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Domain
Name Server
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Domain Name Server(DNS)
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Why DNS
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History of DNS
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DNS hierarchy
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Architecture
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Domain Name Resolution
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Why Domain Name Service?

Each computer ON Internet has two addresses a numeric

IP address (such as 241.111.4.142") and a host name such
as www.bsnl.co.in.

Computer in the Network understands only IP address.

IP address may change whenever hosts are relocated on a

network or from one network to another

It is easy to remember common language names than IP

based name format .

It is required to translate the domain name entered by the

end user into its IP address to enable the transporting of
packets over networks.

DNS performs this translation using a database of host

information
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Domain Name Server

It is a database holding the IP address against domain

name.

In the early days the DNS was stored as a simple text

file located on each computer on the internet.

It became impossible to administer this database as

the host on internet grew in fast manner.

Hence DNS become a distributed database.

Portions of DNS database are stored on local name

servers and updated local DNS administrators.
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History of DNS

Initially started by ARPANet

Host information collected and organized by

InterNIC.

The information file is called Hosts file or

Phone Book.

In 1980 DARPA shifted its protocol platform to

TCP/IP

This made to grow the network abundantly.

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Due to the fast growing nature of Internet it become
impossible to have all the host names in a centrally
organized Host file.
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ARPA adopted new method of maintaining Host
name The Domain Name Service.
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In this system eight numbers of top level domains
are defined.
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Sites are categorized and grouped in to the top level
domains.
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Each domain in the network would maintain a
Domain Name Server.
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This server would supply information about the
specific hosts with in the domain it served to other
servers.
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Advantages of the DNS

Same Domain Name can repeat on different

domains.

The Domain administrator can add new host

without prior intimation to other hosts.

Distributed administration.
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Top Level Domains

.com:-Commercial organizations

.edu:-Educational organizations

.gov:-Government organizations

.mil:-Military organizations

.net:-Networking organizations

.org:-Non-Commercial organizations

.int:-International organizations

.arpa:-ARPA Domain*
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Control on DNS
IAB
Internet Architecture Board
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Geographical domains

In addition to the top level domains IAB decided

to have geographical domains.

Geographical domain name with two alphabet.

Eg: in:- India, uk:- Britain ,fr:-France

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Domain Name Hierarchy
.
Domain name can be up to 63 character in length.
.
May contain digits or hyphens.
.
Should start with an alphabet.
.
Not case sensitive.
.
Each domain has a domain server.
.
The collection of hosts which the server can give a name or
IP address is called The Zone of authority
.
Zone of authority defines the boundary of the zone.
.
The entire collection of domains is called domain name
space.
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Domain Name Hierarchy
A domain name which can be identified uniquely in a
domain is called fully qualified domain name(FQD)
A domain can have sub domains.
Eg: www.yahoo.com, www.rttctvm.bsnl.co.in
www.ernakulam.sancharnet.in are
fully qualified domain names.
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Domain Name Hierarchy
in
sancharnet vsnl satyam
ernakulam chni bgr
www.sancharnet.in
www.satyam.in
www.sancharnet.ernakulam.in
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Domain Name-space
.com
.edu
.in
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.in -domain name space
sancharnet
satyam
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.sancharnet.in -domain name space
ernalulam
chni
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How to resolve Domain Name query?
You are requesting www.yahoo.com from a sanchernet client
Query sent to sancharnet nameserver
Query sent to .com rootname server
Response from the root name server
Ask the guy w.x.y.z
Query to name server w.x.y.z
Response from name server w.x.y.z
The address of www.yahoo.com is r.s.t.u
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Architecture of DNS
&
There are two type of name servers Primary master and
secondary master.
&
Primary master contains the database for its zone of
authority.
&
Secondary master stores a copy of primary master.
&
Name servers with zone of authority a top level domain is
called root name server.
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DNS software
The server application developed for DNS function is
called BIND.
BIND Berkeley Internet Name Domain
BIND is developed in UNIX platform.
A ported version of BIND is developed later for Windows
NT platform.
Microsoft developed its own DNS software for working in
Windows NT platform.
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InterNIC
Controls the Domain Name
registration
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Controls the Domain Name
Registration in Asia Pacific
APNIC
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Controls the Domain Name
registration in in domain
C-DAC(formerly NCST)
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing,
Mumbai (formerly known as National Centre
forSoftware Technology)