sq M e

n
] ^SqQPCe

n l ] e
B4<|& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>_W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB *CB : <YOIB4&)B4T , K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 B4*C( F &)2 >A34< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K
W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B4W # qbcK)<7,.(+K # u >A34<k2+<Y> *.L<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ,.(+<kB4*.> : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$> &)B >A34<
W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<kLN*C( F q fP* F ,.-.<k&G> W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>7u86c<|&)B$>A(+* : E4W=<|, 2+<Y> *.L i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2y>A3I,5>_&)2
: & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>7q

G

:

] ^Sq e
6t34<=(+< &)2_>A34<I*z6 ,.B4TCK)<.u &)2_>A34<I*z6 2+HM<=< : u &)2_>A34<a2+HM<=< : *.LU2+*CE4B : u ,.B : >A34<

>A34&)( : ,.B : LN*CE4(?>A3 W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2y(+<=H4(+<=2+<=B$> >A34< <=B$>A(+*CH # ,.B : >A34<g<=B$>A3I,.K)H # (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q
#n O$l
0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>S>A34<QW=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2tB4*z6 3I,7iC<Q>A34<QW=* F_F *CBgH43 # 2+&)W7,.K : & F <=B42+&)*CB q[fP* >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F
>A34< W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC< i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2U&)B$>A*|>A34< W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>yi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=u &G>&)2W=*CB$iC<=B4&)<=B$>y>A*aE42+< >A34<
H4(+& F &G>A&GiC<'i.,.(+&J, " K)<=2=q

] ^Sq Ce

6t34&)W@3|&)2'K)&)B4-.< : 6t&G>A3k>A34<UW=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>w,.B : W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<Ui.,.(+&J, " K)<=28>A34(+*CE4TC3k>A34<U>A(A,.B42?LN*C(

F ,5>A&)*CB42
] ^Sq >$e
G
)
(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # 6t34<=(+<
m m m n
n m m m
m
m
m m ] ^Sq O e

m
m
m m n

n
n

m
n
l
n
>tLN*CK)K)*z6t2c>A3I,5>
] ^Sq nzm e
G ), )
fS34<Q>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB F ,5>A(+& &)28>A3/E42'TC&GiC<=B "$#
nl ] n e ] n e ] n e n
m
m ] ^Sq nCn e
n
l ] ne ] ne ] ne n
nl ] 1=$e ] l e ] l e n

%>

n#O =
0'*z6Qu 6c< W7,.B >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F >A34<yW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CB LN*C( F &)B$>A*D, : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>wLN*C( F
"$#gF E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4T ] ^Sq l e "$#@ LN(+* F >A34<QK)<YL >7q
] ^Sq n l e
) ( % m
] ^Sq n =$e
) ( ) 0 ) m
] ^Sq nNM e
) ( ) 0 ) m
G ( G 40 G m
] ^Sq n PCe
(

6t34<=(+< u 0 us,.B : 6c<w>A3/E42tOIB :
m
m m
]
(
S
^
q
e
n
m m
m
m
m
m m
]
40
S
^
q
C
e
n
m m m
m

6t34<=(+< &)2 >A34<_j|,.W@3 B/E F " <=(=qfS34&)2&)2 >A34< LN*C( F *.L >A34<y^\E4K)<=(w<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 >A3I,5>
&)2 : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$> &)Bg>A<=( F 2t*.LP>A34<Qi.,.(+&J, " K)< G q\fS34<U<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42',.K)(+<7, : #g" <=&)B4T
: & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>7uP&)B >A34< K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u16c< F , # >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< : <YOIB4< >A34<
B4*C( F ,.2
nl ] e ln ] ^Sq n >$e

6t34&)W@3k2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2
] ^Sq #n O e
D &
5"9
5"9
5"9

5"9

"
5 9

5"9

9

5 9
"

5"9

5 9
"

"
5 9

9

n#O M
0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>
] ^Sq l.m e
6t34&)W@3 &)2 <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : "$# 2+* F <DR/EI, : (A,5>AE4(+<|(+E4K)<.q fS34<=(+<a,.(+<gLN*C( F E4KJ,.2 >A3I,5> <=B : *z6 >A34<
2+W@34< F <t6t&G>A3_,QW=<=(?>@,.&)B H4(+*CHM<=(?> # 2+E4W@3 ,.2 < 4,.WY> 2+34*XW@-yW7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4T,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB
M q l qG

! ) ( ! %

('
"/
, "!
# +
4H K)&)W=&G> # u 6c< 6t(+&G>A< >A34< : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$> ^\E4K)<=(<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 ] ^Sq n PCeQ&)B
>A<=( F 2t*.LP>A34<QBI,5>AE4(A,.K W=*X*C( : &)BI,5>A<=2=o[>A34<Q2?>A(+<7, F K)&)B4<w,.B : &G>A2SB4*C( F ,.K q
G G 0 G m
] ^Sq lXn e
(
*&
%
6t34<=(+<

mm
m m m
]
( W=*C2 40 2+&)B
S
^
q
e
C
l
l
m m m

mm
m mm
]
0 40 W=*C2 ( 2+&)B m mm
S
^
q
=$e
l
m m mm
m mm
0'*.>A<t>A3I,5> >A34<'<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB LN*C(\>A34<'<=B$>A(+*CH # 3I,.2 " <=<=B : <=W=*CE4H4K)< : u " Ed>cB4*.> LN*C(\>A34<'<=B$>A3I,.K)H # q
0'*z6Qu'6c< 2+<=<=- , F ,5>A(+& 3 >A3I,5> : <=W=*CE4H4K)<=2g>A34< <=B$>A3I,.K)H # ,.2 6c<=K)K "$# LN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T >A34<
>A<=W@34B4&)R/E4<Q*.LPH4(+<=W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB4&)B4T4q <W=*CB42+& : <=(t,.BD,.KG>A<=(+< : 2 # 2?>A< F uIH4(+<=W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB4< : "$# 3 q
G 3 G 0 G m
] ^Sq 9l M e
(
*&
%
%I*C(U2+& F

5 9
"

5"9

5"9
5 9
"

5"9

5"9
9

n#O P
,.B : (+<=R/E4&)(+<w>A3I,5>
n e mmm
m mm
m mm 3 0 mmm
]
3
S
^
q
PCe
l
m m m
mmmm
m mm
mmmm
6t34&)W@3D& F H4K # >A3I,5>86c<w3I,7iC<w> 6c* , : iC<=WY>A&)*CBD<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42cLN*C(c>A34<w<=B$>A(+*CH # ,.B : >A34<<=B$>A3I,.K)H #
,.B : , l l ,.W=*CE42?>A&)W|2+E " 2 # 2?>A< F &)B >A34<|(+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T 2 # 2?>A< F q fS34< F ,5>A(+& 3 W7,.B " <
: <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : LN(+* F >A34<wOI(+2?>'<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB q\fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>t&)2
n mm n
m n m m
]
3
S
^
q
e
l
m m n m
n mm n
,.B : ,.B
W@34<=W@- W=*CBdOI( F 2y>A3I,5> &G> 2A,5>A&)2?OI<=2 >A34<D*.>A34<=( (+<=R/E4&)(+< F <=B$>_LN*C( 0 q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.uI>A34<Q2 # 2?>A< F ] ^Sq 9l M e " <=W=* F <=2
]
m
] ^Sq l Ce
e
n
(
*&
%
] ^Sq l >$e

(
*&
% m

m
] ^Sq l O e

(
*&

] ^Sq = m e

(
*& m
6t34<=(+<y>A34< OI(+2?>w> 6c*DW=* F HM*C2+< >A34< l l ,.W=*CE42?>A&)W 2+E " 2 # 2?>A< F ,.B : >A34<y*.>A34<=(+2Q,.(+<yW=* F
H4K)<Y>A<=K # : <=W=*CE4H4K)< : , : iC<=WY>A&)*CB <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42gLN*C( >A34< <=B$>A(+*CH # ,.B : >A34<
<=B$>A3I,.K)H # q B >A34<yK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : u 6c< F , # >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< F E4KG>A&)H4K #
>A34<D(+<=2+& : EI,.K "$# >A34< F ,5>A(+& 3 >A* : <=W=* F HM*C2+<g>A34<D(+<=2+& : EI,.K uc,.B : >A34<=B F &)B4& F [& Z=< >A34<

#n O
: <=W=* F HM*C2+< : (+<=2+& : EI,.K1&)Bg>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2t2+<=B42+<.q
nl 3 3
]
3

ln
e 3

6t34&)W@3k2+E4TCTC<=2?>A2

D 3 3 &
$, $,
# + . + $
'

] ^Sq = n e
, '/

] ^Sq = l e

<QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<Q2+E " 2 # 2?>A< F )& Bg&G>A2S2?>A<7, : # 2?>@,5>A<wLN*C( F q

]
n e *& % m
] ^Sq =Y=$e
] ^Sq = M e

*&
% m
fS34<_2 # 2?>A< F &)2>A34<=B 3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W &)B 2+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)W I*z6 ] n e ,.B : <=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W&)B 2+E " 2+*CB4&)W
I*z6 ]
n e q p1<Y>'E42S6t(+&G>A<w>A34<Q2 # 2?>A< F &)Bg>A34< F ,5>A(+& LN*C( F q
] ^Sq = PCe
*G & 0 G % m
6t34<=(+< G " ,.B :
]
ne m 0 m
] ^Sq = e

m
m
B >A34< 3 # HM<=( " *CK)&)W W7,.2+<.u16c< W7,.B : &J,.TC*CBI,.K)[& Z=<Q>A34< 2 # 2?>A< F ,.2LN*CK)K)*z6t2=q jkE4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4T
LN(+* F >A34<QK)<YL >7ud6c<U3I,7iC<
G 0 G m
] ^Sq = Ce
*&
%
fS34< F ,5>A(+& 0 3I,.2 >A34< <=&)TC<=B$i.,.K)E4<=2 n a6t34<=(+< n ,.B : >A34< <=&)TC<=B$iC<=W
>A*C(+2S6t34&)W@3|,.(+<Q,.(+(A,.B4TC< : &)B$>A*y>A34<QW=*CK)E F B428*.L\, F ,5>A(+& +
] ^Sq =Y>$e
+

6

5"9
5"9
9

9
5"9
n#O
fS34<=B uI>A34<QW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WLN*C( F &)2S* " >@,.&)B4< : "$#gF E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4TU>A34<Q2 # 2?>A< F"$#+ q
] ^Sq = O e
+ *G & + 0 + + G % m

] ^Sq M$m e
*&
% m
6t34<=(+< + G &)2'>A34<yW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)WUi.,.(+&J, " K)<=2,.B : &)2 >A34< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K F ,5>A(+&
6t34*C2+< : &J,.TC*CBI,.K <=K)< F <=B$>A2 ,.(+<Q>A34<U<=&)TC<=B$i.,.K)E4<=2=qS0'*z6QuMB4*.>A<w>A3I,5>'6c<* " >@,.&)B4< : >A34<UW@3I,.(
,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Wt2 # 2?>A< F "$# F E4KG>A&)H4K # &)B4T >A34<'*C(+&)TC&)BI,.Kd2 # 2?>A< F ] ^Sq = M e "$&# ,.B : >A34<=B + u/*C(
>A34< F ,5>A(+& 3 + LN(+* F >A34<K)<YL >7qtfS34<=B u : <=B4*.>A&)B4T_>A34<(+<=2+& : EI,.KPW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T
>A*>A34< *C(+&)TC&)BI,.KI2 # 2?>A< F "$# u/6c<* " >@,.&)B_>A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.KsLN*C( >A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W 2 # 2?>A< F ,.2
] ^Sq M4n e
3
<w>A34<=B F &)B4& F [& Z=<t>A34&)2tW@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)Ww(+<=2+& : EI,.K1&)Bg>A34<QK)<7,.2+< 2+R/EI,.(+<=2tB4*C( F q
] 3 e 3 3 3
] ^Sq M/l e

6t34<=(+<
n
n m
] ^Sq M =$e
3 ln
3 3 ln
n
m
&G>A3 >A34&)2w6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4T F ,5>A(+& u1>A34< F &)B4& F [& Z7,5>A&)*CB|2+W@34< F < (+<=W=*CTCB4[& Z=<=2Q>A34<_W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=ot>A34< B4*C( F i.,.B4&)2+34<=2&GL\>A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(+&)2?>A&)W<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42w,.(+< 2A,5>A&)2?OI< : LN*C( 2+& F H4K)<
,.2 6c<=K)K ,.2B4*CB 2+& F H4K)<Q68,7iC<=2 !+E42?>w,.2&)B|>A34< K)&)B4<7,.('W7,.2+<.qwfP* : <7,.KP6t&G>A3a2+E " 2+*CB4&)W W7,.2+<=2=u
6c< : <YOIB4<.uILN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4TU>A34<U,.BI,.K # 2+&)2S*.L[rt*X< > l u
n 3 3 n n m ] ^Sq MYM e
3 ln
l m
n
fS34<=B ut&)B 2+E " 2+*CB4&)WaW7,.2+<.u86t&G>A3 ,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4T4u8>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB " <=W=* F <=2 & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K
>A* >A34<y2?>@,.B : ,.( : OIB4&G>A<<=K)< F <=B$> : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CBkLN*C( >A34< <=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(wHI,.(?>A&J,.K
: & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q
5"9
5"9
5"9
5"9
5"9
5"9
5"9
5"9

:

5"9
:
:
5"9
n#O >

$'

+ /
. + $
'
% '*+
$# "!$,
< B4*z6 H4Ed> <YiC<=( # >A34&)B4Ta>A*CTC<Y>A34<=(=q 9 2+2+E F <_>A3I,5>6c< 3I,7iC< <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : >A34< (+<=2+& : EI,.K
LN(+* F >A34<QW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<QLN*C( F u Pq % &)(+2?>7u4LN*C( : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B4W # us6c< F E4KG>A&)H4K # >A34<
(+<=2+& : EI,.K "$*# q
] ^Sq M PCe

` <=W=*CB : uI>A* : <=W=* F HM*C2+<w>A34<Q2 # 2?>A< F uI6c< F E4KG>A&)H4K # >A34&)2 "$*# q
] ^Sq M e
3
% &)BI,.K)K # u/LN*C(8>A34<U,.W=*CE42?>A&)Ww2 # 2?>A< F uI6c< F E4KG>A&)H4K # >A34&)2 "$*# 3 q
] ^Sq M Ce
3 3
6t34<=(+< 3 &)2SB4*z6 M M F ,5>A(+& : <YOIB4< : "$#
n l l mm
]
3 n l l mm
S
^
q
M >$e
m m n m
m m m n
<w>A34<=B F &)B4& F [& Z=<t>A34&)2t(+<=2+& : EI,.K &)Bg>A34<QK)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2'2+<=B42+<.us& q <.q F &)B4& F [& Z=<
]3 3 e 3 3
] ^Sq M O e

*C(
] ^SQq P m e

D

6t34<=(+<
] ^SQq P n e
D 3 3 3 3 &

n#OYO

/
% '/
'!" # "!

` &)B4W=<t>A34< F ,5>A(+& D D&)2\W=* F H4K)&)W7,5>A< : u$&G>\6c*CE4K : " <'2+& F H4K)<=([>A*U& F H4K)< F <=B$>[>A34<t6c<=&)TC3$>
"$# W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4Ty>A34<w>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F < : (+<=2+& : EI,.K iC<=WY>A*C(=q

] ^SQq P l e
3 3 3
6t34<=(+<
] n e

]

e

n

] ^SQq P =$e
3
] ne
] ne

n

m
6t34<=(+< n ] n e q[fS34&)2 F ,5>A(+& y&)2 <Yi.,.K)EI,5>A< : 6t&G>A34&)B_<7,.W@3_>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< "$# >A34<Si.,.K)E4<
&)Bk,.W=W=*C( : ,.B4W=<w6t&G>A3D>A34<QK)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.LP>A34<QW=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CBgLN*C( F q\fS34<=BD6c< F &)B4& F [& Z=<

]
] ^SQq P M e

e

"$# , 2?>A<=<=HM<=2?> : <=2+W=<=B$> F <Y>A34* :

] ^SQq PYPCe
.

6t34<=(+< &)2U,D2 F ,.K)K[W=*CB42?>@,.B$>y,.B : y&)2U,D2+<Y>*.Lci.,.(+&J, " K)<=26t&G>A3 (+<=2+HM<=WY>U>A*k6t34&)W@3 >A34<
B4*C( F &)2 F &)B4& F [& Z=< : qPfS34<UTC(A, : &)<=B$>t&)Bg>A34<QW=<=K)K &)2STC&GiC<=B "$#
] e ] e 3
] ^SQq P e

5"9
:

5"9
:
5"9
:

C1
>

// #+
fS34<UB4*C( F : <=(+&GiC< : 34<=(+<Q3I,.2S>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T H4(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2=q

n q >'&)2 : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K)K # W=*CB42+&)2?>A<=B$>7q
.l mCm
l q >'&)2S<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>S>A*_, K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2tB4*C( F LN*C(8>A34< : <=W=* F HM*C2+< : ^\E4K)<=(S<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q
=dq B 2+E4HM<=(+2+*CB4&)W I*z6t2=u[&G>&)2U<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>U>A*a,|K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2B4*C( F LN*C(Q>A34< W@3I,.(A,.WY>A<=(
&)2?>A&)W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=u ,.B : >A3/E42U>A34<_B4*C( F W7,.B i.,.B4&)2+3 LN*C(Q2+& F H4K)< *C(QB4*CB 2+& F H4K)< 68,7iC<
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q
M q B 2+E " 2+*CB4&)W W7,.2+<.u'6t&G>A3 ,.(+<7, 6c<=&)TC3$>A&)B4T4uS>A34< F <Y>A34* : " <=W=* F <=2 & : <=B$>A&)W7,.K'>A* >A34<
2?>@,.B : ,.( : OIB4&G>A<_<=K)< F <=B$> : &)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CB LN*C(Q>A34<_2+<=W=*CB : *C( : <=(HI,.(?>A&J,.K : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K
<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42t<=R/E4&Gi.,.K)<=B$>S>A*y>A34<Q<=K)K)&)Hd>A&)W 2+E " 2 # 2?>A< F q
` 34*XW@-kW7,.Hd>AE4(+&)B4T_W7,.HI, " &)K &G> # &)2'TC&GiC<=B "$# ,_HI,.(?>A&)W=E4KJ,.(tK)&)B4<7,.(+[& Z7,5>A&)*CBg*.L[>A34<W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&GiC<
LN*C( F iX&J, ,yHI,.(A, F <Y>A<=( ,.2 : &)2+W=E42+2+< : &)B ` <=WY>A&)*CB M q l q
<
l.mdn

"!

$ %!"
&
4E (SW=*CB4W=<=(+Bk34<=(+<w&)2c>A*yW=* F H4Ed>A<>A34<w< 4,.WY>t2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 ] >A34<iC<=K)*XW=&G> # W=* F HM*CB4<=B$>A2@ec*.L

>A34<t&)B4W=* F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)<8&)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : , #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # ,.&)(?LN*C&)K
#

#

#
# q 9 W=*CB$iC<=B$>A&)*CBI,.K F <Y>A34* : >A*a* " >@,.&)B >A34< < 4,.WY>
2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB >A*a>A34< I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : ,.B ,.&)(?LN*C&)K &)2 " ,.2+< : *CB ,
# >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB oyLN(+* F ,
I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : , W # K)&)B : <=(*CB$>A*D, I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : ,.B ,.&)(?LN*C&)K q fS34&)2 F <7,.B42 >A3I,5>6c<yW@34*X*C2+< ,
HM*C&)B$> &)B >A34<gH4KJ,.B4< *.Lt>A34< W # K)&)B : <=(=u\W=* F H4Ed>A< >A34<g2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB >A34<=(+<.u ,.B : >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F >A34<
K)*XW7,5>A&)*CBD,.2S6c<=K)KP,.2S>A34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBg*CB$>A* , HM*C&)B$>'&)Bg>A34<UH4KJ,.B4<w*.L >A34<,.&)(?LN*C&)KM>A* * " >@,.&)Bg>A34<
< 4,.WY>y2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q B >A34&)2 F ,.B4B4<=(=u[34*z6c<YiC<=(=u &G>&)2 : & _W=E4KG>U>A*a* " >@,.&)B >A34< 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,5>y,
: <=2+&)(+< : K)*XW7,5>A&)*CBg&)BD>A34<U,.&)(?LN*C&)K H4KJ,.B4<w6t34&)W@3|&)2t< 4,.WY>AK # 6t3I,5>'6c<Q6t&)2+3k>A* : *_&)Bk*C( : <=(S>A*
* " >@,.&)By>A34<'2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB *CB ,QTC&GiC<=B TC(+& : HM*C&)B$> LN*C(\>A34<'H4E4(+HM*C2+<'*.L W=* F H4Ed>A&)B4Tw>A34<'B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K
<=(+(+*C(=q fP*_,.W@34&)<YiC<Q>A34&)2=u46c<UB4<=< : >A*_(+<YiC<=(+2+<Q>A34<Q>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB u/6t34&)W@3 us34*z6c<YiC<=(=u F E42?>
" <QHM<=(?LN*C( F < : W7,.(+<YLNE4K)K # q
< " <=TC&)B "$# *CEd>AK)&)B4&)B4Tk>A34< : &)(+<=WY>_H4(+*XW=< : E4(+<.q p1<Y> ,.B :

: <=B4*.>A<Q>A34<W=* F H4K)< DH4KJ,.B4<=2'*.L >A34<UW # K)& B : <=(',.B : >A34<,.&)(?LN*C&)K (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q'bc*CB42+& : <=(t>A34<
#.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB
] %cq n e
,

.l m$l
"$# 6t34&)W@3 >A34<_W=&)(+W=K)< , &)B H4KJ,.B4<y&)2>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F < : *CB$>A*D>A34<_K)&)B4<y2+<=T F <=B$> !+*C&)B4&)B4T
>A34<wHM*C&)B$>A2
l , &)B
H4KJ,.B4<w,.B : >A34<w< X>A<=(+&)*C(8*.L >A34<wW=&)(+W=K)< &)2c>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F < : *CB$>A* >A34<
< X>A<=(+&)*C(Q*.Lc>A34<_K)&)B4<y2+<=T F <=B$>7q fP*kTC<=B4<=(A,5>A< ,.B ,.&)(?LN*C&)K uM6c<_W@34*X*C2+< ,DW=&)(+W=K)< >A3I,5>UHI,.2+2+<=2
>A34(+*CE4TC3g>A34<wHM*C&)B$> , ud6t34&)W@3kW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : 2S>A*y>A34<>A(A,.&)K)&)B4T< : TC<.u " Ed>S6t34*C2+<QW=<=B$>A<=(t&)2
2+34&GL >A< : "$# , 2 F ,.K)K , F *CE4B$> ,- , 6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<Q2 F ,.K)K HM*C2+&G>A&GiC<QW=*CB42?>@,.B$>A2
>A3I,5>8W=*CB$>A(+*CKs>A34<'>A34&)W@-/B4<=2+2t,.B : W7, F " <=( *.L1>A34< (+<=2+E4KG>A&)B4T ,.&)(?LN*C&)K4(+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q fS34<W=&)(+W=K)<
&)28>A3/E42 : <YOIB4< : "$#
] %cq l e

6t34<=(+<
] %cq =$e
, ]n e
,.B : m l q < : <YOIB4<,.Bk,.B4TCK)<.u u "$#
] %cq M e

% ,
>'&)2S<7,.2 # >A*_2+34*z6 >A3I,5>t>A34&)2t,.B4TCK)<w&)2SW=* F H4Ed>@, " K)< "$#
] %cQq PCe

2+&)B

fS34< TC<=B4<=(A,5>A&)B4T'W=&)(+W=K)< &)2 B4*z6 W=* F H4K)<Y>A<=K # : <YOIB4< : ,.B : >A34<c,.&)(?LN*C&)K.W7,.B " < * " >@,.&)B4< : 2+& F H4K #
"$# F ,.H4H4&)B4T >A34<yHM*C&)B$>A2*CBa>A34<yW=&)(+W=K)< "$# ] %cq n e qUfS34<y< 4,.WY>U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBa&)2w,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<QLN*C(w,
I*z6 ,.(+*CE4B : ,yW # K)&)B : <=( : <YOIB4< : "$# ] %cq l ec&)Bg>A34<wLN*C( F *.LP>A34<QW=* F H4K)< iC<=K)*XW=&G> #
] Xe ] ] Xe e l 2+&)B ] e ] %cq e

] e

6t34<=(+< ] Xe : <=B4*.>A<=2 >A34< W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T W=* F H4K)< HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K u,.B ,.B4TCK)< *.L ,5>+>@,.W@- &)2
: <=B4*.>A< : "$# uQ,.B : >A34< W=&)(+W=E4KJ,5>A&)*CB 3I,.2 " <=<=B : <Y>A<=( F &)B4< : "$# >A34< vwEd>+>@, W=*CB : &G>A&)*CB
] % e m q\fP*_* " >@,.&)B >A34<QW=* F H4K)< iC<=K)*XW=&G> # &)B
H4KJ,.B4<.ud6c<UE42+<w>A34<QW@3I,.&)Bk(+E4K)<.q
]
e ] ] ]

e+e e ] ] Xe e
] ] Xe e
] %cq Ce

5"9

<

<

5"9
.l m =
0'*.>A< >A3I,5>U>A34< : <=(+&Gi.,5>A&GiC<
" <=W=* F <=24Z=<=(+*a,5> % ,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+< ] % e m &)2
(+<=R/E4&)(+< : >A*k* " >@,.&)B ,gOIB4&G>A<yiC<=K)*XW=&G> # ,5>Q>A34< >A(A,.&)K)&)B4T < : TC<.qgfS34< iC<=K)*XW=&G> # >A34<=(+<_W7,.B " <
LN*CE4B : "$# E42+&)B4T_p W %'*C2+H4&G>@,.K W 2S(+E4K)<.q\fS34<U(+<=2+E4KG>t&)2
]
e , W=*C2 ] e
] %cq >$e

0'*z6Qu <YiC<=( # >A34&)B4Tg&)2 2+<Y>QE4H ,.B : 6c<yW7,.B : * >A34<LN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T4ocH4&)W@-kE4H , HM*C&)B$>&)B H4KJ,.B4<
>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F &G>S&)B$>A* , HM*C&)B$>S&)B
H4KJ,.B4< "$# ] %cq n e 4W=* F H4Ed>A< >A34<wiC<=K)*XW=&G> # ,5>S>A3I,5>SHM*C&)B$> "$#
] %cq Cec*C( ] %cq >$e q >'&)2S& F HM*C(?>@,.B$>8>A*_B4*.>A<Q>A3I,5>S>A34<QiC<=K)*XW=&G> # &)2t,yLNE4B4WY>A&)*CBk*.L ,.K)*CB4<Q,.B :
>A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<aW7,.B " <aW=* F H4Ed>A< : 6t&G>A34*CEd> -/B4*z6t&)B4T >A34<aW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T HM*C&)B$> &)B
H4KJ,.B4<.q
fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<.u >A* W=* F H4Ed>A<g>A34< iC<=K)*XW=&G> # ,5>_,aTC&GiC<=B HM*C&)B$>y&)B
H4KJ,.B4< 6t34&)W@3 &)26t3I,5> 6c<
68,.B$>'>A* : *4ud6c< !+E42?>'B4<=< : >A*yOIB : >A34<QW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T_HM*C&)B$>t&)B H4KJ,.B4<.u/>A3/E42'K)<7, : &)B4T >A*
>A34<U&)B$iC<=(+2+<U>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB qcbc*CB42+<=R/E4<=B$>AK # uM>A34< : &)2+W=E42+2+&)*CBD>A3I,5>'LN*CK)K)*z6t286t&)K)K " <UH4E4(+<=K #
TC<=* F <Y>A(+&)W7,.K q
B *C( : <=( >A* &)B$iC<=(?>_>A34<D>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB ] %cq n e u 6c<kOI(+2?>_6t(+&G>A<D&G>_&)B ,.B ,.KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<
LN*C( F q\0'*.>A<w>A3I,5>', :4: &)B4T l , >A*y>A34< " *.>A3k2+& : <=2t*.L ] %cq n ecTC&GiC<=2
] %cq O e
l , , l , ] ,e
,.B :k: &GiX&)2+&)*CB # &)<=K : 2
l, ,
] %cq nzm e
l , ,
6t34&)W@3k&)28>A34< : <=2+&)(+< : (+<=2+E4KG>7q >S>A34<=BkLN*CK)K)*z6t28& F_F < : &J,5>A<=K # >A3I,5>
] %cq nCn e
,.(+T
ll ,, l ,.(+T ,,
fS34&)2S2+34*z6t2S>A3I,5>S>A34<Q,.B4TCK)< LN*C( F < : "$# > 6c* K)&)B4< 2+<=T F <=B$>A2=uI>A34<w*CB4< !+*C&)B4&)B4TU>A34<wHM*C&)B$>S*.L
&)B$>A<=(+<=2?>t,.B :
l , ,.B : >A34<*.>A34<=( !+*C&)B4&)B4TU>A34<HM*C&)B$>S,.B :
l , &)28,.KG68, # 2c> 6t&)W=< >A34<
,.B4TCK)< LN*C( F < : "$# >A34<S2+<=T F <=B$> !+*C&)B4&)B4T'>A34<SW=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4TwHM*C&)B$> ,.B : , ,.B : >A34<S*CB4<
!+*C&)B4&)B4Tw>A3I,5>cHM*C&)B$>c,.B : , q > LN*CK)K)*z6t2\LN(+* F >A34&)2\>A3I,5> >A34"< #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB
<

.l m M
F ,.H42[>A34<tW=&)(+W=K)< , &)B H4KJ,.B4<c*CB$>A*w>A34<tK)&)B4<82+<=T F <=B$> !+*C&)B4&)B4T >A34<tHM*C&)B$>A2
l , &)B
H4KJ,.B4<t,.B : >A34<'< X>A<=(+&)*C( *.L >A34<'W=&)(+W=K)<S*CB$>A*U>A34<t< X>A<=(+&)*C( *.L >A34<tK)&)B4<t2+<=T F <=B$>7q[fS34< F ,.H
&)2 " & !+<=WY>A&GiC< ] *CB4< >A* *CB4<',.B : *CB$>A*/e uX,.B : >A34<=(+<YLN*C(+<t>A34<'&)B$iC<=(+2+<'>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB < d&)2?>A2=q >
&)2S* " >@,.&)B4< : LN(+* F

, ,
l
] %cq n l e
l, ,
,.B : 2+*CKGiX&)B4T LN*C( _TC&GiC<=2
] %cq n =$e
]]
ll ,, ee ]]
ll ,, ee
>8&)2cB4*z6HM*C2+2+& " K)<t>A* W=* F H4Ed>A<'>A34<< 4,.WY>S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ,5>S,TC&GiC<=B HM*C&)B$>8&)B_>A34<w,.&)(?LN*C&)K4H4KJ,.B4<.o
H4&)W@- ,.B # HM*C&)B$>
*CEd>A2+& : < >A34< ,.&)(?LN*C&)K >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F " ,.W@- >A*D>A34<_W=*C(+(+<=2+HM*CB : &)B4T|HM*C&)B$>U&)B
H4KJ,.B4< "$# ] %cq n =$e 4W=* F H4Ed>A<w>A34<wiC<=K)*XW=&G> # "$# ] %cq Ce *C( ] %cq >$e q
%'*z6c<YiC<=(=uS>A34<D&)B$iC<=(+2+<k>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB L ,.&)K)2 LN*C(yW7, F " <=(+< : ,.&)(?LN*C&)K 2=q fS34<|(+<7,.2+*CB &)2
>A3I,5>8>A34< >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB &)2cB4*.>S&)B !+<=WY>A&GiC< ] *CB4< >A* *CB4<ze &GL1>A34<&)B42+& : < *.L >A34<W=&)(+W=K)< ,
&)2t&)B4W=K)E : < : &)BD&G>A2 : * F ,.&)B q BkL ,.WY>7uI&G>t&)2t<7,.2 # >A*_2+34*z6 LN(+* F ] %cq nCn ec>A3I,5>t>A34<QK)*z6c<=( 3I,.KGL
(+<=TC&)*CB *.Lc>A34<_W=&)(+W=K)< &)2 F ,.H4HM< : *CB$>A*D>A34<_E4H4HM<=( 3I,.KGLc*.L
H4KJ,.B4<y6t34&)K)< >A34<_E4H4HM<=( 3I,.KGL
(+<=TC&)*CBD*.LP>A34<QW=&)(+W=K)<&)2 F ,.H4HM< : *CB$>A* >A34<QK)*z6c<=( 3I,.KGLP*.L
H4KJ,.B4<.q[fS34<UW7, F " <=(+< : ,.&)(?LN*C&)K)2
,.(+< TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$# , W=&)(+W=K)<HI,.(?>*.L\6t34&)W@3 TC*X<=2&)B42+& : <*.L\>A34< W=*C(+< W=&)(+W=K)< , u : E4<>A*
B4*CB Z=<=(+* u > # H4&)W7,.K) # B4<7,.( " Ed>QK)<=2+2>A3I,.B qfS34<=(+<YLN*C(+<y>A34<y(+<=TC&)*CBa&)B42+& : < *.L >A34<
W=*C(+< W=&)(+W=K)<.u 6t34&)W@3 &)2 " <=K)*z6 >A34<y(+<7,.K , d&)2=u1&)2wB4*z6 >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F < : ,g(+<=TC&)*CBa>A3I,5>Q&)2Q, " *ziC<
>A34<w(+<7,.K , d&)28&)B
H4KJ,.B4<.uX>A3/E42tW=(+<7,5>A&)B4T ,yW7, F " <=(=q >tW7,.B " <w2+34*z6tBD>A3I,5>S>A34&)2S3I,.H4HM<=B42
&GL , HM*C&)B$> K)&)<=2S&)Bg>A34<Q(+<=TC&)*CB : <YOIB4< : "$#
l ] l 2+&)B ] , e e l ,.B : , ] %cq Nn M e
fS34&)2 2+34*z6t2cW=*CB$iC<=(+2+<=K # >A3I,5> &G> B4<YiC<=(c3I,.H4HM<=B_*CB4K # &GL m u/& q <.q[2 #XF_F <Y>A(+&)W7,.KI,.&)(?LN*C&)K)2=q L
&)2 B4*CB Z=<=(+*y,.B : >A34< HM*C&)B$>c&)B W=*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB 3I,.H4HM<=B42 >A* " <, F ,.H_LN(+* F ,HM*C&)B$>c&)B42+& : <
*.L >A34<'W=*C(+<'W=&)(+W=K)<.u$>A34<'&)B$iC<=(+2+<'>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB ] %cq n =$ePL ,.&)K)2=uC>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F &)B4Tw>A34<'HM*C&)B$> &)B$>A*

5"9
.l m P
>A34< *CB4< *CEd>A2+& : <_*.L8>A34< W=&)(+W=K)<.q 9 W=*C(+(+<=WY>>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB &)2U* " >@,.&)B4< : "$# H4Ed>+>A&)B4TD>A34<
F &)B/E42S2+&)TCBD*CBD>A34<QK)<YL >S2+& : <Q*.L &)B ] %cq n l e uI,.B : 2+*CKGiX&)B4TyLN*C( Iud>A3/E42tTC&GiX&)B4T
] %cq n PCe
]]
ll ,, ee ]]
ll ,, ee
>Q&)2w34*z6c<YiC<=(UB4*.>Q<7,.2 # &)B H4(A,.WY>A&)W=<>A*g>A<=K)K &GL >A34<yHM*C&)B$>w&)B
H4KJ,.B4< " <=K)*CB4TC2>A* >A34&)2
: * F ,.&)By>A*2?6t&G>AW@3_>A34< &)B$iC<=(+2+<'>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB q 9 F *C(+<tH4(A,.WY>A&)W7,.KI68, # >A*U*ziC<=(+W=* F <'>A34&)2
: & _W=E4KG> # &)2S>A* < F H4K)* # iC*CB|v ,.( F ,.B fP(+< M> ZQ,.&)(?LN*C&)K)2 TC<=B4<=(A,5>A< : "$#
% , ,
] %cq n e
% , ,
6t34<=(+<
] %cq n Ce
% l
fS34&)28&)2S, TC<=B4<=(A,.K)[& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.L1>A34< #.*CE4-.*z6t2+- # >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB_6t34&)W@3D(+<=H4KJ,.W=<=2c>A34<wW=E42+Hk,5>
>A34<t>A(A,.&)K)&)B4T< : TC< "$# ,QHM*C&)B$> 6t&G>A3 > 6c* : &)2?>A&)B4WY> >@,.B4TC<=B$>A2 W=(+<7,5>A&)B4T,wOIB4&G>A<'&)B$>A<=(+&)*C( ,.B4TCK)<
*.Lc>A34< >A(A,.&)K)&)B4Tg< : TC< >A3I,5>U&)2Q2+HM<=W=&GOI< : "$# q >UW7,.B " <_2+34*z6tB >A3I,5>Q>A34< iC*CB v ,.( F ,.B
fP(+< M> ZU>A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CBD&)2 " & !+<=WY>A&GiC<U&)Bk>A34< : * F ,.&)BD>A3I,5> &)B4W=K)E : <=2 , " &G>'*.L\&)B42+& : <U*.L >A34<
W=*C(+< W=&)(+W=K)<.q[fS34<=(+<YLN*C(+< >A34<&)B$iC<=(+2+< >A(A,.B42?LN*C( F ,5>A&)*CB u ] %cq n =$e[6t&G>A3 l (+<=H4KJ,.W=< : "$# % ud< d&)2?>A2
<YiC<=BkLN*C(SW7, F " <=(+< : ,.&)(?LN*C&)K)28,.KG>A34*CE4TC3 >A34<QW7, F " <=( F E42?> " <Q2 F ,.K)K q

l.m

l.m

n >Aj =< (;q W 92a(+fS& _B34<=2+q &)2= u V<=HI,.(?> F <= B$>| *.L F ,5$>A34 < F ,5>A&) W=2| ,5>k >A 34< h'B4&G iC<=(+ 2+&G> # *.L_
rt#<7 ,qC:j|&)B4,.T42 u
` <=Hd>A< F " =< ( n#OYOYO q
l xyq 9 2+3dLN*C( : q 9 Byh'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : xw(+& : xw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.B :9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CBUfP<=W@3
B4h'&)B4R/&GE4iC< <=(+%I2+&G*C> (D# %'*.L &)TCjk3&)W@rt34< &)#T$,.B4B*CKu : 9 2 B40'B E 9 F ( " " <=*C(k(=uMbcjk* F &)W@34H4&)(+T$<=,.2+2+B & u" K)n#< OYO % K)q *z6t2=qtZ\3IV >A34<=2+&)2=ufS34<
= j q #dqs{8,.&)B4<=2=q $

q XLN*C( :a` W=&)<=B4W=<UZ\E " K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42=u #n OYO M q
M j q #dqM{8,.&)B4<=2=qMZ\(+*CHM<=(?>A&)<=2'*.L , xw(+& : jk*ziC< F <=B$> 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F q40'E F <=(+&)W7,.K 9 BI,.K
#n#OY2+&)O 2tPXrtq <=HM*C(?> > O PXudfS34<Qh'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # *.LPrt<7, : &)B4T4u4V<=HI,.(?> F <=B$>S*.L j|,5>A34< F ,5>A&)W=2=q
P j q #dqM{8,.&)B4<=2=q 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 28LN*C( Hd>A& F ,.K V&)2+W=*CB$>A&)B/E4*CE42 Z\&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<p1&)B4<7,.( ,.B :
b,.cB *C: B42?f8>@,.6cB$* > V & F % <=&GB4>A2+2 &)*C>AB4*|2=bcq *CB$>A&)
B/E4 *CE42 %I# E4B4 WY>A&)*CB4 2 6t&G >A3 9 : u !+E4$2?l >@o , "M PK)< 0'YO* u: <=#n 2wOYO &)MB q B4<
j q #dq {8,.&)B4<=2=q p1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2 ,.B : 9 H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A< ^\R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB &)B jkE4KG>A&
:d&n F PXu <=B4n#OY2+&)OY*CO B4q 2=q

!"

u n PXo Cm P
j q #dq8{8,.&)B4<=2 ,.B : ` q #dqcp1<7,.( # q % K)E4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB V&)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB ` W@34< F <=2 *CB 9 :
!+E42?>@, " K)<_jk<=2+34<=2ULN*C( ` W7,.KJ,.(w% # HM<=( " *CK)&)W ^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q 0'E F <=(+&)W7,.K 9 BI,.K # 2+&)2Qrt<
HM*C(?> O >du4fS34<h'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # *.L[rt<7, : &)B4T4uIV<=HI,.(?> F <=B$>t*.L\j|,5>A34< F ,5>A&)W=2=q #n OYO >dq
> j q #dq\{8,.&)B4<=2=u ` q #dq\p1<7,.( # u8j q\^Sq %'E "4" ,.( : q 9 % &)B4&G>A< *CK)E F <Djk<Y>A34* : LN*C(
` >A<7 , :
# % # HM<=( "*C
K)&)W'
#^\ R/ EI$,5
#>A&)*CB4 2=q

#
!

"#%$'&)()'*$'&'&'& u[< : q "$# rQq &)K)2 F <=&)<=(=u %cq {c<=B4-/3I,.K : *CE4B u V q % ,.B4<=K
] %'<=( F <=2 ` W=&)<=B4W=<Z\E " K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42=u4Z ,.(+&)2 #n OYOYO ecH4H q > ,+ O M q
O fwq #dqM{8,.(?>A3 q 9 2+HM<=WY>A2*.L h'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : xw(+& : 2',.B : % &)B4&G>A< *CK)E F < ` *CKGiC<=(+2tLN*C(
>A 34< ^\E4K)<=
(D ,.B : 0 /,7iX &)<=( $
#` >A*C -.<=02|^\R/ EI,5 >A&)*CB4
12=q
# q 9 x 9 r'V
rt.-<=HM*C(?> > X q[H4
H q
] n 2e + ] dn e q
)

l.m >
nzm #dq fwq5{8,5>A&)BI,dqzh'B42?>A<7, : # ^\E4K)<=( 9 &)(?LN*C&)K ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB42 h'2+&)B4T h'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : V # BI, F &)W
jk<=2+34<=2=q # u l >do n =Y> n n =Y>Y>du n#OYOCm q
nCn) j q #dq1{c<=(+TC<=(w,.B : rQq #dq1p1< <=R/E4<.q 9 B 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<_b8,.(?>A<=2+&J,.B jk<=2+3 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F
LNn#*CO ( > >AO 34q < ^\E4K)<=(c^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 &)B 9 ( " &G>A(A,.( # xw<=* F <Y>A(+&)<=2=q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=(?> O n#O = m ?b8ZPu
n l 9 qM{c*C( Z=& usvyq ;qMjk*C(?>A*CB uM^Sq ` E4K)& uI,.B : j q ,.B F ,.<=K)<.qsjkE4KG>A&)K <YiC<=K ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CBg*.L
bc<=K) K <=u (?n >A> < ] l b8e o MY,.M4E4nW@3 M # P Ortu &)<#n F OYO ,.XB4q B ^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q #

n = rQq4p\q4{cE4( : <=Bk,.B : #dq4V q %s,.&)(+<=2=q
q4Z ` Z\E " K)&)2+34&)B4T bc* F
HI,.B # u #n OYO$l q
Nn M %cq {cK)* F qMbc*CB42+& : <=(A,5>A&)*CB42 *CB|>A34< ` H4(+&)B4T 9 BI,.K)*CT # q
#

du = l o M >du l.mCmCm q
n P #dq4hUqd{c(A,.W@- " &)K)K ,.B : #dq ` q ` ,.KG> Z F ,.B q 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< *CB4&)B4TULN*C( ` &)B4TCE4KJ,.( Z\(+* " K)< F 2
&)BDf86c* V& F <=B42+&)*CB42q # # u M o = M/l = >du #n O > l q
n #dqShUqS{c(A,.W@- " &)K K q 9 B 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< xw(+& : 6t&G>A3 V&)(+<=WY>A&)*CBI,.Kbc*CB$>A(+*CK q #
# u nzm >do =Y> P m u #n OYO =dq
n ZPq { q {c*XW@34<Yi ,.B : j q V q xwE4B Z " E4(+TC<=(=q % &)B4&G>A<g^\K)< F <=B$> jk<Y>A34* : 2_*.Lp1<7,.2?>
` R/EI,.(+<=2'f # HM<.q

$
u M$m ] M e o > O >Y= Xu #n OYO >dq
n > qsb8,.& uIrQqsV qIp , Z7,.(+*ziMuIfwqMj|,.B$>A<=E <=K us,.B :a` qMjkWzbc*C( F &)W@-sq % &)(+2?> ( : <=( ` # 2
>A< F p1<7 ,.2?
> ` R/EI,.(+<=2\LN*C ( Z ud,.= (?n >Ao &Jn ,.KI> VP & n <=(+OY<=O B$u >An#&J,.OYKdO ^\M qR/EI,5>A&)*CB42 dZ ,.(?> n q #
#n O V q1b8,.(A,.<=B4& u1p\q %IE4W@342=q 9 0'<Y6 bc* F HI,.WY>Q%'&)TC3 ( : <=(QjkE4KG>A& : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KPh'H
6tK)&J,.&)BT :F V<=B4&)&2+udW=(+xw<Y(+>A<=&[Z7<=,5W=>A<.&)u *C#.B E4q K # nzm #
#n
P l.mCmC m q

#
u *CE
l.m xyq %cqMb8,.(+< # q qIf , # K)*C( %I(A,.B4W=&)2tZ\E " K)&)2+34<=(+2=u #n OYO Xq
lX)n xyq %cq b8,.(+< # u 9 q @q ZP<=34K)&Gi.,7iMu yq ` 34<=B u 9 q {c*C2+<.uS,.B : vyq b q ,.B4T4q p1<7,.2?>
` R/EI,.(+<= 2 % &)B4&G>A
<t ^\K)< F <=
B$ >A2 LN*C ( % K)E4 & : % K)*zu 6 l X,.o OB : nzfPm (AX,.u B4n#2+HMOYO*C>d(?>7q q
#
lCl 0Uqz0Uq b8,.(+K)2+*CBU,.B : vyqzjk&)K)K)<=(=q=V<=2+&)TCBQ,.B :Q9 H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB*.Ld,'xw(A, : &)<=B$> <=&)TC3$>A< :
jk *z iX
&)B4 T % &) B4&G>A <a ^\K)< F <=u B$#n >kO ] bc=$*e o: < @o O >dB u #n f8OY6cO >d* q V& F <=B42+&)*CB42=q #
l = j q #dq b8,.2?>A(+* V&J, Z.u %cq %'<=W@34<Y>7u { q jk*C3I, F_F , : & u ,.B : q Z\&)(+*CB4B4<7,.E q
9 B4&) 2+*.>A(+*CH4#&)Wah' B42?>A(+ E4WY >AE4 (+< :
jk <=2+3 9
: ,.Hd>@,5 >A&) *C B LN*C( % u K)*zl 6 PXo M ` Y& PF ME4OdKJ,5n >Au &)*Cn#B4OYO2=qXq

l.mYO
l9M b p\q\bc3I,.B4T ,.B : j q[V q[{cE4B Z " E4(+TC<=(=q 9 2+E " : * F ,.&)B?xQ,.K)<=(+-/&)B 5K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2
F <Y
>A34 * : LN*C('OI(+ 2? > u*C(l : <=] ( PCe <=o K)nCK)n#&)HdO >A&) Wwn 2lX# nC2?n >Au < F#n OY2OCm &)Bkq >A34<H4KJ,.B4<.q #
l P j q #dqPbcK)*CE : ,.B : { qPb q V(A,.W@3 F ,.B q

#
#
q ` H4(+&)B4TC<=( <=(+KJ,.T 0'<Y6 *C(+-su #n OYO >dq
l ;qPbc*C&)(+&)<=(=q 9 B 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<=K # rt<YOIB4< : u b8,.(?>A<=2+&J,.B u bc<=K)K {8,.2+< : ` W@34< F < LN*C( >A34<
^T$\,.E4B K)<=us(UV,.<=B HI: ,.(?0 > F ,7iX<=&)B$<=>t( *.` L >A*C9 -.<=<=(+2U*C2+^\HIR/,.EIW=<,5>A^\&)*CB4B4TC2=&)q B4Z\<=<=3I(+V &)B4T4>Aq34<=n#2+OY&)O 2=M uPq fS34<_h'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # *.LSjk&)W@34&
l ZPq @q bc(+E F Hd>A*CB u #dq 9 q j|,.W@-.<=B Z=&)<.uS,.B : vyq ;q jk*C(?>A*CB q bc<=K)K <=(?>A< 9 K)TC*
(+ &G>A3 F 2c LN*C(c >A 34#<U u bcnz* Ym F O o H4md(+n <= 2+n 2+PX& u" K)#n <QOYO0 =d,7q iX&)<=( ` >A*C-.<=2t^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q #
l > V q1V< <=<=E$6Qq 9 EI, : >A(+<=< {8,.2+< : 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<=K # rt<YOIB4< : b8,.(?>A<=2+&J,.B ?xw(+& : 9 K)TC*
(+jk&G>A&)3 W@34F &)T$%I,.*CB ( u 9 ` *CB4K)B Ed>A9 &)*C( B " *C*.(=L8us>Ajk34<&)W@34^\&)E4T$K),.<=B (u ^\n#R/OYOEI=d,5q>A&)*CB42Z\3IV >A34<=2+&)2=u fS34<gh'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # *.L
l O ^Sq %cq.V W 9 Z=<YiC< : *4q 9 (+<S{c&)K)&)B4<7,.( EI, : (+&)KJ,5>A<=(A,.K)2 " <Y>+>A<=( >A3I,.B p1&)B4<7,.( fP(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2 Cq
#
u lCl ] n e o n#O > lXn Xu l.mCmCm q
= m %UqXV<=W=*CB4&)B4W@-sudZPqXp\qXrt*X<.uX,.B : rQq #dq ` >A(+E4& !+2=q 9 jkE4KG>A& : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KIxw<=B4<=(A,.K)&)2A,
>A&)*C
B *.Lcrt *X < u W lC2 l % ] lK)E =$e Vo lX& n P <= (+lC<=lCB4l W=u < #n ÒYH4O =dK)&Gq>+>A<=( LN*C( >A34< ^\E4K)<=(w^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q

= )n %Uq4V<=W=*CB4&)B4W@- ,.B : xyqdV<=TC(+;< Z.qIjkE4KG>A& : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.Ksh'H$6t&)B : rt<=2+& : EI,.K V&)2?>A(+& " E
>A&)*C B `
W@ 34 < F <Q,.B
:g9 H4
# H4K) &)$W7
#,5>A&)*C B q

#
!

"#%$'&)()'*$'&'&'& u[< : q "$# rQq &)K)2 F <=&)<=(=u %cq {c<=B4-/3I,.K : *CE4B u V q % ,.B4<=K
] %'<=( F <=2 ` W=&)<=B4W=<Z\E " K)&)W7,5>A&)*CB42=u4Z ,.(+&)2 #n OYOYO ecH4H q l M$m q
= l
q

!"

qsb8rSb Z\(+<=2+2=uMp pPb u #n OYO q
=Y= %Uq 9 q V 6 # <=(=u rQq #dq vw<=<.u ,.B : { q[rQq ` ,.B : <=<=(+2=q 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<Dxw(+& : jk<Y>A34* : LN*C(
Z\n lX(+n* l" uK)< n#F O >2wm &)qB % K)E4& : jk<=W@3I,.B4&)W=2U,.B : %'<7,5>UfP(A,.B42?LN<=(=q # u n >do n l.m P
= M ^Sq_j qy^ : 68,.( : 2=q $ #
. !"

q
{c&)(+-/3 ,.E42+<=(=u n#OYO Xq
= P 9 q #dq ^\B4TC<=K qMV&)(+<=WY>A&)*CBI,.K bc*CB$>A(+*CK &)Baxw(+& : xw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB q #
# u M o M/lCl M = O u n#O >Y>dq
= vyqI^\(+&)-/2+2+*CB uMV q ` >A<=H usZPqs% ,.B42 " *4uI,.B : b q #.*.LNB42+*CB q !"

qsb8, F " (+& : TC<Qh'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # Z\(+<=2+2=u n#OYO q

Xl nzm
= 9 q %I<=(+(A,.B$>A<.q ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB *.L1>A34<Qh'B42?>A<7, : # ^\E4K)<=(S^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB428E42+&)B4T rt<=2+& : EI,.K V&)2
>A B4(+& 2?" >AEd&G>A>AEd&)*C>A<wB LN,.*CB(&: % K)% E4K)& E: V bc# BI*C,(+(+F <=WY&)W=>A2=< u: #n fPOYO (AX,.B4q 2+HM*C(?>7q wv Z r n#OYO m >duciC*CBvQ,.( F ,.B
=Y> xyq #dq % & ,.B : j qd^Sq4rt*C2+<.q 9 bc* F HI,.(A,5>A&GiC< ` >AE : # *.L % &)B4&G>A< ^\K)< F <=B$>S,.B : % &
B4&G>A<tV& <=(+<= B4
W=< jk <Y>A 34* : 2\ LN *C ( u b8lCl ,.]E4l W@e 3 o l# P rtm &)l< dF n ,.u B4n#B_O > f PX# q HM< ^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q #
= O b q ;qxw<7,.(=q

%
!"

qsZ\(+<=B$>A&)W=< % ,.K)K u4^\B4TCK)<Y6c*X* : bcK)& 2=u n#O > n q
M$m ZPq 9 qMxwB4* *4q 9 % &)B4&G>A< *CK)E F <.u 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< xw(+& :D9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F ,.H4H4K)&)< : >A* Z\KJ,.B
<Y>@,.( # ^\B$>A( # % K)*z6 % &)<=K : 2=q # u lXn o n l9M O n l P M u n#O >Y=dq
M4)n ;q xyq % , " ,.2+34& u #dqPV* F H4&)<=(+(+<.u yqP{c*CE4(+T$,.E4KG>7u V q 9 &G> 9 K)& c,.34&J,du1j q %I*C(?>A&)B
,.jkB <=: 2+3 j qB : <=,.HMK)K)<=<YB >7:q <=9 B$B4>|&)2+,.*.B >A:(+*CH4` &)*CW KGiCjk<=( <= 2+ 3B : 9 <=HM: <=,.B Hd: >@,5<=>AB$&)>k*CB b ot%[fPV *zq68Z,.( ,.: (?2Q> h'@oc2+<=xw( <= B4B <=: (A<=,.HMK'<=Z\B (+: &)<=B4B$W=>7& u
H4l.mCK)<=mC2=m q q
#

u = l o l P MYM u
M/l p\q % ,.2 : *C( q

q &)K)< #
B$>A<=(+2+W=&)<=B4W=<.u n#O q
M = V q %cqs% ,76t-.<=B u #dq #dq xw*.>+>AK)&)< " uI,.B : #dq ` qs% ,.B42+<=B q rt<YiX&)<Y6 *.L ` * F < 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<
0>A'&)*C* B4: 2<?*.jkL8*zZ iC,.< (?F >A&J<=,.B$K[>QVfP& <=W@<=34(+<=B4B$&)R/>A&JE4,.<=K 2Q^\&)B$R/EI% ,5&)>AB4&)*C&G>AB4<2= q ^\#K)< F <=B$> ,. B : % &) B4&G >A< V& <=(+<=B4W=< ` *C K)#E u
O PXo l P M = m$l u #n OYOdn q
MYM V q xyqP%'*CK F <=2,.B : V q V q ` B # : <=(=q fS34<gxw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB *.Lth'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : fP(+&J,.B
TC E4KJ,.(c jk <=2+34 <=28E42+ &)B4T V<= KJ,.
#E4 BI, # fP#(+&J,. B4TCu1E4KJ< ,5: >Aq &)*C"$B # q ` q ` <=
B4TC E4Hd>@,D <Y >7q1,. K
q ]
Z\ &)B4<= (+& : TC <
Z\(+<=2+2=u #n O >Y>$ecH4H M = P l q
M P j q[^Sq[%'E "4" ,.( : ,.B : ZPq[p\q[rt*X<.q[bc* F HI,.WY>y%'&)TC3 rt<=2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 2wLN*C(
fS &F < V <=HM<= B #: <=udB$=Y> =d9 o :nCiCn <=WY=>A&)*Cu B l.mC*CmCB m qh'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : xw(+& : 2=q #
M b q K)&)B4W7,du q V q 3I,.B4T4u #dq yq fP(+<=HI,.B4&)<=(=u1,.B : rQq1b8, F ,.(+<=(+*4q 9 bc* F HI,.(+&)2+*CB
*.H4L1(+<=fS2+2+34& (+" <=K)<< ^\% (+K)*z(+*C6t(c2=q^\2?>A& F ,5>A&)*C
B fP <=
W@34B4&)R/ E4<= /2cLN*C( % &)
B4&G>A<
# *CK)E F <#"` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB42\ *.LP
#
bc* F u
n > O o n l n l O M u l.mCmCm q
M 9 q #C, F <=2+*CB q 9 <=(+* : # BI, F &)W'V<=2+&)TCB_iX&J,bc*CB$>A(+*CKsfS34<=*C( # q #

du =do l =Y= l Cm u #n OYO >dq
M > { q #.&J,.B4T4
q

#

# 1
#
#
# q ` H4(+&)B4TC<=(
<=(+KJ,.T_0'<Y6 *C(+-su n#OYO >dq

Xl nCn
M O qP{ qPvw3I,.&)(+E4K)K)&)BI,dq1jk<Y>A34* : *.L'bc*CB42?>A(+E4WY>A&)B4Ta{cK)*XW@- rt<=TCE4KJ,.( Hd>A& F ,.K xw(+& : 2
&>A)B (+&)<=f82=q 6c
* V# & F #<=B42+&)*CBI,.K_ jk E4KG >A&)H4 K #
bc *CB4B4 <=WY>A< : V * F ,.&)B42 *.
Lk bc* F H4K)< xw<=
*F < u
nCn ] M e o = M = = P >du n#OYO q
P m p\qcvQ,.B4&J,dq ^\K)K)&)Hd>A&)W 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< xw(+& : xw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB ,.B : 9 (+<7, ^\R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB q

#

du = m o M > n M Odn u #n OYOYO q
P n) %Uqd{ qXvw<=K)K)<=(=q

"

q
V*ziC<=(=u #n OYO$l q
P l rQq1vw<Y> Z=2+W@34<=( ,.B : ` q %I*C(?>A3 q 9 ` 34*X*.>A&)B4Tkjk<Y>A34* : LN*C( >A34< xw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB *.L >A34<
" <=2?
> H4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<QK)&)B4<7,.(8&)B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB q 9 j r OYO =duIbc(A,.BdOI<=K : h'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # q
P = ZPqMvwB/E4H4Ha,.B :a` q ` >A<=&)B " <=(+T4q

qMb8rSb Z\(+<=2+2
B4W.qGu #n OYO =dq
P M #dqCV q.p , F " <=(?>7'q

!"

'

q #.*C34B &)<=K # ` E4B42=uMbc34&)W@34<=2?>A<=(=u ^\B4TCKJ,.B : #n OYOdn q
PYP ` q #dq p1<7,.( # qM0'E F <=(+&)W7,.KP^ dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2 *CB|>A34< ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CBD*.L , ` W7,.KJ,.( 9 : iC<=WY>A&)*CB
^\O R/O EIX,5u4>AfS&)*C34B <U"$h'# B4p1&GiC<7<=,.(+2?2+> &G> `# R/*.EIL[,.(+rt<=<72w, *C: B &)B4T4uIHdV>A& <=F HI,.,.K(?> xwF (+<=& :B$>t2=q *.0'L\E j|F ,5<=>A(+34&)<W7F,.K ,59 >A&)BIW=2=,.q K # n#2+OY&)O2Xrtq <=HM*C(?>
P rQq #dqSp1< <=R/E4<.q

$ q {c&)(+-/3 ,.E42+<=(=u
n#OYO$l q
P j q ;q p1&)H42+W@3/Ed> Z.q !"

#
u ] ` W@3I,.E F W 2 Ed>AK)&)B4< ` <=(+&)<=2@e q
jkWzxw(A,76 %'&)K)K u n#O YO q
P > qsV qIp1&)2+<=&)-/&)B q

q ` H4(+&)B4TC<=( <=(+KJ,.T 0'<Y
6 *C(+-su #n OYOYO
P O rQqsp *C34B4<=(=uavyqMjk*C(+T$,.B us,.B : qMb q &)<=B4-/&)<Y6t&)W=2=q 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<xw(+& : rt<YOIB4< F <=B$>
LN
*C
( >A34
< bc
* F H4 (+<=2+ 2+& " K)<|
^\E4K)
<=(
^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB4 2=q # uc < %: q "$ # @q{8
#, " E42+1E4-5 , <Y>7q ,.$K
q
] &)K)< # #n O > e H4H q l > n + l O Xq
Cm j q #dq j|,.(+W@3I,.B$> ,.B : 0Uq ZPq 34<7,5>A34<=(+&)K)K q 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiX&G> # fP<=W@34B4&)R/E4<=2_LN*C(_bc* F
H4(+<=2+2+& " K)< B$iX&)2+W=& : % K)*z6t2=q
d)n

# #
#
u nzm o >Y= nzm u
`#n OYW@34O =d< F q <=2=#dq q_wjv 1,.(Z Z.r q n#OY F O H4 (+n *zXiXu7&)iCB4*CT;B fSvQ& ,.F ( F < ,.9 B W= W=B4E42?(A>A,.&G>AW Ed# >A< LN*CLN*C( ( %rtK)<=E42+&& :: EIV ,.# KDBIV, F &)2?&)>AW=(+2=& "u Edn#OY>A&)O *CB q
$l V q ` qIjkW7r',.<.q4r rt<YOIB4< F <=B$>'xw(+& : 9 : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F 2c,.B : &)2+2+E4<=2=q

# #
#
u n > O o nCn dn nCn > l u l.mCmCm q
= p\q j q jk<=2A,.(+*C2=q jkE4KG>A& V& F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K % K)E4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB ` H4K)&G>+>A&)B4T ` W@34< F <=2 LN*C(>A34<
^\jkE4&)W@K)<=34(|&)T$^\,.BR/EIu 9,5>AB4&)*CB B492|( *C" B *C(=h'usB4jk2?&)>AW@(+34E4&)WYT$>A,.E4B (+u< : #n OYxwO PX(+q & : 2=q'Z\3IV>A34<=2+&)2=uQfS34< h'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # *.L

Xl n l
M vyq[jk&)K)K)<=(,.B : rQq 0Uq\jk&)K)K)<=(=qPjk*ziX&)B4T % &)B4&G>A< ^\K)< F <=B$>A2 @q #

u n >do nzmdn#O nzm = l u n#O > n q
P vyq5jk&)K K)<=(=q7jk*ziX&)B4T % &)B4&G>A<\^\K)< F <=B$>A2 @q #
u
n >do nzm =Y= nzm P Xu n#O > n q
p\qMj qMjk&)K)B4< fS34* F 2+*CB q
#
" # qIV*ziC<=(=u #n OYO q
vyq ;qDjk*C(?>A*CB q
$
# !
q
bc3I,.H F ,.B % ,.K)K u #n OYO q
> vyq ;qQjk*C(?>A*CB ,.B : ZPqQp\qQrt*X<.q *C(?>A&)W=&G> # Z\(+<=2+<=(?iX&)B4Tp , <=B : (+* f # HM<
` W@34 < F q<=28] >ALN*_*C( ,.H4>A34HM< <7,.` (@# e 2?q >A< F ,7iC<w^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB q #

YO vyq 0 ,.-5,.3I,.2+34& ,.B : xyq ` q V<=&G6c<=(?>7q ` <=KGL 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< ?xw(+& : jk<Y>A34* : 6t&G>A3 9 H4H4K)&
W7,5>A&)*CBg>A* 9 &)(?LN*C&)K % K)*z6Qq # u l P ] M e oQP n = P l.m u n#O > Xq
m rQq 9 qX0'&)W=*CKJ,.& : <=2=q$V&)(+<=WY> V&)2+W=(+<Y>A[& Z7,5>A&)*CBy*.L1Z\KJ,.BI,.( V&Gi ?bcE4(+KsZ\(+* " K)< F 2=q
#
u l O ] n e o = l P u n#OYO$l q
)n %Uq10'&)2+34&)-5,768,du1j q1r', : u1,.B : ZPq p\q rt*X<.q1xw(+& : 2w,.B : ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB42'LN(+* F rt<=2+& : EI,.K
jk&)B4& F &)2A,5>A&)*CB q #
#

2

#

# uIv # *.>A*4u #C,.HI,.B u #.E4K # O Nn M_l.mCmCm q
l { q Z ,.K F <=(+&)* ,.B : 9 q V<=(?iX&)<=E q l V ,.B : =CV h'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : jk<=2+3 9 : ,.Hd>@,5>A&)*CB
rt <=K # &)
B4T *CBD Z\3 # 2+&) W7,.
K 9
BI,. K)*CT # q #
#

#

#

u4H4H q P = =du4jk&J, F & u % K)*C(+& : ,dudV<=W=< F " <=( #n O >Y>dq
= { q.Z ,.K F <=(+&)*',.B : 9 q5V<=(?iX&)<=E q 9 H4H4K)&)W7,5>A&)*CBU*.Ls, %[^ j jk*ziX&)B4T0'* : < 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<
jk
<Y
>A34#*
: >A* 9 W=W= E4
(A,5 >A< ` 34 *XW@ - b8 ,.
Hd>A
E4 (+&)B4 T4q #
#
$
#

u4H4H q P = =dudp ,.B : 2+3/Ed>7u xw<=( F ,.B # u #.E4K # #n O > q
M #dq ZP<=(A,.&)(+<.ukj q ,.3 : ,5>A& u vyqyjk*C(+T$,.B ug,.B : qyb q &)<=B4-/&)<Y6t&)W=2=q 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<
rt < F <= 2+#34 u &)B4Ttl ]LNl*Ce( o MYbcM * O F M H4(+<=u2+2+n#& O" > K)< Xq% K)*z6 bc* F H4Ed>@,5>A&)*CB42=q #
YP #dq$ZP<=(A,.&)(+<.uXvyq$jk*C(+T$,.B u/vyq$ZP<=&)(+*4u/,.B : q/b q &)<=B4-/&)<Y6t&)W=2=q 9 B 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< % &)B4&G>A<
^\K)< F <=B$>jk<Y>A34* : LN*C(t%'&)TC3 ` HM<=< : % K)*z6t2=q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=( > m PYP >du n#O > Xq
p\q %cq Z\&)<=(+W=< ,.B : j q1{ q xw&)K)<=2=u 9 : !+*C&)B$>wrt<=W=*ziC<=( # *.L ` E4HM<=(+W=*CB$iC<=(+TC<=B$> %IE4B4W
>A&)*CBI,.K)2 %I(+* F Z Vw^ 9 H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CB42=q

$
u M/l ] l e o l9M l M u l.mCmCm q
` q qzZ\[& Z7, : <=3 q 9 B 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< h'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : xw(+& : jk<Y>A34* : "$# xw(+& :U` E " : &GiX&)2+&)*CB u
p1*XW7,.K1rt< F <=2+34&)B4T4us,.B : xw(+& : jk*ziC< F <=B$>7q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=( OYO = l PYPXu n#OYOYO q

Xl n =
> j q5r', : q 9 rt<=2+& : EI,.K/V&)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CB 9 H4H4(+*$,.W@3U>A*t>A34< ^\E4K)<=(P^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 >A3I,5> Z\(+<
2+l.<=mC(?mdiCn <=q 2ZP*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K % K)*z6Qq fS34< h'B4&GiC<=(+2+&G> # *.L8jk&)W@34&)T$,.B u 9 B4B 9 ( " *C(=u jk&)W@34&)T$,.B u
O ` q1rt&)H4HI,dq p1*CB4TD,.B : fS34&)B fP(+&J,.B4TCK)<=2W7,.B " <_xw*X* : LN*C(wp1&)B4<7,.( B$>A<=(+HM*CKJ,5>A&)*CB q
#
u l O ] n e o l P l m u n#OYO$l q
> m ZPq/p\q/rt*X<.q/bc* F HM*CE4B : < : *.L F ,.B # 2+& F H4K)<=2=q

# u
<#n :OYOq C"$ec# H4 H q 9l M4<=n B4 l-5P,5>d>@,.q -/(+&)2+34BI,.B u j q V q ` ,.KJ,.2,.B : ` q rQq bc3I,.-/(A,7i.,.(?>A3 # ] vwK)E$6c<=(=u
> )n ZPq'p\q'rt*X< ,.B : ^SqtfPE4(+-.<=K qtfS34< E4<=2?>kLN*C(kV&J,.TC*CBI,.K)[& Z7,5>A&)*CB *.LyV& <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K
`V # q 2?`>A<,.F KJ,.2=2tq ,.B :a` qs
rQ qsbc3I,.-/ (A,7i.,.
(?>A3 #
# ] vw K)E$ 6c <=(=u u4n#< OY: O q C"$ec# H4H
q= P n <= B4= -5Y,5O >@q ,.-/(+&)2+34BI,.B u j q
> l ZPq p\q1rt*X<.q % K)E4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB ` H4K)&G>+>A&)B4T ` W@34< F <=2Q*CB Hd>A& F ,.K[xw(+& : 2=q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=(
O l.m = l u n#OYO Xq
>Y= ZPqXp\qXrt*X<.q/^\(+(+*C( ^\2?>A& F ,5>A<=2 LN*C(cbc<=K)K <=(?>A< ` W@34< F <=2=qXfP<=W@34B4&)W7,.K rt<=HM*C(??> > u
?b 9w` ^Su n#O > Xq
> M ZPq4p\q4rt*X<.q % K)E4WY>AEI,5>A&)*CB42c,.B :k` &)TCBI,.K)2=ud, %I(A, F <Y6c*C(+- LN*C(80'E F <=(+&)W7,.K ^[iC*CK)Ed>A&)*CB
Z\,.B (+:* " j K)< Fq #d2=qsq {8 ,.&) B4<=
2 ] 9 W7, :
< F &)WQ Z\(+<=2+2= u #n O >l ecH4H lX#n O # l P Xu/q < : q "$# vyq ;qdjk*C(?>A*CB
> P ZPq p\q'rt*X< ,.B : %Uq'0'&)2+34&)-5,768,dq 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC< xw(+& : xw<=B4<=(A,5>A&)*CB "$# jk&)B4& F &)2+&)B4T
rt <=2+ & : EI ,.K)2=q ##
#u
XLN*C ( : ush
vyus j| ,.(+ W@3 l l
O
l.mC#md
n q

> { q ` W@3/Ed> Z.q
#

' # q.b8, F " (+& : TC<.u #n O > m q
> { q vyq ` *CB4& u rQq\vw*X* F E4K)K)&)K u V q ` q\fS34* F H42+*CB uc,.B : %Uq[fS34*C(+B " E4(+T4q ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB
9 : ,.Hd >A &GiC <S
xw (+& :
# ` >A(A ,5>A#<= TC&)<=2
" ,.2+< : *CB
#
ZP *C&)B$u>[n rt> < O : o nC&)2?n >A>Y(+=& " nEdl.>A&)m *CM B u q l. mCmCm q

>Y> %cqcf ,.TC3I, :4: *C2+& u ;qtxyq8% , " ,.2+34& uxyqSxwE4<YiX(+< F *CB$>7u,.B : V q 9 K)&G> 9 K)& c,.34&J,dq
9B
9 : ,.Hd >A&GiC<wp1#<7,.2?> `R/EI,. (+<= 2'jk <Y
>A34 * : LN*C(
>A34<Q bc * F H4(+<= 2+2+ & Yu" =K)<n o^\nCE4n lXK)<=n (S nC^\n R/= EIO ,5u >A#n &)OY*COYB4O 2=qq
> O #dq5p\q fS34* F ,.2P,.B : j q5V q ` ,.KJ,.2=q %s,.( % &)<=K : {c*CE4B : ,.( # bc*CB : &G>A&)*CB421LN*C( fP(A,.B42+*CB4&)W
p1&GL >A&)B4T ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB42c>A*_^\E4K)<=('^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q # u 9l M o nzm M nzm > m u #n O > q
OCm #dq4fS34* F H42+*CB uI{ q4vyq ` *CB4& u4,.B : 0Uq4ZPq <7,5>A34<=(+&)K)K q

qMb8rSbZ\(+<=2+2=u #n OYOYO q
Od)n yq.fP*CE4(+&)TCB # ,.B : %cq.%'E4K)2+< F ,.B4B q 9 0'<Y6 jk*ziX&)B4TQjk<=2+3 9 K)TC*C(+&G>A3 F LN*C( fS34< % &
B4 &G>A<c^\ K)< F ud<== B$PX> o nN` M4*Cn K)Ed >AnN&)*CM BU=Y>d*.u L n# OY,.O (+>d&J,5q >A&)*CBI,.KCZ\(+* " K)< F 2=q #

lXnNM
$l 9` q\7W ,%U: q < F &)<=WQ&)B$Z\>A(+(A<=,.2+E 2=" u q n#OY O !"

2

"
# q
O = j q xyq ,.K)K)<Y>7u %cqM%'<=W@3$>7u1,.B : { q j|,.B$>A<=K q 9 B4&)2+*.>A(+*CH4&)W bc*CB$>A(+*CKP*.L jk<=2+3 xw<=B
<= (A,5>A&)*C
B
" ,.#2+
< : E4 HM*CB|
, *C(+*C B4*C & f #
HM<
jk <Y >A34* : q #
#

#

u4H4H q O = nzm =du4{8,.(+W=<=K)*CBI,du ` HI,.&)B u #.E4B4< #n OYOdn q
O M j q q'V # -.<.q

# # q 9 W7, : < F &)W Z\(+<=2+2=u
#n O M q
O P j q ,.B F ,.<=K)<.uXvyq ;qIjk*C(?>A*CB u4^Sq ` E4K)& u 9 qd{c*C( Z=& q 9 BI,.K # 2+&)2c*.L1>A34<Qbc<=K)K <=(?>A<
% &)B4&G>A< *CK)E F <Ujk<Y>A34* : LN*C(8>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B|^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=q #

ud= M ] PCe o l.m M = l.m $l u n#OYO Xq
O V q 9 q <=B : &G>+>A&D,.B : V q Vw,.( F *.L ,.K q 9 : !+*C&)B$> ^\(+(+*C( ^\2?>A& F ,5>A&)*CB ,.B : xw(+& :
9 % K): *z,.6QHdq >@,5#>A&)*CBQLN*C( %IE4B4WY>A &)*C BI,. K Ed>AH4Ed>A 2=o 9 H4#H4 K)u &)W7n ,5>AM &)o*Cl.Bwm M >A* lCl XEIu ,.l.2+mC& mC m B4q < V& F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K
O xyqsZPq ,.(+(+<=B u ;qMvyq 9 B : <=(+2+*CB u #dqsfwqsfS34* F ,.2=uM,.B : ` qMp\qMvw(+&)2?>7qMxw(+& : bc*CB
iC<=(+TC<=B4W=<ULN*C( 9 : ,.Hd>A&GiC<jk<Y>A34* : 2=q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=( Odn n P O$l u #n OYOdn q
O > 9 q { q 34&G>A<.q B >A34< ` <=K)<=WY>A&)*CB *.L'^\R/E4& : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)B4Tajk<=2+34<=2 LN*C(f86c* ZP*C&)B$>
{cP m$*Cl E4u B n#: O ,.( O # q ,.K)E4< Z\(+* " K)< F 2=q #
u n o M =
OYO ;q 9 q *X* : u ;q/p\q$vwK)< " q B jkE4KG>A& : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.KXh'B42?>A(+E4WY>AE4(+< : jk<=2+3 9 : ,.H
>@,5>A&)*CB q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=( OYO = l P M u n#OYOYO q
nzmCm V q xyq <=&G>A*CE4B u #dq1ZPq1p ,.& " K)<.u ,.B : xyq %cq Z\&)B : <=(=q 9 <=&)TC3$>A< : p1<7,.2?> ` R/EI,.(+<=2
jk
<Y>A34 * : LN*C(
% &)(+2? > ( : <=(\ % # u HMl.<=m ( o" #n *COdK)n &)W lX` n # l 2?u >A#n< OYF O 2=PXq q
#
nzmd)n qtV q 3I,.B4T4u #dq yq8fP(+<=HI,.B4&)<=(=uw,.B : rQqtb8, F ,.(+<=(+*4q 9 B , HM*C2?>A<=(+&)*C(+&w^\(+(+*C(
^\n#OY2?O>A&XF q ,5>A&)*CB jk<Y>A34* : {8,.2+< : *CB 9 B ^\(+(+*C( ^\R/EI,5>A&)*CB q 9 9 9 Z ,.HM<=( O n >Y> O u
nzm$l q8b q &)<=B4-/&)<Y6t&);W Z|,.B : rQqcp\q f , # K)*C(=q

u *CK q n q
jkWzxw(A,76 %'&)K)K {c*X*C-Dbc* F HI,.B # u n#OYO M q
O

Hiroaki Nishikawa Thesis2001

Cargado por

Información del documento

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Hiroaki Nishikawa Thesis2001

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles



9%'&)K)(+K1*$rt,.&)-/TC&13$0'>A2t&)2+rt34&)<=-52+,7<=68(?iC, < : l.mCmdn

2+&G> : & _W=&)K)< 4< dHM<=(+&J,.(8>@, F <=B q

K)&)-.<S>A*U>A3I,.B4- Z\(+*.LN<=2+2+*C(8Z\34&)K)K)&)H p\qXrt*X<tLN*C( " <=&)B4T F# , : iX&)2+<=(=u/LN(+* F 6t34* F 

9, : iC> # <=H4WY>A&)W7&)*C,.BkK1TCH4(+(+& * : " ,K)< : F ,.Hdu>A < :

 !"  !$#%!&(')!&*+,-&".

9 4B <Y> 6c*C(+-g*.L 2+H4(+&)B4TC2=q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2t*.L >A34<QB/E F <=(+&)W7,.K < dHM<=(+& F <=B$>A2=q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

9 q 9 B 9 KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<Ujk<Y>A34* : LN*C(  B4< V& F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K Z\(+* " K)< F 2 qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

VV qq nn qq ln p1p1&)&)B4B4<7<7,.,.((+&[Z=9 < : :DiC9<=WY<=>A(+&)**C:B# BIqU, F qQ&)qUW=2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq nn >>Ym=

 "!$#&% ('*)+'*'*,-.*$+'*'*"/

#  #  "!

TC*X* : < 4, F H4K)<_&)2U2+34*XW@- 68,7iC<=2y*CB ,.B ,.&)(?LN*C&)K\,5>U>A(A,.B42+*CB4&)W_2+HM<=< : u[6t34&)W@3 (+<=R/E4&)(+<_< X>A(A,

$" ' .

! B$&B   -"! - ( A

$" ' .

'% #  "!$, 

/ '*+  #&%

9 2 L ,.(\,.2P>A34<82+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB F <Y>A34* : &)2[W=*CB4W=<=(+B4< : uC>A34< F <Y>A34* : " <=K)*CB4TC2P>A*Q, W=KJ,.2+2[*.LsK)<7,.2?> 

)& TCE4(+< l q n o rt<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)*CBg*CBk,y>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>

&)TCE4(+< l q =do 6t9 34&)W@HI3 ,.&): ( &J,.TC*.*CL BI,.>AK4(+&J2?,.68B4,.TCH4K)<=H42 &)B4T LN*C&)(2

&)TCE4(+< l q l o 6t9 34&)W@HI3 ,.&): ( &J,.TC*.*CL BI,.>AKI(+&J2?,.68B4,.TCH4K)<=H42 &)B4T LN*C&)(2

<QW=*CB42+& : <=(S>A34<wLN*CK)K)*z6t&)B4T 2+<=W=*CB :  *C( : <=('*C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u

" <=W=* F <

<=B42+&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : uX6c<U3I,7iC< 

'  +  !" '*+ $

>A34<8H4(+<YiX&)*CE42 2+<=WY>A&)*CB uC&G> 68,.2[2+34*z6tBy>A3I,5> >A34<8K)<7,.2?>  2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34* : ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K #

7W ,.K)W=E4K)E42t*.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LN*C( F 2=us,.K)2+*_-/B4*z6tB ,.2t>A34<U< X>A<=(+&)*C(tW7,.K)W=E4K)E42=q %I*C(S>A34< : <Y>@,.&)K)2S*.L

B4<S,.H4H4(+*$,.W@3>A* >A34<c< 4,.WY>\2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CBU&)2P>A*'OIB : ,.By,.BI,.K # >A&)W < dH4(+<=2+2+&)*CB *.L4>A34< >@,.B4TC<=B$>

S< 6t&)K)Kd,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<8>A34<S2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CByW=E4(?iC< "$# ,wH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<tK)&)B4<7,.( W=E4(?iC<t6t34&)W@3 W=*CB42+&)2?>A2

&)TCE4(+<=dq Xo\fS34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN(+* F ,y2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>t&)B4&G>A&J,.KM2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB q M < : TC<=2=q

&)TCE4(+<=dq >do\fS34<U&)B4&G>A&J,.KM,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)*CBD,.B : >A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB ] >A34<Q2+*CK : K)&)B4<ze q

/ '*+  #&% '

'*+ / '!" ,

! ) -">   -  ,"

( @ ) <

q %I*C( &)B42?>@,.B4W=<.u[LN*C(   m  m M 6t&G>A3 n

)& TCE4(+< =dq n =do

 !"  !$#%!&(')!&*+,-&".

<=B42+&)*CBI,.K 2+W7,.KJ,.(t, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u

&)TCE4(+< M q =do f # H4&)W7,.K1B4* : ,.K F *ziC< F <=B$>t6t&G>A34&)Bk, >A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>7q

)& TCE4(+< M q M o B4&G>A&J,.K ` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB

&)TCE4(+< M qQPXo B4&G>A&J,.K1xw(+& :

&)TCE4(+< M q o bc*C B$iCn <= m (+TCq < :;` *CK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(

&)TCE4(+< M q Xo\fS34< % &)BI,.K xw(+& :

: <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<U<=K)< F <=B$>7q fS34<, : iC<=WY>A&)*CBDiC<=WY>A*C( ]  e8&)2SW@34*C2+<=Bk>A* " < ] m  n e q\fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2

8 < 8 K :  9   5 

K)<7,.2?>  2+R/EI,.(+<=2tB4*C( F LN*C( F < : "$# >A34<=2+<U(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2

&)TCE4(+< M q O o (+bc<=*C2+B$& : iCEI<=,.(+TCK < ] : M q =` n*CeK)Ed>A&)*CB LN*C(S>A34<

&)TCE4(+< M q nzm oP(+bc<=*C2+B$& : iCEI<=,.(+TCK < ] : M q 2+= *Cl K)eEd>A&)*CBLN*C( >A34<

8 K 8 <   #-   

<QW=*CB42+& : <=(t2+<Y>A2'*.LP> 6c*  : & F <=B42+&)*CBI,.K W=*CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)*CBkKJ,76t2S*.L >A34<wLN*C( F

,.B : LN*C(SKJ,.(+TC<W@3I,.B4TC<=2t6c<U3I,7iC<Q>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<wiC<=(+2+&)*CB

>A34<wiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q fS34<=(+<,.(+<> 6c*_*.>A34<=(t(+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>A2tHM*C2+2+& " K)<.u

)& TCE4(+< M q nCn o ` 34*XW@-grt<=W=*CTCB4&G>A&)*CB o  n

6t34<=(+<7,.2 " <=&)B4T < dHI,.B : < : &GL

fS34<U2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42S,.(+<Q2+*CE4TC3$>t>A3I,5> F &)B4& F &[Z=<'>A34<QB4*C( F

6t(+*CB4T2+*CK)Ed>A&)*CB42=q 9 2c2+E4TCTC<=2?>A< : &)B M >  uX&G>c&)2 & F HM*C(?>@,.B$>\>A*K)&)B4<7,.(+&[Z=<S>A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42 OI(+2?>7u

tr <=2+E4KG>A2,.(+<_,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<LN*C(Q{cE4(+TC<=(+2;W <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB    

A> 34&)2 bc3I,.Hd>A<=(=u/6c<tW=*CB42+& : <=(\>A34< b8,.E4W@3 #  rt&)< F ,.B4B_<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42=uX,wH4(+*.>A*.> # HM<t*.LMOI(+2?> 

b 8 < 8 < L- E 

: & F <=B42+&)*CB42=uI,.Bk&)B4W=* F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)<w,.B : &)(+(+*.>@,5>A&)*CBI,.K I*z6 &)2STC*ziC<=(+B4< : $" #

6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<k,aiC<=K)*XW=&G> # HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.KS,.B : , 2?>A(+<7, F LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q fS34<=2+<

rt<=2+& : EI,.K)2S,.(+<&)BgTC<=B4<=(A,.K * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4TU>A34<wTC*ziC<=(+B4&)B4Ty<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB42S*ziC<=(t,.B

K)&)-.<S>AU>A3I,.B4- Z\(+.LN<=2+2+C(8Z\34&)K)K)&)H p\qXrtX<tLNC( " <=&)B4T F# , : iX&)2+<=(=u/LN(+ F 6t34* F

9, : iC> # <=H4WY>A&)W7&)C,.BkK1TCH4(+(+& : " ,K)< : F ,.Hdu>A < :

!" !$#%!&(')!&*+,-&".

9 4B <Y> 6cC(+-g.L 2+H4(+&)B4TC2=q qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

9 q 9 B 9 KG>A<=(+BI,5>A&GiC<Ujk<Y>A34* : LNC( B4< V& F <=B42+&)CBI,.K Z\(+* " K)< F 2 qUqUqQqUqUqUqUqUq

VV qq nn qq ln p1p1&)&)B4B4<7<7,.,.((+&[Z=9 < : :DiC9<=WY<=>A(+&)**C:B# BIqU, F qQ&)qUW=2 qUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqQqQqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqUqq nn >>Ym=

"!$#&% (')+'',-.$+''"/

# # "!

TCX : < 4, F H4K)<_&)2U2+34XW@- 68,7iC<=2yCB ,.B ,.&)(?LNC&)K\,5>U>A(A,.B42+CB4&)W_2+HM<=< : u[6t34&)W@3 (+<=R/E4&)(+<_< X>A(A,

$" ' .

!B$&B -"!- ( A

$" ' .

'% # "!$,

/ '*+ #&%

9 2 L ,.(\,.2P>A34<82+CK)Ed>A&)CB F <Y>A34* : &)2[W=CB4W=<=(+B4< : uC>A34< F <Y>A34 : " <=K)CB4TC2P>AQ, W=KJ,.2+2[*.LsK)<7,.2?>

)& TCE4(+< l q n o rt<=2+& : EI,.K : &)2?>A(+& " Ed>A&)CBgCBk,y>A(+&J,.B4TCE4KJ,.(c<=K)< F <=B$>

&)TCE4(+< l q =do 6t9 34&)W@HI3 ,.&): ( &J,.TC.CL BI,.>AK4(+&J2?,.68B4,.TCH4K)<=H42 &)B4T LN*C&)(2

&)TCE4(+< l q l o 6t9 34&)W@HI3 ,.&): ( &J,.TC.CL BI,.>AKI(+&J2?,.68B4,.TCH4K)<=H42 &)B4T LN*C&)(2

<QW=CB42+& : <=(S>A34<wLNCK)K)z6t&)B4T 2+<=W=CB : C( : <=('C( : &)BI,.( # : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K <=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u

<=B42+&)*CBI,.K TC(+& : uX6c<U3I,7iC<

' + !" '*+ $

>A34<8H4(+<YiX&)CE42 2+<=WY>A&)CB uC&G> 68,.2[2+34z6tBy>A3I,5> >A34<8K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2 F <Y>A34 : ,.Ed>A* F ,5>A&)W7,.K)K #

7W ,.K)W=E4K)E42t.L : & <=(+<=B$>A&J,.K LNC( F 2=us,.K)2+_-/B4z6tB ,.2t>A34<U< X>A<=(+&)C(tW7,.K)W=E4K)E42=q %IC(S>A34< : <Y>@,.&)K)2S*.L

B4<S,.H4H4(+$,.W@3>A >A34<c< 4,.WY>\2+CK)Ed>A&)CBU&)2P>A'OIB : ,.By,.BI,.K # >A&)W < dH4(+<=2+2+&)CB *.L4>A34< >@,.B4TC<=B$>

S< 6t&)K)Kd,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A<8>A34<S2+CK)Ed>A&)CByW=E4(?iC< "$# ,wH4&)<=W=<Y6t&)2+<tK)&)B4<7,.( W=E4(?iC<t6t34&)W@3 W=*CB42+&)2?>A2

&)TCE4(+<=dq Xo\fS34<U2+CK)Ed>A&)CB LN(+* F ,y2?>A(A,.&)TC3$>t&)B4&G>A&J,.KM2+CK)Ed>A&)CB q M < : TC<=2=q

&)TCE4(+<=dq >do\fS34<U&)B4&G>A&J,.KM,.H4H4(+* d& F ,5>A&)CBD,.B : >A34<Q< 4,.WY> 2+CK)Ed>A&)CB ] >A34<Q2+CK : K)&)B4<ze q

/ '*+ #&% '

'*+ / '!" ,

!)-"> - ,"

( @ )<

q %IC( &)B42?>@,.B4W=<.u[LNC( m m M 6t&G>A3 n

!" !$#%!&(')!&*+,-&".

<=B42+&)CBI,.K 2+W7,.KJ,.(t, : iC<=WY>A&)CBk<=R/EI,5>A&)*CB u

)& TCE4(+< M q M o B4&G>A&J,.K ` CK)Ed>A&)CB

&)TCE4(+< M qQPXo B4&G>A&J,.K1xw(+& :

&)TCE4(+< M q o bcC B$iCn <= m (+TCq < :;` CK)Ed>A&)CB LNC(

: <=TC<=B4<=(A,5>A<U<=K)< F <=B$>7q fS34<, : iC<=WY>A&)CBDiC<=WY>AC( ] e8&)2SW@34C2+<=Bk>A " < ] m n e q\fS34<Q(+<=2+E4KG>A2

8 < 8 K : 9 5

K)<7,.2?> 2+R/EI,.(+<=2tB4C( F LNC( F < : "$# >A34<=2+<U(+<=2+& : EI,.K)2

&)TCE4(+< M q O o (+bc<=C2+B$& : iCEI<=,.(+TCK < ] : M q =` nCeK)Ed>A&)CB LNC(S>A34<

&)TCE4(+< M q nzm oP(+bc<=C2+B$& : iCEI<=,.(+TCK < ] : M q 2+= Cl K)eEd>A&)CBLNC( >A34<

8 K 8 < #-

<QW=CB42+& : <=(t2+<Y>A2'.LP> 6c* : & F <=B42+&)CBI,.K W=CB42+<=(?i.,5>A&)CBkKJ,76t2S.L >A34<wLN*C( F

,.B : LNC(SKJ,.(+TC<W@3I,.B4TC<=2t6c<U3I,7iC<Q>A34< : &)2+W=(+<Y>A<wiC<=(+2+&)CB

>A34<wiC<=(?>A&)W=<=2=q fS34<=(+<,.(+<> 6c_.>A34<=(t(+<7,.(+(A,.B4TC< F <=B$>A2tHM*C2+2+& " K)<.u

)& TCE4(+< M q nCn o ` 34XW@-grt<=W=CTCB4&G>A&)*CB o n

fS34<U2+CK)Ed>A&)CB42S,.(+<Q2+CE4TC3$>t>A3I,5> F &)B4& F &[Z=<'>A34<QB4C( F

6t(+CB4T2+CK)Ed>A&)CB42=q 9 2c2+E4TCTC<=2?>A< : &)B M > uX&G>c&)2 & F HMC(?>@,.B$>\>AK)&)B4<7,.(+&[Z=<S>A34< <=R/EI,5>A&)CB42 OI(+2?>7u

tr <=2+E4KG>A2,.(+<_,7i.,.&)KJ, " K)<LNC(Q{cE4(+TC<=(+2;W <=R/EI,5>A&)CB

A> 34&)2 bc3I,.Hd>A<=(=u/6c<tW=CB42+& : <=(\>A34< b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B_<=R/EI,5>A&)CB42=uX,wH4(+.>A.> # HM<t*.LMOI(+2?>

b 8 < 8 < L- E

: & F <=B42+&)CB42=uI,.Bk&)B4W= F H4(+<=2+2+& " K)<w,.B : &)(+(+.>@,5>A&)CBI,.K Iz6 &)2STCziC<=(+B4< : $" #

6t34<=(+< ,.B : ,.(+<k,aiC<=K)XW=&G> # HM.>A<=B$>A&J,.KS,.B : , 2?>A(+<7, F LNE4B4WY>A&)*CB (+<=2+HM<=WY>A&GiC<=K # q fS34<=2+<

rt<=2+& : EI,.K)2S,.(+<&)BgTC<=B4<=(A,.K * " >@,.&)B4< : "$# &)B$>A<=TC(A,5>A&)B4TU>A34<wTCziC<=(+B4&)B4Ty<=R/EI,5>A&)CB42S*ziC<=(t,.B

6t34&)W@3|&)2',_B4C( F 6t&G>A3a,.(+<7,y6c<=&)TC3$>7qS{8,.2+< : CBk>A34<,.2+2+E F Hd>A&)CBk.L >A34<UK)&)B4<7,.(8i.,.(+&J,5>A&)*CB u

6t34<=(+< ,.B :

b 8 < 8 - E

&)Bk, : * F ,.&)B 4u 6t&G>A3g>A34< " CE4B : ,.( # W=CB : &G>A&)*CB42

9 KG>A34CE4TC3 &G>&)2UB4.> B4<=W=<=2+2A,.( # >A|&)B$>A(+ : E4W=<_>A34< W=CB4W=<=Hd>y.L " ,.2+&)2ULNE4B4WY>A&)*CB42&)B >A34<

6t34<=(+< F <7,.B42S>A34<Q(+<=2?>A(+&)WY>A&)CBgCBD>A34<Q<=K)< F <=B$> Uq

6t&G>A3wi.,.(+&J,5>A&)CBI,.KzLNC( F E4KJ,5>A&)CB42MLNC( >A34< HI,.&)( *.Ldp ,.H4KJ,.W=<

;B

tr <Y>AE4(+B4&)B4TQ>Aw>A34<b8,.E4W@3 # rt&)< F ,.B4B_<=R/EI,5>A&)CB42\LNC([iC<=K)XW=&G> # HM*.>A<=B$>A&J,.K g,.B : 2?>A(+<7, F

&)TCE4(+<PXq l o1fS2+HI34,.< W=<aTC6t(+& &G: >A3&)B ,.B >A34< d< HMC2+CB4K)<=EdB$>A>A&)&J*C,.B K

&)TCE4(+<PXq M o V,.B <Y: OIB4,.&GB4>ATC&)CK)<=B42P2&)B.L','< TC: (+TCC< E4HiC<=.WYL4>A>A*C(+(+& 2

&)TCE4(+<PXq =do1LNVC<Y(tOI,yB4&G>A>A(+&)&JC,.BB4TC.K)< L U2+&q : <;iC<=WY>AC(+2

^ dH4(+<=2+2+&)B4T>A34<ciC<=WY>AC( , "$# >A34<8.>A34<=(P> 6cw< : TC<ciC<=WY>AC(+2[&)By,t>A(+&J,.B4TCK)< UuC,.B : W=*CB$iC<=(?>A&)B4T

)& TCE4(+<PXqQPXo 9 B4<Y> 6cC(+-g.L 2+H4(+&)B4TC2=q

6t34<=(+< ,.B : : <Y>A<=( F &)B4<=2y>A34<k2+*CE4(+W=< ] ,.B : 2+&)B4-de 2?>A(+<=B4T.>A3 q B L ,.WY>7u >A34&)2

&)TCE4(+<PXq >do P B4&G> >A&J,.K'>A(+V&J,.<=B4KJ,.TCE4K)<=BI2, # ,.TCB (+&: : t6 = &GYm>A3O

, F CB4T >A34<yE4B4-/B4z6tB42=q%IC( >A34<y&)B4&G>A&J,.K1i.,.K)E4<=2LNC( ,.B : 'u 6c<_,.KG68, # 2wE42+<y>A34< i.,.K)E4<=2

F <Y>A34* : LNC(S&)B$>A<=(+HMCKJ,5>A&)B4T , -/B4z6tBkLNE4B4WY>A&)CB P qc%'<=(+<.us6c<U&)B42?>A<7, : F ziC<Q>A34< " CE4B : ,.( #

2+&)B4TCE4KJ,.(+&G> # &)Bg>A34<Q2+CK)Ed>A&)CB42=uX>A34<Q<=(+(+C(t&)2 F <7,.2+E4(+< : &)Bg>A34< B4C( F : <YOIB4< : "$#

] < 4,.WY> B/E F <=(+&)W7,.K e

fS34<=2+< (+<=2+E4KG>A22+E4TCTC<=2?>>A3I,5>6c< F &)B4& F &[Z=< B4.> " Ed> q 9 2 F <=B$>A&)CB4< : <7,.(+K)&)<=(=uP&G>U&)2

$# "!$, $

b 8 K 8 < 3 : %

# >-"?

&)TCE4(+<PXq nCn o >A34<a,.: &)(?&)2?LNC>A(+&)Kt& " ,.EdB >A:&)CB >A34< ,.(+,.C&)(?E4LNBC:&)K