Tds

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
Ging vin: Phm Th Thy HIn
in thoi/E-mail: (091) 433-0826/
phamthuyhien@ymail.com
B mn: V tuyn Khoa Vin thng 1
Hc k/Nm bin son: II/2010
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GING VIN: PHM TH THY HIN
B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1
Trang 2
Tn hc phn:
Truyn dn v tuyn s (Digital radio transmission)
Tng lng kin thc:
60 tit
+
L thuyt: 50 tit; Thc hnh: 10 tit
Mc tiu hc phn:
Gii thiu chung v truyn dn v tuyn s; Cc vn c bn: L thuyt

truyn dn dng sng; M ho knh; iu ch v gii iu ch s; Ngu
nhin ho; Mt m ho v gii mt m;
Gii thiu cc vn ca h thng truyn dn v tuyn s: Cc mch in

tch cc v cc b lc; Thit b v h thng truyn dn v tuyn s; Phn
tch ng truyn; Thit k v o c h thng; H thng truyn dn bng
siu rng.
GII THIU MN HC
BI GING MN
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Trang 3
Ni dung hc phn:
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

+
Vai tr, c im, s khi chung
Chng 2: Cc dng tn hiu

+
Hm tn hiu, tn hiu bng gc, c tnh ng truyn
Chng 3: Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch

+
Biu din khng gian tn hiu, k thut iu ch: BPSK, QPSK, ASK, MQAM
Chng 4: M ha knh
+
Nguyn tc, cc phng php: M khi tuyn tnh, m xon
Chng 5: Thit b truyn dn v tuyn

+
Ch tiu k thut, s khi, nguyn l lm vic
Chng 6: Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng

+
Phn b tn s, cu hnh lm vic c bn, chuyn mch bo v
Chng 7: Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s

+
Qu ng truyn, tnh ton cc thng s tuyn, d tr ng truyn
GII THIU MN HC
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 4
Ti liu tham kho:
[1] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Truyn dn v tuyn s, Bi ging, Hc

vin cng ngh BCVT, 10/2007
[2] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn v tuyn s, Hc vin

cng ngh BCVT, 1999
[3] Dr. Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Prentice-Hall, 2004
[4] Rodger E. Ziemer, Rodger L. Peterson, Digital Communications
nh gi
Chuyn cn: 0,1 (ngh 2 tit tr 1 im)

(Ngh t 15 tit tr ln khng c d thi ht mn)
Kim tra: 0,15 (2 bi, vng nhn im 0)
Thc hnh: 0,2 (vng nhn im 0)
Thi kt thc: 0,55

GII THIU MN HC
BI GING MN
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Trang 5
GII THIU CHUNG
CHNG 1
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Trang 6
Ni dung chng 1: (3)
1.1 Vai tr ca truyn dn v tuyn s trong

mng vin thng
1.2 c im ca truyn dn v tuyn s
1.3 Cc bin php ci thin cht lng truyn

dn
1.4 S khi chung ca tuyn truyn dn v

tuyn s
1.5 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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Trang 7
Khi nim
Truyn dn v tuyn s l hnh thc truyn dn v tuyn s dng

mi trng truyn dn l khng gian, phng tin truyn dn l
sng in t truyn ti thng tin s gia cc im khc nhau
trong mng vin thng.
Vai tr
Vai tr quan trng trong mng vin thng: V tuyn, hu tuyn
S dng kt ni cc phn t ca mng

+
Mng li: Trung k kt ni cc tng i
+
Mng ngoi vi: Kt ni thu bao vi mng (mng truy nhp v
tuyn)

1.1 Vai tr
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Trang 8
S ng dng truyn dn v tuyn s

1.1 Vai tr
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Trang 9
u im
Tnh di ng: Kt ni khng dy cho php cc thit b u cui v tuyn c

tnh linh hot cao, m bo cung cp thng tin mi lc, mi ni.
Linh hot: Trin khai tuyn truyn dn nhanh, d dng vi cht lng m
bo. Chi ph lp t thp
Nhc im
Chu nhiu nh hng ca mi trng truyn dn h

+
Suy hao truyn sng trong mi trng ln.
+
Cht lng truyn dn khng n nh: Ph thuc vo thi tit, a hnh.
+
nh hng thng xuyn bi cc ngun nhiu bn ngoi:
-
T nhin: Phng in trong kh quyn, pht x sng in t trong v tr
-
Nhn to: Nhiu cng nghip t cc tia la in ca ng c, t cc thit b v
tuyn khc.
+
D b thu trm v s dng tri php ng truyn thng tin.

1.2 c im
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Trang 10
Nhc im (tip)
Bng tn khai thc hn ch: UHF
EHF (300MHz

300GHz)
khin dung lng truyn dn thp

1.2 c im
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Trang 11
Hin tng pha inh: Tn hiu ti my thu l giao thoa

ca tia trc tip v cc tia phn x, do mi trng
truyn sng lun thay i nn qu trnh giao thoa cng
thay i:
+
Lm cng in trng ti im thu thay i, (pha inh
phng Flat Fading)
+
Lm mo tn hiu thu: Chng ln cc tn hiu vi cc ng
i khc nhau, (pha inh nhiu ng Rayleigh Fading).
Pha inh ny nh hng nghim trng ti h thng s do
hin tng phn tn thi gian.

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Trang 12
Quy hoch s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn
Thc hin quy hoch thc hin hiu qu bng tn v

tuyn hu hn
Quy hch tn s cho quc gia trn c s cc khuyn

ngh ca ITU-R
Phn chia ti nguyn khai thc tt cho a ngi

dng, tng ng k dung lng h thng truyn dn v
tuyn
+
Phn chia theo tn s: FD
+
Phn chia theo thi gian: TD
+
Phn chia theo m: CD
+
Phn chia theo khng gian: SD

1.3 Bin php nng cao cht lng
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Trang 13
a truy nhp
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Trang 14
Ghp song cng FDD v TDD:

+
Phng php ghp song cng theo tn s (FDD: Frequency
Division Duplex) l phng php m tn hiu pht/thu ca
mt my thu bao ng thi c pht/thu trn hai bng tn
tn con khc nhau.
+
Ch ghp song cng theo thi gian
t
f
Khong
bo v
t
f
ng
ln
ng
xung
ng xung
ng ln
FDD TDD
Phn cch song
cng Y A
rng bng
tn X A
rng bng
tn X A
rng bng
tn X A
BI GING MN
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Trang 15
T chc cu hnh h thng hp l
Nng cao tnh kh dng v tin cy ca h thng
Thit b: D phng thit b vi chuyn mch bo v

ng b
Knh truyn: D phng knh truyn bng cu hnh

phn tp
+
Phn tp tn s
+
Phn tp khng gian
+
Phn tp thi gian
+
Phn tp phn cc
+
Phn tp gc

BI GING MN
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Trang 16
ng dng cc cng ngh x l s phc tp
Cng ngh ny c a vo phn x l tn hiu bng gc
Cc cng ngh x l s c dng

+
M ha ngun
+
M ho knh
+
Mt m ho
+
an xen
+
Ngu nhin ho
+
Cn bng thch ng
Hon thin cc mch in t phn v tuyn
ng dng cng ngh bn dn mi vo cc mch in siu cao tn

cho php nng cao n nh, tng tui th, gim kch c thit b
v c bit l tiu th t nng lng.
BI GING MN
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Trang 17
S khi chung ca tuyn truyn dn v tuyn s

1.4 S khi
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Trang 18
Pha pht
a) Khi khuych i v giao din ng s

+
Phi hp tr khng vi ng s
+
Khuych i v cn bng cp
+
Bin i m ng m my
+
Ti sinh tn hiu
+
Khi phc xung ng h
b) Khi x l bng gc pht

+
Ghp thm cc thng tin iu khin v qun l
+
Mt m ho
+
M ho knh
+
Ngu nhin ho tn hiu
+
an xen

1.4 S khi
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Trang 19
Pha pht
c) Khi iu ch v bin i nng tn

+
iu ch tn hiu s vo sng mang
+
i vi cc my pht i tn, vic iu ch thc hin trung
tn. Khi bin i nng tn cho php chuyn ln tn s v
tuyn.
d) Khi khuych i cng sut

+
Khuych i tn hiu ln mc cn thit a ln anten pht
i.
1.4 S khi
BI GING MN
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Trang 20
Pha thu
a) Khi khuych i tp m thp

+
Khuych i tn hiu thu mc rt nh vi tp m ni sinh ra thp.
b) Khi bin i h tn
+
i vi my thu i tn, khi bin i h tn thc hin bin i tn
hiu v tuyn thu c xung tn s trung tn thu.
+
Loi tr tn s nh.
c) Khi trung tn v gii iu ch

+
Thc hin khuych i tn hiu trung tn, lc nhiu knh ln cn, cn
bng thch ng vng tn s v vng thi gian gim mo v tr do
knh truyn.
+
Gii iu ch tn hiu thu phc hi tn hiu s.

1.4 S khi
BI GING MN
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Trang 21
Pha thu
d) Khi x l bng tn gc thu

+
Gii an xen
+
Gii ngu nhin ho
+
Gii m ho knh
+
Gii mt m
+
Phn tch lung s chnh v lung iu khin, qun l
e) Khi khuych i v giao din ng s

+
Khuych i tn hiu s
+
Bin i m my m ng
+
Phi hp tr khng vi ng s

1.4 S khi
BI GING MN
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Trang 22
Giao tip vi mi trng truyn dn
Cc thit b siu cao tn s dng lm mng phn

nhnh ghp chung cc my thu pht.
H thng anten, phi cho php my thu, my pht

giao tip vi mi trng truyn dn l khng gian.
1.4 S khi
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Trang 23
Cu hi chng 1
Khi nim v cc c im ca truyn dn v tuyn s
Cc bin php nng cao cht lng ng truyn dn v tuyn
S khi ca knh truyn dn v tuyn, chc nng cc khi

1.5 Cu hi v bi tp
BI GING MN
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Trang 24
CC DNG TN HIU
CHNG 2
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Trang 25
Ni dung chng 2: (5)
2.1 Cc dng hm tn hiu
2.2 Phn tch Fourier cc tn hiu xung
2.3 nh hng ca bng tn hn ch v nh l Nyquist
2.4 nh hng ca c tnh ng truyn
2.5 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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Trang 26
Phn loi trn c s cc tiu ch
Thay i theo thi gian:

+
Tng t: Hm nhn gi tr lin tc v bin v thi gian.
+
Ri rc: Hm nhn gi tr lin tc v bin , ri rc v thi gian.
+
S: Hm nhn gi tr ri rc c v bin v thi gian.
Mc th hin r rng :
+
Tt nh: T cc im ln cn c th xc nh gi tr ca hm mt
cch chnh xc.
+
Xc xut: Hm c gi tr tng lai c m t bng cc thut ng
thng k.
+
Ngu nhin: Hm c cc gi tr gii hn mt di cho trc
Thi gian tn ti:

+
Qu : Hm tn ti trong thi gian hu hn
+
V tn: Hm tn ti mi thi im
+
Tun hon: Hm v tn c gi tr c lp li cc khong nht nh.

BI GING MN
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Trang 27
Phn loi trn c s cc tiu ch
Nng lng:
Xt hm s(t) c o bng cc n v tn hiu (dng hoc p) trn in
tr 1O
+
Hm kiu nng lng: s(t) c nng lng hu hn

+
Hm kiu cng xut: s(t) c nng lng v hn nhng cng sut
trung bnh hu hn

Note:
(1) Hm tn hiu kiu
nng lng s c
cng sut bng
khng
(2) E = PT
BI GING MN
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Trang 28
Hm t tng quan (ACF)
s(t) l tn hiu tt nh kiu cng sut, hm t tng quan c

xc nh:

Hm t tng quan nh gi mc ging nhau gia tn hiu v

phin bn dch thi
t
ca n
Nu s(t) l tn hiu tun hon chu k T th ta c th tnh trung bnh

trong mt chu k
2.2 Phn tch Fourier tn hiu xung
BI GING MN
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Trang 29
Mt ph cng sut, PSD
L bin i Fourier ca hm t tng quan
Cp phng trnh tng quan Wiener-Khichine

+
PSD cho bit cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu vng tn s
+
Cng sut trong mt bng tn c xc nh bi din tch PSD trong
bng tn
BI GING MN
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Trang 30
Cc tn hiu ngu nhin
Khi nim: Mt tn hiu ngu nhin (qu trnh ngu nhin) X(t) l
tp hp cc bin ngu nhin c nh ch s theo t. Nu c nh t
= ti, th X(ti) l mt bin ngu nhin
Trung bnh ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin X(t) l k vng (trung

bnh tp hp) ca X(t):

ACF ca qu trnh ngu nhin

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Trang 31
Cc tn hiu ngu nhin
Qu trnh dng ngha rng (WSS: Wide sense stationary)

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Trang 32
Cc tn hiu nh phn bng gc
Biu din tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc

Mt thc hin ca tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc X(t)
BI GING MN
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Trang 33

ACF v PSD ca tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin:
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Trang 34
Nhn xt:
Hm t tng quan ACF X(t) v X(t+

t
)
+
Ging nhau nht ti t=0
+
Mc ging nhau nht nh khi 0<t<T do mt phn ca bit X(t)
ging X(t+t). Chng hn khi =0 v 0<t<T th X(t)=X(t+t)=A0 khi
0<t<T-t
+
Hon ton khc nhau khi t>T, v ti mi thi im gi tr ca X(t) c
lp vi X(t+t) do chng cc on bit khc nhau
Mt ph cng sut PSD

+
Cc tr ti i l A
2
T ti f=0 v bng khng u tin ti f=k/T.
+
Cng sut trung bnh ca X(t)

-
Tri rng trn bng tn rng nu T nh (tc bit cao ca tn hiu
X(t));
-
Tp trung trn mt bng tn hp nu T ln (tc bit thp ca tn
hiu X(t)).

BI GING MN
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Trang 35
Tn hiu bng thng

ACF v PSD ca tn hiu nhi phn X(t) c iu ch
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Trang 36
Nhn xt:
Ph c tp trung ti ln cn tn s sng mang f

c

Nu s dng rng bng tn gii hn ti hai gi tr

khng u tin ca PSD, th rng ph ca Y(t) bng
2/T
Cng sut trung bnh ca Y(t): bng mt na

cng sut trung bnh ca X(t), trn hnh ta s dng
f
c
=4/T

BI GING MN
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Trang 37
nh l Nyquist
ng truyn thc c bng tn gii hn
xung thu b m rng

y
hin tng chng ln cc xung lin k: Nhiu ISI
M t nh hng ca bng tn hn ch bng hm truyn t ca

b lc
Nu tc ng xung irrac
o
(t) vo h thng, u ra c dng hm
ch nht:

f
0
: Tn s ct

+
im 0 xut hin cc thi im:

T
0
gi l khong Nyquist
2.3 Bng tn hn ch - nh l Nyquist
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Trang 38

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nh l Nyquist
Nu cc xung tc ng cch nhau T

0
Nyquist th trnh c ISI

rng bng tn cn thit phn bit du hiu xung:

nh l Nyquist: i vi c tnh ca b lc thng thp l tng,

im ct trc (thi gian) ca p ng xung
o
(t) khng thay i k
c khi xp chng, c tnh i xng biu th hm l ng vi tn s
ct f
0
rng bng tn cn thit ( rng bng tn Nyquist):

o
: H s dc
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Trang 40
H s dc
o

B lc tha mn nh l Nyquist c ng bao ph biu

th bng hm truyn t Roll(f)
BI GING MN
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Trang 41
H s dc
o

p ng xung kim ca b lc tha mn nh l Nyquist

h(t)
t
t
t
-3T
0
-2T
0
-T
0
0 T
0
2T
0
3T
0

1

f
0 f
0
(1-o) f
0
f
0
(1+o)

f
0 f
0
(1-o) f
0
f
0
(1+o)
0 f
0

f
BI GING MN
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Trang 42
H s dc
o

c tnh ca b lc dc Cosin v p ng xung kim

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Cc ngun tp m
Tp m knh cng thm vo tn hiu thu
Tn hiu thu b mo
Tp m l tng tt c cc tn hiu khng mong mun c cng vo tn

hiu bn tin
Ngun tp m
+
Cc tn hiu thu c my thu
-
Sng mang khc giao thoa vi tn hiu thu
-
Cc tn hiu v tuyn khc trong bng tn thu: T nhin, nhn to
-
Truyn sng nhiu tia
+
Cc tn hiu to ra trong qu trnh x l thng tin
-
Chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t
-
Tn hiu hi
+
Cc tn hiu x l li hoc xp x ha
-
Li trong qu trnh x l tn hiu pht
-
Li trong qu trnh x l tn hiu thu
2.4 nh hng c tnh ng truyn
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T s tn hiu trn tp m, SNR

Tp m trng
KN: L tp m c cng sut phn b u mi tn s trn bng

tn rng
Tp m trng n(t) c mt ph cng sut:
BI GING MN
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Tp m bng gii hn
KN: L tp m c mt ph cng sut khng i di tn hu hn

BI GING MN
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Trang 46
Tp m Gauss trng cng, AWGN
Phn b Gausian

Hm F
X
(x) cho bit xc sut in p tp m thp hn mc x
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Trang 47
Tp m v cc quyt nh nh phn
M h
nh t
n hiu thu

M h
nh n gin:
T
n hiu thu trong knh AWGN

AWGN
Knh l tng

AWGN
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Tp m v cc quyt
nh nh phn
Cc hm mt xc sut tn
hiu thu c iu kin khi pht
bit 0 (A) v bit 1 (-A) vi quyt
nh ti u
BI GING MN
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Trang 49
Bi tp chng 2
Bi 1 n bi 12, chng 2
2.5 Cu hi v bi tp
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Trang 50
KHNG GIAN TN HIU V IU CH
CHNG 3
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Ni dung chng 3: (6)
3.1 Gii thiu
3.2 Khng gian tn hiu
3.3 p ng ca cc b tng quan ln tp m
3.4 B tch sng kh ging nht
3.5 Tnh xc sut li truyn dn trong knh AWGN
3.6 Cc k thut iu ch nht qun: BPSK, QPSK, M-PSK, MSK, M-ASK

v 16-QAM
3.7 Mt ph cng sut ca cc k thut iu ch khc nhau
3.8 So snh cc k thut iu ch
3.9 Cu hi v bi tp

NI DUNG
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Trang 52
Khi nim
iu ch l qu trnh gi thng tin vo cc tham s ca sng mang

v tuyn vi rng bng tn cn thit truyn trn knh v
tuyn
Cc phng php iu ch s
+
iu ch kho dch bin: ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
+
iu ch kho dch tn: FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
+
iu ch kho dch pha: PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
Cc dng tn hiu trong iu ch s

3.1 Gii thiu
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Trang 53
Gii iu ch
L qu trnh thc hin bn thu tch ra thng tin nm

trong cc tham s ca sng mang v tuyn.
Hai phng php gii iu ch

+
Nht qun: Khi tin hnh gii iu ch, my thu cn bit chnh
xc pha chun ca sng mang trc khi iu ch. Nh vy
my thu cn c kho pha n my pht.
My thu cn c mch khi phc sng mang
+
Khng nht qun: Vic gii iu ch c tin hnh bng
cch thc hin tng quan cho tn hiu thu c vi nhau
sau thc hin quyt nh bng cch so snh vi mu cho
trc.
3.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 54
nh gi hiu nng: Trn quan im truyn thng, tiu

ch c bn nh gi v so snh cc phng php iu
ch/gii iu ch khc nhau l: hiu nng dung lng v
hiu nng cht lng (kh nng i ph nhc im ca
mi trng truyn dn: phainh, suy hao, nhiu... v hn
ch bng thng ca knh).
Hiu nng cht lng BER hay kh nng i ph nhc im v

cht lng (kh nng khc phc nh hng phainh, suy hao...)
ca mi trng truyn.
Hiu nng dung lng (hiu qu chim dng ph tn hn ch

ca mi trng truyn).

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 55
Mc tiu thit k
1. Ti a tc s liu.
2. Gim thiu x
c sut li k hiu.
3. Gim thiu cng sut sut ph
t.
4. Gim thiu rng knh.
5. Ti a kh nng chng nhiu.
6. Gim thiu mc phc tp ca mch v
ti a tn dng t
i nguyn
(trang thit b & ph tn, khng gian, m, thi gian).
C
c r
ng buc
rng bng tn cc tiu theo l thuyt Nyquist
L thuyt dung lng knh Shannon
Phn b ph tn.
Hn ch v k thut
C
c yu cu kh
c nh qu o v tinh
Dung ha iu ch v
m h
a c xem l
thay i quan im khai th
c hiu nng x
c sut li
& hiu qu s dng bng thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 56
3.2 Khng gian tn hiu
Tp k hiu sau iu ch c trnh by dng vecto khng gian

tn hiu
+
Cc tn hiu nng lng gi tr thc s
i
(t) (i = 1M) c trnh by
bng t hp tuyn tnh N hm trc giao chun c s |
j
(t)
+
Gi tr thc trong tp tn hiu S
3.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 57
Khng gian tn hiu
Tp k hiu sau iu ch c trnh by dng vecto khng gian

tn hiu
+
Ma trn u l h s ca tn hiu trong tp tn hiu (chnh l ta
ca cc vecto im tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu)
+
Ma trn th hai l cc vec t n v xc nh chiu ca khng gian tn
hiu (chnh l cc hm trc giao chun c s)
+
Ma trn cui l tn hiu trong tp tn hiu, xc nh mt im trong
khng gian tn hiu
+
Cc im tn hiu c xc nh:
3.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 58

M hnh pht/thu tn hiu:
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 59
Khng gian tn hiu
Khng gian vecto tn hiu 3 chiu

3.1 Gii thiu
|
1
(t)
|
3
(t)
|
2
(t)
s
i

s
i2

s
i1

s
i3

0
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 60
Minh ha chiu cc tn hiu

ln khng gian tn hiu trc chun
Pht lun phin
gia cc tn hiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 61
Minh ha khng gian tn hiu

Pht lun phin
gia cc tn hiu
Tn hiu thu u ra
b tng quan
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 62

3.3 p ng ca cc b tng quan ln tp m

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 63
i
s
1
( ) t |
2
( ) t |
3
( ) t |
i1
s
i2
s
i3
s
x
y
+x1
+x2
+x3
(Biu din tn hiu v tp m trong
khng gian tn hiu)
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 64
V cc phn t Y
j

ca vector ngu nhin Y c lp thng k nhau, nn
biu din hm pdf c iu kin ca vector ngu nhin Y khi pht
tn hiu s
i
(t) (tng ng vi k hiu tin m
i
c pht i) l tch ca
cc pdf c iu kin ca cc phn t ring l (cc phn t ca vector
ngu nhin Y l cc bin ngu nhin) nh sau:
p ng ca cc b tng quan ln tp m
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 65
V mi Y
j
l bin ngu nhin Gaus c trung bnh s
ij
v
phng sai N
0
/2, nn
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 66
3.4 B tch sng theo kh nng ging nht
Quy tc quyt nh ti u (cc i xc sut hu nh)

(
MAP maximum a posteriori probability)

Theo quy tc Bayes

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 67
Phn chia khng gian t
n hiu th
nh M v
ng quyt nh
Z
1
,Z
2
,...,Z
M
sao cho
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 68
Khi c
c k hiu ng x
c sut, th
lut quyt nh ti u MAP (maximum

posteriori probability) c n gin h
a th
nh ML:
Phn chia khng gian t
n hiu th
nh M v
ng quyt nh, Z
1
,Z
2
,..,Z
M
.
Ph
t biu li quy tc quyt nh kh nng ging nht ML:

Quy tc quyt nh theo kh nng ging nht ML
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 69
3.5 Xc sut li truyn dn trong knh AWGN
Xc sut li k hiu trung bnh

Quyt nh sai:
Vi k hiu ph
t mi (tng ng vect t
n hiu si ), xy ra
li quyt nh nu vect quan trc Y khng nm trong v
ng Zi.
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 70
Khi c
c k hiu ng x
c sut:
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 71
Biu thc tng qut
Trong iu ch BPSK, cp tn hiu s

1
(t), s
2
(t) c s dng
trnh by cc k hiu c hai: 0 v 1
3.2 iu ch BPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 72
Biu thc tng qut
T tn hiu s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) ta c hm n v nng lng c s:

Trin khai s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) theo hm n v nng lng c s

H thng BPSK c biu din bng khng gian tn hiu mt chiu vi 2

im bn tin c ta :

3.2 iu ch BPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 73
Vecto khng gian tn hiu
Biu din khng gian tn hiu BPSK

im bn tin 0 ng vi s
1
(t) t vo v tr S
11
=\E
b
im bn tin 1 ng vi s
2
(t) t vo v tr S
21
=-\E
b

3.2 iu ch BPSK

im bn tin 2 im bn tin 1

- E 0 E
1

Vng Z
2
Vng Z
1

ranh gii quyt nh
0
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 74
Xc xut li quyt nh
Qu trnh tn hiu truyn qua knh do tc ng ca tp m nn tn

hiu thu khng nm ng im bn tin quy nh (
\
E
b
v -
\
E
b
). T
gi tr bn tin nhn c my thu phi quyt nh bn tin pht
Xc nh hai vng quyt nh

+
Z
1
: D on tn hiu l s
1
(t) hay bt 0
+
Z
2
: D on tn hiu l s
2
(t) hay bt 1
Quyt nh sai
+
Tn hiu s
2
(t) c pht, do tc ng ca tp m tn hiu thu ri vo
vng Z
1

my thu quyt nh s
1
(t)
+
Tn hiu s
1
(t) c pht, do tc ng ca tp m tn hiu thu ri vo
vng Z
2

my thu quyt nh s
2
(t)

3.2 iu ch BPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 75

Bin gii quyt
nh v cc hm
kh nng tng
ng vi cc k
hiu 0 v 1
c pht i
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 76
Xc xut li quyt nh
Xc xut pht 1 thu 0

+
i lng quan trc ti my thu

y(t): tn hiu thu
+
Hm phn b xc sut khi truyn k hiu 1

+
Xc xut c iu kin quyt nh k hiu 0 khi pht l 1
3.2 iu ch BPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 77
Xc xut li quyt nh
+

+

Xc sut li k hiu trung bnh ca BPSK

Xc xut li bit
3.2 iu ch BPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 78
S khi
Tx

Rx
3.2 iu ch BPSK
0 \E
b

1 -\E
b
TLO

b(t)

Unipolar binary
mapping
BPSK signal
Carrier
recovery

RLO

y(t)

BPSK signal
sampling
Timing
recovery

low filter
b
(t)
decision
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 79
Nguyn l
Pht
+
Chui c hai u vo n cc c a qua b bin i mc thnh
lng cc:
0
+\E
b
1
-\E
b
+
B to sng mang to sng mang hm c s u
1
(t), tn s f
c

+
Tn hiu c hai cng sng mang c a vo b nhn, u ra c tn
hiu BPSK
Thu
+
Tn hiu thu BPSK b tp m y(t) c a n b tng quan so
snh vi sng mang u
1
(t) c to ra ti my thu
+
Kt qu so snh c a qua b lc v b quyt nh khi phc
li s liu pht.
3.2 iu ch BPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 80
Biu thc tng qut
s dng hiu qu rng bng tn chng ta cn truyn nhiu

bit hn trn mt k hiu sng mang
thc t thng s dng

phng php iu ch nhiu trng thi
Qu trnh iu ch QPSK thc cht l iu ch BPSK vi hai sng

mang vung gc

+
s
I
(t): Thnh phn ng pha
+
s
Q
(t): Thnh phn vung pha
Pha iu ch ca sng mang nhn mt trong bn gi tr cch u

nhau l
t
/4; 3
t
/4; 5
t
/4; 7
t
/4
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 81
Biu thc tng qut
Biu thc QPSK

+
Mi gi tr ca pha iu ch tng ng vi mt cp bit, theo m Gray
l 00;01;11;10
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 82
Biu thc tng qut
Hm c s trc giao

Bn im bn tin vi vecto tn hiu tng hp

3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 83
Cc phn t ca vecto tn hiu S

i1
v S
i2
c gi tr
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 84
Khng gian tn hiu QPSK c biu din trong khng gian 2

chiu vi 4 im bn tin
3.3 iu ch QPSK
V ng Z11
V ng
Z4
V ng Z3
V ng Z2
im bn
tin 4(10)
im bn
tin 3(11)
im bn
tin 2(01)
im bn
tin 1(00)
Bin gi i quyt nh
Bin gi i quyt nh
E/2
E/2
E/2
E/2
1
|
2
|
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 85
Xc xut li
My thu nhn c tn hiu thu s phi quyt nh im bn tin thu

da vo 4 vng quyt nh
+
Z
1
: Quyt nh vecto tn hiu l s
1
(t) vi gi tr dibit l 00
+
Z
2
2
+
Z
3
3
+
Z
4
4
Tnh ton tng t BPSK c c cng thc xc xut li trung

bnh k hiu ca QPSK

+
Do mt k hiu mang 2 bit nn E
s
= 2E
b
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 86

S khi
3.3 iu ch QPSK
Lung nh
phn n cc
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T
t
TLO
Tn hiu iu
ch QPSK
RLO
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T
t
Timing
recovery
t1
b(t)
2
( ) b t
a)
b)
t2
Demux
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
Mapping
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
Mapping
/ 2 t
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T
t
b1(t)
b2(t)
Mapping: chuyn i mc
TLO: Transmitter local oscillator :b dao ng ni pht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
Carrier recovery: khi phc sng mang
Timing recovery: khi phc nh thi
MUX: Ghp lung
DEMUX: Phn lung
K hiu
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
}
>
<
0
1
0
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
} 1
y >
<
0
1
0
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
/ 2 t
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T
t
y1
y2
y2
1
( ) b t
Carrier
recovery
MUX
y(t)
( ) b t
Lung
bit ra
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 87
iu ch
+
Chui u vo b(t) th hin dng lng cc
\
E
b
(V) c
phn thnh hai lung nhnh b
1
(t) v b
2
(t). Gi tr b
1
(t) v b
2
(t)
quyt nh k hiu S
i1
v S
i2
c pht
+
b
1
(t) v b
2
(t) c dng iu ch cp sng mang
u
1
(t) v
u
2
(t) (cp trc giao c s) nhn c tn hiu iu ch BPSK
+
Hai tn hiu BPSK c cng vecto to thnh tn hiu
QPSK.Chu k k hiu QPSK gp hai ln chu k bit nn
R
s
=1/2R
b

Cng R
b
: B
C_QPSK
=1/2B
C_BPSK

Cng B
C
: R
b_QPSK
= 2R
b_BPSK
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 88
Gii iu ch
+
My thu gm mt cp b tng quan c cung cp vi cp
sng mang chun ti ch
|
1
(t) v
|
2
(t)
+
u ra b tng quan x
1
v x
2
s c so snh vi ngng
quyt nh
Knh ng pha, x
1
>0: quyt nh l 1; x
1
<0: quyt nh
l 0
Knh vung pha, x
2
>0: quyt nh l 1; x
2
<0: quyt nh
l 0
+
Hai chui c hai t knh I v Q c tng hp ti u ra tr li
chui c hai ban u pht
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 89
QPSK vi sai
iu ch pha nht qun:

+
Trng thi pha iu ch xc nh bi t hp bit a vo iu ch, pha
sng mang sau iu ch thay i so vi pha chun
+
gii iu ch cn khi phc li sng mang vi pha chun s
dng cho iu ch
iu ch pha vi sai
+
Trng thi pha iu ch xc nh bi t hp bit a vo iu ch v
trng thi pha iu ch trc . Trng thi pha iu ch ln cn
nhau ch thay i vi bc nhy pha A|
+
gii iu ch ch cn so snh pha ca sng mang thi im hin
ti vi thi im trc tm bc nhy pha
+
thc hin iu ch vi sai ch cn m ha vi sai tn hiu nh phn
trc khi a ln iu ch bng b m ha vi sai. Pha thu sau khi
gii iu ch phi thc hin gii m vi sai hon tr tn hiu s ban
u.
3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 90
QPSK vi sai
M t tn hiu

3.3 iu ch QPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 91
QPSK vi sai
M ha vi sai

Gii m vi sai

3.3 iu ch QPSK

A P

B m ho B iu ch Sng QPSK
vi sai QPSK

B Q

Gii P Kh m A
Vo iu ho S/P
Ra
ch vi sai
Q' B

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 92
QPSK vi sai
Bng quan h m ha vi sai

3.3 iu ch QPSK
A B A| P Q |
0 0 0 0 0 t/4
0 1 t/2 0 1 3t/4
1 1 t 1 1 5t/4
1 0 3t/2 1 0 7t/4
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 93
iu ch v gii iu ch OQPSK
Thay i pha ca sng QPSK

b0=1 b2=-1 b4=-1 b6=1
b1=1 b3=-1 b5=1 b7=1
Thay i pha
t
t/2 t/2
2Tb 4Tb
6Tb 8Tb
Tb 3Tb 5Tb
7Tb
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 94
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T
t
TLO
Tn hiu iu
ch OQPSK
Demux
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
Mapping
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
Mapping
/ 2 t
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T
t
b1(t)
b2(t)
D
d1(t)
d2(t)
S iu ch OQPSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 95
d0
d2 d4
d6
d1
d3 d5
d7
d2(t)
d1(t)
-Tb Tb 0 3Tb 5Tb 7Tb
2Tb 4Tb 6Tb 8Tb 0
d2=-1
d4=-1 d6=1
d1=1 d3=-1 d5=1 d7=1
d0=1
a)
b)
Thay i pha t/2 t/2
2Tb
4Tb 6Tb
Tb
3Tb 5Tb
7Tb
0
t/2 t/2
Dng sng dch thi u vo (a) v dng sng u ra ca OQPSK
Thay
i pha
t ch
xy ra
bi hai
ln thay
i
t/2, v
th loi
b c
thay i
pha ln
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 96
iu ch GMSK
Chuyn i xung vung thnh cc hm sin v cos trong MSK

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 97
Biu thc tng qut
Biu thc tn hiu MSK

1
2
( ) ( )sin sin(2 )
2
i c
b b
s t d t t f t
T T
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
( ) cos cos(2 )
2
c
b b
d t t f t
T T
t
t
| |
+
|
\ .
0stsT
b

trong d
1
(t) v d
2
(t) xc nh trong khong T
b
:
1
1
1
, ( ) 0
( ) , 0 2
, ( ) 1
b
b
b
E b t
d t t T
E b t
= s s
nu
nu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 98
Hm c s trc giao

Ta im bn tin
( )
1
2
( ) sin .sin 2 , 0 2
2
c b
b b
t t f t t T
T T
t
| t
| |
= s s
|
\ .
( )
2
2
( ) cos .cos 2 ,
2
c b b
b b
t t f t T t T
T T
t
| t
| |
= s s
|
\ .
2
1 1
0
1
( ) ( )
( ), 0 2
b
T
i
b
s s t t dt
d t t T
= u
= s s
}
2 2
2
( ) ( )
( ),
b
b
T
i
T
b b
s s t t dt
d t T t T
= u
= s s
}
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 99
Khng gian tn hiu

|1
|2
b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E
(00)
(01)
(11)
(10)
Bin gii quyt nh
Bin gii quyt nh
Vng Z1
Vng Z2
Vng Z4 Vng Z3
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 100
S khi

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 101
iu
ch/gii iu
ch M-PSK
Biu thc
tng qut

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Trang 102
Khng gian tn hiu

- E
E
- E
E
1
|
2
|
Chm tn
hiu ca
kha
chuyn
pha tm
trng thi
8-PSK
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 103
Gii iu ch M-PSK
RLO
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T
t
Timing
recovery
t1
t2
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
}
Ly mu
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
}
Ly mu
/2 t
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T
t
yQ
yI
Carrier
recovery
y(t)
( )
i
s t
( ) t u
| ( ) ( )| t t u u
Tnh
Chn gi tr
nh nht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
Carrier recovery: khi phc sng mang
Timing recovery: khi phc nh thi
K hiu
Q 1
I
y
tan
Y
( ) tan
Q
I
y
t ar g
y
u
| |
=
|
\ .
1 1 0
2
= +
|
.
|
\
|
t
= M , . . . , , i , x
M
i
sin E y
Q Q
1 1 0
2
= +
|
.
|
\
|
t
= M , . . . , , i , x
M
i
cos E y
I I
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 104
iu ch M-ASK

BI GING MN
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Trang 105
Tng quan
Biu thc iu ch
+
iu ch vi hai thnh phn ng pha v vung pha cn c gi l
iu ch bin vung gc (cu phng) M trng thi, M-QAM.
+
Vi M-QAM sng mang b iu ch c bin v pha, thc cht l
iu ch ASK vi L trng thi cho hai sng mang trc giao. Vic tng
hp vecto tn hiu cho ta M-QAM vi M=L
2

+
Dng tng qut ca tn hiu M-QAM

E
0
: Nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht
a
i
v b
i
: Cp s nguyn c lp c chn ty v tr ca im bn tin
3.4 iu ch M-QAM
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 106

Tng quan
Khng gian tn hiu

+
Hm tn hiu c s

+
Ta cc im bn tin
3.4 iu ch M-QAM
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
=
1 1 3 3 1 1
3 1 3 3 3 1
1 1 1 3 1 1
L , L . . . L , L L , L
. .
. .
L , L . . . L , L L , L
L , L . . . L , L L , L
b , a
i i
BI GING MN
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Tng quan
Xc sut li
+
Cng thc xc nh xc sut li k hiu cho M-QAM
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 109
Tng quan
S khi iu ch v gii iu ch M-QAM

3.4 iu ch M-QAM
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 110
Tng quan
Chc nng
iu ch
+
B bin i ni tip/song song bin i lung s c hai u vo vo
tc R
b
thnh hai lung bit song song tc R
b
/2
+
Cc b bin i mc t hai mc thnh L (L=\M) to ra cc tn hiu L
mc tng ng vi cc u vo I v Q
+
Nhn hai tn hiu L mc vi hai sng mang trc giao v cng vecto ta
c tn hiu M-QAM
Gii iu ch
+
Sau b tng quan vi hai tn hiu c s trc giao, u ra b lc ta
c cc hai tn hiu L mc.
+
B so snh vi (L-1) ngng s quyt nh gi tr chui c hai mi
nhnh. Sau b bin i ni tip/song song ta c chui c s hai
pht
3.4 iu ch M-QAM
BI GING MN
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Trang 111

iu ch 16QAM
3.4 iu ch M-QAM
0010 0011
0001
0000
1000 1001 1011 1010
1100 1111 1110 1101
0100 0111 0110 0101
1
( ) t |
2
( ) t |
Chm tn hiu ca 16-QAM (M=16)
Cc thnh phn ng pha (a) v pha
vung gc (b) ca tn hiu 16-QAM
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(

=
3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3
3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
b , a
i i
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 112
S khi ca
h thng 16-QAM
a) B iu ch;
b) B gii iu ch.
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 113
3.8. PSD ca tn hiu c iu ch

Tn hiu bng thng
T tng quan ACF v PSD ca tn hiu nhi phn X(t) c iu ch

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 114
PSD ca tn hiu BPSK
Biu din ng bao phc (tn hiu bng gc) dng chui xung lng cc ngu
nhin

o PSD bng gc ca sng BPSK

PSD ca tn hiu iu ch BPSK

| | | | { }
| | | | { }
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
2
b
S c b c b
c b c b
b
E
f Sinc f f T Sinc f f T
P
Sinc f f T Sinc f f T
R
u = + +
= + +
2
( ) ( );
b
b
K T b k
k
b
E
g t A p t kT A
T
=
= =
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 115
PSD ca tn hiu QPSK

1,0
0,5
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,25
QPSK
MSK
( )
c b
f f T
Mt ph cng sut chun ha us(f)/2Eb
-0,25 -0,5 -0,75 -1 -1,25
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 116
So snh tnh nng ca cc k thut iu ch
Cng thc tnh xc sut li

BI GING MN
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TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 118
Hiu sut s dng bng tn
Tham s

Cng sut pht v rng bng tn knh l hai ngun

ti nguyn s cp cn s dng hiu qu
+
Cng sut pht ph thuc BER yu cu (BER ~ E
b
/N
0
)
+
rng bng tn knh ph thuc s iu ch (B
c
~ R
s
)
Mi s iu ch c tham s B
c
v E
b
/N
0
yu cu
ring
3.5 Hiu sut s dng rng bng tn
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 119
M-PSK v M-QAM
Do iu ch song bin vi hai tn hiu trc giao nn B

c

= 2B
N

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 120

M-FSK
Tn hiu M-FSK gm M tn s cch nhau mt khong

T
s
/2

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 121
Bi tp chng 3
Bi 1 n bi 17, chng 3
BI GING MN
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M HA KNH
CHNG 4
BI GING MN
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Ni dung chng 4: (5)
4.1 M u
4.2 Nguyn tc m ha knh
4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
4.4 M xon
4.5 M Turbo
4.6 Gii thut an xen
4.7 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 124
KN
M ha knh l qu trnh x l tn hiu s trc khi a ln iu ch vi

mc ch kim sot li truyn dn
m bo tin cy ca h thng
Nguyn tc: B xung mt cch h thng cc thng tin d vo lung pht

gip pha thu:
+
Pht hin li: Pht hin khi s liu thu b li, thng bo s xut hin ca li
+
Sa li: Hiu chnh li bit li v gi tr thc t pht
a vo li m
ha vi BER cho trc
Thc hin kim sot li

+
Hiu chnh li trc (FEC Forward Error Corection): B m ha knh b
xung cc bit d gip b gii m pha thu c th quyt nh bt thc s pht
+
Yu cu pht li t ng (ARQ Automatic Retransmission Request): Pha
thu da trn cc bit d b m ha knh a vo pht hin li t yu
cu pht li bn tin b li
4.1 M u
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 125
S khi h thng truyn thng s
BI GING MN
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Trang 126
KN
nh hng
+
B xung bit
tc lung pht tng
tng rng bng

thng truyn dn
T l m: r = R
b
/R
c
+
Tng tnh phc tp, tr truyn dn
Mc ch ca m ha knh kim sot li

+
Xc nh on s liu thu mc li.
+
Gim thiu xc sut khng pht hin c li.
+
Gim c BER ti mt gi tr Eb/N0 tin nh.
+
Ti BER cho trc gim c Eb/N0, lng gim ny c
gi l li ca m ti xc sut li.

4.1 M u
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 127
S khi my pht s dng m ha knh

A
F
B
D
C
E
Uncoded
Coded
Coding gain:
For a given bit-error probability,
the reduction in the E
b
/N
0
that can be
realized through the use of code:
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 128

Nguyn tc
Chuyn i m bn tin vo m t m
+
Cc m c kh nng pht hin v sa li
phi thm vo cc thng

tin d
t m phi di hn bn tin.
nh gi kh nng pht hin v sa li bng khong cch

Hamming
+
Khong cch Hamming gia hai t m cng di: L s v tr khc
nhau trong t m
+
M t khong cch Hamming vi t m 3 bit (khng gian 3 chiu)
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 129

Nguyn tc
nh gi kh nng pht hin v sa li bng khong cch

Hamming

Cc loi m knh
+
M khi tuyn tnh
+
M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 130

Tng qut
Nguyn tc
+
Lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi di bng nhau
Khi bn tin
(c k di k bt)
+
Cc bit d c b xung theo tng khi cn c thut ton nht nh tnh ton
trn khi bn tin
Cc bit kim tra (c di n-k bt)

+
T m u ra = Cc bit kim tra | Khi bn tin (c di n bt)
Cc thng s
+
di khi bn tin: k (bit)
+
di t m: n (bit)
+
Khong cch Hamming ti thiu: d
m
+
T l m: r = k/n
+
K hiu b m ha: (n,k)
+
di bit kim tra: n - k (bit)
4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 131
Tng qut
Biu din hot ng b m ha dng ton hc

+
Ma trn: Ma trn to m
+
a thc: a thc to m
S tng qut b m ha khi

4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 132
Tm tt: B m ha khi tuyn tnh thc hin nh x

(sp xp) chui k bit u vo thnh chui n bit u ra
c cc c im:
+
T m u ra b lp m C ch ph thuc vo chui bit u
vo m hin thi v ma trn to m G (hay a thc to m
g(x)) m khng ph thuc vo chui u vo trc
+
Cc t m to thnh khng gian con k chiu trong khng
gian n chiu (n,k).
+
Cc m khi tuyn tnh c m t di dng ma trn to
m G c kch thc k
n, mi t m u ra C c vit
dng.
c = m . G
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 133

Ma trn to m
K hiu
+
Khi bn tin k bit: m = [m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, , m
k-1
]
+
Cc bit kim tra: b = [b
0
, b
1
, b
2
, , b
n-k-1
]
b = m . P
P: Ma trn kch thc k.(n-k), phn t p = 0 hoc 1 ty thuc bit b c ph
thuc bt bn tin m hay khng
+
Ma trn to m
G = [P | I
k
]
+
T m u ra:
c = m . G
c = [c
0
, c
1
, c
2
, , c
n-1
] = [b
0
, b
1
, b
2
, , b
n-k-1
; m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, , m
k-1
]
c = [b | m]
+
Ma trn kim tra chn l
H = [I
n-k
| P
T
]
I: Ma trn vung n v; P
T
: Ma trn chuyn v ca P
4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
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Syndrome
nh ngha
+
Vec t thu
y = c + e
e: Vecto mu li
e
i
= 1: Li xy ra v tr i
e
i
= 0: Khng c li
+
Syndrom: s
s = y . H
T
Tnh cht
+
Syndrom ch ph thuc vo mu li ch khng ph thuc t m c pht
+
Cc mu li khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m u c cng Syndrom
+
Syndrome S l tng cc ct ca ma trn H tng ng vi ni xy ra li.

4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 137
Gii m sa li
zero
codeword
coset
coset leaders
Tt c cc mu
li khc nhau
nhiu nht mt
t m u c
cng Syndrome
Mi phn t ca Coset u c cng Syndrome
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 138
Gii m sa li
Quy trnh
+
T vecto y thu c, tnh Syndrom s
+
Trong tp coset c trng bi Syndrom trn chn
mu li c xc xut li ln nht: e
0
+
Tnh vecto m u ra
c = y + e
0

4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 139
Minh ha: Xt h m Hamming
Mt h m c gi l m Hamming c cc thng s

Xt m Hamming (7,4) <=> n=7, k=4, m=3

BI GING MN
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Quan h gia dmin v H:

+
dmin l s ct nh nht ca ma trn kim tra chn l H m khi cng chng
vi nhau bng 0.

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 142
Quan h gia Syndrome v mu li e: V m ny c dmin =3 nn ch c

th sa c mt li vi cc mu li n, p dng thuc tnh 3
(Syndrome l tng cc ct ca ma trn H tng ng vi ni xy ra li)
cho php xc nh c quan h gia Syndrome v mu li.

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 143
Nu pht C = [0111001] qua knh, pha thu nhn c y = [1111001] S = [1 0 0]
l hng th nht ca H
T
(ct th nht ca H) xc nh c e = [1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
sa c y
cor
= [0111001].
Tng t xt tt c cc trng hp cn li Quan h ny i vi m Hamming
(7.4) c cho bng 3.2 T m sai l t m khng thuc m , khi ny S =
y.H
T
= 0 v C.H
T
=0
Bng 3.2. Bng gii m cho m Hamming (7.4)
Syndrome Mu li
000 0000000
100 1000000
010 0100000
001 0010000
110 0001000
011 0000100
111 0000010
101 0000001
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 144

a thc to m
a thc to m xy dng m vng (m chu k, mt loi m

khi tuyn tnh). M chu k c c im
+
Tng ca hai t m cng l mt t m
+
Mi dch vng ca t m cng l mt t m
M chu k (n,k)
+
M c th hin bng tp y cc a thc bc (n-1) v nhn a
thc bc (n-k) lm tha s
gi l a thc sinh g(x)

4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
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Trang 145

a thc to m
M chu k (n,k): Nguyn tc to m chu k

+
Nhn a thc bn tin m(x) vi x
n-k
+
Chia x
n-k
m(x) cho g(x) ly phn d b(x) (tnh bit kim tra)
+
Cng b(x) vi x
n-k
m(x) nhn c a thc t m c(x)
V d
4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 146

a thc to m
M chu k (n,k): S b m ha vng

+
Xung nhp 0: Nap 0 cho cc F-F
+
Xung nhip 1 k: Cc bit m a ra u ra v dch vo cc F-F (chia
ly d)
+
Xung nhp k n: Ni dung thanh ghi c dch ti u ra
4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 147
a thc to m
M chu k (7,4)
S b m ha vng (7,4) vi g(x) = 1 + x + x
3
4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
Dch Bit
vo
Ni dung thanh ghi

1
2
3
4

1
0
0
1
000 (trng thi u)
110
011
111
011
x
0
x
1
x
3
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 148
a thc to m
Syndrome
B tnh Syndrome ca m vng (n,k) da trn a thc to m

BI GING MN
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Trang 149
li m ha

4.3 M khi tuyn tnh
8PSK
QPSK
BI GING MN
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Trang 150
Tng qut
c tnh ca m xon
+
M ha ton b lung d liu vo mt t m.
+
Khng cn thit phn mnh lung d liu thnh cc khi kch thc
c nh.
+
L m c nh: n phn t u ra b m ha ph thuc k bit u vo
v (K-1) tp hp k bit u vo trc
Thng s c trng (n,k,K)

+
k l s bt dch vo b lp m ti cng mt thi im
+
n l s bt u ra ca b lp m khi cho k bt ng thi vo b lp m
+
r = k/n t l m
+
K : di hn ch, th hin s ln dch cc i ca mt nhm k bit
bn tin m nhm k bit ny vn nh hng ti u ra b to m

4.4 M xon
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S tng qut ca mt b to m xon vi t l k/n

4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
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Hot ng b lp m
+
Chui to m
+
a thc to m
+
Biu trng thi
+
Biu li
+
Biu cy

Minh ha cc b lp m xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 153
To m xon
a thc to m
+
Chui thng tin u vo chia thnh on di L vi ui K-1 s 0
(cc bt ui co mc ch cc on bn tin khng nh hng ln
nhau)
+
a thc bn tin

+
p ng b cng modul2 th j th hin bng a thc to m

+
Chui bit ra nhnh j

4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
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To m xon
a thc to m
+
V d : S b lp m

+
g
1
=1+x + x
2
; g
2
=1+x
2
+
M=3; K=M=3; L= 3; K-1=2 (tails);
4.4 M xon
Input data bits Output coded bits
First coded bit
Second coded bit
(Branch word)
BI GING MN
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4.4 M xon
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
B lp m
Chui bn tin: m = (101)
BI GING MN
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Trang 156
To m xon
Biu trng thi

Cu to
+
Cc nt trng thi: Th hin cc trng thi ca b to m (b nh: 2
k-
1
)
+
Cc nhnh ni cc nt: th hin s chuyn i gia cc trng thi
-
Bit vo bng 0: Nt lin
-
Bt vo bng 1: Nt t
Cc nhnh c gn nhn l bt u ra b to m
Hot ng
+
Trng thi ca b to m l t hp K-1 bit c lu trong cc phn t
nh
+
T trng thi ca b to m cng bit u vo ta xc nh c bt
u ra
4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 157
To m xon
Biu trng thi

4.4 M xon
10 01
00
11
output Next
state
input Current
state
10 1
01 0
11
01 1
10 0
10
00 1
11 0
01
11 1
00 0
00
1/11
1/00
1/01
1/10
0/11
0/00
0/01
0/10
Input
Output
(Branch word)
BI GING MN
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Trang 158
Biu li
Cu to
+
Cc nt trng thi: Th hin cc trng thi ca b to m (b nh: 2
K-
1
). Cc nt c xp thnh tng ct ng vi mi xung nhp
+
Cc nhnh ni cc nt: th hin s chuyn i gia cc trng thi
-
Bit vo bng 0: Nt lin
-
Bt vo bng 1: Nt t
Cc nhnh c gn nhn l bt u ra b to m
Hot ng
+
Ti mi nt li lun c hai ng dn i n v hai ng dn i ra
+
ng dn qua li cho ta cc k hiu m u ra (bt u v kt
thc trng thi 00)
+
Biu li cho php theo di hot ng b lp m theo thi gian
4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 159
To m xon
+
Biu li cho b to m v d 4.6
4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 160
Gii m theo kh nng ging nht

4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 161

4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 162

4.4 M xon
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 163
Bi tp chng 4
Bi 1 n bi 23 chng 4
4.5 Cu hi v bi tp
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 164
THIT B TRUYN DN V TUYN
CHNG 5
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 165
Ni dung chng 5: (5)
5.1 Gii thiu
5.2 Khi my pht
5.3 Khi my thu
5.4 Phid v mng phn nhnh siu cao tn
5.5 Kin trc v tuyn vi ghp song cng
5.6 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 166
S khi h thng truyn dn v tuyn s

5.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 167
S khi
Cc khi chnh
+
Ghp knh
+
X l bng gc, BB
+
Khi iu ch - gii iu ch, MODEM
+
Khi trung tn, IF
+
Khi cao tn, RF
+
Mng phn nhnh siu cao tn
Hng tn hiu
+
Hng pht: Lung s pht
Anten
+
Hng thu: Anten
Lung s thu
5.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 168
S khi
Nguyn l c bn
Hng pht
+
Lung s pht S
i
c ghp chung thnh mt lung tng
+
Tn hiu khai thc, iu khin c ghp vi lung tng phn ghp khung
v tuyn
+
Thc hin m ha knh v ngu nhin ha
+
iu ch vo sng mang trung tn pht to ra bi b to sng trung tn TLO1
+
Trn nng tn ln tn s RF bng sng mang cao tn to ra TLO2
+
Tn hiu RF c khuych i ti cng sut pht cn thit v a ti u ra
qua b cch ly siu cao tn
+
Tn hiu pht a qua mng phn nhnh siu cao tn lc bng tn pht v
nh hng tn hiu i ti anten
bc x thnh sng in t
5.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 169
S khi
Nguyn l c bn
Hng thu
+
Tn hiu RF thu t anten a qua mng phn nhnh siu cao tn lc bng
tn thu v nh hng tn hiu n u vo my thu
+
Khuych i tp m thp, LNA gip m bo t s SNR
+
Bin i h tn tn hiu v tuyn xung tn s trung tn thu s dng tn s
sng mang to ra RLO2
+
Lc v khuych i tn hiu trung tn vi AGC, cn bng bin tn v pha tn
+
Gii iu ch tn hiu trung tn vi sng mang to ra RLO1
+
Gii ngu nhin ha, gii m ha knh
+
Phn khung v tuyn tch ring lung s v thng tin iu khin, nghip v
+
Phn knh thnh cc lung s thu D
i
5.1 Gii thiu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 170
MUX
RF.Fr
LCI
CH.E
SCR
DCo
MOD
Up.C
TLO
HPA
RF.Fi
SCH
Multiplexer
RF Frame
Line Coder Interface
Channel Encoder
Scrambler
Differential Coder
Modulator
Up Converter
Transmitter Local Osillator
High Powere Amplifier
RF Filter
Service channel
Thit b ghp knh
Khi ghp khung v tuyn
Khi giao tip m ng
B m ho knh
B ngu nhin ho
B m ho vi sai
B iu ch
B bin i nng tn
B dao ng ni pht
B khuch i cng sut
cao
B lc cao tn pht
Khi cc knh nghip v
S khi
5.2 Khi my pht

S.CH

MU
X

Up.C

HPA

RF
Fi

TLO

L.C.I

RF.
Fr

CH.E

SCR

D.Co

MOD
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Chc nng cc khi

5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 172
Chc nng cc khi

5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 173
Ngu nhin ha
Khi nim: m bo tnh ngu nhin ca lung s pht

+
Trong khong thi gian quan st bt k: S bit 1 v s bit 0 l nh nhau
Chc nng: m bo cht lng truyn dn

+
Tng s chuyn i mc trong lung s
D khi phc ng h t tn hiu

thu
+
Ph tn hiu RF ng u trong bng tn, trnh ph vch dn n kha pha
nhm my thu
+
Gim nhiu gia cc knh v tuyn
5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 174
Ngu nhin ha
Nguyn tc
+
To lung s nh phn gi ngu nhin, PRBS Pseudo Random Binary
Sequence
-
C tnh ngu nhin
-
To ra theo quy lut (c chu k)
+
Cng modul2 lung s pht vi lung PRBS

5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 175
Ngu nhin ha
B PRBS
+
Xy dng da trn c s cc a thc to m, vi phn t l cc Flip-Flop
ng vai tr b tr v cc mch hi tip cng modul2
+
S TQ b to PRBS:

-
di cc i lung PRBS

5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 176
Ngu nhin ha
Phn loi
+
Ngu nhin ha ng b (khi ng li)
+
Ngu nhin ha d b (t ng b)
5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 177
Khuych i cng sut
c im
+
Thng s dng khuych i bng transistor trng, FET Field Effect
Transistor. Nu cn cng sut cao (HPA) s dng b khuych i n sng
chy, TWT Travelling Wave Tube
+
Ch hot ng : A, B, C, D, E, F
-
Ch A, B v C: Dng sng tn hiu ra hnh sin
Hn ch hiu sut
A: 50%; B y ko hiu sut cao hn;
-
D: Hiu xut rt cao (xung vung)
-
E: Khng tuyn tnh, F: Hi bc cao 2 v 3
5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 178
Khuych i cng sut
TWT
Cu to
+
Sng in t: Si nung, Catot, Anot
+
Cc in cc hi t to ra chm tia in t
+
Cc gp
+
C cu lm chm sng: Cun dy xon
Hot ng
+
Cc in t to ra t sng in t chy v pha cc gp
+
Cc in cc hi t to ra t trng gip hi t chm tia in t nm bn
trong dy xon, b suy hao ngn nng lng sng chy ngc v catot
+
Tn hiu RF cn khuych i c cp vo dy xon ti u gn catot, tn
hiu chy theo dy xon vi tc nh sng nhng do cu trc xon nn tc
dc trc thp hn tc nh sng.
+
Tc chm tia in t c iu chnh bi cc gp ln hn tc dc trc
ca sng RF: Tng tc trng
Chuyn i nng lng: ng nng chm

tia thnh th nng ca sng (iu tc )
tn hiu RF c khuych i
5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
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Trang 179
Khuych i cng sut
TWT
5.2 Khi my pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 180
S khi
5.3 Khi my thu
De.MUX
RF.DFr
LCI
De.CH.E
De.SCR
De.DCo
IF. De.MOD
Dw.C
RLO
RF Fi
LNA
SCH
De Multiplexer
RF. De Frame
Line Coder Interface
De.Channel Encoder
Scrambler
De Differential Coder
Intermidiate Fre. De.Modulator
Down Converter
Receiver Local Osillator
RF Filter
Low Noise Amplifier
Sevice
Thit b ghp knh - phn knh
Khi phn khung v tuyn
Khi giao tip m ng
B kh m ho knh
B kh ngu nhin ho
B kh m ho vi sai
Khi trung tn - B gii iu ch
B bin i h tn
B dao ng ni thu
B lc siu cao tn
B khuych i tp m nh
Khi khai thc nghip v
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 181

De.
MUX

L.C.I

RF.
DFr
De
CH.E
De.
SCR
I F
De.
MOD

Dw.C

LNA

RF
Fi

S.CH

RLO
De.
DCo
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 182
Chc nng cc khi

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 183
B khuych i tp m thp, LNA
Nhim v
+
Khuych i tn hiu RF u vo ti mc ln
+
Tp m ni do b khuych i sinh ra phi nh khng lm gim SNR
c im
+
Hai loi: LNA lng cc v LNA CMOS
+
LNA l tng u tin ca my thu: H s tp m ca LNA quyt nh h s
tp m ca my thu

VD: F
dip
= 2dB; F
Rx
= 4dB (LNA); B = 200kHz;
SNR
in
= 8dB
P
Rx
= -109dBm

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 184
B trn h tn c loi tr tn s nh
Trn h tn
+
Thc hin trn tn hiu RF vi sng mang ti ch cho ra tn hiu trung tn
thu IF

Tn s nh
+
KN: L tn s i xng vi tn s RF qua tn s sng mang

+
nh hng: Khi trn h tn vi tn s nh cng nhn c tn s trung tn
thu nhng khng mang thng tin
Nhiu trng tn s
Phi loi tr khi trn

5.3 Khi my thu
f
f
RF

f
C

f
A

f
IF

f
IF

f
f
A

f
C

f
RF

f
IF

f
IF

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 185
Mch trn h tn loi tr tn s nh s dng trn cn bng

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
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Trang 186

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
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Trang 187

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 188
Mch cn bng
c tnh phi tuyn ca p ng knh theo tn s gy mo dng tn hiu

+
Mo bin tn: Mo bin tn hiu theo tn s
+
Mo pha tn: Mo pha tn hiu theo tn s
Mo tn hiu gy nn nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu ISI lm gim cp

cht lng tn hiu thu
khc phc phi s dng mch cn bng

+
Nguyn tc: To ra c tuyn b vi c tuyn ca knh v tuyn
c
tuyn tng hp l tuyn tnh
+
S dng b cn bng min thi gian v b cn bng min tn s
5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 189
Mch cn bng
B cn bng min thi gian (3 nhnh)

+
ISI

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 190
Mch cn bng
B cn bng min thi gian

+
Dng sng vo v ra b cn bng min thi gian

5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 191
Mch cn bng
B cn bng min tn s
+
Thc hin cn bng bng cch to ra c tnh ph b tr vi c tnh vi
phn tn ph do knh v tuyn.

+
Mch b gy ra mo ngc vi dng ph tn hiu vo. Vic iu khin da
vo tn hiu ly mu t cc tn s c trng ca bng tn: f
1
,f
c
, f
2
5.3 Khi my thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 192
Phi d
L ng dn tn hiu gia my thu pht v anten
Yu cu:
+
Tn hao thp vi tn s cao
+
bn l ha
Phn loi
+
Cp ng trc: Tn s lm vic ti vi GHz
+
ng dn sng: Tn s lm vic trn 2GHz
5.5 Phid v mng phn nhnh SCT
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 193
Phi d
Cp ng trc
+
Cu to: Gm dy dn trong v dy dn ngoi, gia chng l lp in mi,
ngoi cng l lp v bo v

ng dn sng
+
Cu to: L ng kim loi, mt bn trong ph lp m gip phn x tt sng
+
Sng truyn trong ng bng cch phn x lin tc trn thnh ng
+
Cc loi: ODS trn, ch nht, elip
a
b
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 194
Mng phn nhnh SCT
C nhim v ni ghp tn hiu SCT gia cc my thu pht v anten
V d mng phn nhnh SCT s dng chung anten cho cp my thu

pht (lc song cng)

+
B lc SCT pht, thu: L b lc thng di s dng cc hc cng hng ghp
ni tip
+
B phn hng, Circulator: S dng thnh phn st t nh hng tn hiu
lan truyn theo chiu xc nh
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 195
Khi qut
Ghp song cng m bo vic truyn dn hai chiu ti mt thit b u

cui.
Cc kin trc song cng:

+
Ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s, FDD Frequency Division Duplex
+
Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian, TDD Time Division Duplex
+
Ghp bn song cng phn chia theo tn s, HFDD Half FDD

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 196
Kin trc FDD:

+
S dng hai tn s cho thu v pht ng thi
+
Trit nhiu gia pht v thu bng b lc song cng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 197
Kin trc TDD:

+
S dng mt tn s cho c thu v pht
Hiu qu s dng tn s
+
Khng c xuyn nhiu thu pht
+
Cn ng b khung thi gian thu/pht
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 198
Kin trc HFDD:

+
Khai thc u im h thng TDD vo FDD
BI GING MN
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Trang 199
Cu hi v bi tp chng 5
Bi 1 n 15
5.7 Cu hi v bi tp
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 200
QUY HOCH TN S
V CU HNH H THNG
CHNG 6
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 201
Ni dung chng 6:
6.1 Quy hoch tn s v tuyn
6.2 Phn tp
6.3 Chuyn mch bo v

NI DUNG
BI GING MN
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Trang 202
Nhiu h thng truyn dn v tuyn
Nhiu l cc thnh phn khng mong mun nhn c ti my thu

+
Mi trng truyn dn h
+
Bng tn hn hp
Nhiu h thng
+
Tuyn 3 trm, cng tc trn hai knh v tuyn v bn cp tn s

I
II

Trm
A

Trm
B

Trm
C

f1
f1
f2
f3
f4
f2
f3
f4
III
IV
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 203
Nhiu h thng truyn dn v tuyn
Phn loi nhiu

+
Loi nhiu I: Nhiu knh v tuyn song cng, do my pht gy ra cho my
thu cng knh (ti u cui)
+
Loi nhiu II: Nhiu do my pht gy ra cho my thu khc knh v tuyn (ch
yu l knh ln cn)
+
Loi nhiu III: Nhiu do my pht gy ra cho my thu ngc hng truyn
sng (trm back to back, bp sng ngc)
+
Loi nhiu IV: Nhiu my pht gy ra cho my thu cng knh v tuyn nhng
vt trm (trm xa)
Mt s bin php trnh nhiu:

+
Dng anten c hng, phn cc sng tt (V v H)
+
Ti s dng tn s vi khong cch xa
+
T chc cc trm so le trnh nhn thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 204
Phng php phn b tn s v tuyn
T chc thng tin song cng:

+
S dng mt tn s chung cho c thu ln pht
-
Mi knh v tuyn c mt tn s
-
Vic thu pht thc hin lun phin theo thi gian, TDD
+
S dng hai tn s c lp cho v pht ring
-
Mi knh v tuyn c hai tn s lm vic ng thi, FDD
-
Khong cch hai tn s ln trnh nhiu gia pht v thu
C quan hoch nh tn s
+
Lin minh vin thng quc t - phn v tuyn, ITU-R, UN
+
Cc tn s, B thng tin v truyn thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 205
Phng php phn b tn s v tuyn
Cc bng tn n nh cho v tuyn mt t v v tinh

Mt t, f [GHz] V tinh , f[GHz]
1,427 1,535
1,7 2,7
3,3 3,5
3,3 4,2
4,4 5,0
5,85 5,925
5,925 6,245
6,245 7,110
7,110 7,250
7,300 7,975
8,025 8,5
10,7 11,7
11,7 13,25
2,5 2,535
2,655 2,690
3,4 3,7
3,7 4,2
4,4 4,7
5,85 5,925
5,925 6,245
7,25 7,30
7,975 8,025
8,025 3,4
10,95 11,2
11,45 11,7
12,5 12,75
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 206
T chc tn s cho FDD

BI GING MN
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Trang 207
Gii thiu
Vai tr:
+
m bo iu kin khai thc tin cy ca h thng (hin tng phadinh)
+
Trnh cc s c do thit b, do ng truyn
Bin php:
+
D phng thit b: S dng thm thit b d phng thay th khi c s c,
kt hp vi chuyn mch bo v
Cu hnh d phng
+
D phng knh truyn: S dng hai knh tr nn c c tnh phadinh khc
nhau truyn tn hiu (cc knh c lp nhau)
Cu hnh phn tp
Phn tp
+
Phn tp tn s
+
Phn tp khng gian
+
Phn tp thi gian
+
Phn tp phn cc
+
Phn tp gc

6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
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Trang 208
Phn tp
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
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Trang 209
Chuyn mch bo v
Nhim v:
+
Chuyn mch thit b chuyn thng tin t ng truyn dn c s c sang
ng truyn dn d phng
-
S c thit b
-
S c knh truyn
Phn loi d phng

+
D phng ngui, Cold Standby: Thit b d phng khng c bt ngun
+
D phng m, Warm Standby: Ch cc phn quan trng ca thit b d phng
c cp ngun tit kim ngun
+
D phng nng, Hot Standby: Thit b d phng c cp ngun y , sn
sng lm vic ngay.
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 210
Chuyn mch bo v
Phn loi chuyn mch theo hiu qu

+
Mc 1: Chuyn mch s liu khng b li
+
Mc 2: Chuyn mch s liu ng b (Hitless)
+
Mc 3: Chuyn mch khng ng b (non-Hitless) vi thi gian gin on 30
- 60 ms
+
Mc 4: Chuyn mch vi thi gian gin on di
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 211
Chuyn mch bo v
D phng nng, HS

+
Cc thit b A, B u c cp ngun
+
Chuyn mch pht phn cao tn, chuyn mch thu phn lung s
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 212
Chuyn mch bo v
Phn tp khng gian kt hp d phng nng. SD+HS

+
Hai anten phn tp cch nhau theo chiu thng ng m bo tnh c lp
ca hai ng truyn (khong 150 )
+
S dng phn tp thu
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 213
Chuyn mch bo v
Phn tp lai ghp SD-FD

6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 214
Chuyn mch bo v
Phn tp khng gian kt hp my pht chia cng sut. SD+ST

+
Mi cp my pht, thu ni ti mt anten: Chnh v phn tp
+
Ngoi chuyn mch theo s c hoc cht lng ng truyn, my pht cn
chuyn mch theo lnh chuyn mch knh v (RCS) do my thu u kia gi
li.
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 215
Chuyn mch bo v
Phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch bo v. FD+PS(1+1)

T.tin Ph
6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 216
Phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch bo v. FD+PS(n+1)

6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 217
Chuyn mch bo v
Phn tp khng gian vi chuyn mch bo v. FD+PS(n+1)

6.2 Cu hnh h thng
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 218
Cu hi bi tp chng 6
Trang 202
6.3 Cu hi v bi tp
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 219
PHN TCH NG TRUYN
V TUYN S
CHNG 7
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 220
Ni dung chng 7:
7.1 Tng qut
7.2 Mt s tnh ton c bn
7.3 Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
7.4 D tr ng truyn v tuyn s
7.5 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 221
Vai tr:
Phn tch ng truyn s l cng vic quan trong trong qu trnh thit k
ng truyn dn v tuyn
+
p ng ng truyn dn yu cu
-
Dung lng thng tin: R
b
(Mb/s)
-
Cht lng: BER (E
b
/N
0
)
+
Xc nh thit b thu, pht c th
-
Thng s my pht, anten pht: EIRP
-
Thng s my thu, anten thu: G/T
Thc hin:
Tnh ton qu ng truyn t my pht
my thu
+
Tnh ton cc thnh phn tn hao truyn dn
+
Xc nh cc thng s khuych i m bo t s S/N ti my thu
7.1 Tng qut
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 222
Thng s anten parabol
Gc na cng sut

H s khuych i
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 223
Cng sut
+
Cng sut pht: P
Tx
(ti u ra my pht)
+
Cng sut u vo anten pht: P
T

+
Cng sut thu: P
Rx
(ti u vo my thu)
+
Cng sut u ra anten thu: P
R

+
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng: EIRP
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 224
Tn hao truyn sng

+
Tn hao c bn trong khng gian t do

+
Tn hao trong kh quyn
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 225
Cng sut tn hiu thu

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 226
Nhit tp m
+
H s tp m: F

+
Nhit tp m tng ng: T
e

+
Nhit tp m h thng nhiu tng
G
N
a

S
i
N
i

G
F, T
e

S
i
N
i
N
ai

N
ai
= N
a
/G = k.T
e
.B
T
e

N=k.T
e
.B =N
ai

Ngun tp m nhit
V
cc

S
o
= G.S
i
N
o
= G.N
i
+ N
a

S
o
= G.S
i
N
o
= G.(N
i
+ N
ai
)
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 227
Nhit tp m
+
Nhit tp m h thng thu ti u vo my thu
R
x
T
R

Anten
T
Ant

Phid
L
FRx
= F

T
F
= (L
FRx
-1).T
0

R
FRx FRx
Ant
eS
T T
L L
T
T +
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
0
.
1
1

( )
FRx R FRx Ant eS
L T T L T T . . 1
0
+ + =
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 228
T s C/N
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 229
Tnh cng sut thu
M hnh h thng truyn dn v tuyn n gin

+
Cng sut thu
T
x
B
N
B R
x

N
P
Tx
L
BN

L
FTx
G
T

L
P

G
R

L
FRx
P
Rx
L
BN

BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 230
Tnh cng sut thu

+
c trng cho phn thit b pht l tham s EIRP

+
Cng sut u ra anten thu
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 231
Tnh cng sut thu

+
Tn hao truyn sng

+
Tn hao c bn trong khng gian t do
Trong :
L
0
: Tn hao c bn trong khng gian t do
L
A
: Tn hao trong kh quyn
L
a
: Tn hao do hp th ca kh quyn
L
m
: Tn hao do ma
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 232
Tnh cng sut tp m nhit
H s tp m, F

+
c trng cho tp n do bn thn mch sinh ra khi hot ng
Nhit tp m tng ng,T

e
+
L nhit ca mt ngun tp m nhit c cng sut bng vi cng sut tp
m do h thng sinh ra khi hot ng (khng phi ngun tp m nhit)
+
Nhit tp m tng ng c quy i ti u vo
( )
( )
Output
Input
N
S
N
S
F =
( ) ( ) Hz W T k
B
N
N W B T k N / . . .
0
= = =
k: Hng s Boltzmal = 1,38.10
-23
W/HzK; = -228,6 dB/Hz.K
T: Nhit tuyt i (
0
K)
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 233
Tnh cng sut tp m nhit
Nhit tp m h thng thu

R
FRx FRx
Ant
eS
T T
L L
T
T +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
0
.
1
1
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 234
Tnh t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m

Chun ha theo tn s
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 235
Vai tr
+
m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu trong trng hp khng thun li
(pha inh)
D tr ng truyn M
7.4 D tr ng truyn v tuyn s
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 236
Tnh ton ng truyn v tuyn s mt t
D kin
+
Dung lng: 140 Mb/s
+
Cht lng ng truyn: BER s 10
-3

+
iu ch: 16QAM
+
Tn s cng tc: 6GHz
+
Khong cch thng tin: 64km
+
Anten c h s khuych i: 44dBi
+
Tn hao lp t: 5dB
+
D tr ng truyn: 5dB

7.5 V d tnh ton ng truyn
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
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Trang 237
1. Cng sut pht (dBW)
2. Tn hao phi pht (dB)
Tn hao phn nhnh (dB)
Tn hao gia my pht v anten (dB)
3. Khuych i aten pht (dBi)
4. EIRP pht (dBW)
5. Tn hao ng truyn (dB)
6. Cng sut thu ng hng (dBW)
7. Khuych i anten thu (dBi)
8. Cng sut thu ti anten (dBW)

9. Tn hao phi thu (dB)
Tn hao phn nhnh (dB)
Tn hao gia anten v my thu (dB)
H s tp m my thu (dB)
10. Hng s Boltzman (dBW/K-Hz)
11. Nhit tham chun (dB-K)
12. Mt ph cng sut tp m
13. P
R
/N
0
thu (dB-Hz)
14. Tc s liu (dB-bit/s)
15. E
b
/N
0
thu (dB)
16. Tn hao do lp t (dB)
17. E
b
/N
0
yu cu (dB)
18. D tr ng truyn
0
1,5
1,4
2,9
44
41,1
144,1
-103
44
-59
1,5
1,4
2,9
5
-228,60
24,6
-196,1
137,1
81,5
55,6
5
26
24,6
P
Tx

L
FTx

L
BN

L
T
= L
FTx
+ L
BN

G
T

EIRP = P
Tx
- L
T
+ G
T

L
P
=L
0
=20lgf
(GHz)
+ 20lgr
(km)
+ 92,45
P
ri
= EIRP - L
P

G
R

P
R
= P
ri
+ G
R

L
FRx

L
BN

L
R
= L
FRx
+ L
BN

F
R
(NF)
k
T
0
= 290
0
K
N
0
= k + L
R
+ F
R
+ T
0
*(T
Ant
=0)

(P
R
/N
0
)
Rx
= P
R
- N
0

R
b
= 140 Mbit/s
(E
b
/N
0
)
Rx
= (P
R
/N
0
)
Rx
10lgR
b

L
L

(E
b
/N
0
)
req
~ BER = 10
-3

M
F
= (E
b
/N
0
)
Rx
- (E
b
/N
0
)
req

7.5 V d tnh ton
ng truyn
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 238
Bi tp chng 7
Bi 1 n bi 15 (tr. 219 - 222)

7.6 Cu hi v bi tp
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 239
KT LUN
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 240
Ni dung c bn
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung
Vai tr, c im, s khi chung
Chng 2: Cc dng tn hiu
Hm tn hiu, tn hiu bng gc, c tnh ng truyn
Chng 3: Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Biu din khng gian tn hiu, k thut iu ch: BPSK, QPSK, ASK, MQAM
Chng 4: M ha knh
Nguyn tc, cc phng php: M khi tuyn tnh, m xon
Chng 5: Thit b truyn dn v tuyn
Ch tiu k thut, s khi, nguyn l lm vic
Chng 6: Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng
Phn b tn s, cu hnh lm vic c bn, chuyn mch bo v
Chng 7: Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
Qu ng truyn, tnh ton cc thng s tuyn, d tr ng truyn
KT LUN
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 241
Ti liu tham kho:
Bi ging: Truyn dn v tuyn s

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 2007
Bi ging: C s truyn dn vi ba s
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 2001
Digital Communications
Dr. Bernard Scalar, 2003
BI GING MN
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 242
TRUYN DN V TUYN S !!!
KT THC HC PHN

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Truyn dn v tuyn s (Digital radio transmission)

Tng lng kin thc:

Gii thiu chung v truyn dn v tuyn s; Cc vn c bn: L thuyt

Gii thiu cc vn ca h thng truyn dn v tuyn s: Cc mch in

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 2: Cc dng tn hiu

Chng 3: Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch

Chng 5: Thit b truyn dn v tuyn

Chng 6: Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng

Chng 7: Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s

Ti liu tham kho:

[1] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Truyn dn v tuyn s, Bi ging, Hc

[2] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn v tuyn s, Hc vin

[3] Dr. Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Prentice-Hall, 2004

[4] Rodger E. Ziemer, Rodger L. Peterson, Digital Communications

Chuyn cn: 0,1 (ngh 2 tit tr 1 im)

Kim tra: 0,15 (2 bi, vng nhn im 0)

Thc hnh: 0,2 (vng nhn im 0)

Thi kt thc: 0,55

Ni dung chng 1: (3)

1.1 Vai tr ca truyn dn v tuyn s trong

1.2 c im ca truyn dn v tuyn s

1.3 Cc bin php ci thin cht lng truyn

1.4 S khi chung ca tuyn truyn dn v

Truyn dn v tuyn s l hnh thc truyn dn v tuyn s dng

Vai tr quan trng trong mng vin thng: V tuyn, hu tuyn

S dng kt ni cc phn t ca mng

S ng dng truyn dn v tuyn s

Tnh di ng: Kt ni khng dy cho php cc thit b u cui v tuyn c

Chu nhiu nh hng ca mi trng truyn dn h

Bng tn khai thc hn ch: UHF

khin dung lng truyn dn thp

Hin tng pha inh: Tn hiu ti my thu l giao thoa

Quy hoch s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn

Thc hin quy hoch thc hin hiu qu bng tn v

Quy hch tn s cho quc gia trn c s cc khuyn

Phn chia ti nguyn khai thc tt cho a ngi

Quy hoch s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn

Quy hoch s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn

Ghp song cng FDD v TDD:

T chc cu hnh h thng hp l

Nng cao tnh kh dng v tin cy ca h thng

Thit b: D phng thit b vi chuyn mch bo v

Knh truyn: D phng knh truyn bng cu hnh

ng dng cc cng ngh x l s phc tp

Cng ngh ny c a vo phn x l tn hiu bng gc

Cc cng ngh x l s c dng

Hon thin cc mch in t phn v tuyn

ng dng cng ngh bn dn mi vo cc mch in siu cao tn

S khi chung ca tuyn truyn dn v tuyn s

a) Khi khuych i v giao din ng s

b) Khi x l bng gc pht

c) Khi iu ch v bin i nng tn

d) Khi khuych i cng sut

a) Khi khuych i tp m thp

c) Khi trung tn v gii iu ch

d) Khi x l bng tn gc thu

e) Khi khuych i v giao din ng s

Giao tip vi mi trng truyn dn

Cc thit b siu cao tn s dng lm mng phn

H thng anten, phi cho php my thu, my pht

Khi nim v cc c im ca truyn dn v tuyn s