A dark brown resinavs matrerial abtained from pakky capsule.

It contains two types of alkalaids

1.Phaenanthrene derivatives Marphine Cadeine Thebaine 2. Benzasoquinaline derivatives. Papaverine Nascapine Marphine

Pharmacological Actions

1. CNS
Site specific depressant and atimulant actions in CNS by acting with the opioid receptar

Depressant Actions
Perception of pain and its emational

componets are bath altered Sedation Mood and subjective effects Resp centre depression Caugh centre depression Temprequlatine centre depression Vasomatar centre depression

Stimulant Actions

CTZ Edinger westphal mucleus Vagal centre Certaincartical areas thippacampal cells

2. Neuroendacrine
FSH,Lh, ACTH, Pralactin + GH
ed ed

3. CVS
Vasodilatation

4. GIT
Constipation

5. Other smooth muscles

Spasm of splimator of add intiratiary pr ed

bilary calic Urinary bladder done of detrusor and sphinetor us ed Bronchocontrietion

Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption us unreliahle 30 % baund to pratcins Marphine reely crasses placents

Adverse effects
1. Side effects:

Sedation Mental caluding Lethargy Vomiting Constipation Resp Depression Blurring of vision Urinary retenution

2. Idiasyncrasy and allergy

Waticaria Itch Swelling of lips

3. Apnaea
In new born if marphine is given to motherduring
labaur

4. Acute Marphine paisoning

Stupar or coma Flaccidity Shallow and accasional bureathing Cynasis Pinpaint pupial Fall in B.P, Shack Convulsions Resp failure I/M Resp suppart Maintenance of B.P Gast lavage Nalaxone

5. Taberance and dependance

Precantions and contraindications

1.Infants and elderly 2.Resp insufficiency 3.Bronchial asthma 4.Head Injury

Classification of Opiods

1.Natural opium alkaloids

Marphine Codeine

2.Semisynthetic opiates
Diacetylmarphine Phalcadeine

3.Synthetic opioids

Pethidine Fentanyl Methadone Deretrapraperly phene Tramadal

Codeine

It is methylmarphine Less patent than marphine Parttial agonist at u receptar Relieve milad to maderate pain Maresdective caugh suppressant Graed activity by oral saute

Pethidine
Less patent then marphine (1/10th as analgesic Omset od action is more rapid but dusation is

sharter Does not effevtively suppress caugh Spasmadic action on smooth muscle is less Tachycardia( d/t antimuscrinic action) instead of bradycardia Safer in asthmatics Local anaesthetic

S/E
Similar to marphine except dry mouth, blurred

vision tachycardia Tabrance and klysical dependance develap slowly

Uses
Analgesic Preanaesthetic medication

Fentanyl

80-100 times more patent Peak analgesic insmin Exclusivdy used inanaeslheza

Methadone

Pharmacological actions simlar to marphine Sedative and subjective effects are less intense With drawl syndrome is of gradual onset Primarily used as substitutive therapy of piaddependance

Dextraprapareyphene
Analgesic actions and S/E are similar to cadeine Poar anti tissive Used as mild oral analgesic

Tramadol
Centrally acting analgesic Oral biavailability is good Causes less resp depression consdipation urinary
retention and in intrabiliary pressure than marphine

S/E
Dizziness,nausea, sleepiness, dry
mouth,sweating.

Uses
Mild to maderate pain

Uses of marphine and congener Analgesic Preanaesthetic medication Balanced anaesthesia and surgical analgesic Relief of anxiety and apprehension Cardiac asthma Cough Diarrhea