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Outline
Introduction
Basic Fluid Mechanics Drag and Friction Bicycle Aerodynamics Position Velocity & Power Output Reducing Drag Drafting Crosswind effects
Introduction
Aerodynamics, or wind resistance is an everyday
experience to bicyclists. At average speeds aerodynamic drag is the largest resistive force aside from the gravity of a large hill
Due to the fluidity of air.
Composed of normal (Pressure) force and tangential
permanently under the application of a shearing stress. Important properties Shear Force
Density ()
Specific weight () Specific Gravity (SG)
Velocity Gradient
Viscosity ()
Velocity of fluid is zero along surface due to friction . (No slip condition)
http://pico1.e.ft.fontys.nl/aot/newton.jpg
Bernoulli equation P1+1/2 V12 +z1 = P2+1/2 V22 +z2 Relationship between Pressure, Velocity, and Elevation Based on conservation of linear momentum (Kinetic Energy)
Aerodynamics
Two effective forces Pressure Friction For cyclists, pressure effect is much larger than friction due to non-streamlined body. Streamlined bodies incorporate gradual tapering to minimize pressure effect and (a) Normal pressure and friction forces (b) Attached and separated flow around a cylinder (c) Attached flow and separation of fluid pressure recovery along a streamlined body
Figure from Bicycle Science pg. 174
Aerodynamics
Drag Coefficient CD = drag/(area x dynamic pressure) Dynamic Pressure can be
Drag The force in the direction of relative flow. Propulsion power to overcome drag: = drag force x relative vehicle velocity
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Laminar Flow Layers of fluid flow slide smoothly over one another Turbulent Flow Boundary layer is composed of vortices that increase surface friction. Common at rear end of non-streamlined vehicle
Turbulent
http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/research/groups/electrochem/JAVA/electrochemist ry/ELEC/l2fig/laminar.gif
Laminar
Bicycle Aerodynamics
Bicycle is responsible for 20-35% of drag.
Loose Clothing increases drag by up to 30%.
Bicycle Aerodynamics
Fairings
http://www.lightningbikes.com/sf40blu.jpg
http://pro.corbis.com/images/AX93354 8.jpg?size=67&uid={51D3B79C-B5D04A72-B318-B002D5C78EBC}
another rider Broken up air vortices propel second rider Offers advantage to both front and rear rider Riders in group expend 40% less energy than solo riders
Negative drag propels object forward at close distances(~ 1 diameter and under)
No advantage
Fcrosswind
CG
Fcrosswind
instable
References
"Efluids bicycle aerodynamics." EFluids. 04 Apr. 09
<http://www.efluids.com/efluids/pages/bicycle.htm>. Gregor, Robert J. Road Cycling - Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. Malden: Oxford, 2000. Munson, Bruce R., Donald F. Young, and Theodore H. Okiishi. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed. Jon Wiley & Sons, 2006. Tamai, Goro. The Leading Edge - Aerodynamic Design of Ultra-streamlined Land Vehicles. Cambridge: Robert Bentley Publihsers, 1999. Wilson, David G., and Jim Papadopoulos. Bicycling Science. 3rd ed. MIT P, 2004.