Contents
==7 Functions and Models 1
1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function
1.2 Mathematical Models 9
1.3. New Functions from Old Functions 14
1.4 Graphing Calculators and Computers 25
Review 34
Principles of Problem Solving 39
==2 Limits and Rates of Change 43
21 The Tangent and Velocity Problems 43
22 TheLimit ofaFunction 45
2.3. Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws $3
24 — The Precise Definition of a Limit 61
2.5 Continuity 68
2.6 Tangents, Velocities, and Other Rates of Change 76
Review 82
Problems Plus 89
= 3 Derivatives 93
1 Derivatives 93
3.2 ‘The Derivative as a Function 98
3.3. Differentiation Formulas 107
3.4 Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences 118
3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 126
3.6 The Chain Rule 130
3.7 Implicit Differentiation 137
3.8 Higher Derivatives 145
Applied Project © Where Should a Pilot Start Descent? 153
9 Related Rates 154
3.10 Linear Approximations and Differentials 161
Laboratory Project © Taylor Polynomials 167
Review 170
Problems Plus 181 woo
CONTENTS
==4 Applications of Differentiation 191
41
42
43
44
48
4.6
47
48
49
4.10
Maximum and Minimum Values 191
Applied Project © The Calculus of Rainbows 201
The Mean Value Theorem 202
How Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph 206
Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 219
Summary of Curve Sketching 230
Graphing with Calculus and Calculators 249
Optimization Problems 263
Applied Project © The Shape of aCan 278
Applications to Economics. 279
Newton’s Method 284
Antiderivatives 292
Review 300
Problems Plus 319
=5 Integrals 325
Sa
8.2
33
34
3.5
Areas and Distances 325
‘The Definite Integral 333
Discovery Project = Area Functions 342
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 344
Indefinite Integrals and the Total Change Theorem 353
‘The Substitution Rule 358
Review 366
Problems Plus 375
= Applications of Integration 385
61
6.2
63
64
65
Areas between Curves 385
Volumes 397
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells 412
Work 421
Average Value ofa Function 424
Review 426
Problems Plus 433 Conrents GO vit
=7 Inverse Functions:
Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric Functions 441
7.1 Inverse Functions 441
457.
‘Deriv hes of Logatithmte
4 ions: 463
7.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 497
Applied Project © Where to Sit at the Movies 507
7.6 Hyperbolic Functions $08
7.7 Indeterminate Forms and L'Hospital’s Rule 515,
Review 529
Problems Plus 543
Techniques of Integration 547
8.1 Integration by Parts 547
82 Trigonometric Integrals 587
8.3 Trigonometric Substitution 564
84 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 573
8.5 Strategy for Integration $86
8.6 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 595
Discovery Project 3 Patterns in Integrals 603
8.7 Approximate Integration 606
88 Improper Integrals 619
Review 632
Problems Plus 647
==9 Further Applications of Integration 653
9.1 ArcLength 653
9.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution 661
Discovery Project © Rotating on a Slant 669
9.3 Applications to Physics and Engineering 670
9.4 Applications to Economics and Biology 682
9.5 Probability 688
Review 687
Problems Plus 693 ee
vill CONTENTS
== Differential Equations 701
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Modeling with Differential Equations 701
Direction Fields and Euler's Method 703
Separable Equations 710
Applied Project © Which Is Faster, Going Up or Coming Down? 719
Exponential Growth and Decay 720
Applied Project 3 Calculus and Baseball 724
‘The Logistic Equation 726
Linear Equations 734
Predator-Prey Systems 739
Review 743
Problems Plus 751
SFI Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 757
dt
112
113
114
11s
116
17
Curves Defined by Parametric Equations 757
Laboratory Project 0 Families of Hypocycloids 767
Tangents and Areas 770
Laboratory Project 0 Bézier Curves 780
Are Length and Surface Area 781
Polar Coordinates 788
Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 803
Conic Sections 813
Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates 820
Review 825
Problems Plus 835
=F Infinite Sequences and Series _841
124
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
127
12.8,
Sequences 841
Laboratory Project © Logistic Sequences 850
Series 854
‘The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums 865
‘The Comparison Tests 871
Alternating Series 875
Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests 879
Strategy for Testing Series 884
Power Series 887 12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
contents ix
Representations of Functions as Power Series 893
Taylor and Maclaurin Series 901
The Binomial Series 912
Applications of Taylor Polynomials 919
Applied Project © Radiation from the Stars. 931
Review 932
Problems Plus 943
amyor>
Appendixes 951
Intervals, Inequalities, and Absolute Values 951
Coordinate Geometry and Lines 956
Graphs of Second-Degree Equations 962
Trigonometry 967
Sigma Notation 975
Complex Numbers 978 wa Functions and Models
=! Four Ways to Represent a Function
\n exercises requiring estimations or approximations, your answers may vary slightly from the answers given here.
1. (@) The point (—1, —2) is on the graph of f, so f (—1) =
(©) Whenx =2, yis about 28, so f (2) 2.8.
© SG) =2is equivalent to y = 2. When
(@ Reasonable estimates for x when y = 0 arex =
2, wehavex = —3 and
3.
© The domain of f consists ofall x-values onthe graph of /- For this function, the domain is -3
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