Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

The OSI Model

The OSI Model

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 The OSI Reference Model

The

The OSI Model

OSI layer was introduced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 in order to provide a reference model to make sure products of different vendors would interoperate in networks. OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection.

The OSI layer shows WHAT needs to be done to send data from an application on one computer, trough a network, to an application on another computer, not HOW it should be done. A layer in the OSI model communicates with three other layers: the layer above it, the layer below it, and the same layer at its communication partner.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 The OSI Reference Model

The OSI Model

Data transmitted between software programs passes all 7 OSI layers. The Application, Presentation and Session layers are also known as the Upper Layers. The Data Link and Physical layers are often implemented together to define LAN and WAN specifications.

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

The OSI Model

What is a Protocol? A Protocol is a set of rules that make communication on a network more efficient. E.G. - When answering the telephone, someone says, "Hello," then the person calling says, "Hello. This is.... "; and so it goes back and forth One technical definition of a data communications protocol is: a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data. Layer n on one computer communicates with Layer n on another computer. Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

What are the 7 layers of the OSI Model?

The OSI Model

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

Why use a Layered Model?

The OSI Model

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

Remembering the OSI Model

The OSI Model

All People Seem To Need Dominos Pizza

7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5 - Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

Remembering the OSI Model Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do Please

The OSI Model

7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5 - Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical

Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking1 Physical Layer Layer Academy Program Semester 1

The

The OSI Model

physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between communicating network systems. Physical layer specifications define characteristics such as: voltage levels timing of voltage changes physical data rates maximum transmission distances physical connectors Physical layer implementations can be categorized as either LAN or WAN specifications.

more on next slide

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking1 Physical Layer Layer Academy Program Semester 1

Examples of LAN specifications are:

Ethernet FastEthernet

The OSI Model

Token Ring FDDI Examples of WAN specifications are: HSSI V.24 V.35 BRI RS-232 Transmits bits. (bitstream) Repeaters operate at this layer.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Some Layer 1 Examples

The OSI Model

10 Base 2 Co Ax

10 Base 5 Thicknet

Fibre Optic Connectors

Jim

UTP
White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Defines physical addressing, network topology, and is also

concerned with error notification, sequencing of frames and flow control.

The OSI Model

Examples of network topologies are:

Star Bus Ring Physical addresses are also known as hardware and BIA's (Burned In Addressess) but most commonly as MAC addresses. Examples of Data Link LAN specifications are: Ethernet FastEthernet Token Ring FDDI
Jim White 2002

Layer 2 Data Link Semester Cisco Networking Academy Program Layer 1 Continued
Examples

of Data Link WAN specifications are:

Frame Relay (operates also on the Physical layer) PPP (operates also on the Physical layer)

The OSI Model

X.25 (operates also on the Physical and Network layer)

Transmits Frames. Bridges and Switches operate at this layer.

The Data Link layer consists of two sublayers:

LCC (Logical Link Control) sublayer Manages communication between devices over a single link of a network.

Enables multiple higher-layer protocols to share a single physical data link.

MAC sublayer Manages protocol access to the physical network medium.

Determines hardware addresses.

Jim

White

2002

Some Layer 2 Examples Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

The OSI Model

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Workgroup Switch

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Layer 3 Network Layer

Defines logical addressing for nodes and networks/segments.

The OSI Model

Enables internetworking, passing data from one network to another. Defines the logical network layout so routers can determine how to forward packets trough an internetwork.

Routing occurs at this layer, hence Routed and Routing protocols reside on this layer.
Routed protocols are used to encapsulate data into packets. The header added by the Network layer contains a network address so it can be routed trough an internetwork. Examples of Network layer Routed protocols are: IP, IPX, AppleTalk
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Layer 3 Network Layer

The OSI Model

Routing protocols are used to create routing tables; routing tables are used to determine the best path / route. Routing protocols provide periodic communication between routers in an internetwork to maintain information on network links in a routing table. Transmits Packets.

Routers operate at this layer.

Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Layer 4 Transport Layer The main purpose of this layers is making sure that the data is delivered error-free and in the correct sequence.

The OSI Model

Establishes, maintains and terminates virtual circuits. Provides error detection and recovery. Is concerned with reliable and unreliable transport. When using a connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol, such as TCP, acknowledgments are send back to the sender to confirm that the data has been received. Provides Flow Control and Windowing.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Layer 4 Transport Layer Provides multiplexing; the support of different flows of data to different applications on the same host.

The OSI Model

Examples of Transport layer protocols are:

TCP (connection-oriented, reliable, provides guaranteed delivery.)

UDP (connectionless, unreliable, less overhead, reliability can be provided by the Application layer)
SPX Transmits Segments.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking5 SessionSemester 1 Layer Academy Program Layer

The session layer establishes, manages, maintains and terminates communication channels between software programs on network nodes. Provides error reporting for the Application and Presentation layer. Examples of Session layer protocols are: NFS SQL RPC Transmits Data.
Jim White 2002

The OSI Model

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Layer 6 Presentation Layer Defines coding and conversion functions. Ensures that information sent from the application layer of one system is readable by the application layer of another system. Includes common data representation formats, conversion of character representation formats, common data compression schemes, and common data encryption schemes, common examples of these formats and schemes are: MPEG, QuickTime ASCII, EBCDIC GIF, TIFF, JPEG Jim White 2002 Transmits Data.

The OSI Model

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Layer 7 Application Layer Provides network services directly to applications. Software programs itself are not part of the OSI model. Determines the identity and availability of communication partners, and determines if sufficient resources are available to start program-to-program communication. This layer is closest to the user. Examples of Application layer protocols are: Telnet SMTP FTP SNMP Jim White 2002 Transmits Data.

The OSI Model

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Data Encapsulation

Data Encapsulation is the process of adding a header to wrap the data that flows down the OSI model.

The OSI Model

Each OSI layer may add it's own header to the data received from above. (from the layer above or from the software program 'above' the Application layer.) The 5 Steps of Data Encapsulation are: 1. The Application, Presentation and Session layers create DATA from users input. 2. The Transport layer converts the DATA to SEGMENTS 3. The Network layer converts the SEGMENTS to PACKETS (or datagrams) 4. The Data Link layer converts the PACKETS to FRAMES 5. The Physical layer converts the FRAMES to BITS.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Data Encapsulation Diagram

The OSI Model

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy PDUs? What are Program Semester 1

Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). PDUs are used for peer-to-peer conversations.

The OSI Model

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking TCP/IP Model The Academy Program Semester 1

The OSI Model

The TCP/IP Model was develop by the

Department of Defense in the late 60s to ensure data communications would not be interrupted even under the worse circumstances. Since then, TCP/IP has become the de facto method we use for data communications on the Internet.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester Model Exploring the 4 Layers of the TCP/IP 1

The OSI Model

Application

Includes all the functions of the OSIs Application, Presentation, & Session layers including:
Data representation Data encryption and

Transport
Internet

Network Access

Dialog control

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Application Layer Protocols

The OSI Model

Application

FTP-File Transfer Protocol HTTP-Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Transport
Internet

SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol DNS-Domain Name Service TFTP-Trivial File Transfer Protocol

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy of the Semester Model Exploring the 4 LayersProgram TCP/IP 1

The OSI Model

Application

Uses the TCP protocol and is responsible for quality of service issues including: Reliability Flow Control and Error Correction

Transport
Internet

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Transport Layer Protocols

The OSI Model

Application

TCP-Transmission Control Protocol

UDP-User Datagram Protocol

Transport
Internet

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Layers of the Semester 1 Exploring the 4Academy ProgramTCP/IP Model

The OSI Model

Application

Uses the IP protocol and is responsible for:

Transport Internet

Path determination and

Packet switching.

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Internet Layer Protocols

The OSI Model

Application

IP Internet Protocol

Transport Internet

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy of the Semester Model Exploring the 4 Layers Program TCP/IP 1

The OSI Model

Application

Includes all the functions of the OSIs Data Link & Physical layers including:
Processes required by IP to ensure a packet reaches its destination. All the various LAN & WAN Technologies such as 100BaseTX & Frame Relay.

Transport
Internet

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Network Access Layer Protocols

The OSI Model

Application

LAN and WAN Technologies

Transport
Internet

Network Access

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Comparing the 2 Models

TCP/IP

OSI Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Jim White 2002

The OSI Model

Application

Transport Internet

Network Access

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1 Why are there 2 models?

TCP/IP

is the most popular protocol specific model used on the Internet.

The OSI Model

However, TCP/IP does not cover all the protocols and standards we will be exploring. The OSI Model is protocol independent. Therefore, all topics covered in the curriculum can fit into its framework.
Jim White 2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program the test? What should I know for Semester 1

The OSI Models layers & their key characteristics and functions.

The OSI Model

The process of data encapsulation and the various PDUs.

The TCP/IP layers and its corresponding protocols.

Comparison of the two models layers.

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Sample CCNA Question #1 Networking Academy Program Semester 1

The OSI Model

In the TCP/IP model which layer would deal with reliability, flow control, and error correction? A Transport Layer B Internet Layer C Network Layer D Application Layer

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

Sample CCNA Answer #1

The OSI Model

In the TCP/IP model which layer would deal with reliability, flow control, and error correction? A Transport Layer B Internet Layer C Network Layer D Application Layer

Jim

White

2002

CiscoSample CCNA Question #2 1 Networking Academy Program Semester

The OSI Model

What is the control information called that is placed before data when encapsulating that data for network transmission? A Frame B Header C Capsule D Routing Information

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

Sample CCNA Answer #2

The OSI Model

What is the control information called that is placed before data when encapsulating that data for network transmission? A Frame B Header C Capsule D Routing Information

Jim

White

2002

Cisco Networking Academy Program Semester 1

The OSI Model

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Jim

White

2002