Child Development

Laura E. Berk 7th edition

Chapter 1

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

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Domains of Development
Physical- dna, weight, height Cognitive- brain, thought process, language Emotional and Socialinteractions with others

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Periods of Development
Prenatal
Infancy and Toddlerhood Early Childhood

Conception to birth
Birth to 2 years 2 to 6 years

Middle Childhood
Adolescence Emerging Adulthood

6 to 11 years
11 to 18 years 18 to 25 years
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Theory
An orderly, integrated, evidencebased set of statements that Describes Explains Predicts behavior

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Basic Issues in Development

1. Continuous or discontinuous? 2. One course of development or many? 3. Nature or nurture?

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Continuous or Discontinuous Development

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Contexts of Development
Unique combinations of: Genetics Environment
Can result in

different paths of development

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Nature and Nurture

Nature
Inborn, biological givens Based on genetic inheritance

Nurture
Physical and social world Influence biological and psychological development

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Historical Views of Childhood

Medieval Era and Earlier
16th Century 17th Century

Childhood (to age 7 or 8) regarded as separate phase with special needs Puritan child depravity views
John Lockes tabula rasa or blank slate view

18th Century

Jean Jacques Rousseaus noble savages view

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Key Principles of Darwins Theory of Evolution

Natural Selection, or Survival of the Fittest

Individuals best Species have adapted to their characteristics that environments survive are adaptedor fit to reproduce. to their Their genes are passed environments. to later generations.
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Early Scientific Study of Development

Baby Biographies Normative Approach
Mental Testing Movement James Mark Baldwin

Day-to-day impressions of a childs behavior Age-related averages Based on measurements of large numbers of people
Simon & Binet: Early developers of intelligence tests Developmental theorist Nature and nurture of equal importance
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Freuds Three Parts of the Personality

Largest portion of the mind Unconscious, present at birth Source of biological needs & desires Conscious, rational part of mind Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses acceptably
The conscience Develops from ages 3 to 6, from interactions with caregivers
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Id

Ego

Superego

Freuds Psychosexual Stages

Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

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Eriksons Psychosocial Stages

Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth1 year Identity vs. identity confusion 13 years Intimacy vs. isolation Adolescence

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. 36 years guilt Industry vs. inferiority

Emerging Adulthood

611 years

Generativity Adulthood vs. stagnation Integrity vs. Old Age despair

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Behaviorism and Social Learning

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning

Stimulus Response

Reinforcers and Punishments

Modeling
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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Birth2 years

Preoperational 27 years
Concrete Operational Formal Operational 711 years 11 years and older
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Information-Processing Flowchart

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Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology

Ethology
Critical Periods Sensitive Periods

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Adaptive Value of behavior to the species

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Ethology - Sensitive Period

An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge Individual is especially responsive to environment Development of capacity is hard to induce later Boundaries less defined than a critical period
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Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies Studies cognitive, emotional and social competencies and change with age Expands upon ethology

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Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory

Transmission of culture to a new generation
Beliefs, customs, skills

Social interaction necessary to learn culture

Cooperative dialogue with more knowledgeable members of society

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Ecological Systems Theory

Structure of the Environment

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Social Policy
Planned set of actions By a group, institution or governing body To attain a social goal
Public Policy
Laws and other government social policy programs

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Indicators of Childrens Health and Well-Being

U.S. Rank
Childhood Poverty Infant Death Teen Pregnancy Education Spending Health Spending 19 26 28 10 16

Canadian Rank 19
16 21 6 4
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Individualist and Collectivist Societies

Individualist People think of themselves as separate from other people. Concerned with personal goals. Collectivist People define themselves as part of a group. Concerned with group goals over individual goals.

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