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Calculo Diferencial e Integral I - Mauricio A (1) - Vilches e
Calculo Diferencial e Integral I - Mauricio A (1) - Vilches e
"!
ii
vez. Neste nvel, o importante que o leitor desenvolva a habilidade de calcular e adquira a compreenso intuitiva dos problemas. As expresses do tipo "
facil ver"ou semelhantes, que aparecem no texto, no devem ser encaradas de
forma literal e tem o propsito de dar um aviso ao leitor de que naquele lugar
a apresentao resumida e os detalhes, perfeitamente acessveis, devero ser
preenchidos.
Esperamos que o livro permita ao leitor um acesso rpido e agradvel ao Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel.
No podemos deixar de recomendar aos alunos a utilizao, criteriosa, dos
softwares de Clculo existente no mercado, pois eles so um complemento til
ao aprendizado da disciplina.
Desejamos agradecer aos nossos colegas do Departamento de Anlise e do
IME-UERJ que, de algum modo, nos motivaram e deram condies para escrever estas notas e Sra. Sonia M. Alves pela digitao. O texto foi digitado
utlizando Amstex e a maioria dos desenhos foram feitos utilizando o software
Mathematica. Certamente, todos os erros so exclusivamente de responsabilidade dos autores.
iii
iv
Contedo
1 Introduo
1.1 Desiguldades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Intervalos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Valor Absoluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Distncia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Plano Coordenado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Equao da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 Equao Geral da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 Equao Reduzida da Reta . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3 Paralelismo e Perpendicularismo de Retas
1.7 Equao das Cnicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 Trigonometria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
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1
4
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8
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15
20
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25
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33
39
39
40
47
49
51
53
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57
58
62
65
66
67
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CONTEDO
vi
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69
72
72
73
74
80
80
81
82
83
85
88
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95
95
95
102
106
109
113
114
117
121
126
130
4 Derivada
4.1 Reta Tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Funes Derivveis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Regras de Derivao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Derivada da Funo Composta . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Derivada da Funo Exponencial . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 Derivada da Funo Logartmica . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3 Derivada das Funes Trigonomtricas . . . . .
4.4.4 Derivada das Funes Trigonomtricas Inversas
4.4.5 Derivada das Funes Hiperblicas . . . . . . .
4.5 Derivao Implcita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Clculo da Derivada de uma Funo Implcita .
4.6 Famlias de Curvas Ortogonais . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Derivadas de Ordem Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Aproximao Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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139
139
143
149
151
154
156
159
161
162
165
165
170
172
175
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
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CONTEDO
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
Velocidade e Acelerao . . . . . . . .
A Derivada como Taxa de Variao . .
Exerccios I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variao de Funes . . . . . . . . . .
Funes Montonas . . . . . . . . . . .
Determinao de Mximos e Mnimos
Concavidade e Pontos de Inflexo . .
Esboco do Grfico de Funes . . . . .
Problemas de Otimizao . . . . . . .
Teorema de LHpital . . . . . . . . . .
Exerccios II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
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178
181
186
194
200
204
209
213
221
231
239
5 Integrao Indefinida
5.1 Definies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Mtodos de Integrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Mtodo de Substituio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Integrais que Envolvem Produtos e Potncias de Funes
Trigonomtricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 Integrao Por Partes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Substituio Trigonomtrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 Integrao de Funes Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6 Tangente do ngulo Mdio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Aplicaes da Integral Indefinida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Obteno de Famlias de Curvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 Outras Aplicaes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
246
250
250
253
254
257
262
271
272
272
273
276
6 Integrao Definida
6.1 Introduo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Definio e Clculo da Integral Definida .
6.2.1 Teorema Fundamental do Clculo
6.3 Contruo de Primitivas . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Aplicaes da Integral Definida . . . . . .
6.4.1 Acelerao, velocidade e posio .
6.5 Clculo de reas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Volume de Slidos de Revoluo . . . . .
6.6.1 Clculo do Volume do Slidos . .
6.6.2 Outros Eixos de Revoluo . . . .
6.6.3 Mtodos das Arruelas . . . . . . .
6.7 Comprimento de Arco . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 Logaritmo Natural . . . . . . . . . . . . .
282
282
288
290
297
300
300
303
319
321
327
330
334
337
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CONTEDO
viii
6.8.1 Logaritmo Natural como rea . . . . . . . .
6.9 Trabalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10 Integrais Imprprias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10.1 Integrais Definidas em Intervalos Ilimitados
6.10.2 Integrais de Funes Descontnuas . . . . . .
6.11 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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338
339
341
341
348
353
7 Exerccios Resolvidos
365
8 Apndice
401
9 Respostas
411
10 Bibliografia
429
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