An Introduction To Ecology

Chapter 50

 Ecology study of interactions between organisms and environment. Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.

http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm

 Population group of individuals of same species living in an area. Community all organisms of all species that live in an area. Ecosystem above plus abiotic factors. Biosphere sum of all ecosystems.

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gif

 Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil. Type of each will determine what can live there.

http://www.your-healthy-gardens.com/images/SoilTypes1.jpg

 Temperature and water are biggest factors. Biomes major types of ecosystems. Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to ocean, mountains, etc.

http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/V/A/equator.jpg

Aquatic biomes
2 types marine and freshwater. Stratified vertically photic zone (light) and aphotic zone (little light). Bottom of aquatic is benthos food is detritus that falls from above.

http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpg

 Freshwater close to shore littoral zone. Open water limnetic zone. ALakes classified by nutrients 1eutrophic shallow and nutrientrich; 2oligotrophic deeper and nutrient-poor.

Oligotrophic lake

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b-Eutrophic.jpg

Eutrophic lake

http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~snoox/images/eutrophic_lake.jpg

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BWetlands area covered with water; supports plants. CEstuaries area where freshwater meets ocean. Intertidal zone land meets water. DCoral reefs dominated by coral.

Wetlands

http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands.jpg

Estuary

http://www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg

Coral Reef

http://212.84.179.117/i/Coral%20Reef.jpg

 EOceanic pelagic biome away from shore. Abyssal zone lowest part of benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic organisms.

Abyssal zone

http://206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/Monsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG

Terrestrial biomes
Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the permafrost at the bottom. ATropical forest little light reaches ground because of deep canopy. Rainfall determines life in area.

Tropical Forest In Madagascar

http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC%202.jpg

 BSavanna scattered trees and grasses. Fire helps increase diversity. Has rainy season. CTemperate grassland seasonal drought, fires prevent tree growth. Most used for farming.

Savanna

http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/savanna3.jpg

Grasslands

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg

 DDeserts sparse rain, some are cold. Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e. water storage, alternative forms of photosynthesis) EChaparral evergreen shrub; long, hot, dry summers with fires.

Desert

http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg

Chaparral

http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslands92rw.jpg

 FTemperate deciduous forest small mammals, leaves fall during autumn. GConiferous forest cone-bearing trees, trees have needles. HTundra permafrost covers ground, low diversity.

Deciduous forest

http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG

Coniferous forest

http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg

Tundra

http://photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg

http://www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome%20map.gif