Confidence

The Hot Zone

General Features of Viruses #1

Obligate Intracellular Parasites Very small (ultramicroscopic) Non-cellular Not Alive Protein Coat Capsid Envelopes

General Features of Viruses #2

Utilization of Host Cell Machinery Host Range Genome DNA or RNA but NOT both Single stranded or double stranded Enzymes (Polymerases)

Virus Replication (5 Basic Steps)

1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Replication 4. Maturation 5. Release

Viral Replication (5 basic steps)

Bacteriophage Multiplication Cycle

Lytic Cycle

Lysogenic Cycle

Movie

DNA Viruses

RNA Viruses

Consequences of Infection

*Cytopathic Effect (CPE) *Latency

*Transformation
Oncogenic viruses

Animal Viruses------DNA
Pox
Enveloped Large/com plex virus

SMALLPOX

Animal Viruses------DNA
Herpes
latency & recurrent infections Herpes is Forever Large, enveloped virus complications of latency & recurrent infections become more severe with age, cancer chemotherapy, etc Among the most common & serious opportunists among AIDS patients

Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus can enter both neuronal and skin cells but achieves latency only in neurons

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Latency in trigeminal nerve ganglion

15

Herpes Cure?
There is no treatment that can cure herpes, but antiviral medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication. In addition, daily suppressive therapy for symptomatic herpes can reduce transmission to partners. (from
CDC fact sheet)
Treatment parody http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLBTXe1R3VE

Herpes: Varicella-Zoster (Chicken Pox/Shingles)

Chickenpox
Shingles

Early symptoms are acute pain and redness of dermatome followed by rash

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

infects lymphoid tissue & salivary glands transmission direct oral contact & contamination with saliva by mid-life 90-95% of all people are infected. causes mononucleosis sore throat, high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy Because of great sanitation in U.S. 70% of college-age Americans have never had the infectionso a very vulnerable population for mono Long incubation period (30-50 day incubation) most cases of infection are asymptomatic
18

Animal Viruses------DNA
Parvo
Single-stranded DNA virus
Very small nonenveloped virus Important disease in domestic animals-causes distemper in cats, enteric disease in dogs, fatal cardiac infection in puppies

Parvoviruses
B19 variety causes fifth disease, (erythema infectiosum), rash of childhood
Child may have fever & rash on cheeks Severe fatal anemia can result if pregnant woman transmits virus to fetus

slapped face rash of fifth disease. Parvovirus B19

20

Papillomavirus
Plantar wart Common wart

Genital wart

Papillomavirus
papilloma benign, squamous epithelial growth or wart caused by 40 different strains of HPV
(nonenveloped DNA virus)

Common warts (seed warts) on fingers, etc plantar warts on soles of feet genital warts prevalent STD transmissible through direct contact or contaminated fomites, autoinnoculation (self-spread) Incubation 2 weeks to more than a year For most people the virus goes away on its own

Genital warts
most common STD in US? over 6 M new cases each year 20+ million carriers (U.S.) of one of the 5 types of HPV associated with genital warts strong association with cervical & penile cancer CDC estimates sexually active people have a 50% chance of catching HPV during a lifetime

HPV Vaccine
For girls and women 9-26 years of age Three doses
Initial 2 month booster 6 month booster

For prevention onlynot a treatment

Animal Viruses------RNA
Paramyxoviruses
Measles

Mumps

How Iowa Got The Mumps

How Iowa Got the Mumps

In 2006 Iowa got the mumps. Over 2000 individuals got mumps infection in the first half of 2006 (in a normal year there are on average 5 cases
per year)

Probably originated in the UK?

26

Influenza

Animal Viruses------RNA
Orthomyxoviruses INFLUENZA
Influenza A (circulates in many species) Influenza B (circulates widely only in man)
Influenza C (mild illnessnot thought to cause epidemics)

Antigenic Drift (small changes that happen continually over

time)

Antigenic Shift (abrupt major change in the virus)

Shift and Drift

Yearly variations in the Seasonal Flu are the result of antigenic drift.

Vaccination for seasonal flu

There are two types of vaccines:
The "flu shot" an inactivated vaccine (containing killed virus) that is given with a needle, usually in the arm. The nasal-spray flu vaccine a vaccine made with live, weakened flu viruses that do not cause the flu (sometimes called LAIV for live attenuated influenza vaccine or FluMist). LAIV (FluMist) is approved for use in healthy* people 2-49 years of age who are not pregnant. Each vaccine contains three influenza viruses-one A (H3N2) virus, one regular, seasonal A (H1N1) virus, and one B virus. The viruses in the vaccine change each year based on international surveillance and scientists' estimations about which types and strains of viruses will circulate in a given year. About 2 weeks after vaccination, antibodies that provide protection against influenza virus infection develop in the body. Seasonal flu peaks in the U.S. in Jan and Feb

Influenza type A
acute, highly contagious respiratory illness seasonal, pandemics among top 10 causes of death in US respiratory transmission binds to ciliated cells of respiratory mucosa causes rapid shedding of cells, stripping the respiratory epithelium, severe inflammation fever, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), pharyngeal pain, shortness of breath, coughing treatment: amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir & oseltamivir annual vaccine

2009 H1N1swine flu

Animal Viruses------RNA
Orthomyxoviruses INFLUENZA

Is an Avian Flu pandemic on the way??

Avian Flu

Avian Flu

Avian Flu

Avian Flu
Why would Bird Flu be a big deal?
Pandemic viruses appear as the result of antigenic shift, which causes new combinations of proteins on the surface of the virus. If the new virus spreads easily from person to person a pandemic can result.

Avian Flu
Culling of infected Poultry

NOVA Science NOW Pandemic flu video (2006)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/scien cenow/3302/04.html

More RNA Animal Viruses

Togaviruses (Flavivirus subcategory)
Dengue Yellow Fever

West Nile

Dengue

Distribution of Aedes aegypti (red shaded areas) in the Americas in 1970, at the end of the mosquito eradication program, and in 1997

American countries with laboratory-confirmed hemorrhagic fever (red shaded areas), prior to 1981 and from 1981 to 1997.

Dengue

West Nile Virus-1999-2001

West Nile Virus-2002

West Nile Virus 2004 (march rd) 3

West Nile Virus 2005 (Jan Th) 11

West Nile Virus - Life Cycle

Animal Viruses------RNA
Picorna (a nonenveloped small RNA virus) Polio (generally fecal-oral transmission, also shed in throat.
Spread by contact with infected person or drinking water)

Hepatitis A (fecal-oral transmission) Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)

(foreign animal diseaseobject of extreme surveillance)

Polio
Polio (poliomyelitis) mainly affects children under five years of age. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those
paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized.

Polio cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350,000 cases then, to ~2000 reported cases in 2006. The reduction is
the result of the global effort to eradicate the disease.

In 2008, only four countries in the world remain polio-endemic, (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan). An inactivated polio vaccine rather than the oral modified live vaccine is used in the US today.

FMDV
UK 2001 outbreak: 2030 cases. 6 million animals were culled (4.9 million sheep, 0.7 million cattle and 0.4 million pigs), which resulted in losses of some 3.1 billion to agriculture. A lesser outbreak occurred in 2007 but importation of UK meat and dairy products were banned by many countries.

Ebola Virus [a Filovirus (RNA virus)]

Ebola is a virus-caused disease limited to parts of Africa.

Within a week, a raised rash, often hemorrhagic (bleeding), spreads over the body. Bleeding from the mucous membranes is typical causing bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes and rectum.

Hanta Virus [a Bunyavirus

(RNA virus)]

Hanta virus is found worldwide (including the US).

The virus is spread by human contact with rodent waste. Dangerous respiratory illness (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) develops. Effective treatment is not yet available and over 50% of cases end in fatality.

Coronavirus
Coronaviruses SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
2003 Outbreak 8,098 people worldwide became ill, 774 died. Spread to 30 countries before the outbreak was contained.

SARS

Coronavirus
Coronaviruses SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
Global Spread Feb 21,2003 infected medical doctor from Guangdong Province spent a night at a Hong Kong hotel. 12 people staying at or visiting that floor of the hotel became infected. These travelers then dispersed the disease to other countries worldwide

SARS Dispersal

Superspreaders
144 of Singapores 206 cases linked to contact with just 5 individuals

Palm civets (SARS reservoir??)

Did the SARS epidemic start in Guangdong Province, China as a civet meal?

Masked Palm Civet at market

Water rat at a market

Cost of SARS

Rabies
Rhabdoviruses RABIES Only 1 or 2 human cases per year Iowa 1951 then not again until 2002

Rabies
Rhabdoviruses RABIES

Rabies
Rhabdoviruses RABIES

HIV

( a retrovirus)

Worsening Epidemic in Africa

25 million Africans have HIV
Africa has 11.6 million AIDS orphans. At the end of 2007, women accounted for 50% of all adults living with HIV worldwide, and for 59% in sub-Saharan Africa

United Nations warns that the next two decades could see 89 million new cases Up to 10% of the continents population

HIV Worldwide

The number of people living with HIV has risen from around 8 million in 1990 to 33 million today, and is still growing. Around 67% of people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV

Opportunistic infections

Viroids
Cadang cadang viroid

Tomato plants - and + for Potato spindle tuber viroid

Prions
Scrapie Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Chronic Wasting Disease (deer and elk)

Prion: CWD
Chronic Wasting Disease

Chronic Wasting Disease Among Free-Ranging Cervids by County, United States, January 2007

CWD in Iowa???
2006-2007 season over 4,000 deer testednone positive Since 2002 over 20,000 deer tested without a positive

2006-2007 tested deer