Chapter 3 States of Matter

3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Solids
Definite Shape Definite Volume Particles vibrate in fixed positions Particles have low kinetic energy

 Liquids
Variable shape (takes the shape of the container) Definite Volume Particles can move around each other Particles have medium Kinetic Energy

 Gases
Variable shape Variable volume (fills all space in a container) Particles move about freely Particles have high Kinetic Energy

 Plasma
Exists only at extremely high temperatures 99% of the matter in the UNIVERSE is plasma Stars are plasma

Bose-Einstein Condensate
Exists only at extremely low temperatures Groups of atoms behave as a single particle

Kinetic Theory
Kinetic energy = energy an object has due to its motion The faster an object is moving; the greater its kinetic energy. Kinetic theory states that all particles of matter are in constant motion.
** View animation on visual concepts CD

Section 1 Assessment Activities

Do Data Analysis p. 71 Do Section Assessment Questions 1-6 p. 74 Make a poster comparing and contrasting solids, liquids, and gases including the motion and distance of the particles.

3.2 The Gas Laws

Pressure = the result of force distributed over an area In a closed container, gases exert pressure when the particles of the gas collide with the walls of the container.

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure

Temperature raising temp. will increase pressure if volume of gas and # of particles are kept constant
Inc. in temp. part. move faster part. collide with walls more frequently increased pressure

 Volume Decreasing volume of a gas causes an increase in pressure if the temp. and # of part. are constant
Decrease in vol. less space particles collide with walls more often inc. pressure

 Number of particles increasing the number of particles of a gas will increase pressure if temp. and volume are constant
Inc. # of particles particles collide with container more often inc. pressure

Gas Laws
Charles Law volume of a gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to temperature
Inc. Temp. x2 Inc. Vol. x2 V1 = T1 V2 T2

 Boyles Law volume of a gas is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to pressure

Inc. Vol. x2 Dec. pressure by P1V1 = P2V2

 The Combined Gas Law relates temperature, volume and pressure of a gas.
P1V1 T1 = P2V2 T2

Section 2 Assessment Activities

Do Quick lab-can crushing p. 79 Section assessment questions 1-7 p. 81 Do Boyles, Charles, and Combined Gas Law Problem Sheets Do Boyles and Charless Law labs

3.3 Phase Changes

Phase change reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another
Temperature of a substance DOES NOT CHANGE during a phase change. Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change.
Endothermic energy is absorbed Exothermic energy is released

Melting and Freezing

Melting
Solid changes to liquid Particles absorb energy (endothermic) Particles become less orderly

 Freezing
Liquid changes to solid Particles release energy (exothermic) Particles become more orderly

Vaporization and Condensation

Vaporization
Liquid changes into a gas Particles absorb energy (endothermic) Particles become LESS orderly and more free to move 2 types of vaporization
Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point

 Condensation
Gas changes to a liquid Particles release or lose energy (exothermic) Particles become MORE orderly

Sublimation and Deposition

Sublimation
Changing from a solid directly to a gas Energy is absorbed (endothermic)

Deposition
Changing from a gas directly to a solid Energy is released (exothermic)

Phase Change Diagram

Section 3 Assessment Activities

Section Assessment Questions 1-6 p. 91 Quick Lab Observing Phase Changes Exploration Lab: Investigating Changes in Temperature During Heating of Solids.