Welcome to BIO102: Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates!

Introduction
1. What the heck is Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and why study it? Phylum Chordata
a) b) You are a chordate if you have Taxonomy & phylogeny

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Subphylum Craniata/Vertebrata a) Body Plan & Features b) Vertebrates

1. What the heck is Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates and why should you study it? Studies the descriptive and functional morphology of vertebrates DESCRIPTIVE MORPHOLOGY: comparing structures of representative vertebrate species FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: comparing the function of structures But really, its a study of evolution phylogeny

(+) swim bladder

(-) swim bladder

1. What the heck is Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates and why should you study it? We can also consider the subject as VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION Confusion between morphology and anatomy: MORPHOLOGY: structural evolution ANATOMY: description of structures Incorporates: (in random order)
Zoology: animals Physiology: function Histology: tissues Genetics: heredity, effects on variation and development

Embryology: from fertilization parturition Evolution: natural selection and adaptation (vs Lamarckian, intelligent design) Paleontology: historical record of past anatomy (fossils) Ecology: organism-environment interactions

1. What the heck is Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates and why should you study it? Main significance of CAV:

An adventure into the history of mans origins

To comprehend the structural basis of biology To probe the ancient past and study evolution To develop appreciation of vertebrates To understand mans place in the vertebrate world, without emphasis on man himself To develop dissection skills
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2. Phylum Chordata a. You are a chordate if you have The BIG FOUR: 1. Notochord 2. Post-anal tail 3. Dorsal hollow CNS/ Nerve cord 4. Pharyngeal gill slits (Kents endostyle/ hypobranchial groove) at some point of the chordate organisms development

2. Phylum Chordata b. Taxonomy & Phylogeny

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Craniata (Vertebrata)

Common Name tunicates lancelets/amphioxus vertebrates

2. Phylum Chordata b. Taxonomy & Phylogeny ! Chordates are deuterostomes !

3. Subphylum Craniata/ Vertebrata a) Body Plan 1. Regional Differentiation (see Figure 1.1 of Kent) a) Head cephalization: brain & sense organs b) Trunk coelom and visceral organs c) Postanal tail 2. Metamerism serial repetition of structures along a longitudinal axis a) Homonomous b) Heteronomous 3. Bilateral symmetry and anatomic planes

3. Subphylum Craniata/Vertebrata

3. Subphylum Craniata/Vertebrata b) Vertebrates Primary Characteristics 1. BIG 4 2. CRANIUM 3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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Notochord and Vertebral Column

Notochord = rod of living cells ventral to the CNS and dorsal to the alimentary canal
Fate during development: Head Region incorporated into skull floor Trunk & Tail surrounded by cartilaginous or bony vertebrae Fate in adulthood: Protochordates chief axial skeleton surrounded by notochord sheath Agnathans (lamprey) similar to protochordates w/ the addition of lateral neural cartilages Fishes & amphibians persist the length of the trunk and tail w/in the centrum of vertebrae Reptiles, birds & mammals disappears; becomes pulpy nucleus in mammal vertebrae
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Notochord and Vertebral Column

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Pharynx Region of alimentary canal exhibiting pharyngeal pouches in embryo; pouches may open to the exterior as slits Permanent slits in aquatic vertebrates Temporary slits in terrestrial vertebrates Produces: Fish gills Jaws Middle ear ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) Endocrine glands (thymus, parathyroid, thyroid) Initial cells of human fetus immune system Components: Pharyngeal arch (skeleton) Pharyngeal slit (opening) Musculature & vasculature

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3. Subphylum Craniata/ Vertebrata

Other Characteristics 1. Integument dermis + epidermis 2. Coelom Pericardial cavity: heart Pleural cavity: lungs Peritoneal cavity: viscera Scrotal cavities: testes 3. Digestive system cloaca; anus 4. Urogenital organs 5. Closed circulatory system 6. Endoskeleton axial & appendicular 7. Muscles skeletal, smooth, & cardiac 8. Sense organs a) Exteroreceptors b) Visceral receptors

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