Molecular Biology 1-2

put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska

Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone. However, I found most images had very small type and increased the font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful. The sources are given. If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.
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Contents
Cell Structure - Eukaryotes Cell Parts - Eukaryotes Bacteria
Gram Positive / Negative

Viruses

Eukaryote Cell

3 http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/cell.html

Eukaryote

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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/

Eukaryote

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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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http://endoplasmicreticulum.net/

Golgi apparatus (GA)

Like a post office - it packages and labels items and then sends to different parts of the cell. It primarily modifies proteins from the rough ER transport of lipids creation of lysosomes creation of polysacharides Modify, sort, and store macromolecules for cell secretion (exocytosis) In glandular (secretion) cells > 100 GA.
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Golgi apparatus (GA)

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http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html

Golgi apparatus (GA)

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http://creationrevolution.com/2010/11/golgi-apparatus-steel-industry-of-the-simple-cell-%E2%80%93-part-6/

Mitochondria- animals Chloroplast - plant

Mitochondria = organelles that produce energy ATP

Both plants and animals have mitochondria, but plants produce ATP in their chloroplasts.
signaling,
cellular differentiation, control of cell cycle; cell growth and death, Mitochondria have a double membrane Outer is relatively smooth; Inner is very convoluted The membrane proteins are part of cellular respiration and the synthesis of compounds, they are energy dense with ATP adenosintriphosphate).
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Mitochondria- animals

Chloroplast - plant

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

Chloroplast - plant

Mitrochondria animal

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells conduct photosynthesis , that is the chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP. are green because they contain the chlorophyll pigment. are members of a class of organelles known as plastids.
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Chloroplast - plant

Mitrochondria animal

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http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/chloroplasts

Lysosome - animal

Vacuoles plant

Lysosomes are organelles They contain acid hydrolase enzymes.

hydrolase is a digestive enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond (breaks down polymers).

Lysosomes break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Lysosomes also digest food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. The membrane around a lysosome allows the digestive enzymes to work at the 4.5 pH they require.

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http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

Lysosome - animal

Phagocytosis
Lysosome digesting food

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http://apbio-werle.wikispaces.com/Cell+and+Cell+Transport+%28Ch+6-7%29

Vacuoles - plant

Lysosomes animals

Vacuoles are large, liquid-filled organelles found only in plant cells, occupying up to 90% of a cell's volume and have a single membrane. Vacuole
Their main function is as a space-filler in the cell but they also perform digestive functions similar to lysosomes.

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http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html

Plasma membrane = Cell membrane

The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. Cell membrane is semi-permeable (selectively permeable) to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes serve as the attachment surface for the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.

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Plasma membrane = Cell membrane

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Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton (CSK) is a cellular "skeleton" made out of protein. It is within a cell's cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells contain 3 main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments microtubules.
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http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/intracellularcomponents/section1.rhtml

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Bacteria Cell

Prokaryote

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

Bacteria
Bacteria are divided into two major groups: Gram-negative and Gram-positive Gram-negative bacteria
Inner membrane Thin layer of peptidoglycan in periplasmic space Outer membrane = lipopolysaccharide + protein

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Bacteria
Bacteria are divided into two major groups:
Gram-negative and Gram-positive

Bacteria come in 4 basic shapes:

Baccilli (rod ) Cocci (spherical) Spirilli (spiral) Vibrios (comma)

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Bacteria - Shapes

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http://www.biotopics.co.uk/microbes/bacter.html

Bacteria Gram Staining

Gram-negative bacteria
Inner membrane Thin layer of peptidoglycan in periplasmic space Outer membrane = lipopolysaccharide + protein

Gram-positive bacteria
Inner membrane Thick layer of peptidoglycan called 'wall' (causes staining) No outer membrane (usually)

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Bacteria Gram Staining

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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/micro229/terry/images/micro/gramposneg.gif

Bacteria Gram Staining

Steps in Gram Staining
heat fix a smear of bacterial culture apply a primary stain of crystal violet add Grams iodine solution to bind crystal violet in the cell rapid decolorization with alcohol or acetone Gram-positive cells are stained deep purple. counterstain with safranin Gram-negative cells are stained red.

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Bacteria Gram Staining

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http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/culture.htm

Bacteria Gram Staining

Reagents of Gram Staining

Crystal violet (primary stain) Gram's Iodine solution

(mordant that fixes crystal violet to cell wall)

Decolorizer (e.g. ethanol) Safranin (secondary stain) Water (preferably in a squirt bottle)

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Bacteria Gram Staining

How Gram Staining Works
2. Gram's iodine solution (iodine and potassium iodide) is added to form a complex between the crystal violet and iodine. This complex is a larger molecule than the original crystal violet stain and iodine and is insoluble in water. 3. decolorizer dehydrates the peptidoglycan layer, shrinking and tightening it. The large crystal violet-iodine complex is trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram positive bacteria and stained. Conversely, the thin peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative cells cannot hold the crystal violet-iodine complex and the color (stain) is washed out and lost.
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Virus
Virus particles (virions)
genetic material (DNA or RNA segment) capsid (protein coat that protects these genes) envelope (of lipids) (some virions) Flu virus

http://www.abc.net.au/health/library/stories/2004/07/08/1831345.htm http://www.synapses.co.uk/science/fluvirus.html

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Virus - Bacteriophage
The Capsid Head. It is
protein coat around nucleic acid. Capsid is divided into subunits called capsomeres.

The Body - Rod shaped

structure has retractible sheath around a central hollow core.

The Tails At end of core is

spiked plate with 6 tail fibers which help anchor the virus to its host.
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http://www.armageddononline.org/viruses.html